Yaƙin Farko na 'Yancin Scotland

Lokacin da Sarki Alexander III ya mallaki Scotland, mulkinsa ya ga lokacin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.A ranar 19 ga Maris, 1286, Alexander ya mutu bayan fadowa daga dokinsa.Magaji ga sarautar ita ce jikanyar Alexander, Margaret, Maid of Norway.Yayin da take yarinya kuma a Norway, sarakunan Scotland sun kafa gwamnatin masu kulawa.Margaret ta kamu da rashin lafiya a kan tafiya zuwa Scotland kuma ta mutu a Orkney a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1290. Rashin cikakken magaji ya haifar da wani lokaci da ake kira Competitors for the Crown of Scotland ko "Babban Dalili", tare da iyalai da yawa suna yin da'awar sarauta. .Tare da Scotland na barazanar shiga cikin yakin basasa, Sarki Edward I na Ingila ya gayyace shi ta wurin masu mulkin Scotland don yin sulhu.Kafin a fara aikin, ya dage cewa duk masu hamayya su gane shi a matsayin ubangiji mafi girma.A farkon Nuwamba 1292, a wata babbar kotun feudal da aka gudanar a castle a Berwick-kan-Tweed, an yanke hukunci a kan John Balliol yana da mafi karfi da'awar a doka.Edward ya ci gaba da sauya hukunce-hukuncen sarakunan Scotland har ma ya kira Sarki John Balliol ya tsaya a gaban kotun Ingila a matsayin mai shigar da kara.Yohanna sarki ne mai rauni, wanda aka fi sani da "Toom Tabard" ko "Coat mara kyau".John ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa a cikin Maris 1296.

A shekara ta 1295, Sarki John na Scotland da majalisar Scotland na goma sha biyu sun ji cewa Edward I na Ingila ya nemi ya mamaye Scotland.Edward ya tabbatar da ikonsa a kan Scotland, yana bukatar daukaka kara kan shari'o'in da kotun masu gadin da ta mulki Scotland ta yanke hukunci a lokacin da ake tsaka da mulki, da za a saurare su a Ingila.A cikin karar da Macduff dan Malcolm, Earl of Fife ya gabatar, Edward ya bukaci Sarki John ya bayyana a gaban majalisar dokokin Ingila don amsa tuhumar da ake masa, wanda Sarki John ya ki bayyana da kansa, ya aika da Henry, Abbot na Arbroath.Edward I ya kuma bukaci sarakunan Scotland su ba da aikin soja a yakin da ake yi da Faransa.Saboda haka Scotland ta nemi kawance da Sarki Philippe IV na Faransa, tare da ofisoshin jakadanci da aka aika a watan Oktoba 1295, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin Fabrairu 1296.Bayan gano kawancen Scotland da Faransa , Edward I ya umarci sojojin Ingila su tattara a Newcastle a kan Tyne a watan Maris 1296. Edward I ya kuma bukaci a mika wa sojojin Ingila katangar kan iyakar Scotland na Roxburgh, Jedburgh da Berwick.

Sojojin Ingila sun haye kogin Tweed a ranar 28 ga Maris 1296 kuma suka wuce gaban Coldstream, suka kwana a can.Daga nan ne sojojin Ingila suka yi tattaki zuwa garin Berwick, tashar kasuwanci mafi muhimmanci a Scotland, a lokacin.William the Hardy, Ubangijin Douglas ne ya jagoranci sansanin Berwick, yayin da sojojin Ingila Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford ya jagoranci.Turawan Ingila sun yi nasarar shiga garin suka fara korar Berwick, tare da lissafin adadin mutanen garin da aka kashe tsakanin 4,000 zuwa 17,000 na zamani.Daga nan turawan Ingila suka fara kawanya wa ginin Berwick Castle, inda Douglas ya mika wuya bisa sharadin cewa an kare rayuwarsa da na sojojinsa.

Edward I da sojojin Ingila sun zauna a Berwick tsawon wata guda, suna kula da karfafa tsaronta.A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, Edward I ya karɓi saƙo daga Sarkin Scotland yana yin watsi da mubaya'arsa ga Edward I. Manufar ta gaba ita ce Patrick, babban katangar Earl na Maris a Dunbar, mai nisan mil daga bakin tekun Berwick, wanda Scots suka mamaye.Edward I ya aika daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshinsa, John de Warenne, Earl na Surrey na 6, surukin John Balliol, zuwa arewa tare da kakkarfan mayaka domin ya kewaye kagara.Masu kare Dunbar sun aika da sakonni zuwa ga John, wanda ya ci karo da babban rundunar sojojin Scotland a Haddington, yana neman agajin gaggawa.A martanin sojojin Scots, sun ci gaba da ceton Dunbar Castle.John bai bi sojojin ba.Sojojin biyu sun gamu da juna ne a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.Scots sun mamaye matsayi mai ƙarfi a kan wasu manyan ƙasa zuwa yamma.Don saduwa da su, sojojin dawakan Surrey dole ne su ketare wani lungu da sako da Spott Burn ya shiga.Suna yin haka sai sahunsu ya watse, kuma Scots, suka ruɗe suna tunanin turawa za su bar filin, suka watsar da matsayinsu a cikin wani yanayi na rashin tsaro, sai kawai suka ga sojojin Surrey sun yi gyara a Spottsmuir kuma suna ci gaba cikin tsari mai kyau.Turawan Ingila sun fatattaki 'yan Scots da ba su da tsari a cikin caji guda.Aikin ya kasance takaice kuma mai yiwuwa bai zubar da jini sosai ba.Yakin Dunbar ya kawo karshen yakin 1296 da nasara a Ingila.John Balliol ya mika wuya kuma ya mika kansa ga wani tsawaita wulakanci.A Kincardine Castle a ranar 2 ga Yuli ya amsa tawaye kuma ya yi addu'a don gafara.Bayan kwana biyar a cikin kirkyard na Stracathro ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da Faransa.

