Tarihin Paris

Tsakanin 250 zuwa 225 KZ, a lokacin Iron Age, Parisii, wani yanki na Celtic Seones, ya zauna a bakin tekun Seine.A farkon karni na 2 KZ, sun gina oppidum, katanga mai katanga, wanda aka yi jayayya da wurinsa.Wataƙila ya kasance a kan Île de la Cité, inda gadoji na muhimmiyar hanyar ciniki ta ketare Seine.

A cikin asusunsa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Gallic , Julius Kaisar ya yi jawabi ga taron shugabannin Gauls a Lucotecia, yana neman goyon bayansu.Wary na Romawa, Parisii ya saurari Kaisar cikin ladabi, ya ba da damar samar da wasu sojojin dawakai, amma sun kulla asirce tare da sauran kabilun Gallic, karkashin jagorancin Vercingetorix, kuma suka kaddamar da tawaye ga Romawa a cikin Janairu 52 KZ.Shekara daya bayan haka, Janar Titus Labienus ya ci Parisii a yakin Lutetia.Garin garrison na Gallo-Roman, mai suna Lutetia, an kafa shi a gefen hagu na Seine.Romawa sun gina sabon birni gaba ɗaya a matsayin tushe ga sojojinsu da kuma ma'aikatan Gallic da nufin sa ido kan lardin masu tawaye.An kira sabon birnin Lutetia ko "Lutetia Parisiorum" ("Lutèce na Parisii").Wataƙila sunan ya fito daga kalmar Latin Luta, ma'ana laka ko fadama Kaisar ya kwatanta babban marsh, ko marais, kusa da hannun dama na Seine.Babban yanki na birnin yana gefen hagu na Seine, wanda ya fi girma kuma ba ya fuskantar ambaliya.An shimfiɗa shi ne bisa tsarin al'adar garin Romawa tare da gefen arewa zuwa kudu.A gefen hagu, babban titin Roman ya bi hanyar Rue Saint-Jacques na zamani.Ta haye Seine kuma ta ratsa Île de la Cité akan gadoji biyu na katako: "Petit Pont" da "Grand Pont" (Pont Notre-Dame na yau).Tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin, inda kwale-kwalen suka tsaya, yana kan tsibiri ne inda tashar Notre Dame take a yau.A bankin dama, ya bi Rue Saint-Martin na zamani.A gefen hagu, katin da ba shi da mahimmanci a gabas - decumanus na yamma, Rue Cujas na yau, Rue Soufflot da Rue des Écoles.

An shigar da Kiristanci a cikin Paris a tsakiyar karni na 3 AD.Dangane da al'adar, Saint Denis, Bishop na Parisi ne ya kawo shi, wanda, tare da wasu biyu, Rustique da Éleuthère, shugaban Roman Fescennius ya kama shi.Sa’ad da ya ƙi ya yi watsi da imaninsa, aka fille kansa a Dutsen Mercury.Bisa ga al'adar, Saint Denis ya ɗaga kansa ya kai shi zuwa wata makabartar Kirista ta asirce ta Vicus Cattulliacus mai nisan mil shida.Wani labari na daban ya ce wata mata Kirista mai kishin addini mai suna Catula, ta zo da daddare zuwa wurin da aka yanke hukuncin kisa ta dauki gawarsa zuwa makabarta.Tudun da aka kashe shi, Dutsen Mercury, daga baya ya zama Dutsen Shahidai ("Mons Martyrum"), a ƙarshe Montmartre.An gina coci a wurin kabarin St. Denis, wanda daga baya ya zama Basilica na Saint-Denis.A karni na 4, birnin yana da Bishop na farko da aka sani, Victorinus (346 AZ).A shekara ta 392 AZ, yana da babban coci.

Rushewar daular Roma a hankali saboda karuwar mamayar da Jamusawa suka yi a karni na 5, ya sanya birnin cikin wani lokaci na raguwa.A shekara ta 451 AZ, sojojin Attila Hun sun yi barazana ga birnin, waɗanda suka ƙwace Treves, Metz da Reims.Mutanen Paris suna shirin yin watsi da birnin, amma Saint Geneviève (422-502) ya rinjaye su.Attila ya wuce Paris kuma ya kai hari ga Orléans.A cikin 461, Salian Franks wanda Childeric I (436-481) ya jagoranta ya sake yin barazana ga birnin.Tsawon shekara goma aka yi wa garin kawanya.Har yanzu, Geneviève ta shirya tsaro.Ta ceci birnin ta hanyar kawo alkama zuwa birni mai fama da yunwa daga Brie da Champagne a kan jirgin ruwa na sha daya.A cikin 486, Clovis I, Sarkin Franks, ya tattauna da Saint Genevieve game da biyayyar Paris ga ikonsa.Binne Saint Genevieve a saman tsaunin da ke gefen hagu wanda yanzu ke ɗauke da sunanta.Basilica, Basilique des Saints Apôtres, an gina shi akan wurin kuma an tsarkake shi a ranar 24 ga Disamba 520. Daga baya ya zama wurin Basilica na Saint-Genevieve, wanda bayan juyin juya halin Faransa ya zama Panthéon.Ta zama majiɓincin saint na Paris jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarta.

Franks, ƙabilar Jamusanci, sun ƙaura zuwa arewacin Gaul yayin da tasirin Roman ya ragu.Romawa sun rinjayi shugabannin Faransanci, wasu ma sun yi yaƙi da Roma don kayar da Atilla Hun.A cikin 481, ɗan Childeric, Clovis I, ɗan shekara goma sha shida kawai, ya zama sabon sarkin Franks.A cikin 486, ya ci nasara da sojojin Roma na ƙarshe, ya zama mai mulkin Gaul a arewacin kogin Loire kuma ya shiga Paris.Kafin wani muhimmin yaki da Burgundians, ya yi rantsuwa don ya koma Katolika idan ya yi nasara.Ya yi nasara a yaƙin, kuma matarsa ​​Clotilde ta koma Kiristanci, kuma ya yi masa baftisma a Reims a shekara ta 496. Ana iya ganin tubansa zuwa Kiristanci a matsayin lakabi kawai, don inganta matsayinsa na siyasa.Bai ƙi allolin arna da tatsuniyoyi da al'adunsu ba.Clovis ya taimaka wajen fitar da Visigoths daga Gaul.Sarki ne wanda ba shi da kayyadadden jari kuma ba shi da mulkin tsakiya fiye da tawagarsa.Ta wurin yanke shawarar za a shigar da shi a Paris, Clovis ya ba da nauyin alama na birnin.Lokacin da jikokinsa suka raba mulkin sarauta shekaru 50 bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 511, an kiyaye Paris a matsayin mallakar haɗin gwiwa da ƙayyadaddun alamar daular.

A cikin ƙarni na 9, Vikings sun sha kai wa birnin hari, waɗanda suka haye Seine a kan manyan jiragen ruwa na Viking.Sun nemi fansa suka lalata gonakinsu.A cikin 857, Björn Ironside ya kusan lalata birnin.A cikin 885-886, sun yi wa Paris hari na shekara guda kuma sun sake gwadawa a cikin 887 da 889, amma sun kasa cinye birnin, saboda Seine da ganuwar Île de la Cité sun kare shi.Gada guda biyu, masu mahimmanci ga birnin, an kuma kiyaye su da manyan katangar dutse guda biyu, Grand Châtelet akan Bankin Dama da "Petit Châtelet" a bankin Hagu, wanda aka gina akan yunƙurin Joscelin, bishop na Paris.Grand Châtelet ya ba da sunansa ga Place du Châtelet na zamani akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon.

A cikin kaka na 978, Otto II ya kewaye Paris a lokacin yakin Franco- Jamus na 978-980.A ƙarshen karni na 10, sabuwar daular sarakuna, Capetians, wanda Hugh Capet ya kafa a shekara ta 987, ta hau mulki.Ko da yake sun ɗan yi ɗan lokaci a birnin, sun mai da fadar sarki a Île de la Cité kuma sun gina coci inda Sainte-Chapelle ke tsaye a yau.Cigaba ya dawo a hankali a cikin birni kuma Bankin Dama ya fara cika.A bankin Hagu, Capetians sun kafa wani muhimmin gidan sufi: Abbey na Saint-Germain-des-Prés.An sake gina cocinta a karni na 11.Gidan sufi ya yi suna saboda karatunsa da haske da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce.

Haɓaka gine-ginen addini a birnin Paris galibi aikin Suger ne, abbot na Saint-Denis daga 1122-1151 kuma mai ba da shawara ga Sarakuna Louis VI da Louis VII.Ya sake gina facade na tsohuwar Carolingian Basilica na Saint Denis, ya raba shi zuwa matakan kwance uku da sassa uku a tsaye don alamar Triniti Mai Tsarki .Sa'an nan, daga 1140 zuwa 1144, ya sake gina bayan cocin da bango mai ban mamaki da tabo na gilashin gilashi wanda ya mamaye cocin da haske.Wannan salon, wanda daga baya aka kira Gothic, wasu majami'un Paris ne suka kwafi: Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, da Saint-Germain-des-Prés, kuma cikin sauri ya bazu zuwa Ingila da Jamus.

