Yakin Crimean

A farkon shekarun 1800, daular Usmaniyya ta fuskanci kalubale da dama.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Serbia a 1804 ya haifar da 'yancin cin gashin kai na al'ummar Kirista ta Balkan ta farko a karkashin daular.Yaƙin samun 'yancin kai na Girka , wanda ya fara a farkon 1821, ya ba da ƙarin shaida na raunin ciki da na soja na daular.Rushe kungiyar Janissary da Sultan Mahmud II ya yi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 1826 (Auspicious Incident) ya taimaka wa daular a cikin dogon lokaci amma ya hana ta da sojojin da take da su a cikin kankanin lokaci.A cikin 1827, rundunar Anglo-Franco-Rasha ta lalata kusan dukkanin sojojin ruwa na Ottoman a yakin Navarino.Yarjejeniyar Adrianople (1829) ta ba jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Rasha da na Yammacin Turai damar wucewa ta mashigin tekun Black Sea.Har ila yau, Serbia ta sami 'yancin kai, kuma Masarautun Danubian (Moldavia da Wallachia) sun zama yankuna karkashin kariyar Rasha.Rasha , a matsayin memba na Mai Tsarki Alliance, ya yi aiki a matsayin "'yan sanda na Turai" don kula da ma'auni na iko da aka kafa a cikin Congress na Vienna a 1815. Rasha ta taimaka Austria kokarin murkushe Hungarian juyin juya halin 1848. kuma ana sa ran samun ‘yanci don magance matsalolinta da Daular Usmaniyya, “majin rashin lafiya na Turai”.Duk da haka, Biritaniya ba za ta iya lamunta da mamayar da Rasha ke yi a harkokin Ottoman ba, wanda zai kalubalanci mamayar da take yi a gabashin tekun Bahar Rum.Tsoron Biritaniya nan da nan shi ne fadadawar da Rasha ta yi a kan daular Usmaniyya.Birtaniya sun so su kiyaye mutuncin Ottoman kuma sun damu da cewa Rasha na iya samun ci gaba zuwa Birtaniya Indiya ko kuma zuwa Scandinavia ko Yammacin Turai.Hankali (a cikin sigar Daular Ottoman) a gefen kudu maso yammacin Burtaniya zai rage wannan barazanar.Sojojin ruwa na sarauta kuma sun so hana barazanar sojojin ruwan Rasha masu karfi.Burin Sarkin Faransa Napoleon na III na maido da martabar Faransa ya haifar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru kai tsaye da Faransa da Birtaniyya suka shelanta yaki kan Rasha a ranakun 27 da 28 ga Maris 1854, bi da bi.

Daular Rasha ta sami karbuwa daga Daular Ottoman na matsayin Tsar a matsayin mai kula da Kiristocin Orthodox a Moldavia da Wallachia.A yanzu dai Rasha ta yi amfani da gazawar Sarkin Musulmi wajen warware batun kare wuraren kiristoci a kasa mai tsarki a matsayin hujjar mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa wadannan lardunan Danubia.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ya sami labarin gazawar diflomasiyyar Menshikov a ƙarshen Yuni 1853, Tsar ya aika da sojoji ƙarƙashin umarnin Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich da Janar Mikhail Gorchakov a cikin kogin Pruth zuwa cikin Masarautun Danubian na Moldavia da Wallachia.Ƙasar Ingila, tana fatan ci gaba da riƙe daular Usmania a matsayin katangar yaƙi da faɗaɗa ikon Rasha a Asiya, ta aika da wani jirgin ruwa zuwa Dardanelles, inda ta shiga cikin jirgin da Faransa ta aika.A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1853, bayan samun alkawuran tallafi daga Faransa da Birtaniya , Ottomans sun shelanta yaki a kan Rasha.Kamfen ɗin Danube ya buɗe ya kawo sojojin Rasha zuwa arewacin gabar kogin Danube.Dangane da mayar da martani, Daular Usmaniyya ta kuma matsar da dakarunta har zuwa kogin, inda suka kafa sansani a Vidin a yamma da Silistra a gabas, kusa da bakin Danube.Yunkurin da Ottoman ya hau kogin Danube ya kuma damu da Austrian, wadanda suka tura sojoji zuwa Transylvania don mayar da martani.Duk da haka, Austrian sun fara jin tsoron Rasha fiye da Ottoman.Tabbas, kamar Birtaniyya, Australiya yanzu suna zuwa don ganin cewa daular Ottoman ta zama dole a matsayin katangar yaƙi da Rashawa.Bayan wa'adin mulkin Ottoman a watan Satumban 1853, sojojin karkashin Ottoman Janar Omar Pasha suka tsallaka Danube a Vidin suka kama Calafat a watan Oktoban 1853. A lokaci guda kuma, a gabas, daular Usmaniyya suka tsallaka Danube a Silistra suka kai wa Rasha hari a Oltenița.