Edward I ya murkushe sojojin Scots, tare da yawancin sarakunan Scots a cikin bauta, ya yi niyyar cire Scotland daga matsayinta na ainihi, tare da cire Dutsen Kaddara, kambin Scotland, Black Rood na St Margaret duk an ɗauke su daga Scotland kuma aka aika zuwa Westminster Abbey, Ingila.Mamaya na Ingila ya haifar da tawaye a 1297 a arewaci da kudancin Scotland karkashin jagorancin Andrew Moray a arewa da William Wallace a kudu.Moray yayi sauri ya tattara gungun masu kishin kasa masu ra'ayi iri daya, tare da yin amfani da dabarun fage-da-gudu, suka fara kai hari tare da lalata duk wani katafaren gidan Ingilishi daga Banff zuwa Inverness.Ba da dadewa ba duk lardin Moray ya yi tawaye ga mutanen Sarki Edward I, kuma ba da jimawa ba Moray ya tabbatar da lardin Moray, wanda ya bar shi ya mai da hankalinsa ga sauran yankunan arewa maso gabashin Scotland.William Wallace ya yi fice a watan Mayun 1297, lokacin da ya kashe Sir William Haselrig, Sheriff na Lanark na Ingilishi, da kuma membobin rundunarsa a Lanark.Mai yiyuwa ne Sir Richard Lundie ya taimaka a harin.Lokacin da labarin harin Wallace a kan Ingilishi ya ruguje ko'ina cikin Scotland, maza sun taru zuwa gare shi.’Yan tawayen sun samu goyon bayan Robert Wishart, Bishop na Glasgow, wanda ya yi marmarin kayar da turawan Ingila.Albarkar Wishart ta ba Wallace da sojojinsa matakin girmamawa.A baya can, manyan sarakunan Scotland sun ɗauke su ’yan haramtacciyar hanya.Ba da daɗewa ba Sir William Douglas da sauransu suka haɗa shi.

Lokacin da aka ji labarin fara boren masu mulki, Edward I, ko da yake ya tsunduma cikin al'amura a Faransa, ya aika da sojojin ƙafa da mahayan dawakai a ƙarƙashin Sir Henry Percy da Sir Robert Clifford don warware matsalar "Matsalar Scotland".Yayin da yake kewaye da Dundee Castle, Wallace ya ji cewa sojojin Ingila sun sake zuwa arewa, a wannan lokacin a karkashin John de Warenne, Earl na Surrey.Wallace ya sa manyan mutanen garin Dundee su kula da kewayen katangar kuma ya matsa don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Ingila.Wallace da Moray, waɗanda kwanan nan suka haɗu da sojojinsu, sun tura kan tsaunin Ochil da ke kallon gadar da ke haye Kogin Forth a Stirling kuma sun shirya haduwa da Ingilishi a yaƙi.A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1297, sojojin Scotland, karkashin jagorancin Moray da Wallace, sun hadu da Earl na Surrey's Army, a yakin Stirling Bridge.Sojojin Scotland sun tura arewa maso gabashin gadar, kuma suka bar masu gadin sojojin Surrey su ketare gadar kafin su kai farmaki.Sojojin dawaki na Ingila sun nuna rashin tasiri a kan fage da ke kusa da gadar, kuma an kashe da yawa daga cikinsu.Gadar ta ruguje ne a lokacin da turawan Ingilishi ke tsallakawa.Turawan Ingila da ke gefen kogin sai suka gudu daga fagen fama.'Yan Scots sun sami raunuka kadan, amma mutuwar Andrew Moray ya yi mummunan rauni ga lamarin Scotland.Stirling Bridge ita ce babbar nasara ta farko ga Scots.

Bayan ya kawar da Ingilishi daga Scotland, Wallace ya mai da hankali ga gudanar da mulkin kasar.Ɗaya daga cikin nufinsa na farko shi ne sake kafa dangantakar kasuwanci da diflomasiyya tare da Turai tare da samun nasara a kasuwancin ketare da Scotland ta ci a karkashin Alexander III.Duk wata shaidar da ke nuna kwarewarsa ta gudanarwa ta yiwu jami'an Edward sun lalata su bayan kisan Wallace.Akwai, duk da haka, wata takarda ta Latin a cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin garin Hanseatic na Lübeck, wanda "Andrew de Moray da William Wallace, shugabannin masarautar Scotland da kuma al'ummar daular suka aiko a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1297."Ya gaya wa ’yan kasuwa na Lübeck da Hamburg cewa a yanzu sun sami damar shiga duk sassan masarautar Scotland, wanda cikin yardar Allah, yaƙi ya kwato daga turawan Ingila.Mako daya kacal bayan da aka sanya hannu kan wannan takarda, Wallace ya mamaye Ingila.Tsallakawa zuwa Northumberland, Scots sun bi sojojin Ingila da ke tserewa kudu a cikin rudani.An kama tsakanin sojoji biyu, daruruwan 'yan gudun hijira sun gudu zuwa ga aminci a bayan bangon Newcastle.Scots sun lalata yankunan karkara kafin su yi tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa Cumberland tare da yin fashi har zuwa Cockermouth, kafin Wallace ya jagoranci mutanensa su koma Northumberland ya kori kauyuka 700.Lokacin da ya dawo daga Ingila, cike da ganima, Wallace ya sami kansa a kololuwar ikonsa.