A cikin 1150, Jami'ar Paris ta gaba ta kasance ƙungiyar ɗalibai-malamai da ke aiki a matsayin haɗin gwiwar makarantar cocin Notre-Dame.Maganar farko ta tarihi game da ita tana cikin littafin Matiyu Paris game da nazarin malaminsa (babba na St. Albans) da kuma yarda da shi a cikin "zumuwar zaɓaɓɓu na Masters" a can kusan 1170, kuma an san cewa. Lotario dei Conti di Segni, Paparoma Innocent III na gaba, ya kammala karatunsa a can a shekara ta 1182 yana da shekaru 21.An amince da kamfani a matsayin "Jami'o'i" a cikin wani umarni da Sarki Philippe-Auguste ya yi a cikin 1200: a cikinta, a cikin sauran masaukin da aka ba wa dalibai na gaba, ya ba da izinin kamfani ya yi aiki a karkashin dokar ecclesiastic wanda dattawan za su gudanar. Notre-Dame Cathedral School, kuma ya ba da tabbacin duk waɗanda suka kammala kwasa-kwasan a can za a ba su takardar shaidar difloma.Jami'ar tana da ikon tunani guda hudu: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology.Faculty of Arts ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci a matsayi, amma kuma mafi girma, saboda dole ne dalibai su kammala karatun a can don a shigar da su zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun.An raba ɗaliban zuwa ƙasashe huɗu bisa ga yare ko asalin yanki: Faransa, Normandy, Picardy, da Ingila.Na ƙarshe ya zama sananne da al'ummar Aleman (Jamus).Daukar ma'aikata ga kowace al'umma ya fi fadi fiye da yadda sunayen za su iya nunawa: Ƙasar Ingilishi-Jamus ta haɗa da ɗalibai daga Scandinavia da Gabashin Turai.Tsarin baiwa da tsarin al'umma na Jami'ar Paris (tare da na Jami'ar Bologna) ya zama abin koyi ga duk jami'o'in da suka gabata.A karkashin tsarin mulkin Cocin, dalibai sun sanya riguna da aske saman kawunansu a ton, don nuna cewa suna karkashin kariya daga cocin.Dalibai sun bi dokoki da dokokin Coci kuma ba sa bin dokokin sarki ko kotuna.Wannan ya kawo matsaloli ga birnin Paris, yayin da dalibai ke gudu, kuma jami’in nasa ya kai kara ga kotunan Coci domin a yi musu adalci.Dalibai sukan kasance ƙanana, suna shiga makarantar a shekaru 13 ko 14 kuma suna zama na shekaru shida zuwa 12.

A farkon karni na 12, sarakunan Faransa na daular Capetian sun mallaki komai fiye da Paris da yankin da ke kewaye, amma sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don gina Paris a matsayin babban birnin siyasa, tattalin arziki, addini da al'adu na Faransa.Halin da aka bambanta gundumomin birni ya ci gaba da fitowa a wannan lokacin.Île de la Cité shine wurin gidan sarauta, kuma an fara gina sabon Cathedral na Notre-Dame de Paris a 1163.Bankin Hagu (kudancin Seine) shine wurin sabuwar Jami'ar Paris da Coci da kotun sarki suka kafa don horar da masana ilimin tauhidi, lissafi da shari'a, da manyan gidajen ibada guda biyu na Paris: Abbey na Saint-Germain- des-Prés da Abbey na Saint Geneviève.Bankin Dama (arewacin Seine) ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci da hada-hadar kudi, inda tashar jiragen ruwa, kasuwar tsakiya, tarurrukan bita da gidajen 'yan kasuwa suke.An kafa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa, Hanse parisienne, kuma cikin sauri ta zama mai ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran birni.

A farkon tsakiyar zamanai, gidan sarauta yana kan Île de la Cité.Tsakanin 1190 zuwa 1202, Sarki Philip II ya gina katafaren kagara na Louvre, wanda aka ƙera shi don kare Bankin Dama daga harin Ingilishi daga Normandy.Gidan kagara ya kasance babban rectangle mai tsayin mita 72 da 78, mai hasumiyai hudu, kuma an kewaye shi da tulu.A tsakiyar akwai hasumiya mai da'ira mai tsayin mita talatin.Ana iya ganin tushe a yau a cikin ginshiƙi na gidan kayan tarihi na Louvre.

A cikin 1231, magudanar ruwa na Le Marais ya fara.A cikin 1240, Knights Templar sun gina wani katafaren coci kusa da bangon Paris, a arewacin Marais.Haikali ya mayar da wannan gundumar zuwa wani yanki mai ban sha'awa wanda aka fi sani da Haikali Quarter, kuma an gina cibiyoyin addini da yawa a kusa da su: convents des Blancs-Manteaux, de Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie da des Carmes-Billettes, haka nan. kamar yadda cocin Sainte-Catherine-du-Val-des-Écoliers.

A karon farko, ana kayyade karar kararrawa na majami'u na Paris da agogo, ta yadda duk sauti a lokaci guda.Lokaci na rana ya zama muhimmiyar alama wajen tsara aiki da rayuwar birni.

Masu canjin kuɗi sun kafa kansu a kan Grand Pont, wanda aka sani da Pont-au-Change.Gada da yawa masu ɗauke da sunan Pont au Change sun tsaya akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon.Sunan ta ne ga maƙeran zinariya da masu canjin kuɗi waɗanda suka shigar da shagunansu akan sigar farko ta gadar a ƙarni na 12.An gina gadar yanzu daga 1858 zuwa 1860, lokacin mulkin Napoleon III, kuma yana ɗauke da alamar mulkinsa.

Mutuwar Baƙar fata, ko annoba ta bubonic, ta lalata Paris.A cikin Mayu 1349, ya zama mai tsanani har Majalisar Sarauta ta gudu daga birnin.

Saboda yaƙe-yaƙe na Henry V a Faransa, Paris ta fada hannun turawan Ingila tsakanin 1420-1436, har ma yaron sarki Henry na shida ya sami sarautar sarkin Faransa a can a 1431. Lokacin da turawan Ingila suka bar Paris a 1436, Charles VII ya sami damar yin nasara a karshe. dawo.Yankuna da yawa na babban birnin mulkinsa sun lalace, kuma dubu ɗari na mazaunanta, rabin yawan jama'ar, sun bar birnin.

Bayan jerin nasarori, sojojin Charles VII sun kewaye Paris.Charles VII yayi alkawarin yin afuwa ga mutanen Paris da suka goyi bayan Burgundians da Ingilishi.An yi bore a cikin birnin don nuna adawa da turawan Ingila da Burgundian.Charles VII ya koma Paris a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1437, amma ya rage kawai makonni uku.Ya motsa gidansa da kotun zuwa Châteaux na kwarin Loire.Sarakunan da suka ci nasara sun zaɓi zama a kwarin Loire kuma sun ziyarci Paris kawai a lokuta na musamman.

An gina otel na farko na Cluny bayan tsarin Cluny ya sami Tsohuwar baho mai zafi a cikin 1340. Pierre de Chaslus ne ya gina shi.Jacques d'Amboise, abbot ne ya sake gina ginin a cikin yabon Cluny 1485–1510;yana haɗuwa da abubuwan Gothic da Renaissance.Ginin da kansa babban misali ne na gine-ginen jama'a na Paris na da.

A shekara ta 1500, Paris ta sake samun wadata a da, kuma yawan jama'a ya kai 250,000.Kowane sabon sarkin Faransa ya kara gine-gine, gadoji da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don ƙawata babban birninsa, yawancin su a cikin sabon salon Renaissance da aka shigo da su daga Italiya.Sarki Louis XII da wuya ya ziyarci birnin Paris, amma ya sake gina tsohon katako na Pont Notre Dame, wanda ya ruguje a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1499. Sabuwar gadar da aka bude a shekara ta 1512, an yi ta ne da dutse mai girma, wanda aka shimfida da dutse, kuma an yi masa layi da gidaje sittin da takwas. da shaguna.A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1533, Sarki Francis na farko ya aza harsashin ginin Hotel de Ville na farko, babban birnin Paris.Masanin gine-ginen Italiya da ya fi so, Domenico da Cortona ne ya tsara shi, wanda kuma ya tsara Château de Chambord a kwarin Loire don sarki.Hotel de Ville ba a gama ba sai 1628. Cortona kuma ya tsara cocin Renaissance na farko a Paris, cocin Saint-Eustache (1532) ta hanyar rufe tsarin Gothic tare da cikakkun bayanai da kayan ado.Gidan Renaissance na farko a birnin Paris shine Hotel Carnavalet, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1545. An tsara shi bayan Grand Ferrare, wani babban gida a Fontainebleau wanda masanin Italiya Sebastiano Serlio ya tsara.Yanzu shi ne Carnavalet Museum.

A cikin 1534, Francis I ya zama sarkin Faransa na farko da ya mai da Louvre mazauninsa;ya rushe katafaren hasumiya na tsakiya don samar da fili a bude.Kusa da ƙarshen mulkinsa, Francis ya yanke shawarar gina sabon reshe tare da facade na Renaissance a maimakon wani reshe ɗaya wanda Sarki Philip II ya gina.Pierre Lescot ne ya tsara sabon reshe, kuma ya zama abin koyi ga sauran facade na Renaissance a Faransa.Francis kuma ya ƙarfafa matsayin Paris a matsayin cibiyar koyo da malanta.A shekara ta 1500, akwai gidajen buga littattafai saba'in da biyar a birnin Paris, na biyu bayan Venice, kuma daga baya a karni na 16, Paris ta fitar da littattafai fiye da kowane birni na Turai.A cikin 1530, Francis ya ƙirƙiri sabon koyarwa a Jami'ar Paris tare da manufar koyar da Ibrananci, Girkanci da lissafi .Ya zama Collège de France.

Francis I ya mutu a shekara ta 1547, kuma ɗansa, Henry II, ya ci gaba da ƙawata Paris a cikin salon Renaissance na Faransa: mafi kyawun maɓuɓɓugar Renaissance a cikin birnin, Fontaine des Innocents, an gina shi don bikin ƙofar hukuma ta Henry zuwa Paris a 1549. Henry II. Hakanan ya ƙara sabon reshe zuwa Louvre, Pavillon du Roi, zuwa kudu tare da Seine.Dakin kwana na sarki yana kan bene na farko na wannan sabon reshe.Ya kuma gina katafaren falo don bukukuwa da bukukuwa, Salle des Cariatides, a cikin Lescot Wing.Ya kuma fara gina sabuwar katanga a kewayen birni mai girma, wanda ba a gama ba sai lokacin mulkin Louis XIII.

Henry II ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yulin 1559 daga raunukan da ya sha yayin da yake tsere a gidansa a Hotel des Tournelles.Matarsa, Catherine de Medicis, an rushe tsohon wurin zama a shekara ta 1563. A shekara ta 1612, an fara gini a kan Place des Vosges, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka tsara a birnin Paris.Tsakanin 1564 zuwa 1572 ta gina sabon wurin zama na sarauta, Fadar Tuileries wanda ke kan Seine, kusa da bangon da Charles V ya gina a kusa da birnin.A yammacin fadar ta kirkiro wani babban lambu irin na Italiya, Jardin des Tuileries.Ba zato ba tsammani ta yi watsi da fadar a shekara ta 1574, saboda annabcin wani masanin taurari cewa za ta mutu kusa da cocin Saint-Germain, ko Saint-Germain-l'Auxerois.Ta fara gina sabon fada a rue de Viarmes, kusa da Les Halles, amma ba a gama ba, kuma abin da ya rage shi ne shafi guda.