Kamar yadda yake a yaƙe-yaƙe na baya, gaban Caucasus ya kasance na biyu ga abin da ya faru a yamma.Wataƙila saboda ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa, al'amuran yammacin wasu lokuta suna yin tasiri ga gabas.Babban abubuwan da suka faru sune kama na biyu na Kars da saukowa a gabar tekun Jojiya.Kwamandoji da dama daga bangarorin biyu ko dai ba su da kwarewa ko kuma sun yi rashin sa'a, kuma kadan ne suka yi yaki.A arewacin kasar, Daular Usmaniyya ta kwace sansanin kan iyaka na Saint Nicholas a wani harin ba-zata da aka kai a daren ranar 27/28 ga Oktoba.Daga nan ne suka tura sojoji kusan 20,000 a kan iyakar kogin Cholok.Da yake sun fi yawa, Rashawa sun yi watsi da Poti da Redut Kale suka koma Marani.Dukkan bangarorin biyu sun kasance babu motsi har tsawon watanni bakwai masu zuwa.A tsakiyar Ottomans sun koma arewa daga Ardahan zuwa cikin harbin bindiga na Akhaltsike kuma suna jiran karfafawa a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, amma Russia sun fatattake su.Asarar da aka yi ikirarin sun hada da Turkawa 4,000 da 'yan Rasha 400.A kudu kusan Turkawa 30,000 sun koma gabas a hankali zuwa babban taro na Rasha a Gyumri ko Alexandropol (Nuwamba).Sun tsallaka iyaka suka kafa manyan bindigogi a kudancin garin.Yarima Orbeliani ya yi kokarin korar su sai ya tsinci kansa a tarko.Daular Usmaniyya sun kasa yin amfani da damarsu;sauran Rashawa sun ceci Orbeliani kuma Ottoman sun yi ritaya a yamma.Orbeliani ya rasa kusan maza 1,000 daga 5,000.'Yan Rasha yanzu sun yanke shawarar ci gaba.Daular Usmaniyya ta dauki matsayi mai karfi a kan titin Kars kuma suka kai farmaki-kawai aka ci su a yakin Başgedikler.

Yakin Oltenița shi ne karo na farko na yakin Crimean.A wannan yakin sojojin daular Usmania karkashin jagorancin Omar Pasha suna kare kagara daga sojojin Rasha karkashin jagorancin Janar Peter Dannenberg, har sai da aka umarci Rashawa da su janye.An dai kawo karshen harin na Rasha ne a daidai lokacin da suka isa sansanin Ottoman, inda suka ja da baya cikin tsari mai kyau, amma sun sha asara mai yawa.Daular Usmaniyya sun rike mukamansu, amma ba su fatattaki abokan gaba ba, daga baya suka koma daya bangaren Danube.

Ayyukan sojojin ruwa na yakin Crimean sun fara aiki ne a tsakiyar 1853 na jiragen ruwa na Faransa da Birtaniya zuwa yankin tekun Black Sea, don tallafa wa Ottomans da kuma kawar da Rashawa daga mamayewa.Ya zuwa watan Yuni 1853, an ajiye jiragen biyu a Besikas Bay, a wajen Dardanelles.A halin da ake ciki, Jirgin ruwan Bahar Bahar Rum ya yi aiki da zirga-zirgar gabar tekun Ottoman tsakanin Constantinople da tashar Caucasus, kuma rundunar Ottoman ta nemi kare layin samar da kayayyaki.Wata tawagar Rasha ta kai hari tare da fatattakar dakarun Ottoman da ke tashar jiragen ruwa na Sinop.Sojojin Rasha sun ƙunshi jiragen ruwa guda shida na layin, jiragen ruwa guda biyu da jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da makamai uku, wanda Admiral Pavel Nakhimov ke jagoranta;Masu tsaron Ottoman sun kasance wasu jiragen ruwa guda bakwai ne, korafe-korafe uku da kuma jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai biyu, wanda mataimakin Admiral Osman Pasha ya jagoranta.A baya-bayan nan ne dai sojojin ruwan Rasha suka yi amfani da manyan makaman yaki na ruwa da ke harba bama-bamai, lamarin da ya ba su gagarumar nasara a yakin.Dukkanin jiragen ruwa na Ottoman da kwarkwata ko dai sun nutse ko kuma an tilasta musu su gudu a kasa don gudun halaka;mai tururi daya ne ya tsira.Rashawa ba su yi asarar jiragen ruwa ba.An kashe Turkawa kusan 3,000 lokacin da sojojin Nakhimov suka yi luguden wuta a garin bayan yakin.Yakin mai gefe guda ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar da Faransa da Burtaniya suka yanke na shiga yakin, a bangaren daular Usmaniyya.Yaƙin ya nuna tasirin bama-bamai a kan tarkacen katako, da kuma fifikon harsashi akan ƙwallo.Hakan ya haifar da yawaitar amfani da makamai masu fashewa na ruwa da kuma kera jiragen ruwan yaki a kaikaice.