A cikin Maris 1298, Wallace ya kasance jaki, wanda daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Scotland ya yi suna, kuma aka nada shi Guardian na Masarautar Scotland da sunan Sarki John Balliol mai gudun hijira.Ya fara shirye-shiryen yin arangama da Edward.

Sarki Edward ya samu labarin yadda sojojinsa na arewa suka sha kashi a yakin gadar Stirling.A cikin Janairu 1298, Philip IV na Faransa ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Edward wanda bai hada da Scotland ba, don haka ya rabu da abokansa na Scots.Edward ya koma Ingila daga yakin neman zabe a Faransa a watan Maris kuma ya yi kira ga sojojinsa da su hallara.Ya mayar da kujerar gwamnati zuwa York.A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli ya mamaye Scotland, yana da niyyar murkushe Wallace da duk masu jajircewa wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kan Scotland.A ranar 22 ga Yuli, sojojin Edward sun kai hari kan wata karamar rundunar Scotland karkashin jagorancin Wallace kusa da Falkirk.Sojojin Ingila suna da fa'idar fasaha.Longbowmen sun yanka mashinan Wallace da mayaƙan doki ta hanyar harba kibau masu nisa.An kashe 'yan Scotland da dama a yakin Falkirk.Duk da nasarar, Edward da sojojinsa ba da daɗewa ba suka koma Ingila kuma sun kasa cin nasara a kan Scotland gaba daya.Amma shan kashi ya ɓata sunan sojan Wallace.Ya koma cikin dazuzzuka masu kauri a kusa kuma ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa a watan Disamba.

Robert Bruce da John Comyn sun ci nasarar Wallace a matsayin Guardian na Masarautar tare, amma sun kasa ganin bambance-bambancen nasu.Wannan ya sake kawo wani sauyi a yanayin siyasa.A cikin 1299, matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga Faransa da Roma sun rinjayi Edward ya saki Sarki John da ke kurkuku a hannun Paparoma.Fafaroma ya kuma yi Allah wadai da mamayewar Edward da mamayar Scotland a cikin Papal bull Scimus, Fili.Bijimin ya umurci Edward da ya daina kai hare-hare ya fara tattaunawa da Scotland.Duk da haka, Edward ya yi watsi da bijimin.An aika William Wallace zuwa Turai don ƙoƙarin samun ƙarin goyon baya ga manufar Scotland.Wallace ya tafi Faransa don neman taimakon Philip IV, kuma zai yiwu ya tafi Roma.William Lamberton, Bishop na St Andrews, an nada shi a matsayin mai tsaro na uku, mai tsaka tsaki don ƙoƙarin kiyaye tsari tsakanin Bruce da Comyn.Scots kuma sun sake kwace Castle na Stirling.A cikin Mayu 1300, Edward I ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Scotland, ya mamaye Annandale da Galloway.Tare da nasarar da Ingilishi ya samu a Falkirk shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Edward dole ne ya ji a cikin wani matsayi na kawo Scotland karkashin cikakken iko na dindindin.Don yin wannan yana buƙatar ƙarin yaƙin neman zaɓe, kawar da adawa ta ƙarshe da kuma tabbatar da katangar da suka kasance (ko za su kasance) cibiyoyin juriya.Turawan Ingila sun mamaye Gidan Caerlaverock, amma baya ga wasu kananan fada, babu wani mataki da aka dauka.A watan Agusta, Paparoma ya aike da wasika yana bukatar Edward ya janye daga Scotland.Saboda rashin nasara, Edward ya shirya sulhu tare da Scots a ranar 30 ga Oktoba kuma ya koma Ingila.

A cikin Yuli 1301, Edward ya kaddamar da yakinsa na shida zuwa Scotland, da nufin cin nasara a Scotland a wani hari biyu.Daya daga cikin sojojin da dansa, Edward, Yariman Wales ne ya ba da umarni, ɗayan, babba, yana ƙarƙashin ikonsa.Yarima ya ɗauki ƙasar kudu maso yamma da mafi girman ɗaukaka, don haka mahaifinsa ya yi fata.Amma yariman ya yi taka tsantsan ga gabar tekun Solway.Sojojin Scot, wanda de Soulis da de Umfraville suka jagoranta, sun kai hari ga sojojin yariman a Lochmaben a farkon Satumba kuma sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar sojojinsa yayin da suka kama Robert the Bruce's Turnberry Castle.Sun kuma yi barazana ga sojojin sarki a Bothwell, wanda ya kama a watan Satumba.Sojojin Ingila guda biyu sun hadu a lokacin hunturu a Linlithgow ba tare da lalata karfin fadan Scots ba.A cikin Janairu 1302, Edward ya amince da sulhu na watanni tara.

Yakin Roslin, wanda aka yi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1303 a lokacin Yaƙin Farko na 'Yancin Scotland, ya ƙare da nasara a Scotland a kan rundunar leƙen asirin Ingila a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lord John Segrave.Rikicin ya afku ne a kusa da kauyen Roslin, inda kwamandojin Scots John Comyn da Sir Simon Fraser suka kitsa wani harin kwantan bauna da turawan Ingila.Jagoranci zuwa yaƙin, sasantawa tsakanin Ingila da Scotland ta ƙare a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1302, wanda ya haifar da shirye-shiryen Ingilishi don sake mamayewa.Edward I ya nada Segrave a matsayin mukaddashinsa a Scotland, inda ya umurce shi da ya gudanar da aikin bincike mai zurfi zuwa yankin Scotland, wanda ya fara daga Wark on Tweed a arewa.A lokacin wannan alkawari, turawan Ingila, suna ci gaba a sassa daban-daban guda uku da kuma fuskantar tursasawa daga sojojin Scotland, sun yi kuskuren dabara na yin sansani a wuraren da aka tarwatsa.Wannan kuskuren dabarar ya ba Comyn da Fraser damar gudanar da harin dare, wanda ya haifar da kama Segrave da sauransu.Duk da yunkurin da bangaren Robert Neville ya yi na tallafa wa sojojin Ingila, 'yan Scots sun samu gagarumar nasara, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar mai kula da albashin Ingila Manton da kuma kama Segrave na wucin gadi kafin a sake shi.