Sashe na biyu na karni na 16 a Paris ya mamaye abin da aka fi sani da Yaƙin Addini na Faransa (1562-1598).A cikin 1520s, rubuce-rubucen Martin Luther sun fara yaduwa a cikin birni, kuma koyarwar da aka sani da Calvinism ya jawo hankalin mabiya da yawa, musamman a cikin manyan azuzuwan Faransa.Sorbonne da Jami'ar Paris, manyan katangar katolika na katolika, sun kai farmaki mai tsanani ga koyaswar Furotesta da na ɗan adam.An kona malamin Etienne Dolet a kan gungumen azaba, tare da littattafansa, a wurin Maubert a cikin 1532, bisa umarnin ilimin tauhidi na Sorbonne;da wasu da yawa suka biyo baya, amma sababbin koyaswar sun ci gaba da girma cikin shahara.Francis II ya gaje Henry II a takaice, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1559 zuwa 1560;sai kuma Charles IX, daga 1560 zuwa 1574, wanda a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsu, Catherine de Medici, ta yi ƙoƙari a wasu lokuta don sulhunta ’yan Katolika da Furotesta.kuma a wasu lokuta, don kawar da su gaba daya.Paris ita ce matattarar ƙungiyar Katolika.A daren 23-24 ga Agusta, 1572, yayin da yawancin fitattun Furotesta daga ko'ina cikin Faransa suka kasance a birnin Paris a kan bikin auren Henri na Navarre - Henry IV na gaba - zuwa Margaret na Valois, 'yar'uwar Charles IX, mai sarauta. majalisa ta yanke shawarar kashe shugabannin Furotesta.Kashe-kashen da aka yi niyya cikin sauri ya rikide zuwa kisan gilla na Furotesta da ’yan tawayen Katolika, da aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin ranar St.Kimanin mabiya darikar Furotesta dubu uku ne ‘yan zanga-zanga suka kashe a titunan birnin Paris, da kuma wasu dubu biyar zuwa goma a wasu wurare a Faransa.

Paris ta sha wahala sosai a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na addini;kashi uku na mutanen Paris sun gudu;An kiyasta yawan jama’a ya kai 300,000 a shekara ta 1600. An lalata gidaje da yawa, kuma ba a kammala manyan ayyukan Louvre, Hotel de Ville, da Fadar Tuileries ba.Henry ya fara jerin manyan sababbin ayyuka don inganta aiki da bayyanar birnin, da kuma cin nasara a kan Parisians a gefensa.Ayyukan ginin Paris na Henry IV an gudanar da su ne ta hannun babban mai kula da gine-gine, Furotesta da Janar Maximilien de Béthune, Duke na Sully.Henry IV ya sake fara gina Pont Neuf, wanda Henry III ya fara a 1578, amma ya tsaya a lokacin yakin addini.An gama shi a tsakanin 1600 zuwa 1607, kuma ita ce gadar Paris ta farko ba tare da gidaje ba kuma tare da tituna.Kusa da gadar, ya gina La Samaritaine (1602-1608), babban tashar famfo wanda ke ba da ruwan sha, da kuma ruwa ga lambunan Louvre da Lambunan Tuileries.Henry da magina kuma sun yanke shawarar ƙara wani sabon abu a cikin yanayin birnin Paris;sabbin wuraren zama guda uku, wanda aka tsara bayan waɗanda ke cikin biranen Renaissance na Italiya.A wurin da ba kowa a gidan tsohon gidan sarauta na Henri II, Otel des Tournelles, ya gina wani kyakkyawan filin zama wanda ke kewaye da gidajen bulo da kuma arcade.An gina shi a tsakanin 1605 zuwa 1612, kuma an kira shi Place Royale, mai suna Place des Vosges a cikin 1800. A 1607, ya fara aiki a kan sabon alwatika na zama, Place Dauphine, wanda aka yi da gidaje talatin da biyu na bulo da dutse, kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen. Île de la Cité.An shirya fili na uku, Place de France, don wani wuri kusa da tsohon Haikali, amma ba a taɓa gina shi ba.Place Dauphine shine aikin ƙarshe na Henry na birnin Paris.Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi ƙwazo na shugabannin Katolika a Roma da Faransa ba su taɓa yarda da ikon Henry ba, kuma an yi ƙoƙarin kashe shi goma sha bakwai da bai yi nasara ba.Ƙoƙari na goma sha takwas, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1610 na François Ravaillac, ɗan kishin Katolika, yayin da aka toshe karusar Sarki a cikin zirga-zirga a kan rue de la Ferronnerie, ya yi nasara.Shekaru hudu bayan haka, an gina wani mutum-mutumin dawaki na tagulla na sarkin da aka kashe a kan gadar da ya gina a yammacin Île de la Cité, yana kallon Place Dauphine.

Bayan mutuwar Charles IX, Henry III ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami mafita cikin lumana, wanda ya sa ƙungiyar Katolika ta ƙi yarda da shi.Duke na Guise da mabiyansa na Katolika sun tilasta wa Sarkin ya tsere daga Paris a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1588, ranar da ake kira Ranar Barricades.A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1589, an kashe Henry III a cikin Château de Saint-Cloud ta wani dan asalin Dominican, Jacques Clément, wanda ya kawo karshen layin Valois.Paris, tare da sauran garuruwan Ƙungiyar Katolika, sun ƙi yarda da ikon sabon Sarki Henry IV, ɗan Furotesta, wanda ya gaji Henry III.Henry ya fara cin nasara akan sojojin Katolika a yakin Ivry a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1590, sannan ya ci gaba da kewaye birnin Paris.Sifen ya dade kuma bai yi nasara ba;don kawo karshensa, Henry IV ya yarda ya tuba zuwa Katolika, tare da sanannen (amma watakila apocryphal) furci "Paris yana da daraja a Mass".Ranar 14 ga Maris, 1594, Henry IV ya shiga birnin Paris, bayan da aka nada shi Sarkin Faransa a Cathedral na Chartres a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1594.Da aka kafa shi a birnin Paris, Henry ya yi duk abin da zai iya don sake tabbatar da zaman lafiya da oda a birnin, da kuma samun amincewar mutanen Paris.Ya ƙyale Furotesta su buɗe majami'u nesa da tsakiyar birnin, ya ci gaba da aiki a kan Pont Neuf, kuma ya fara tsara wuraren zama na Renaissance guda biyu, Place Dauphine da Place des Vosges, waɗanda ba a gina su ba sai karni na 17.

Louis XIII ya rage 'yan watanni da cikarsa shekara tara lokacin da aka kashe mahaifinsa.Mahaifiyarsa, Marie de' Medici, ta zama Regent kuma ta mallaki Faransa da sunansa.Marie de' Medicis ta yanke shawarar gina wa kanta wurin zama, Fadar Luxembourg, a bankin hagu da ba kowa ke da yawa.An gina shi tsakanin 1615 zuwa 1630, kuma an tsara shi bayan Fadar Pitti a Florence.Ta umurci shahararren mai zane na wannan lokacin, Peter Paul Rubens, don yin ado da ciki tare da manyan zane-zane na rayuwarta tare da Henry IV (yanzu ana nunawa a Louvre).Ta ba da umarnin gina wani babban lambun Renaissance na Italiya a kusa da fadarta, kuma ta ba da izini ga mai samar da ruwa na Florentine, Tommaso Francini, don ƙirƙirar maɓuɓɓugar Medici.Ruwa ya yi karanci a Bankin Hagu, dalili daya da cewa wani bangare na birnin ya yi girma a hankali fiye da Bankin Dama.Don samar da ruwa ga lambuna da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, Marie de Medicis ta sake gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa daga Rungis.Godiya sosai ga kasancewarta a bankin hagu, da kuma samun ruwa, iyalai masu daraja sun fara gina gidaje a bankin hagu, a wata unguwa da aka fi sani da Faubourg Saint-Germain.A cikin 1616, ta ƙirƙiri wani tunatarwa na Florence akan bankin dama;Cours la Reine, doguwar tafiya mai inuwar itace tare da Seine yammacin Lambunan Tuileries.Louis XIII ya shiga shekara ta goma sha huɗu a 1614 kuma ya kori mahaifiyarsa zuwa Château de Blois a kwarin Loire.Marie de' Medici ta sami nasarar tserewa daga gudun hijira a Château de Bois, kuma an sulhunta da ɗanta.Louis ya gwada shugabannin gwamnati daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya zaɓi Cardinal de Richelieu, mai kare mahaifiyarsa, a cikin Afrilu 1624. Richelieu ya nuna basirarsa na soja da kuma kyautar da ya yi don makircin siyasa ta hanyar kayar da Furotesta a La Rochelle a 1628 da kuma ta hanyar kisa ko aikawa. zuwa gudun hijira da dama daga cikin manyan mutane waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci ikonsa.A cikin 1630, Richelieu ya mayar da hankalinsa ga kammalawa da fara sabbin ayyuka don inganta Paris.Tsakanin 1614 da 1635, an gina sababbin gadoji huɗu a kan Seine;Pont Marie, Pont de la Tournelle, Pont au Double, da Pont Barbier.Ƙananan tsibiran guda biyu a cikin Seine, Île Notre-Dame da Île-aux-vaches, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don kiwon shanu da adana itace, an haɗa su don yin Île Saint-Louis, wanda ya zama wurin da manyan otal-otal ɗin suka kasance. na masu kudi na Paris.Louis XIII da Richelieu sun ci gaba da sake gina aikin Louvre wanda Henri IV ya fara.A tsakiyar tsohuwar kagara, inda babban hasumiya ya kasance, ya ƙirƙiri madaidaicin Cour Carrée, ko farfajiyar murabba'i, tare da facade na sassaka.A cikin 1624, Richelieu ya fara gina sabon wurin zama na kansa a tsakiyar birnin, Palais-Cardinal, wanda a kan mutuwarsa ya kasance nufin Sarki kuma ya zama Palais-Royal.Ya fara da siyan katafaren gida mai suna Otel de Rambouillet, inda ya kara da wani katon lambu, wanda ya fi lambun Palais-Royal na yanzu girma sau uku, wanda aka kawata shi da marmaro a tsakiya, gadajen furanni da layuka na bishiyoyi na ado, kuma an kewaye shi da shi. arcades da gine-gine.A cikin 1629, da zarar an fara aikin ginin sabon fada, an share ƙasar kuma an fara gina sabuwar unguwar zama kusa da nan, mai kwarti Richelieu, kusa da Porte Saint-Honoré.Sauran membobin Nobility na Robe (mafi yawan membobin majalisar gwamnati da kotuna) sun gina sabbin matsugunan su a Marais, kusa da Place Royale.A lokacin sashe na farko na gwamnatin Louis XIII Paris ta ci gaba kuma ta faɗaɗa, amma farkon shigar ƙasar Faransayaƙin shekaru Talatin da Daular Roma mai tsarki da Habsburgs a 1635 ya kawo sabbin haraji da wahalhalu.Mutanen Espanya da ke mulkin Habsburg sun ci sojojin Faransa a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1636, kuma tsawon watanni da yawa sojojin Spain sun yi barazanar Paris.Sarki da Richelieu sun zama marasa farin jini ga mutanen Paris.Richelieu ya mutu a 1642, kuma Louis XIII bayan watanni shida a 1643.