Yakin Başgedikler ya faru ne a lokacin da sojojin kasar Rasha suka kai hari tare da fatattakar sojojin Turkiyya masu tarin yawa a kusa da kauyen Başgedikler da ke yankin Trans-Caucasus.Rashin da Turkiyya ta yi a Başgedikler ya kawo karshen karfin daular Usmaniyya ta kwace yankin Caucasus a farkon yakin Crimea.Ya kafa iyaka da Rasha a lokacin hunturu na 1853-1854 kuma ya ba da damar Rasha lokaci don ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a yankin.Abu mafi mahimmanci ta mahangar dabaru, hasarar Turkiyya ta nuna wa kawayen Daular Usmaniyya cewa sojojin Turkiyya ba su da karfin tinkarar mamayar Rasha ba tare da taimako ba.Wannan ya haifar da tsoma baki mai zurfi na kasashen yammacin Turai a cikin al'amuran yakin Crimean da daular Ottoman.

A ranar 31 ga Disamban 1853, sojojin daular Usmania a Calafat suka yi yunkurin yaki da sojojin Rasha a Chetatea ko Cetate, wani karamin kauye mai nisan mil tara daga arewacin Calafat, kuma suka afka shi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1854. An fara yakin ne lokacin da Rashawa suka yi yunkurin kwato garin Calafat.Galibin kazamin fadan dai ya faru ne a ciki da wajen Chetatea har sai da aka kori Rashawa daga kauyen.Yaƙin da aka yi a Cetate ya kasance marar yanke hukunci.Bayan da aka samu munanan raunuka daga bangarorin biyu, sojojin biyu sun dawo inda suka fara.Dakarun daular Usmania har yanzu suna cikin wani matsayi mai karfi da hana mu'amala tsakanin Rashawa da Sabiyawa, wadanda suke neman goyon bayansu, amma su kansu ba su kai ga korar Rashawa daga manyan hukumomi ba, manufarsu ta bayyana.

Daular Usmaniyya na da kagara da dama a gefen kudu na kogin Danube, wanda Vidin daya ne.Turkawa sun yi shiri da yawa don ci gaba zuwa Wallachia.A ranar 28 ga Oktoba sojojinsu da ke Vidin suka tsallaka Danube suka kafa kansu a kauyen Calafat, suka fara gina garu.Wani sojan ya tsallaka Danube a Ruse a ranakun 1-2 ga Nuwamba a wani mummunan hari da suka kai domin jan hankalin Rashawa daga Calafat.Wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba kuma sun ja da baya a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, amma a halin yanzu an inganta tsaron Calafat da sadarwa da Vidin.Dangane da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, Rashan sun yi tattaki zuwa Calafat kuma ba su yi nasara ba a karshen watan Disamba.Daga nan ne suka mamaye yankin Cetate, inda Turkawa suka far musu.Turkawa sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Ahmed Pasha, na Rasha na Janar Joseph Carl von Anrep.An yi kwanaki da dama ana fafatawa har zuwa ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, inda Rashan suka koma Radovan.Bayan watan Janairu ne Rashawa suka kawo dakaru a kewayen Calafat kuma suka fara yakin da ba a yi nasara ba, wanda ya dauki watanni 4;sun janye ne a ranar 21 ga Afrilu.A lokacin da sojojin na Rasha suka yi wa kawanya sun sha asara mai yawa daga annoba da kuma hare-hare daga kagaran Ottoman.Ba tare da yin nasara ba Rashawa sun yiwa sojojin Ottoman kawanya a Calafat tsawon watanni hudu kafin daga bisani su janye.

Baltic ya kasance gidan wasan kwaikwayon da aka manta na Yaƙin Crimean.Shawarar al'amura a wasu wurare ya rufe ma'anar wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke kusa da Saint Petersburg, babban birnin kasar Rasha.A watan Afrilun 1854, wani jirgin ruwa na Anglo-Faransa ya shiga cikin Baltic don kai hari ga sansanin sojojin ruwa na Rasha na Kronstadt da na Rasha da ke wurin.A cikin watan Agustan 1854, haɗin gwiwar jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da na Faransa sun koma Kronstadt don wani ƙoƙari.Rundunar Baltic Fleet da ta fi yawa ta Rasha ta killace motsinta zuwa wuraren da ke kewaye da katangar ta.A lokaci guda kuma, kwamandojin Burtaniya da Faransa Sir Charles Napier da Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes duk da cewa sun jagoranci manyan jiragen ruwa da aka taru tun bayan Yaƙin Napoleon, sun ɗauki sansanin Sveaborg da kyau sosai don yin aiki.Don haka, harba batura na Rasha ya iyakance ne kawai ga ƙoƙari guda biyu a cikin 1854 da 1855, kuma da farko, jiragen da ke kai hari sun iyakance ayyukansu don toshe kasuwancin Rasha a Gulf of Finland.Hare-haren da sojojin ruwa suka kai a wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa, kamar na tsibirin Hogland da ke mashigin tekun Finland, ya yi nasara.Bugu da ƙari, ƙawayen sun kai farmaki a wasu yankuna marasa ƙarfi na gabar tekun Finnish.An san waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe a Finland a matsayin Yaƙin Åland.Kona rumfunan kwalta da jiragen ruwa ya haifar da suka daga kasashen duniya, kuma a Landan dan majalisar wakilai Thomas Gibson ya bukaci a majalisar dokokin kasar cewa Ubangijin Admiralty na farko ya yi bayani "tsarin da ya yi wani gagarumin yaki ta hanyar wawashewa da lalata dukiyoyin marasa tsaro. mutanen kauye".A zahiri, ayyukan da ake yi a cikin tekun Baltic sun kasance cikin yanayin ɗaurin ƙarfi.Yana da matukar muhimmanci a karkatar da sojojin Rasha daga Kudu, ko kuma, daidai, kada a ba da damar Nicholas ya canjawa wuri zuwa Crimea babbar sojojin da ke gadin gabar tekun Baltic da babban birnin kasar.Wannan burin sojojin Anglo-Faransa sun cimma.Sojojin Rasha a Crimea an tilasta musu yin aiki ba tare da fifiko a cikin sojoji ba.