Yarjejeniyar Paris ta kawo karshen yakin Anglo-Faransa na 1294-1303, kuma an sanya hannu a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1303 tsakanin Philip IV na Faransa da Edward I na Ingila.Dangane da sharuddan yarjejeniyar, an mayar da Gascony Ingila daga Faransa bayan mamayar da ta yi a lokacin yakin, don haka ya kafa fagen yakin shekaru dari (1337-1453).Bugu da ƙari, an tabbatar da cewa 'yar Philip za ta auri ɗan Edward (daga baya Edward II na Ingila), kamar yadda aka riga aka amince a cikin yarjejeniyar Montreuil (1299).

Edward I yanzu ya rabu da kunya a ƙasashen waje da kuma a cikin gida, kuma ya yi shirye-shiryen yaƙi na ƙarshe na Scotland, ya fara mamayewa a tsakiyar watan Mayu 1303. An shirya sojojinsa kashi biyu - ɗaya ƙarƙashin kansa, ɗayan kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkin soja. Yariman Wales.Edward ya ci gaba a gabas kuma dansa ya shiga Scotland ta yamma, amma Wallace ya duba ci gabansa a wurare da yawa.Sarki Edward ya isa Edinburgh a watan Yuni, sannan Linlithgow da Stirling suka yi tafiya zuwa Perth.Comyn, tare da ƙaramin runduna a ƙarƙashin umarninsa, ba zai iya sa ran cin nasara a kan sojojin Edward ba.Edward ya zauna a Perth har zuwa Yuli, sannan ya ci gaba, ta hanyar Dundee, Montrose da Brechin, zuwa Aberdeen, ya isa watan Agusta.Daga nan, ya zarce ta Moray, kafin ci gabansa ya ci gaba zuwa Badenoch, kafin ya sake komawa kudu zuwa Dunfermline, inda ya zauna a cikin hunturu.A farkon 1304, Edward ya aika da wata ƙungiya a cikin iyakokin, wanda ya sa sojojin da ke karkashin Fraser da Wallace.Tare da kasar a halin yanzu, duk manyan Scots sun mika wuya ga Edward a watan Fabrairu, ban da Wallace, Fraser, da Soulis, wadanda ke Faransa.A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu ne John Comyn ya yi shawarwari kan batun mika wuya, wanda ya ki mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba, amma ya nemi a saki fursunonin bangarorin biyu ta hanyar kudin fansa kuma Edward ya amince cewa ba za a yi ramuwar gayya ko gadar Scots ba.Ban da William Wallace da John de Soulis, da alama za a gafarta wa dukansu bayan an kori wasu shahararrun shugabanni daga Scotland na lokuta dabam-dabam.Ana iya dawo da kadarorin da aka yi hasashe ta hanyar biyan tara tarar da aka yi la'akari da dacewa da cin amanar kowane mutum.Za a ci gaba da gadon gado kamar yadda suka saba, wanda zai ba wa masu ƙasa damar ba da mukamai da kaddarori kamar yadda aka saba.De Soulis ya kasance a kasashen waje, ya ki mika wuya.Wallace ya kasance har yanzu a Scotland kuma, ba kamar dukan masu daraja da bishops ba, ya ƙi yin biyayya ga Edward.Edward yana buƙatar yin misali na wani, kuma, ta hanyar ƙin ɗauka da kuma yarda da aikin ƙasarsa da mamayewa, Wallace ya zama abin da ya fi dacewa da ƙiyayyar Edward.Ba za a ba shi zaman lafiya ba sai dai idan ya sanya kansa gabaɗaya kuma a ƙarƙashin nufin Edward.An kuma yanke hukuncin cewa James Stewart, de Soulis da Sir Ingram de Umfraville ba za su iya dawowa ba har sai an ba da Wallace, kuma Comyn, Alexander Lindsay, David Graham da Simon Fraser za su nemi kama shi.

Bayan shan kashin da sojojin Scotland na William Wallace suka yi a yakin Falkirk a 1298, sai da Edward I ya kwashe shekaru shida yana samun cikakken iko a Scotland.Wuri na ƙarshe na juriya ga mulkin Ingilishi shine Stirling Castle.Da makamai da injuna goma sha biyu, turawan Ingila sun kewaye katangar a watan Afrilu 1304. Tsawon watanni hudu ana bama-bamai a gidan da ƙwallan gubar (wanda aka cire daga rufin cocin da ke kusa), wutar Girka, ƙwallayen dutse, har ma da wani nau'i na cakuda gunpowder.Edward I yana da sulfur da saltpetre, abubuwan da ake amfani da su na foda, waɗanda aka kawo wa kewayen daga Ingila.Da rashin haƙuri da rashin ci gaba, Edward ya umurci babban injiniyansa, Master James na St. George, da ya fara aiki a kan sabon babban injin da ake kira Warwolf (a trebuchet).Rundunar sojojin 30, karkashin jagorancin William Oliphant, a karshe an ba su damar mika wuya a ranar 24 ga Yuli bayan Edward ya ki amincewa da mika wuya har sai an gwada Warwolf.Duk da barazanar da aka yi a baya, Edward ya ceci duk 'yan Scots da ke cikin garrison kuma ya kashe wani Bature daya kacal wanda a baya ya ba wa 'yan Scots din ginin.An tsare Sir William Oliphant a Hasumiyar London.