Richelieu ya mutu a shekara ta 1642, da Louis XIII a shekara ta 1643. Sa’ad da mahaifinsa ya rasu, Louis XIV yana ɗan shekara biyar kacal, kuma mahaifiyarsa Anne ’yar Ostiriya ta zama mai mulki.Magajin Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sanya wani sabon haraji a kan majalisar dokokin Paris, wanda ya ƙunshi gungun manyan manyan mutane na birnin.Da suka ki biya, Mazarin ya sa aka kama shugabannin.Wannan ya nuna farkon wani dogon bore, wanda aka fi sani da Fronde, wanda ya yi adawa da manyan mutanen Paris da ikon sarauta.Ya kasance daga 1648 zuwa 1653.A wasu lokuta, an tsare matashin Louis XIV a ƙarƙashin kamawar gida a cikin Palais-Royal.An tilasta masa da mahaifiyarsa tserewa daga birnin sau biyu, a cikin 1649 da 1651, zuwa gidan sarauta a Saint-Germain-en-Laye, har sai sojojin sun sake karbe iko da birnin Paris.A sakamakon Fronde, Louis XIV yana da babban rashin amincewa da Paris.Ya koma gidansa na Paris daga Palais-Royal zuwa Louvre mafi aminci sannan kuma, a cikin 1671, ya ƙaura gidan sarauta daga birnin zuwa Versailles kuma ya zo cikin Paris a matsayin mai yiwuwa.Duk da rashin amincewa da sarki, Paris ta ci gaba da girma da kuma bunƙasa, ta kai yawan jama'a tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 500,000.Sarkin ya kira Jean-Baptiste Colbert a matsayin sabon Sufeton Gine-gine, kuma Colbert ya fara wani shiri na gini mai ban sha'awa don sanya Paris ta zama magajin tsohuwar Roma.Don bayyana manufarsa, Louis XIV ya shirya wani biki a cikin carrousel na Tuileries a cikin Janairu 1661, wanda ya bayyana, a kan doki, a cikin kayan ado na Sarkin sarakuna na Roma, sannan kuma babban birnin Paris.Louis XIV ya kammala Cour carrée na Louvre kuma ya gina ginshiƙai masu ban sha'awa tare da facade na gabas (1670).A cikin Louvre, magininsa Louis Le Vau da mai yin adonsa Charles Le Brun ne suka ƙirƙiro Gidan Gallery na Apollo, wanda rufin da yake ɗauke da wani kwatanci na sarkin da ke tuƙi da karusar rana a sararin sama.Ya fadada fadar Tuileries tare da sabon rumfar arewa, kuma ya sa André Le Nôtre, mai kula da lambun sarauta, ya gyara lambunan Tuileries.A ko'ina cikin Seine daga Louvre, Louis XIV ya gina Collège des Quatre-Nations (College of the Four Nations) (1662-1672), wani gungu na manyan gidajen sarauta guda huɗu da majami'a mai zaman kansa, don ɗaukar ɗalibai matasa masu daraja sittin da ke zuwa Paris daga larduna hudu da ke hade da Faransa kwanan nan (yau ita ce Institut de France).A tsakiyar Paris, Colbert ya gina sabbin murabba'ai biyu masu ban mamaki, Place des Victoires (1689) da Place Vendôme (1698).Ya gina sabon asibiti don Paris, La Salpêtrière, kuma, ga sojojin da suka ji rauni, sabon ginin asibiti tare da majami'u biyu, Les Invalides (1674).Daga cikin miliyan dari biyu da Louis ya kashe a kan gine-gine, an kashe miliyan ashirin a Paris;miliyan goma ga Louvre da Tuileries;miliyan 3.5 don sabon masana'antar Gobelins na sarauta da Savonnerie, miliyan 2 don Place Vendôme, kuma kusan iri ɗaya ga majami'u na Les Invalides.Louis XIV ya yi ziyararsa ta ƙarshe zuwa Paris a 1704 don ganin Les Invalides da ake gini.Ga matalauta na Paris, rayuwa ta bambanta sosai.An cunkushe su a cikin dogayen gine-gine masu tsayi, kunkuntar, masu hawa biyar ko shida wadanda suka jera kan titin da ke kan titin Île de la Cité da sauran wuraren tsakiyar birnin.Laifi a titunan duhu ya kasance babbar matsala.An rataye fitilun ƙarfe a kan tituna, kuma Colbert ya ƙaru zuwa ɗari huɗu adadin maharba waɗanda suka zama masu gadin dare.An nada Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie a matsayin Laftanar-Janar na 'yan sandan birnin Paris na farko a shekara ta 1667, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon shekaru talatin;magajinsa sun kai rahoto ga sarki.

A cikin karni na 18, Paris ta kasance cibiyar fashewar ayyukan falsafa da kimiyya da aka sani da zamanin wayewa.Denis Diderot da Jean le Rond d'Alembert sun buga Encyclopedie a 1751-52.Ya ba wa masu hankali a duk faɗin Turai tare da ingantaccen bincike na ilimin ɗan adam.'Yan'uwan Montgolfier sun kaddamar da jirgin farko na mutum a cikin balloon mai zafi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1783, daga Château de la Muette, kusa da Bois de Boulogne.Paris ita ce babban birnin kuɗi na Faransa da nahiyar Turai, cibiyar buga littattafai ta Turai ta farko, kayan ado, da kera kayan daki da kayan alatu masu kyau.Ma'aikatan banki na Paris sun ba da tallafin sabbin ƙirƙira, wasan kwaikwayo, lambuna, da ayyukan fasaha.Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Parisian Pierre de Beaumarchais, marubucin The Barber of Seville, ya taimaka wajen tallafawa juyin juya halin Amurka.An buɗe gidan cin abinci na farko a birnin Paris a cikin 1672, kuma a cikin 1720s akwai kusan wuraren sha 400 a cikin birni.Sun zama wuraren taro na marubuta da malaman garin.Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Diderot da d'Alembert ne suka ziyarci Café Procope.Sun zama mahimman cibiyoyi don musayar labarai, jita-jita da ra'ayoyi, galibi sun fi dogaro da jaridun zamanin.A shekara ta 1763, Faubourg Saint-Germain ya maye gurbin Le Marais a matsayin mafi kyawun wurin zama ga masu mulki da masu arziki, waɗanda suka gina manyan gidaje masu zaman kansu, mafi yawansu daga baya sun zama mazaunin gwamnati ko cibiyoyi: Hôtel d'Évreux (1718-1720). ) ya zama fadar Élysée, mazaunin shugabannin Jamhuriyar Faransa;da Hotel Matignon, wurin zama na firaminista;da Palais Bourbon, wurin zama na majalisar dokokin kasar;Hotel Salm, da Palais de la Légion d'Honneur;kuma Hotel de Biron a ƙarshe ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Rodin.

Louis XIV ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1715. Ɗan'uwansa, Philippe d'Orléans, mai mulkin Sarki Louis XV mai shekaru biyar, ya mayar da gidan sarauta da gwamnati zuwa Paris, inda ya kasance shekaru bakwai.Sarkin ya zauna a cikin Fadar Tuileries, yayin da mai mulki ya zauna a cikin gidan danginsa na Parisian, Palais-Royal (tsohon Palais-Cardinal na Cardinal Richelieu).Ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa guda ɗaya ga rayuwar basirar Paris.A cikin 1719, ya koma ɗakin karatu na sarauta zuwa Hôtel de Nevers kusa da Palais-Royal, inda a ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Bibliothèque nationale de France (Labarun Ƙasa na Faransa).A ranar 15 ga Yuni 1722, rashin amincewa da tashin hankali a Paris, mai mulkin ya mayar da kotun zuwa Versailles.Bayan haka, Louis XV ya ziyarci birnin ne kawai a lokuta na musamman.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine a birnin Paris na Louis XV da magajinsa, Louis XVI, shine sabon cocin Sainte Geneviève a saman Montagne Sainte-Geneviève a kan Bankin Hagu, Panthéon na gaba.Sarki ya amince da tsare-tsaren a shekara ta 1757 kuma an ci gaba da aiki har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa.Louis XV kuma ya gina sabuwar makarantar soja mai kyau, École Militaire (1773), sabuwar makarantar likitanci, École de Chirurgie (1775), da sabon mint, Hotel des Monnaies (1768), duk a bankin Hagu.A karkashin Louis XV, birnin ya fadada zuwa yamma.Wani sabon boulevard, Champs-Élysées, an shimfida shi daga Lambun Tuileries zuwa Rond-Point a kan Butte (yanzu Place de l'Étoile) sannan zuwa Seine don ƙirƙirar madaidaiciyar hanyar hanyoyi da abubuwan tunawa da aka sani da Paris. tarihi axis.A farkon boulevard, tsakanin Cours-la-Reine da Tuileries lambuna, an samar da wani babban fili tsakanin 1766 da 1775, tare da wani mutum-mutumi na Louis XV a tsakiya.Da farko an kira shi "Place Louis XV", sannan "Place de la Révolution" bayan 10 ga Agusta 1792, kuma a ƙarshe Place de la Concorde a 1795 a lokacin Directoire.Tsakanin 1640 zuwa 1789, Paris ta karu a yawan jama'a daga 400,000 zuwa 600,000.Ba ya zama birni mafi girma a Turai;Landan ta ba da ita a cikin yawan jama'a a cikin kusan 1700, amma har yanzu tana haɓaka cikin sauri, saboda ƙaura daga rafin Paris da kuma daga arewa da gabashin Faransa.Tsakar birnin ta kara cika cunkoso;Kuri'ar gini ta zama ƙanana da tsayin gine-gine, har zuwa huɗu, biyar har ma da hawa shida.A cikin 1784, tsayin gine-gine a ƙarshe ya iyakance ga yatsotsi tara, ko kusan mita goma sha takwas.