A farkon shekara ta 1854, Rashawa sun sake ci gaba ta hanyar ketare kogin Danube zuwa lardin Dobruja na Turkiyya.A watan Afrilu 1854, Rashawa sun isa layin Trajan's Wall, inda aka dakatar da su.A tsakiyar, sojojin Rasha sun ketare Danube kuma suka kewaye Silistra daga ranar 14 ga Afrilu tare da dakaru 60,000.Dogayen juriyar Ottoman ya baiwa sojojin Faransa da Birtaniyya damar gina wata babbar runduna a Varna dake kusa.Karkashin karin matsin lamba daga kasar Ostiriya, an umurci rundunar Rasha da ke shirin kaddamar da farmaki na karshe a kan garin na kagara, da ta dage harin tare da ja da baya daga yankin, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen yakin da ake yi na Danubian na yakin Crimea.

Czar Nicholas ya ji cewa saboda taimakon Rasha don murkushe juyin juya halin Hungary na 1848, Ostiriya za ta goyi bayansa ko a kalla ta kasance tsaka tsaki.Ostiriya, duk da haka, ta ji barazanar sojojin Rasha a yankin Balkan.A ranar 27 ga Fabrairun 1854, Birtaniya da Faransa sun bukaci janye sojojin Rasha daga manyan hukumomi.Ostiriya ta goyi bayansu, kuma, ba tare da ayyana yaki da Rasha ba, ta ki ba da garantin tsaka tsaki.Ba da daɗewa ba Rasha ta janye sojojinta daga Masarautun Danubian, waɗanda Austria ta mamaye tsawon lokacin yaƙin.Hakan ya kawar da tushen yakin, amma Birtaniya da Faransanci sun ci gaba da rikici.Ƙaddara don magance Tambayar Gabas ta hanyar kawo ƙarshen barazanar Rasha ga Ottomans, abokan tarayya a watan Agustan 1854 sun ba da shawarar "Abubuwan Hudu" don kawo karshen rikici ban da janyewar Rasha:Rasha za ta yi watsi da kariyar da take ba wa Masarautan Danubian.Ya kamata a bude Danube don kasuwancin waje.Yarjejeniyar Maguzawa ta 1841, wacce ta ba da damar jiragen yakin Ottoman da na Rasha kawai a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum.Rasha za ta yi watsi da duk wani da'awar da ta ba ta damar tsoma baki cikin harkokin Ottoman a madadin Kiristocin Orthodox.Wadancan batutuwa, musamman na uku, na bukatar karin haske ta hanyar yin shawarwari, wanda Rasha ta ki amincewa.A don haka kasashen da suka hada da Ostiriya suka amince da cewa kamata ya yi kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa su kara daukar matakan soji don hana ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan Daular Usmaniyya.Birtaniya da Faransa sun amince da mamaye yankin Crimea a matsayin matakin farko.

A arewacin Caucasus, Eristov ya tura kudu maso yamma, ya yi fadace-fadace guda biyu, ya tilasta wa Ottoman komawa Batum, ya yi ritaya a bayan kogin Cholok kuma ya dakatar da aiki har tsawon shekara (Yuni).A kudu mai nisa, Wrangel ya tura yamma, ya yi yaƙi kuma ya mamaye Bayazit.A tsakiya.Manyan sojojin sun tsaya a Kars da Gyumri.Dukansu a hankali sun tunkari hanyar Kars-Gyumri kuma suka fuskanci juna, ba wanda ya zaɓi yin yaƙi (Yuni-Yuli).A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 'yan leken asirin Rasha sun ga wani motsi wanda suke tunanin shine farkon janyewa, Rashawa sun ci gaba kuma Ottomans suka fara kai hari.An ci su a yakin Kürekdere kuma sun rasa maza 8,000 zuwa 3,000 na Rasha.Haka kuma, 10,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba sun gudu zuwa ƙauyukansu.Bangarorin biyu sun janye zuwa matsayinsu na baya.A daidai lokacin ne Farisawa suka yi yarjejeniya ta sirri na kasancewa tsaka tsaki don musanya soke lamuni daga yakin da ya gabata.