Yayin da duk wannan ya faru, an kama William Wallace a Robroyston kusa da Glasgow a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1305. Masu riƙe da hidimar Sir John Menteith sun kai shi ga Ingilishi.Wallace ya kasance mutumin da aka fi farauta a Scotland tsawon shekaru, amma musamman a cikin watanni goma sha takwas da suka gabata.Nan da nan aka wuce da shi cikin karkarar Scotland, an ɗaure kafafunsa a ƙarƙashin dokinsa, zuwa Landan, inda, bayan wani gwaji da aka yi, hukumomin Ingila suka kashe shi a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1305, a Elms na Smithfield bisa ga al'ada na mayaudari.An rataye shi, sannan aka zana shi aka raba shi kwata, sannan aka dora kan sa a kan gadar Landan.Gwamnatin Ingila ta baje kolin gaɓoɓinsa daban a Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, da Perth.

Bruce ya isa Dumfries kuma ya sami Comyn a can.A ganawar sirri da Comyn a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1306 a Cocin Greyfriars, Bruce ya zargi Comyn saboda ha'incinsa, wanda Comyn ya musanta.A fusace, Bruce ya zana takobinsa ya caka masa wuka, ko da yake ba a mutu ba, wanda ya ci amanar sa.Yayin da Bruce ya gudu daga cocin, masu yi masa hidima, Kirkpatrick da Lindsay, suka shiga, suka sami Comyn da rai, suka kashe shi.Daga nan sai Bruce da mabiyansa suka tilasta wa alkalan Ingilishi na gida su mika wuya ga gidansu.Bruce ya fahimci cewa an jefar da mutuwar kuma ba shi da wani zabi sai dai ya zama sarki ko kuma mai gudun hijira.Kisan Comyn wani aiki ne na tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ya fuskanci makoma a matsayin wanda aka kore shi da kuma haram.Duk da haka yarjejeniyarsa da Lamberton da goyon bayan cocin Scotland, waɗanda suka shirya don ɗaukar gefensa don nuna rashin amincewa da Roma, ya kasance mai mahimmanci a wannan muhimmin lokaci lokacin da Bruce ya tabbatar da da'awarsa ga kursiyin Scotland.

Ya je Glasgow kuma ya sadu da Bishop na Glasgow, Robert Wishart.Maimakon cire Bruce, Wishart ya wanke shi kuma ya bukaci mutane su tashi tsaye don goyon bayansa.Daga nan sai su biyun suka yi tafiya zuwa Scone, inda Lamberton da wasu fitattun majami'u da manyan mutane suka hadu da su.Kasa da makonni bakwai bayan kisan da aka yi a Dumfries, a Scone Abbey a ranar 25 ga Maris 1306, Robert Bruce ya samu sarauta a matsayin Sarki Robert I na Scotland.

An fusata da kashe John Comyn, Ubangijin Badenoch da Bruce da mabiyansa suka yi a Dumfries da Bruce na nadin sarauta Edward I na Ingila mai suna Aymer de Valence, Earl na Pembroke, Laftanar na musamman na Scotland.Pembroke ya motsa da sauri, kuma a tsakiyar lokacin rani ya kafa sansaninsa a Perth, tare da Henry Percy da Robert Clifford da sojojin kimanin 3000 da aka zana daga yankunan arewa.Edward I ya ba da umarnin cewa ba za a yi jinƙai ba kuma duk wanda aka kama da makamai za a kashe shi ba tare da shari'a ba.Mai yiyuwa ne wannan kalmar ba ta kai ga sarki ba saboda ya koma al'adar chivalric kuma ya yi kira ga de Valence da ya fito daga bangon Perth ya yi yaƙi.De Valence, wanda ya yi suna na wani mutum mai daraja, ya ba da uzurin cewa ya yi latti da rana don yin yaƙi kuma ya ce zai amince da ƙalubalen a rana mai zuwa.Sarkin ya kori sojojinsa da ke da nisan mil shida a cikin wasu dazuzzuka da ke kan tudu kusa da Kogin Almond.Da magariba sa'ad da sojojin Bruce suka yi sansani kuma da yawa suka kwance damara, sojojin Aymer de Valence suka faɗo musu a wani hari na bazata.Sarkin ya yi wa Earl na Pembroke doki a farkon harin amma bai sa shi da kansa ba kuma Sir Philip Mowbray ya kusa kama shi sai Sir Christopher Seton ya tsira.An fi yawa da mamaki, rundunar sarki ba ta da wata dama.Bruce sau biyu ba shi da doki kuma sau biyu an ceto shi.A ƙarshe, wasu ƙananan sojojin Scotland da suka hada da James Douglas, Neil Campbell, Edward Bruce, John de Strathbogie, Earl na Atholl, Gilbert de Haye da sarki sun kafa wani phalanx don su rabu da su kuma an tilasta musu su gudu a cikin rashin nasara. ya bar yawancin mabiyan sarki masu aminci sun mutu ko kuma ba da daɗewa ba a kashe su.Bayan da aka ci nasara da shi a yakin, an kori sarkin daga yankin Scotland a matsayin dan doka.