A lokacin rani na 1789, Paris ta zama cibiyar juyin juya halin Faransa da abubuwan da suka canza tarihin Faransa da Turai.A cikin 1789, yawan mutanen Paris yana tsakanin 600,000 zuwa 640,000.Sannan kamar yadda a yanzu, mafi yawan ƴan ƙasar Paris arziƙi suna zaune a yammacin birnin, da ƴan kasuwa a tsakiya, da ma'aikata da masu sana'a a yankunan kudanci da gabashi, musamman Faubourg Saint-Honoré.Yawan mutanen sun hada da kusan dubu ɗari masu tsananin talauci da marasa aikin yi, waɗanda yawancinsu kwanan nan sun ƙaura zuwa Paris don gujewa yunwa a ƙauye.An san su da sans-culottes, sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar yankunan gabas kuma sun zama masu taka rawa a juyin juya halin Musulunci.A ranar 11 ga Yulin 1789, sojoji na Royal-Allemand Rejiment sun kai hari ga wata babbar zanga-zangar lumana a wurin Louis XV da aka shirya don nuna rashin amincewa da korar da sarkin ministan kudinsa mai neman sauyi Jacques Necker ya yi.Sai yunkurin kawo sauyi ya rikide zuwa juyin juya hali.A ranar 13 ga Yuli, taron jama'ar Parisiya sun mamaye Hôtel de Ville, kuma Marquis de Lafayette sun shirya Sojojin Faransa don kare birnin.A ranar 14 ga Yuli, wasu gungun mutane sun kwace makamai a Invalides, sun sami dubban bindigogi, suka kuma kai hari a Bastille, gidan yarin da ke alamta ikon sarauta, amma a lokacin yana tsare da fursunoni bakwai kawai.An kashe masu neman sauyi 87 a fadan.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1789, babban taron Parisians sun yi tafiya zuwa Versailles kuma, washegari, sun dawo da dangin sarki da gwamnati zuwa Paris, kusan a matsayin fursunoni.Sabuwar gwamnatin Faransa, majalisar dokokin kasar, ta fara ganawa a Salle du Manège kusa da fadar Tuileries da ke wajen lambun Tuileries.A cikin Afrilu 1792, Ostiriya ta shelanta yaki a kan Faransa, kuma a cikin Yuni 1792, Duke na Brunswick, kwamandan sojojin Sarkin Prussia, ya yi barazanar halaka Paris sai dai idan Parisians sun yarda da ikon sarkinsu.Dangane da barazanar da Prussians suka yi, a ranar 10 ga Agusta shugabannin sans-culottes sun kori gwamnatin birnin Paris kuma suka kafa nasu gwamnatin, Commune Insurrectionary, a cikin Hôtel-de-Ville.Bayan da suka sami labarin cewa gungun masu zanga-zangar suna zuwa fadar Tuileries, dangin sarki sun fake a Majalisar da ke kusa.A harin da aka kai fadar Tuileries, ’yan zanga-zangar sun kashe masu kare sarkin na karshe, masu tsaron lafiyarsa na Swiss, sannan suka yi wa fadar.Tare da barazanar masu sans-culottes, Majalisar ta "dakatar da" ikon sarki kuma, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, ta bayyana cewa Faransa za ta gudanar da taron kasa.A ranar 13 ga Agusta, an tsare Louis XVI da iyalinsa a cikin kagara na Haikali.A ranar 21 ga Satumba, a taron farko, Yarjejeniyar ta soke tsarin sarauta, kuma washegari ta ayyana Faransa a matsayin jamhuriya.Sabuwar gwamnati ta kakaba wa Faransa Mulkin Ta'addanci.Daga 2 zuwa 6 ga Satumba 1792, makada na sans-culottes sun shiga cikin gidajen yari tare da kashe limamai masu tsaurin ra'ayi, masu fada aji da masu aikata laifuka na gama-gari.A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1793, Louis XVI ya kasance mai laifi a kan Place de la Révolution.An kashe Marie Antoinette a wannan filin a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1793. Bailly, Magajin Garin Paris na farko, an kashe shi a watan Nuwamba mai zuwa a Champ de Mars.A lokacin Mulkin Ta'addanci, mutane 16,594 ne kotun juyin juya hali ta yi wa shari'a kuma guillotine ta kashe su.An kama dubun-dubatar wasu da ke da alaƙa da Masarautar Ancien kuma an ɗaure su.An kwace kadarorin masu fada aji da Coci kuma aka bayyana Biens nationalaux (dukiyar kasa).An rufe majami'u.Sabuwar gwamnati, Directory, ta maye gurbin Yarjejeniyar.Ya koma hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa fadar Luxembourg kuma ya iyakance ikon cin gashin kansa na Paris.Lokacin da aka kalubalanci ikon littafin ta hanyar tawayen sarauta a ranar 13 Vendémiaire, Shekara ta IV (5 Oktoba 1795), Daraktan ya yi kira ga wani matashi janar, Napoléon Bonaparte, don taimako.Bonaparte ya yi amfani da igwa da inabi don share titunan masu zanga-zangar.A ranar 18 Brumaire, Shekara ta VIII (9 Nuwamba 1799), ya shirya juyin mulki wanda ya hambarar da Directory kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Ofishin Jakadancin tare da Bonaparte a matsayin Consul na farko.Wannan taron ya kawo ƙarshen juyin juya halin Faransa kuma ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Daular Faransa ta Farko .

Jakadan farko Napoleon Bonaparte ya koma fadar Tuileries a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1800 kuma nan da nan ya fara samun kwanciyar hankali da oda bayan shekaru na rashin tabbas da ta'addanci na juyin juya halin Musulunci.Ya yi sulhu da Cocin Katolika;An sake gudanar da taron jama'a a Cathedral na Notre Dame, an ba firistoci damar sake sa tufafin coci, kuma majami'u su yi kararrawa.Don sake tabbatar da tsari a cikin birnin da ba shi da tushe, ya soke zaben magajin birnin Paris, sannan ya maye gurbinsa da shugaban hukumar Seine da kuma shugaban 'yan sanda, dukkansu ya nada shi.Kowanne daga cikin gundumomi goma sha biyu yana da magajin garinsa, amma ikonsu ya takaita ga aiwatar da dokar ministocin Napoleon.Bayan da ya nada kansa Sarkin sarakuna a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1804, Napoleon ya fara jerin ayyuka don mayar da Paris babban birnin daular zuwa kishiyar tsohuwar Roma.Ya gina abubuwan tunawa ga daukakar sojojin Faransa, ciki har da Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, shafi a Place Vendôme, da majami'ar Madeleine na gaba, wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin haikali ga jarumawan soja;kuma ya fara Arc de Triomphe.Don inganta zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a tsakiyar birnin Paris, ya gina sabon titi mai faxi, Rue de Rivoli, daga Place de la Concorde zuwa Place des Pyramides.Ya yi gyare-gyare mai mahimmanci ga magudanar ruwa da ruwa na birnin, ciki har da magudanar ruwa daga kogin Ourcq, da gina sabbin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda goma sha biyu, ciki har da Fontaine du Palmier a kan Place du Châtelet;da sababbin gadoji guda uku;Pont d'Iéna, Pont d'Austerlitz, gami da Pont des Arts (1804), gadar ƙarfe ta farko a Paris.Louvre ya zama gidan tarihi na Napoleon, a cikin wani reshe na tsohon gidan sarauta, yana nuna ayyukan fasaha da yawa da ya dawo da shi daga yakin soja a Italiya, Austria, Holland da Spain;kuma ya yi soja da kuma sake tsara Grandes écoles, don horar da injiniyoyi da masu gudanarwa.Tsakanin 1801 zuwa 1811, yawan mutanen Paris ya karu daga 546,856 zuwa 622,636, kusan yawan jama'a kafin juyin juya halin Faransa, kuma ya zuwa 1817 ya kai 713,966.A lokacin mulkin Napoleon, Paris ta sha fama da yaƙe-yaƙe da toshewa, amma ta ci gaba da zama babban birnin Turai na fashion, fasaha, kimiyya, ilimi, da kasuwanci.Bayan faduwarsa a 1814, sojojin Prussian, Ingilishi da Jamus sun mamaye birnin.An dawo da alamomin sarauta, amma yawancin abubuwan tarihi na Napoleon da wasu sabbin cibiyoyinsa, gami da tsarin gwamnatin birni, ma'aikatar kashe gobara, da Grandes écoles na zamani, sun tsira.