A cikin watan Yunin 1854, sojojin ƙawancen ƙawance sun sauka a Varna, wani birni da ke bakin tekun Bahar Black Sea, amma bai ɗan ci gaba ba daga tushe a can.A cikin Yuli 1854, Ottomans, karkashin Omar Pasha, ya ketare Danube zuwa Wallachia kuma a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1854 hada da Rasha a birnin Giurgiu kuma ya ci shi.Kame Giurgiu da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi nan take ya yi barazana ga Bucharest da ke Wallachia tare da kama sojojin daular Usmaniyya guda.A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1854, Nicholas I, ya ba da umarnin janye sojojin Rasha daga manyan hukumomi.Har ila yau, a karshen watan Yulin 1854, bayan da Rasha ta koma baya, Faransawa sun gudanar da wani shiri na yaki da sojojin Rasha da har yanzu suke Dobruja, amma abin ya ci tura.A lokacin, janyewar Rasha ya cika, sai dai ga garuruwan da ke arewacin Dobruja, kuma matsayin da Rasha ke da shi a cikin manyan hukumomi, 'yan Austriya sun dauki matsayin dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na tsaka tsaki.An sami ƙarin aiki a wannan gaba bayan ƙarshen 1854, kuma a cikin Satumba, sojojin kawance sun shiga jiragen ruwa a Varna don mamaye yankin Crimean.

Yaƙin Crimean ya buɗe a watan Satumba na 1854. A cikin ginshiƙai bakwai, jiragen ruwa 400 sun tashi daga Varna, kowane jirgin ruwa yana jan jiragen ruwa guda biyu.Tsayawa a ranar 13 ga Satumba a bakin tekun Eupatoria, garin ya mika wuya, kuma sojojin ruwa 500 suka sauka don mamaye shi.Garin da bakin teku za su ba da matsayi na koma baya idan bala'i ya faru.Sojojin kawance sun isa Kalamita Bay da ke yammacin gabar tekun Crimea kuma suka fara tashi a ranar 14 ga Satumba.Yarima Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, kwamandan sojojin Rasha a Crimea, ya ba da mamaki.Bai yi tunanin abokan kawance za su kai hari a kusa da farkon lokacin sanyi ba, kuma sun kasa tattara isassun sojoji don kare Crimea.Sojojin Birtaniya da na doki sun kwashe kwanaki biyar suna sauka.Yawancin mutanen suna fama da cutar kwalara kuma an dauke su daga cikin jiragen ruwa.Babu wuraren da za a yi amfani da kayan aiki a kan ƙasa, don haka dole ne a aika da ƙungiyoyi don satar karusai da kekuna daga gonakin Tatar na yankin.Abinci ko ruwan sha ga mazan shine rabon kwana uku da aka basu a Varna.Babu tantuna ko jakunkuna da aka sauke daga cikin jiragen ruwa, don haka sojojin suka kwana na farko ba tare da mafaka ba, ba tare da kariya daga ruwan sama mai yawa ko kuma zafi mai zafi ba.Duk da shirin kai harin ba-zata kan Sevastopol da jinkirin da aka yi ya samu cikas, bayan kwanaki shida a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, sojojin sun fara zuwa kudu, tare da dakarun sa na goyon bayansu.Tattakin ya ƙunshi ratsa koguna biyar: Bulganak, Alma, Kacha, Belbek, da Chernaya.Washegari da safe ne sojojin kawance suka gangaro cikin kwarin don yin artabu da Rashawa, wadanda dakarunsu suke a wancan gefen kogin, a kan tudun Alma.

A Alma, Yarima Menshikov, babban kwamandan sojojin Rasha a yankin Crimea, ya yanke shawarar tsayawa kan tudu a kudancin kogin.Duk da cewa sojojin Rasha sun yi kasa da rundunonin hadin gwiwa na Franco-British (dakaru 35,000 na Rasha sabanin dakaru 60,000 na Anglo-Faransa-Ottoman), tsayin daka da suka mamaye ya kasance matsayin kariyar dabi'a, hakika, shingen dabi'a na karshe ga sojojin kawance. a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Sevastopol.Bugu da ƙari kuma, 'yan Rasha suna da bindigogi fiye da ɗari a kan tsayin da za su iya aiki tare da mummunar tasiri daga matsayi mai girma;duk da haka, babu ko ɗaya a kan tsaunin da ke fuskantar tekun, waɗanda ake ganin sun yi tsayin daka don maƙiya su hau.Kawancen sun yi jerin hare-hare ba tare da bata lokaci ba.Faransawa sun juya gefen hagu na Rasha tare da kai hari sama da tsaunin da Rashawa suka ɗauka ba za su iya girma ba.Da farko dai Turawan Ingila sun jira su ga sakamakon harin na Faransa, sannan sau biyu ba su yi nasara ba suka kai hari kan babban matsayi na Rasha a hannun dama.Daga ƙarshe, gobarar bindigar Birtaniyya mafi girma ta tilastawa Rashawa ja da baya.Da bangarorin biyu suka juya, matsayin Rasha ya rushe kuma suka gudu.Rashin sojojin dawakai na nufin cewa kadan bin ya faru.