Har yanzu ba a san inda Bruce ya yi lokacin hunturu na 1306-07 ba.Wataƙila ya kashe shi a cikin Hebrides, mai yiwuwa Christina na Tsibirin ta keɓe.Wannan na ƙarshe ya auri memba na dangin Mar, dangin da Bruce ke da alaƙa (ba kawai matarsa ​​​​ta farko memba ce ta wannan iyali ba amma ɗan'uwanta, Gartnait, ya auri 'yar'uwar Bruce).Ireland ma babbar yiyuwar ce, kuma Orkney (a ƙarƙashin mulkin Norwegian a lokacin) ko Norway daidai (inda 'yar uwarsa Isabel Bruce ta kasance sarauniya dowager) ba zai yiwu ba amma ba zai yiwu ba.Bruce da mabiyansa sun koma babban yankin Scotland a watan Fabrairun 1307.A cikin Fabrairu 1307 Sarki Robert ya haye daga tsibirin Arran a cikin Firth na Clyde zuwa nasa kunne na Carrick, a Ayrshire, ya sauka kusa da Turnberry, inda ya san mutanen yankin za su ji tausayi, amma inda duk wani kagara ya kasance da Ingilishi. .Ya kai hari a garin Turnberry inda aka yi garkuwa da sojojin Ingila da dama wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama tare da samun dimbin ganima.Irin wannan saukowa da 'yan uwansa Thomas da Alexander suka yi a Galloway ya gamu da bala'i a gabar tekun Loch Ryan a hannun Dungal MacDouall, babban mai bin Balliol a yankin.An halaka sojojin Thomas da Alexander na Irish da Islemen, kuma an aika su a matsayin fursuna zuwa Carlisle, inda daga baya aka kashe su bisa umarnin Edward I. Sarki Robert ya kafa kansa a ƙasar tuddai ta Carrick da Galloway.Sarki Robert ya koyi darasi mai kaifi da aka bayar a Methven: ba zai sake barin wani babban abokin gaba ya kama shi ba.Babban makaminsa shi ne saninsa na kut-da-kut game da karkarar Scotland, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don amfaninsa.Kazalika da yin amfani da kariyar dabi'ar kasar, ya tabbatar da cewa karfinsa na tafiya yadda ya kamata.Sarki Robert yanzu ya san cewa da wuya ya yi tsammanin samun nasarar Ingilishi a fagen fama.Sojojinsa sun kasance masu rauni a adadi kuma ba su da kayan aiki.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan hare-haren da aka kai da gudu, yana ba da damar mafi kyawun amfani da ƙayyadaddun albarkatu.Zai kiyaye yunƙurin kuma ya hana abokan gaba su kawo ƙarfinsa mafi girma.A duk lokacin da zai yiwu, za a lalata amfanin gona da kuma kawar da dabbobi daga tafarkin ci gaban abokan gaba, tare da hana shi sabbin kayan abinci da abinci ga manyan dawakan yaƙi.Mafi mahimmanci, Sarki Robert ya gane yanayin yanayi na mamayewar Ingilishi, wanda ya mamaye ƙasar kamar rani, kawai ya janye kafin farkon hunturu.

Sarki Robert ya ci nasarar karamar nasararsa ta farko a Glen Trool, inda ya yi wa sojojin Ingila kwanton bauna karkashin jagorancin Aymer de Valence, inda ya kai hari daga sama da duwatsu da maharba tare da korarsu da hasara mai yawa.Daga nan sai ya wuce ta moors ta Dalmellington zuwa Muirkirk, wanda ya bayyana a arewacin Ayrshire a farkon watan Mayu, inda sabbin ma'aikata suka karfafa sojojinsa.Nan ba da jimawa ba ya ci karo da Aymer de Valence, wanda ke jagorantar babban rundunar Ingilishi a yankin.A cikin shirin ganawa da shi, ya ɗauki matsayi a ranar 10 ga Mayu a wani fili a kudu da Dutsen Loudoun, faɗin yadi 500 kuma an ɗaure shi ta kowane gefe ta hanyar zurfafawa.Hanya daya tilo da Valence ya bi ita ce kan babbar hanyar da ke cikin bogin, inda madaidaicin ramukan mutanen sarki da aka tona a waje daga cikin jeji suka takaita dakinsa don aikewa da shi, tare da ramukan da ke gaban Scots suka hana shi ci gaba, ta yadda za su kawar da fa'idarsa a adadi.An tilasta Valence ya kai hari tare da ƙunƙun gaban gaba zuwa ga mashin abokan gaba.Yaƙi ne mai tunawa a wasu hanyoyin Stirling Bridge, tare da tasirin 'tace' iri ɗaya a wurin aiki.Dakarun mashin na sarki ne suka dakatar da wani cajin gaba da turawan Ingila suka yi, inda suka yi musu yankan rago a daidai lokacin da suke kan kasa mara kyau, don haka nan da nan mayakan suka fatattaki mayakan.Yayin da mashin sarki suka yi ta gangarowa kan maharan da ba su da tsari, sai suka yi ta gwabzawa da karfin tsiya, har sai da turawan Ingila na baya suka fara gudu a firgice.An kashe ɗari ko fiye da haka a yaƙin, yayin da Aymer de Valence ya yi nasarar tserewa kisan kiyashin kuma ya gudu zuwa ga tsaron gidan Bothwell.