Bayan faduwar Napoleon bayan shan kashi na Waterloo a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1815, sojoji 300,000 na sojojin hadin gwiwa na bakwai daga Ingila, Ostiriya, Rasha da Prussia sun mamaye birnin Paris kuma suka kasance har zuwa Disamba 1815. Louis XVIII ya koma birnin ya koma cikin tsoffin gidaje. Napoleon a Fadar Tuileries.An sake yiwa Pont de la Concorde suna "Pont Louis XVI", an mayar da wani sabon mutum-mutumi na Henry IV akan ginshiƙin fanko a kan Pont Neuf, kuma farar tutar Bourbons ta tashi daga saman ginshiƙi a Place Vendôme.Mahukuntan da suka yi hijira sun koma gidajensu na garinsu a Faubourg Saint-Germain, kuma rayuwar al'adun birnin ta ci gaba da sauri, duk da cewa ba ta wuce gona da iri ba.An gina sabon gidan wasan opera akan Rue Le Peletier.An fadada Louvre a shekara ta 1827 tare da sababbin gidajen tarihi guda tara da suka nuna kayan tarihi da aka tattara a lokacin da Napoleon ya ciMasar .An ci gaba da aiki a kan Arc de Triomphe, kuma an gina sababbin majami'u a cikin salon neoclassical don maye gurbin waɗanda aka lalata a lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci: Saint-Pierre-du-Gros-Caillou (1822-1830);Notre-Dame-de-Lorette (1823-1836);Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle (1828-1830);Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (1824-1844) da Saint-Denys-du-Saint-Sacrement (1826-1835).Temple of Glory (1807) wanda Napoleon ya kirkira don bikin jaruman soja an mayar da shi coci, cocin La Madeleine.Sarki Louis XVIII kuma ya gina Chapelle expiatoire, ɗakin sujada da aka sadaukar ga Louis XVI da Marie-Antoinette, a wurin ƙaramin makabartar Madeleine, inda aka binne gawarwarsu (yanzu a Basilica na Saint-Denis) bayan kashe su.Paris ta girma cikin sauri, kuma ta wuce 800,000 a cikin 1830. Tsakanin 1828 zuwa 1860, birnin ya gina tsarin omnibus mai doki wanda shine tsarin jigilar jama'a na farko a duniya.Hakan ya kara saurin zirga-zirgar jama'a a cikin birnin, ya kuma zama abin koyi ga sauran garuruwa.Tsofaffin sunayen titunan Paris, da aka sassaka su da dutse a jikin bango, an maye gurbinsu da faranti na shuɗi na sarauta tare da sunayen titi a cikin farar haruffa, samfurin har yanzu ana amfani da shi.An gina sabbin unguwanni masu kyan gani a bankin dama a kusa da cocin Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, cocin Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, da Place de l'Europe.Ƙungiya ta "New Athens" ta zama, a lokacin Maidowa da Masarautar Yuli, gidan masu fasaha da marubuta: ɗan wasan kwaikwayo François-Joseph Talma ya rayu a lamba 9 Rue de la Tour-des-Dames;mai zane Eugène Delacroix ya rayu a 54 Rue Notre-Dame de-Lorette;marubuci George Sand ya zauna a Square d'Orléans.Ƙarshen wata al'umma ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka buɗe a 80 Rue Taitbout, wanda ke da gidaje arba'in da shida da kuma ɗakin studio na masu fasaha uku.Sand ya rayu a bene na farko na lamba 5, yayin da Frédéric Chopin ya rayu na ɗan lokaci a benen ƙasa na lamba 9.Louis XVIII ɗan'uwansa Charles X ne ya gaje shi a shekara ta 1824, amma sabuwar gwamnati ta ƙara samun rashin amincewa da duka manyan azuzuwan da sauran jama'ar Paris.Wasan Hernani (1830) na dan shekaru ashirin da takwas Victor Hugo, ya haifar da hargitsi da fada a cikin masu kallon wasan kwaikwayo saboda kiran da ya yi na ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.A ranar 26 ga Yuli, Charles X ya rattaba hannu kan dokar takaita 'yancin 'yan jarida da rusa majalisar dokoki, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar da ta rikide zuwa tarzoma wadda ta rikide zuwa tada kayar baya.Bayan kwanaki uku, wanda aka fi sani da ''Trois Glorieuses'', sojojin sun shiga cikin masu zanga-zangar.Charles X, danginsa da kotu sun bar Château de Saint-Cloud, kuma, a ranar 31 ga Yuli, Marquis de Lafayette da sabon sarkin tsarin mulki Louis-Philippe sun sake tayar da tuta mai launi uku kafin su yi murna da taron jama'a a Hôtel de Ville.

Paris a zamanin Sarki Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) birni ne da aka kwatanta a cikin litattafan Honoré de Balzac da Victor Hugo.Yawan jama'arta ya karu daga 785,000 a cikin 1831 zuwa 1,053,000 a 1848, yayin da birnin ya girma zuwa arewa da yamma, yayin da mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin tsakiyar ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. Zuciyar birnin, a kusa da Île de la Cité, ya zama abin mamaki. na kunkuntar titunan tituna da tarkacen gine-gine daga ƙarni na farko;ya kasance kyakkyawa, amma duhu, cunkoso, rashin lafiya da haɗari.Cutar kwalara a shekara ta 1832 ta kashe mutane 20,000.Claude-Philibert de Rambuteau, shugaban Seine na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar karkashin Louis-Philippe, ya yi yunƙuri na inganta tsakiyar birnin: ya shimfida hanyoyin kogin Seine tare da hanyoyi na dutse da kuma dasa bishiyoyi a gefen kogin.Ya gina wani sabon titi (yanzu Rue Rambuteau) don haɗa gundumar Marais tare da kasuwanni kuma ya fara gina Les Halles, sanannen kasuwar abinci ta tsakiya na Paris, wanda Napoleon III ya gama. Louis-Philippe ya zauna a gidan tsohon danginsa. Palais-Royal, har zuwa 1832, kafin ya koma Fadar Tuileries.Babban gudunmawarsa ga abubuwan tarihi na Paris shine kammalawa a cikin 1836 na Place de la Concorde, wanda aka ƙara ƙawata a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1836 ta wurin sanya Luxor Obelisk.A cikin wannan shekarar, a sauran ƙarshen Champs-Élysées, Louis-Philippe ya kammala kuma ya sadaukar da Arc de Triomphe, wanda Napoleon I ya fara. An dawo da tokar Napoleon zuwa Paris daga Saint Helena a cikin wani babban biki a kan bikin. 15 Disamba 1840, kuma Louis-Philippe ya gina musu kabari mai ban sha'awa a Invalides.Ya kuma sanya mutum-mutumi na Napoleon a saman ginshiƙi a cikin Place Vendôme.A cikin 1840, ya kammala wani shafi a cikin Place de la Bastille da aka keɓe ga juyin juya halin Yuli 1830 wanda ya kawo shi kan mulki.Har ila yau, ya dauki nauyin maido da majami'un Paris da aka lalata a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, aikin da babban masanin tarihi Eugène Viollet-le-Duc ya aiwatar;Ikklisiya ta farko da aka tsara don sabuntawa ita ce Abbey na Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

A watan Disamba na 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, ɗan wa Napoleon I, ya zama zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Faransa na farko, ya lashe kashi saba'in da huɗu na kuri'un.A farkon mulkin Napoleon, birnin Paris na da yawan mutane kusan miliyan daya, wadanda akasarinsu suna rayuwa ne cikin cunkoson jama'a da rashin lafiya.Annobar kwalara a cibiyar cunkoso a 1848 ta kashe mutane dubu ashirin.A cikin 1853, Napoleon ya ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin shirin ayyukan jama'a a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabon Shugaban Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, wanda manufarsa ita ce sanya mutanen Paris marasa aikin yi su yi aiki da kawo ruwa mai tsabta, haske da sararin samaniya a tsakiyar birnin. .Napoleon ya fara ne da faɗaɗa iyakar birnin fiye da gundumomi goma sha biyu da aka kafa a shekara ta 1795. Garuruwan da ke kusa da Paris sun ƙi zama wani ɓangare na birnin, suna tsoron ƙarin haraji;Napoleon ya yi amfani da sabon ikonsa na daular ya hade su, inda ya kara sabbin gundumomi guda takwas a cikin birnin ya kuma kai ga girmansa.A cikin shekaru goma sha bakwai masu zuwa, Napoleon da Haussmann sun canza kamannin Paris gaba ɗaya.Sun rushe yawancin tsoffin unguwannin da ke kan Île de la Cité, tare da maye gurbinsu da sabon Palais de Justice da hukumar 'yan sanda, tare da sake gina tsohon asibitin birni, Hôtel-Dieu.Sun kammala tsawaita aikin Rue de Rivoli, wanda Napoleon I ya fara, kuma sun gina hanyar sadarwa na faffadan tudu don haɗa tashoshin jiragen ƙasa da maƙwabtan birnin don inganta zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da samar da sarari a kewayen abubuwan tarihi na birnin.Sabbin boulevards din kuma sun sanya aka yi wuya a gina shingaye a cikin unguwannin da ke fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula da juyin juya hali, amma kamar yadda Haussmann da kansa ya rubuta, wannan ba shi ne babbar manufar wannan boulevards ba.Haussmann ya sanya tsauraran ka'idoji akan sabbin gine-gine tare da sabbin boulevard;Dole ne su kasance tsayi iri ɗaya, su bi tsarin asali iri ɗaya, kuma a fuskance su cikin farin dutse mai tsami.Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun ba tsakiyar birnin Paris tsarin titi da keɓaɓɓen kamannin da har yanzu yake riƙe a yau.Napoleon III kuma ya so bai wa Parisians, musamman wadanda ke cikin unguwannin waje damar samun koren sarari don nishaɗi da shakatawa.An yi masa wahayi daga Hyde Park a London, wanda ya sha ziyarta lokacin da yake gudun hijira a can.Ya ba da umarnin gina sabbin wuraren shakatawa guda huɗu a manyan wuraren shakatawa huɗu na kamfas da ke kewaye da birnin;Bois de Boulogne zuwa yamma;Bois de Vincennes zuwa gabas;da Parc des Buttes-Chaumont zuwa arewa;da Parc Montsouris a kudu, da kuma kananan wuraren shakatawa da murabba'ai a kusa da birnin, ta yadda babu wata unguwa da ta wuce tafiyar minti goma daga wurin shakatawa.Napoleon III da Haussmann sun sake gina manyan tashoshin jirgin ƙasa guda biyu, Gare de Lyon da Gare du Nord, don mai da su manyan ƙofofin birnin.Sun inganta tsaftar gari ta hanyar gina sabbin magudanun ruwa da magudanan ruwa a karkashin tituna tare da gina sabon tafki da magudanar ruwa domin kara samar da ruwan sha.Bugu da kari, sun sanya dubunnan fitulun iskar gas domin haskaka tituna da abubuwan tarihi.Sun fara gina Palais Garnier don Opera na Paris kuma sun gina sabbin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu a Place du Châtelet don maye gurbin wadanda ke cikin tsohuwar gundumar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boulevard du Temple, wanda aka sani da "The Boulevard of Crime", wanda aka rushe don yin shi. dakin sabon boulevards.Sun sake gina babbar kasuwar birnin gaba daya, Les Halles, sun gina gadar jirgin kasa ta farko a kan Seine, sannan kuma sun gina babbar gadar Fontaine Saint-Michel a farkon sabon Boulevard Saint-Michel.Har ila yau, sun sake fasalin gine-ginen titunan birnin Paris, tare da sanya sabbin fitulun titi, kiosks, tasha na omnibus da bankunan jama'a (wanda ake kira "chalets of larura"), wanda gine-ginen birnin Gabriel Davioud ya tsara musamman, wanda kuma ya ba wa manyan gine-ginen Paris jituwa na musamman. kuma duba.A ƙarshen 1860s, Napoleon III ya yanke shawarar 'yantar da mulkinsa kuma ya ba da 'yanci da iko ga majalisa.Haussmann ya zama babban wanda ake zargi da suka a majalisar, inda ake zarginsa da rashin bin hanyoyin da ya saba bi wajen gudanar da ayyukansa, da yanke kadada hudu daga hekta talatin na Lambunan Luxembourg domin samun damar yin sabbin tituna, da kuma rashin jin dadinsa gaba daya. ayyukan da aka yi wa Parisians kusan shekaru ashirin.A cikin Janairu 1870, Napoleon aka tilasta ya kore shi.Bayan 'yan watanni, Napoleon ya shiga cikin yakin Franco-Prussian, sa'an nan kuma ya ci nasara kuma ya kama shi a yakin Sedan na 1-2 Satumba 1870, amma aikin da aka yi a kan boulevards na Haussmann ya ci gaba a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta Uku, wanda aka kafa nan da nan bayan Napoleon ya sha kashi. da kuma murabus, har sai da aka gama a 1927.