Gaskanta hanyoyin arewa zuwa birnin kuma an kare su sosai, musamman saboda kasancewar babban katangar tauraro da kuma kasancewar birnin a gefen kudu na mashigar ruwa daga tekun da ya yi tashar jiragen ruwa, Sir John Burgoyne, mashawarcin injiniya, ya ba da shawarar. kawancen sun kai hari Sevastopol daga kudu.Kwamandojin hadin gwiwa, Raglan da St Arnaud, sun amince.A ranar 25 ga Satumba, dukan sojojin sun fara tafiya kudu maso gabas kuma sun kewaye birnin daga kudu bayan sun kafa tashar jiragen ruwa a Balaclava na Birtaniya da kuma a Kamiesch na Faransa.Rashawa sun koma cikin birnin.Tsawon Sevastopol ya kasance daga Oktoba 1854 har zuwa Satumba 1855, lokacin yakin Crimean.A yayin wannan kawanya, sojojin ruwan kawancen sun kai hare-hare guda shida a babban birnin kasar.Birnin Sevastopol shi ne wurin da jiragen ruwa na Tsar's Black Sea, wanda ke barazana ga tekun Bahar Rum.Sojojin filin Rasha sun janye kafin kawancen su kewaye shi.Sifen ya kasance ƙarshen gwagwarmaya don dabarun tashar jiragen ruwa na Rasha a cikin 1854-55 kuma shine kashi na ƙarshe a Yaƙin Crimean.

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1854, ita da ma'aikatan jinya 38 mata masu aikin sa kai ciki har da shugabar ma'aikaciyar jinya Eliza Roberts da innarta Mai Smith, da kuma 'yan nun Katolika 15 an aika zuwa Daular Ottoman .Nightingale ya isa Barracks Selimiye a Scutari a farkon Nuwamba 1854. Tawagarta ta gano cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da suka wuce gona da iri suna ba da kulawar rashin kulawa ga sojojin da suka ji rauni sakamakon rashin kulawar hukuma.Magunguna sun yi karanci, ana yin watsi da tsafta, kuma an yi ta fama da cututtuka masu yawa, yawancinsu suna mutuwa.Babu kayan aikin sarrafa abinci ga marasa lafiya.Bayan da Nightingale ya aike da roko ga jaridar The Times don neman mafita daga gwamnati game da rashin kyawun kayan aikin, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba Isambard Kingdom Brunel aikin tsara wani asibiti da aka riga aka kera wanda za a iya ginawa a Ingila kuma a tura shi zuwa Dardanelles.Sakamakon ya kasance Asibitin Renkioi, wurin farar hula wanda, a ƙarƙashin kulawar Edmund Alexander Parkes, yana da adadin mutuwar ƙasa da kashi ɗaya bisa goma na na Scutari.Stephen Paget a cikin Dictionary of National Biography ya tabbatar da cewa Nightingale ya rage yawan mace-mace daga kashi 42% zuwa 2%, ko dai ta hanyar inganta tsafta da kanta, ko kuma ta yin kira ga Hukumar Tsabtace.Alal misali, Nightingale ta aiwatar da wanke hannu da sauran ayyukan tsabta a asibitin yaƙi da ta yi aiki a ciki.

Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yanke shawara game da jinkirin kai hari kan Sevastopol kuma a maimakon haka sun shirya don tsawon lokaci.Birtaniya , karkashin umarnin Ubangiji Raglan , da Faransanci , karkashin Canrobert , sanya sojojinsu zuwa kudancin tashar jiragen ruwa a kan Chersonese Peninsula: Sojojin Faransa sun mamaye bay na Kamiesch a yammacin gabar teku yayin da Birtaniya suka koma kudu. tashar jiragen ruwa Balaclava.Duk da haka, wannan matsayi ya sa Birtaniya ta ba da kariya ga bangaren dama na ayyukan ƙawancen ƙawancen ƙawancen, wanda Raglan ba shi da isassun sojoji.Da yake cin gajiyar wannan fallasa, Janar Liprandi na Rasha , tare da wasu mutane 25,000, sun shirya kai farmaki a matsugunan tsaron da ke kewayen Balaclava, da fatan kawo cikas ga tsarin samar da kayayyaki da ke tsakanin sansanin Birtaniyya da kuma layukan kawayensu.Yakin Balaklava ya fara ne da wani harin makami mai linzami na Rasha da na sojojin kasa a kan Daular Usmaniyya wanda ya kafa layin farko na tsaro na Balaclava a kan tuddan Vorontsov.Da farko sojojin Ottoman sun yi tir da harin na Rasha, amma rashin goyon bayan da aka tilasta musu ja da baya.Lokacin da redoubts ya fadi, sojojin dawakai na Rasha sun matsa don shiga cikin layin tsaro na biyu a Kudancin Valley, wanda Ottoman da Birtaniya 93rd Highland Regiment suka rike a cikin abin da ya zama sananne da "Thin Red Line".Wannan layin ya rike tare da dakile harin;kamar yadda Janar James Scarlett na British Heavy Brigade ya yi wanda ya tuhumi kuma ya ci nasara mafi girma na ci gaba na sojan doki, wanda ya tilasta wa Rashawa zuwa kariya.Koyaya, cajin sojan doki na ƙarshe na ƙarshe, wanda ya samo asali daga umarnin da ba a fassara shi ba daga Raglan, ya haifar da ɗayan shahararrun abubuwan da ba su da kyau a tarihin sojan Biritaniya - cajin Brigade mai haske.Rasa Brigade na Light ya kasance wani abu mai ban tausayi wanda abokan kawancen ba su da ikon yin wani abu a wannan rana.Ga 'yan Rasha yakin Balaclava ya kasance nasara kuma ya tabbatar da jin dadi a cikin halin kirki - sun kama Allied redoubts (wanda aka cire bindigogi bakwai kuma aka kai Sevastopol a matsayin kofuna), kuma sun sami iko da hanyar Worontsov.