Canja wurin ayyuka zuwa Aberdeenshire a ƙarshen 1307, Bruce ya yi barazanar Banff kafin ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, wataƙila saboda wahalhalun yaƙin neman zaɓe.Yana murmurewa, ya bar John Comyn, Earl na Buchan na 3 ba tare da ya ci nasara ba a bayansa, Bruce ya dawo yamma don ɗaukar Balvenie da Duffus Castles, sannan Tarradale Castle a kan Black Isle.Da yake waiwaya baya ta cikin yankunan Inverness da kuma ƙoƙari na biyu da ya gaza ɗaukar Elgin, Bruce a ƙarshe ya ci nasarar nasararsa na Comyn a Yaƙin Inverurie a watan Mayu 1308;Daga nan sai ya buge Buchan ya kuma fatattaki sojojin Ingila a Aberdeen.An ba da umarnin Harrying na Buchan a cikin 1308 ta hanyar Bruce don tabbatar da cewa an kashe duk tallafin dangin Comyn.Buchan yana da yawan jama'a sosai saboda ita ce babban birnin aikin noma na arewacin Scotland, kuma yawancin mutanenta sun kasance masu biyayya ga dangin Comyn ko da bayan cin nasarar Earl na Buchan.An lalata yawancin gidajen Comyn da ke Moray, Aberdeen da Buchan kuma an kashe mazaunansu.A cikin ƙasa da shekara guda Bruce ya ratsa arewa kuma ya lalata ikon Comyns waɗanda ke da ikon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a arewa kusan shekaru ɗari.Yadda aka samu wannan gagarumar nasara, musamman yadda aka yi gaggawar daukar sarakunan arewa, yana da wuyar fahimta.Bruce ba shi da makamai na kewaye kuma yana da wuya sojojinsa su sami adadi mai yawa ko kuma sun fi abokan adawarsa makamai.Dabi'a da jagoranci na Comyns da 'yan uwansu na arewa da alama sun kasance ba za a iya fayyace su ba a yayin fuskantar ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta.Daga nan sai ya haye zuwa Argyll kuma ya ci nasara da MacDougall (abokan Comyns) a yakin Pass of Brander kuma ya dauki Dunstaffnage Castle, babban birni na karshe na Comyns da abokansu.Daga nan sai Bruce ya ba da umarnin a kai hari a Argyle da Kintyre, a cikin yankunan Clan MacDougall.

A cikin Maris 1309, Bruce ya gudanar da majalisarsa ta farko a St. Andrews kuma a watan Agusta ya mallaki dukan Scotland a arewacin Kogin Tay.A shekara ta gaba, limaman Scotland sun amince da Bruce a matsayin sarki a babban majalisa.Taimakon da cocin ta ba shi, duk da korar da aka yi masa, yana da matukar muhimmanci a siyasance.A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1310 Bruce ya rubuta Edward II na Ingila daga Kildrum a Cumbernauld Parish a cikin wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Scotland da Ingila.A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, an kama wani katafaren gida ko wani waje da turanci ke rike da shi bayan wani kuma an rage shi: Linlithgow a 1310, Dumbarton a 1311, da Perth, da Bruce kansa ya yi, a cikin Janairu 1312. Bruce kuma ya kai hari a arewacin Ingila kuma, ya sauka a Ramsey a cikin Isle na Man, ya kewaye Castle Rushen a Castletown, ya kama shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1313 kuma ya musanta Turancin mahimmancin dabarun tsibirin.

A shekara ta 1314, Bruce ya sake kwato mafi yawan ƙauyuka a Scotland da turawan Ingila ke rike da su kuma yana tura ƙungiyoyin kai hari zuwa arewacin Ingila har zuwa Carlisle.Dangane da mayar da martani, Edward II ya shirya wani babban yaƙin neman zaɓe na soji tare da goyon bayan Lancaster da baron, inda ya tattara manyan sojoji tsakanin 15,000 zuwa 20,000.A cikin bazara na 1314, Edward Bruce ya kewaye Stirling Castle, wani muhimmin kagara a Scotland wanda gwamnansa, Philip de Mowbray, ya amince ya mika wuya idan bai samu sauki ba kafin 24 ga Yuni 1314. A cikin Maris, James Douglas ya kama Roxburgh, kuma Randolph ya kama Edinburgh Castle. (Bruce daga baya ya ba da umarnin a kashe Piers de Lombard, gwamnan katangar), yayin da a watan Mayu, Bruce ya sake kai hari Ingila kuma ya mamaye Isle of Man.Labarin yarjejeniyar game da Stirling Castle ya kai wa Sarkin Ingila a ƙarshen watan Mayu, kuma ya yanke shawarar hanzarta tafiya arewa daga Berwick don sauƙaƙe ginin.Robert, tare da dakaru tsakanin 5,500 zuwa 6,500, galibin mashin, sun shirya don hana sojojin Edward isa Stirling.An fara yaƙin ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni yayin da sojojin Ingila suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙetare babban filin Bannock Burn, wanda ke kewaye da ƙasar Marshland.Rikici ya barke tsakanin bangarorin biyu, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Sir Henry de Bohun, wanda Robert ya kashe a fafatawar da ta yi.Edward ya ci gaba da ci gabansa washegari, kuma ya ci karo da yawancin sojojin Scotland yayin da suke fitowa daga dazuzzuka na New Park.Turawan Ingila ba su yi tsammanin cewa Scots za su yi yaƙi a nan ba, kuma a sakamakon haka sun ci gaba da tafiya, maimakon yaki, tsari, tare da maharba - waɗanda yawanci ana amfani da su don karya mashin maƙiyi - a wurin. baya, maimakon gaba, na sojojin.Sojojin na Ingila sun yi wuya su yi aiki a cikin matsananciyar wuri kuma mashin Robert sun murkushe su.Sojojin Ingila sun cika makil, kuma shugabanninsu sun kasa sake samun iko.An ciro Edward II daga fagen fama, sojojin Scotland suka bi shi da zafi, sai kawai ya tsira daga mummunan fadan.Bayan shan kaye, Edward ya koma Dunbar, sannan ya yi tafiya da jirgi zuwa Berwick, sannan ya koma York;a cikin rashi, Stirling Castle da sauri ya fadi.