A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 19, Paris ta shirya baje koli na kasa da kasa guda biyar wadanda suka ja hankalin miliyoyin masu ziyara kuma suka mai da birnin Paris babbar cibiyar fasaha, kasuwanci, da yawon bude ido.Abubuwan nune-nunen sun yi bikin al'adun gargajiya na fasaha da samar da masana'antu, duka ta hanyar gine-ginen ƙarfe mai ban sha'awa wanda aka baje kolin da kuma kusan ƙarfin aljanu na injuna da na'urori a wurin.Na farko shine nunin Duniya na 1855, wanda Napoleon III ya shirya, wanda aka gudanar a cikin lambuna kusa da Champs Élysées.Babban nunin na Landan ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a 1851 kuma an tsara shi don nuna nasarorin masana'antu da al'adun Faransa.An haɓaka tsarin rarraba giya na Bordeaux musamman don nunin.The Théâtre du Rond-Point kusa da Champs Élysées shine alamar wannan bayyani.Baje kolin kasa da kasa na Paris a 1867. Shahararrun maziyartan sun hada da Czar Alexander II na Rasha, Otto Von Bismarck, Kaiser William I na Jamus, Sarki Louis II na Bavaria da Sarkin Musulmi na Daular Usmaniyya , balaguron farko da wani mai mulkin Ottoman ya yi a kasashen waje.Bateaux Mouches na balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro na Bateaux ya yi na farko a kan Seine yayin nunin 1867.Nunin Duniya na 1878 ya faru a bangarorin biyu na Seine, a cikin Champ de Mars da tsayin Trocadéro, inda aka gina Palais de Trocadero na farko.Alexander Graham Bell ya nuna sabuwar wayarsa, Thomas Edison ya gabatar da phonograph dinsa, kuma an nuna shugaban sabon mutum-mutumi na 'yanci kafin a tura shi New York don a makala a jikin.Don girmama baje kolin, Avenue de l'Opéra da Place de l'Opéra an kunna su da fitilun lantarki a karon farko.Nunin ya ja hankalin baƙi miliyan goma sha uku.Nunin Duniya na 1889, wanda kuma ya faru a kan Champ de Mars, ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari na farkon juyin juya halin Faransa.Mafi abin tunawa shine Hasumiyar Eiffel, tsayin mita 300 lokacin da aka buɗe shi (yanzu 324 tare da ƙari na eriyar watsa shirye-shirye), wanda ya zama ƙofar zuwa baje kolin.Hasumiyar Eiffel ta kasance mafi tsayi a tsarin duniya har zuwa 1930. Bai shahara da kowa ba: yawancin fitattun al'adun Faransa da yawa sun yi Allah wadai da salon sa a cikin wasiƙun jama'a, ciki har da Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod da Charles Garnier.Sauran shahararrun abubuwan nune-nunen sun haɗa da maɓuɓɓugar kiɗa na farko, wanda aka kunna tare da fitilu masu launi, canza lokaci zuwa kiɗa.Buffalo Bill da sharpshooter Annie Oakley sun jawo babban taron jama'a zuwa Nunin Wild West a Baje kolin.Nunin Duniya na 1900 ya yi bikin farkon karni.Hakanan ya faru a Champ de Mars kuma ya jawo baƙi miliyan hamsin.Baya ga Hasumiyar Eiffel, baje kolin ya nuna babbar dabarar feris a duniya, Grande Roue de Paris, mai tsayin mita dari, dauke da fasinjoji 1,600 a cikin motoci 40.A cikin dakin baje kolin, Rudolph Diesel ya nuna sabon injinsa, kuma an nuno na'urar hawan hawa na farko.Baje kolin ya zo daidai da wasannin Olympics na Paris a shekara ta 1900, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar da wasannin Olympics a wajen kasar Girka.Hakanan ya shahara da sabon salon fasaha, Art nouveau, ga duniya.Gadon gine-gine guda biyu na nunin, Grand Palais da Petit Palais, har yanzu suna nan.

A ranar 23 ga Yulin 1873, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta amince da aikin gina ginin basilica a wurin da aka fara boren kungiyar Paris Commune;An yi niyya ne don yin kafara ga wahalhalun da aka sha a Paris a lokacin Yaƙin Franco-Prussian da Tarayyar Turai.An gina Basilica na Sacré-Cœur a cikin salon neo-Byzantine kuma an biya shi ta hanyar biyan kuɗin jama'a.Ba a gama ba har sai 1919, amma da sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka fi sani a Paris.'Yan Republican masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun mamaye zabukan kananan hukumomi na Paris na 1878, inda suka lashe 75 daga cikin kujerun majalisa 80.A 1879, sun canza sunan da yawa daga cikin titunan Paris da murabba'ai: Place du Château-d'Eau ya zama Place de la République, kuma an sanya wani mutum-mutumi na Jamhuriyar a tsakiyar a cikin 1883. Hanyar de la Reine. - Horense, Joséphine da Roi-de-Rome an sake masa suna Hoche, Marceau da Kléber, bayan janar-janar da suka yi aiki a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.An sake gina otal de Ville tsakanin 1874 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon sabuntar zamani, tare da hasumiyai da aka kera kamar na Château de Chambord.Rugujewar Cour des Comptes a kan Quai d'Orsay, da Communards suka kona, an ruguza su kuma aka maye gurbinsu da sabon tashar jirgin kasa, Gare d'Orsay (Musée d'Orsay na yau).Ganuwar Fadar Tuileries na nan tsaye.Baron Haussmann, Hector Lefuel da Eugène Viollet-le-Duc sun roki a sake gina fadar amma, a shekara ta 1879, majalisar birnin ta yanke shawara a kan hakan, domin tsohon fadar alama ce ta sarauta.A shekara ta 1883, an rushe ginin.Pavillon de Marsan (arewa) da Pavillon de Flore (kudu) kawai aka dawo dasu.

A lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian na 1870 zuwa 1871, Rundunar Tsaro ta Faransa ta kare Paris, kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi na aiki ya karu a tsakanin sojojinsa.Bayan kafuwar jamhuriya ta uku a cikin watan Satumban 1870 (a karkashin babban jami'in zartarwa na Faransa Adolphe Thiers daga watan Fabrairun 1871) da kuma kashin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a hannun Jamus a watan Maris na 1871, sojoji na National Guard sun kwace iko da birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris. Sun kashe janar-janar na sojojin Faransa guda biyu kuma sun ki amincewa da ikon jamhuriya ta uku, a maimakon haka suka yi yunkurin kafa gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta.Ƙungiyar ta yi mulkin birnin Paris na tsawon watanni biyu, ta kafa manufofin da suka shafi ci gaba, tsarin dimokraɗiyya na zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ya haɗa da rabuwa da coci da jiha, aikin 'yan sanda na kai, yafewar haya, soke aikin yara, da hakki. na ma'aikata don karbe wani kamfani da mai shi ya bari.An rufe Cocin Roman Katolika da makarantu.Rikicin mata, gurguzu, gurguzu da kuma anarchist sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Kwaminisanci.Koyaya, Kwamitocin daban-daban suna da ƙasa da watanni biyu don cimma burinsu.Sojojin Faransa na kasa sun murkushe Kwaminisanci a karshen watan Mayu a lokacin La semaine sanglante ("Makon Jinin Jini") wanda ya fara ranar 21 ga Mayu 1871. Sojojin kasar sun kashe a yakin ko kuma aka kashe da sauri tsakanin 10,000 da 15,000 Communards, kodayake kiyasin da ba a tabbatar ba daga 1876 ya sanya adadin ya kai 20,000.A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe, Hukumar ta kashe Babban Bishop na Paris, Georges Darboy, da kuma yin garkuwa da su kusan ɗari, galibin jandarmomi da limamai.43,522 An kama Communards fursuna, ciki har da mata 1,054.Fiye da rabi aka saki da sauri.An yi shari’ar dubu goma sha biyar, 13,500 daga cikinsu an same su da laifi.An yanke wa 95 hukuncin kisa, 251 zuwa aikin tilastawa, da kuma 1,169 zuwa kora (mafi yawa zuwa New Caledonia).Dubban sauran mambobin Kwaminisanci, da suka hada da shugabanni da dama, sun yi gudun hijira zuwa kasashen waje, akasarinsu zuwa Ingila da Belgium da kuma Switzerland.Duk fursunonin da waɗanda aka yi hijira sun sami gafara a cikin 1880 kuma suna iya komawa gida, inda wasu suka koma harkokin siyasa.Tattaunawa kan manufofi da sakamakon Kwaminisanci sun yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayoyin Karl Marx (1818-1883) da Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), wadanda suka bayyana shi a matsayin misali na farko na mulkin kama-karya na 'yan adawa.Engels ya rubuta: "Daga baya, Falasdinawa na Social-Democratic sun sake cika da kyakkyawan ta'addanci a kalmomin: Dictatorship of the Proletariat. To kuma da kyau, maza, kuna so ku san yadda wannan mulkin kama-karya ya kasance? Ku dubi Paris Sadarwa. Wannan shi ne mulkin kama-karya na Proletariat."