A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1854, Rukunin Rusha ta 10, karkashin Laftanar Janar FI Soymonov, ta kai wani mummunan hari a gefen dama na kawancen da ke saman Home Hill.An kai harin ne da ginshiƙai biyu na mutane 35,000 da bindigogin manyan bindigogi 134 na Rusha ta 10 ta Rasha.Idan aka haɗa kai da sauran sojojin Rasha da ke yankin, sojojin da ke kai hari na Rasha za su kafa wata babbar runduna ta mazaje kusan 42,000.Harin na farko na Rasha shi ne runduna ta biyu ta Biritaniya da ta haƙa a Dutsen Gida tare da maza 2,700 kawai da bindigogi 12.Dukansu ginshiƙan na Rasha sun koma cikin salon gabas zuwa Burtaniya.Sun yi fatan za su mamaye wannan yanki na sojojin kawancen kafin a iya zuwa.Hazo na safiya ya taimaka wa Rashawa ta hanyar ɓoye hanyarsu.Ba duka sojojin Rasha ba ne za su iya shiga kunkuntar tudun Shell mai tsawon mita 300.Don haka, Janar Soymonov ya bi umarnin Yarima Alexander Menshikov kuma ya tura wasu dakarunsa a kusa da Ravine Careeenage.Bugu da ƙari kuma, a daren da aka kai harin, Janar Peter A. Dannenberg ya umurci Soymonov da ya aika da wani ɓangare na rundunarsa arewa da gabas zuwa gadar Inkerman don rufe mashigar sojojin Rasha a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Janar P. Ya.Pavlov .Saboda haka, Soymonov ba zai iya yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da dukan sojojinsa a harin.Lokacin da gari ya waye, Soymonov ya kai hari ga matsayi na Birtaniya a kan Home Hill tare da mutane 6,300 na Kolyvansky, Ekaterinburg da Tomsky.Soymonov kuma yana da ƙarin 9,000 a ajiyar.Birtaniyya na da ƙwaƙƙwaran zaɓe kuma suna da faɗakarwa game da harin na Rasha duk da hazo na safiya.Masu zaɓen, wasu daga cikinsu a ƙarfin kamfani, sun haɗa da Rashawa yayin da suke tafiya don kai hari.Har ila yau harbe-harbe da aka yi a kwarin ya yi gargadi ga sauran runduna ta biyu, wadanda suka garzaya zuwa wuraren tsaronsu.Sojojin Rasha, suna ci gaba ta cikin hazo, sun ci karo da sashe na biyu da ke gaba, inda suka bude wuta da bindigar su ta Enfield 1851, yayin da Rashawa ke rike da makamai masu santsi.An tilastawa 'yan kasar Rasha shiga cikin kwalabe saboda siffar kwarin, kuma sun fito a bangaren hagu na Runduna ta Biyu.Kwallan Minié na bindigogin Birtaniyya sun yi daidai da harin na Rasha.Sojojin Rasha da suka tsira an kori su a baya a bayoneti.Daga karshe dai an kori sojojin kasar Rasha har zuwa inda suke.Sojojin Rasha sun kai hari na biyu, kuma a bangaren hagu na shiyya ta biyu, amma a wannan karon sun fi yawa kuma Soymonov da kansa ya jagoranta.Kyaftin Hugh Rowlands, mai kula da 'yan wasan Burtaniya, ya ruwaito cewa 'yan Rasha sun caje "tare da mafi girman kukan da za ku iya tunanin."A wannan lokacin, bayan harin na biyu, matsayin Birtaniyya ya yi rauni sosai.Sojojin Birtaniyya sun iso ne a cikin nau'in Rukunin Haske wanda ya taso kuma nan da nan suka kaddamar da farmaki a gefen hagu na gaban Rasha, wanda ya tilastawa Rashawa baya.A lokacin wannan fada Soymonov wani dan bindiga dan kasar Burtaniya ya kashe shi.Sauran ginshiƙin na Rasha sun gangara zuwa kwarin inda aka kai musu hari da manyan bindigogi na Birtaniyya, daga ƙarshe aka kore su.Juriyar da sojojin Birtaniyya suka yi a nan ya dusashe duk wani hari na farko na Rasha.Janar Paulov, wanda ke jagorantar rukunin na biyu na Rasha na kusan 15,000, ya kai hari ga wuraren Biritaniya a kan Batirin Sandbag.Yayin da suke gabatowa, sojojin Birtaniya 300 na kare katangar suka yi wa katangar tuhume-tuhume, suka caje katangar, inda suka kori manyan bataliyoyin Rasha.Bataliyoyin Rasha 5 ne sojojin Birtaniyya na 41 suka far musu a gefe, inda suka mayar da su kogin Chernaya.Janar Peter A Dannenberg ya karbi kwamandan Sojan Rasha, kuma tare da wasu mutane 9,000 da ba su da kwarin gwiwa daga harin farko, sun kaddamar da farmaki a kan wuraren da Birtaniyya ta ke a kan Home Hill, da ke karkashin runduna ta biyu.Tuni dai dakarun Guards Brigade na runduna ta daya da ta hudu suka yi tattaki domin tallafawa runduna ta biyu, amma sojojin Birtaniya da ke rike da katangar sun janye, kafin daga bisani wasu runduna ta 21 da ta 63 da ta Bindiga suka sake kwace ta.'Yan Rasha sun harba mutane 7,000 a kan batirin Sandbag, wanda sojojin Burtaniya 2,000 suka kare.Don haka aka fara gwagwarmaya mai ban tsoro wanda ya ga baturin ya canza hannu akai-akai.A wannan karon a yakin Rashan sun sake kai wani hari a kan matsugunan runduna ta biyu a kan tudun Gida, amma zuwan sojojin Faransa karkashin Pierre Bosquet a kan lokaci da kuma karin wasu karin dakarun sojin Birtaniya sun dakile harin na Rasha.Rashawa yanzu sun sadaukar da duk sojojinsu kuma ba su da wani sabon tanadi da za su yi aiki da shi.Bindigunoni guda biyu na Burtaniya 18 tare da manyan bindigogi sun yi ruwan bama-bamai kan sansanonin Rasha masu dauke da bindigogi 100 a kan tsaunin Shell a wata gobarar batir.Tare da batir ɗin su a kan Shell Hill suna ɗaukar wuta mai zafi daga bindigogin Birtaniyya, hare-haren nasu ya ki cinyewa a kowane lokaci, kuma rashin sabbin sojoji, 'yan Rasha sun fara janyewa.Kawayen ba su yi yunkurin bi su ba.Bayan yakin ne sojojin kawancen suka tsaya tsayin daka suka koma matsuguninsu.