An 'yantar da su daga barazanar Ingilishi, sojojin Scotland na iya mamaye arewacin Ingila.Bruce kuma ya kori wani balaguron Ingilishi na gaba a arewacin kan iyaka kuma ya kaddamar da hare-hare zuwa Yorkshire da Lancashire.Sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu na soja, Robert kuma ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Edward ya mamaye Ireland a 1315, a ƙoƙarin taimaka wa sarakunan Irish wajen tunkuɗe kutsen Ingilishi a cikin masarautun su da kuma maido da duk ƙasashen da suka yi asara ga Crown (bayan sun sami amsa. don ba da taimako daga Domhnall Ó Néill, sarkin Tír Eoghain), da buɗe gaba na biyu a ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe da Ingila.Har ma an naɗa Edward sarauta a matsayin Babban Sarkin Ireland a shekara ta 1316. Robert daga baya ya tafi can tare da wata runduna don taimaka wa ɗan’uwansa.Da farko dai, sojojin Scot-Irish sun zama kamar ba za su iya tsayawa ba yayin da suka ci turawan Ingila akai-akai tare da daidaita garuruwansu.Duk da haka, 'yan Scotland sun kasa samun nasara a kan shugabannin da ba na Ulster ba ko kuma samun wata gagarumar nasara a kudancin tsibirin, inda mutane ba su iya ganin bambanci tsakanin Ingilishi da Scotland.Hakan ya faru ne saboda yunwa ta afka wa Ireland kuma sojojin sun yi kokawa don su ci gaba da rayuwa.Sun koma yin fashi da lalata daukacin matsugunan yayin da suke neman kayayyaki, ba tare da la’akari da ko Ingilishi ne ko Irish ba.A ƙarshe an ci nasara a lokacin da aka kashe Edward Bruce a yakin Faughart.Litattafan tarihin Irish na wannan lokacin sun bayyana shan kashi na Bruces da turawan Ingila suka yi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka taba yi wa al'ummar Irish saboda yadda ya kawo karshen yunwa da sace-sacen da aka yi wa Irish na duka Scots da Turanci.

A cikin 1326, Sarkin Ingila, Edward II, matarsa, Isabella, da masoyinta, Mortimer, sun tsige shi.Ingila ta shafe shekaru 30 tana yaki da Scotland kuma 'yan Scots sun yi amfani da yanayin rudani don kaddamar da manyan hare-hare a Ingila.Ganin adawa da Scots a matsayin hanyar halasta matsayinsu, Isabella da Mortimer sun shirya babbar runduna don adawa da su.A cikin Yuli 1327 wannan ya tashi daga York don kama Scots kuma ya tilasta musu su yi yaƙi.Bayan makonni biyu na rashin wadataccen kayayyaki da rashin kyawun yanayi, Ingilishi ya fuskanci Scots lokacin da na biyun ya ba da matsayinsu da gangan.Scots sun mamaye wani matsayi da ba za a iya kaiwa ba kai tsaye arewacin Kogin Wear.Turawan Ingila sun ki kai masa hari kuma Scots sun ki yin fada a fili.Bayan kwana uku Scots sun koma dare zuwa matsayi mafi ƙarfi.Turawan Ingila na biye da su, a daren nan, sojojin Scotland suka tsallaka kogin, suka yi nasarar kai farmaki sansanin na Ingila, suka shiga har zuwa rumfar sarauta.Turawan Ingila sun yi imanin cewa sun kewaye Scots kuma suna fama da yunwa, amma a daren 6 ga Agusta sojojin Scotland suka tsere suka koma Scotland.Gangamin ya yi tsada sosai ga turawan Ingila.Isabella da Mortimer an tilasta musu yin shawarwari tare da Scots kuma a cikin 1328 an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Edinburgh-Northampton, tare da amincewa da ikon mallakar Scotland.

Yarjejeniyar Edinburgh-Northampton yarjejeniya ce ta zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1328 tsakanin Masarautar Ingila da Scotland.Ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Farko na Inyencin Ƙasar Scotland, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar Ingila ta Scotland a 1296. An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Edinburgh da Robert the Bruce, Sarkin Scots, ranar 17 ga Maris 1328, kuma Majalisar ta amince da ita. taron Ingila a Northampton ranar 1 ga Mayu.Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar sun nuna cewa a musayar £ 100,000, Ingila Crown za ta gane:Masarautar Scotland a matsayin cikakkiyar 'yanciRobert the Bruce, da magadansa da magadansa, a matsayin ƴantattun sarakunan ScotlandIyakar da ke tsakanin Scotland da Ingila kamar yadda aka gane a karkashin mulkin Alexander III (1249-1286).

Robert ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1329, a Manor of Cardross, kusa da Dumbarton.Baya ga gaza cika alkawarin da ya yi na gudanar da yakin neman zabe ya mutu kwata-kwata, ta yadda manufar gwagwarmayar rayuwarsa - ba tare da la'akari da amincewa da Bruce ba a kan kambi - ya tabbata, kuma yana da yakinin cewa zai bar masarautar Scotland lafiya. a hannun babban amintaccen laftanarsa, Moray, har sai da jaririn dansa ya balaga.Kwanaki shida bayan mutuwarsa, don kammala nasararsa har yanzu, an ba da bijimai na papal suna ba da damar haƙƙin haƙƙin nadin sarautar Sarakunan Scots na gaba.Yarjejeniyar Edinburgh-Northampton ta kasance shekaru biyar kawai.Ba a yarda da yawancin manyan Ingila ba, waɗanda suke kallonsa a matsayin wulakanci.A cikin 1333 Edward III ya rushe shi, bayan ya fara mulkin kansa, kuma yakin na biyu na 'Yancin Scotland ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa zaman lafiya mai dorewa a 1357.