Barkewar yakin duniya na farko a watan Agustan 1914 ya ga zanga-zangar nuna kishin kasa a Place de la Concorde da Gare de l'Est da Gare du Nord yayin da sojojin da aka tattara suka tashi zuwa gaba.A cikin 'yan makonni, duk da haka, sojojin Jamus sun isa kogin Marne, gabashin birnin Paris.Gwamnatin Faransa ta ƙaura zuwa Bordeaux a ranar 2 ga Satumba, kuma an kai manyan kayan aikin Louvre zuwa Toulouse.A farkon yakin farko na Marne, a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1914 sojojin Faransa sun bukaci ƙarfafawa.Janar Galieni, gwamnan soja na Paris, ba shi da jiragen kasa.Ya bukaci motocin bas da, mafi shahara, kimanin motocin haya 600 na Paris wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen daukar sojoji dubu shida zuwa gaba a Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, mai nisan kilomita hamsin.Kowace tasi na dauke da sojoji biyar suna bin fitulun motar da ke gaba, kuma an cim ma aikin cikin sa'o'i ashirin da hudu.Jamusawa sun yi mamaki kuma sojojin Faransa da na Birtaniya sun kori su.Yawan sojojin da aka yi jigilar su ba su da yawa, amma tasirin da ake yi wa Faransawa yana da yawa;ya tabbatar da hadin kan mutane da sojoji.Gwamnati ta koma Paris, kuma an sake buɗe gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da wuraren shakatawa.An kai harin bam ne a garin Gotha na Jamus da kuma Zeppelins.Mutanen Paris sun sha fama da annoba ta typhoid da kyanda;barkewar cutar mura ta Spain a lokacin hunturu na 1918-1919 ta kashe dubban mutanen Paris.A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1918, sojojin Jamus sun kaddamar da wani sabon hari tare da yin barazana ga birnin Paris, tare da jefa bam a cikinta da bindigar Paris.A ranar 29 ga Maris, 1918, wani harsashi ya afkawa Cocin Saint-Gervais kuma ya kashe mutane 88.An sanya siren don faɗakar da jama'a game da tashin bama-bamai masu zuwa.A ranar 29 ga Yunin 1917, sojojin Amurka sun isa Faransa don ƙarfafa sojojin Faransa da Birtaniya.An sake tura Jamusawa baya, kuma aka ayyana armistice a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1918. Dubban daruruwan Parisians sun cika Champs Élysées a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba don bikin dawowar Alsace da Lorraine zuwa Faransa.Daruruwan jama'a ma sun yi maraba da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson zuwa Hotel de Ville a ranar 16 ga Disamba.Babban taron mutanen Paris kuma sun yi jerin gwano a Champs Élysées a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1919 don faretin nasara da sojojin ƙawancen suka yi.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ya ƙare a watan Nuwamba 1918, don murna da jin daɗi sosai a Paris, rashin aikin yi ya ƙaru, farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabo, kuma an ci gaba da raba abinci.Magidanta na Paris sun iyakance ga gurasar gram 300 a kowace rana, kuma nama kwana huɗu kawai a mako.Yajin aikin gama gari ya gurgunta birnin a cikin Yuli 1919. Katangar Thiers, katangar ƙarni na 19 da ke kewaye da birnin, an ruguje a cikin 1920s kuma an maye gurbinsu da dubun-dubatar gidaje masu rahusa, gidaje bakwai, cike da ƙananan kuɗi. masu aikin shuɗi..Paris ta yi gwagwarmaya don dawo da tsohuwar wadata da gaiety.Tattalin arzikin Faransa ya bunƙasa tun daga 1921 har zuwa lokacin da Babban Mawuyacin hali ya kai birnin Paris a 1931. Wannan lokacin, da ake kira Les années folles ko kuma "Shekaru Masu Hauka", ya ga Paris ta sake kafu a matsayin babban birnin fasaha, kiɗa, adabi da silima.Ƙimar fasaha da ƙananan farashi ya ja hankalin marubuta da masu fasaha daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, da Josephine Baker.Paris ta karbi bakuncin wasannin Olympics na 1924, da manyan baje kolin kasa da kasa a 1925 da 1937, da nunin mulkin mallaka na 1931, wadanda dukkansu sun bar tabo kan gine-gine da al'adun Paris.Babban Bala'in Bala'i na Duniya ya afkawa Paris a cikin 1931, yana kawo wahalhalu da yanayi mai daɗi.Yawan jama'a ya ragu kaɗan daga kololuwar da ta kasance a kowane lokaci na miliyan 2.9 a cikin 1921 zuwa miliyan 2.8 a 1936. Mazaunan tsakiyar birnin sun yi asarar kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'arsu, yayin da yankunan waje, ko Banlieus, suka karu da kashi 10%.Ƙarƙashin ƙimar haihuwa na Parisians ya kasance ta hanyar yunƙurin sabon ƙaura daga Rasha , Poland , Jamus , gabashi da tsakiyar Turai,Italiya , Portugal daSpain .Tashin hankali na siyasa ya karu a birnin Paris, kamar yadda ake gani a yajin aiki, zanga-zanga da taho-mu-gama tsakanin 'yan gurguzu da jama'a na gaba a bangaren hagu da kuma Action Française a gefen dama.

Paris ta fara gangamin yaki a watan Satumban 1939, lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi da Tarayyar Soviet suka kai wa Poland hari, amma yakin ya yi nisa har zuwa ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1940, lokacin da Jamusawa suka kai wa Faransa hari kuma suka yi nasara a kan sojojin Faransa cikin sauri.Gwamnatin Faransa ta bar birnin Paris a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, sannan Jamusawa sun mamaye birnin a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, a lokacin mamayar, gwamnatin Faransa ta koma Vichy, kuma sojojin Jamus ne ke tafiyar da birnin Paris, kuma jami'an Faransa sun amince da Jamusawa.Ga 'yan Parisiya, Ma'aikatar ta kasance jerin takaici, rashi da wulakanci.An kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe tara na yamma zuwa biyar na safe;da dare, birnin ya yi duhu.An ƙaddamar da rabon abinci, taba, gawayi da tufafi daga Satumba 1940. A kowace shekara kayan suna ƙara ƙaranci kuma farashin ya ƙaru.Mutanen Paris miliyan daya ne suka bar birnin zuwa larduna, inda aka samu karin abinci da karancin Jamusawa.Jaridun Faransa da rediyo sun ƙunshi farfagandar Jamus kawai.Muzaharar farko ta adawa da Mamaya, da ɗaliban Paris suka yi, ta faru ne a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1940. Yayin da ake ci gaba da yaƙin, an ƙirƙira ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyin sadarwa na masu adawa da Jamus, wasu masu biyayya ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Faransa, wasu kuma ga Janar Charles de Gaulle a London.Suna rubuta taken a bango, suna shirya ƴan jarida a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wani lokacin kuma suna kai hari ga jami'an Jamus.Rikicin da Jamusawa suka yi ya yi sauri da tsauri.Bayan mamayar Normandy a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1944, Faransa Resistance a Paris ta kaddamar da bore a ranar 19 ga Agusta, inda ta kwace hedkwatar 'yan sanda da sauran gine-ginen gwamnati.Sojojin Faransa da na Amurka ne suka 'yantar da birnin a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta;washegari, Janar de Gaulle ya jagoranci faretin nasara a kan Champs-Élysées a ranar 26 ga Agusta, kuma ya shirya sabuwar gwamnati.A cikin watanni masu zuwa, an kama mutanen Paris dubu goma da suka yi aiki tare da Jamusawa kuma aka yi musu shari’a, an yanke musu hukunci dubu takwas, kuma an kashe 116.A ranakun 29 ga Afrilu da 13 ga Mayun 1945, an gudanar da zabukan kananan hukumomi na farko bayan yakin, inda matan Faransa suka kada kuri'a a karon farko.

A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, yawancin mutanen Paris suna rayuwa cikin wahala.Masana’antu sun lalace, gidaje sun yi karanci, an kuma raba abinci.Yawan jama'ar Paris bai koma matsayinsa na 1936 ba sai a shekarar 1946, kuma ya karu zuwa 2,850,000 a shekarar 1954, ciki har da bakin haure 135,000, galibi daga Aljeriya, Morocco, Italiya da Spain.An ci gaba da ficewa daga tsakiyar Paris zuwa unguwannin bayan gari.Yawan jama'ar birnin ya ragu a shekarun 1960 da 1970 kafin daga bisani ya daidaita a cikin 1980s.A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, an sake gina birnin sosai, tare da kara sabbin hanyoyin mota, da manyan gine-gine, da dubban sabbin gidaje.Tun daga shekarun 1970s, Shugabannin Faransa sun ɗauki sha'awar kansu suna barin gadon sabbin gidajen tarihi da gine-gine: Shugaba François Mitterrand yana da mafi girman shirin kowane shugaba tun Napoleon III.Grands Travaux ya haɗa da Cibiyar Duniya ta Larabawa (Institut du monde arabe), sabon ɗakin karatu na ƙasa mai suna Bibliothèque François Mitterrand;sabon gidan wasan opera, Opéra Bastille, sabuwar Ma'aikatar Kudi, Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, a Bercy.Grande Arche a cikin La Défense da Grand Louvre, tare da ƙari na Louvre Pyramid wanda IM Pei ya tsara a cikin Cour Napoléon.A cikin zamanin bayan yakin, Paris ta sami ci gaba mafi girma tun daga ƙarshen Belle Époque a cikin 1914. Ƙungiya ta fara fadada sosai, tare da gina manyan gine-ginen zamantakewa da aka sani da cités da farkon La Défense, yankin kasuwanci.An gina cikakkiyar hanyar sadarwa ta jirgin karkashin kasa, Réseau Express Régional (RER), don dacewa da Métro da kuma hidimar yankunan da ke nesa.An samar da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi a cikin unguwannin da ke kan titin Périphérique da ke kewaye da birnin, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1973.A watan Mayun 1968, tashin hankalin ɗalibai a birnin Paris ya haifar da manyan canje-canje a tsarin ilimi, da wargajewar Jami'ar Paris zuwa wurare daban-daban.Paris ba ta da zababben magajin gari tun juyin juya halin Faransa.Napoleon Bonaparte tare da magajinsa sun zabi Prefect da kansu don gudanar da birnin.A karkashin Shugaba Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, an canza dokar a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1975. Zaɓen magajin gari na farko a 1977 ya samu nasara a hannun Jacques Chirac, tsohon Firayim Minista.Chirac ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin birnin Paris na tsawon shekaru goma sha takwas, har zuwa 1995, lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jamhuriyar.