Yanayin hunturu da kuma tabarbarewar samar da sojoji da kayan aiki a bangarorin biyu ya haifar da dakatar da ayyukan kasa.Sevastopol ya kasance a cikin hannun jari, wanda sojojin Rasha suka mamaye a cikin ciki.A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, guguwar Balaklava, wani babban taron yanayi, ya nutsar da jiragen ruwa na kawance 30, ciki har da HMS Prince, wanda ke dauke da kaya na kayan sanyi.Guguwar da kuma yawan cunkoson jama’a ne ya sa hanyar da ta tashi daga gabar tekun zuwa dakaru ta tarwatse zuwa wani lungu da sako, wanda ya bukaci injiniyoyi da su ba da mafi yawan lokutansu wajen gyara shi, ciki har da fasa dutse.An ba da odar titin jirgin ƙasa kuma ya isa a watan Janairu tare da ma'aikatan injiniyan farar hula, amma ya ɗauki har zuwa Maris kafin ya sami ci gaba sosai don ya zama mai daraja.An kuma ba da umarnin na'urar wayar tarho, amma filin daskararre ya jinkirta girka shi har zuwa Maris, lokacin da aka kafa sadarwa daga tashar jirgin ruwa ta Balaklava zuwa hedkwatar Burtaniya.Ita dai garmar bututun da kebul ɗin ta gaza saboda ƙasa mai daskarewa, amma duk da haka an shimfida tazarar mil 21 (kilomita 34).Sojojin sun yi fama da sanyi sosai da rashin lafiya, kuma karancin man fetur ya sa suka fara wargaza gabobin tsaron da suke yi.

Rashin gamsuwa da yadda ake gudanar da yakin yana kara ta'azzara da jama'a a Biritaniya da sauran kasashen duniya, kuma rahotannin na fiasco ya kara ta'azzara, musamman hasarar da aka yi wa Babban Hafsan Sojoji a yakin Balaclava.A ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan Janairun 1855, an yi zanga-zanga a dandalin Trafalgar kusa da St Martin-in-the-Fields, inda mutane 1,500 suka taru don nuna adawa da yakin, ta hanyar jifan motoci da masu tafiya a kasa da dusar kankara.Lokacin da ’yan sanda suka shiga tsakani, an yi wa ’yan sandan horon dusar kankara.A karshe dai sojoji da ‘yan sandan da ke aiki da manyan bindigogi ne suka kakkabe tarzomar.A majalisar dokokin kasar, masu ra'ayin rikau sun bukaci a yi lissafin duk sojoji, dawakai da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da aka aika zuwa yankin Crimea da sahihan alkaluman adadin wadanda duk sojojin Birtaniya suka rasa rayukansu a Crimea, musamman kan yakin Balaclava.A lokacin da majalisar dokokin kasar ta zartar da wani kudiri na bincike ta hanyar kuri'ar 305 zuwa 148, Aberdeen ya ce ya rasa kuri'ar kin amincewa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin firaminista a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1855. Tsohon sakataren harkokin wajen kasar Lord Palmerston ya zama firaminista.Palmerston ya yi tsayin daka kuma yana son fadada yakin, haifar da tashin hankali a cikin Daular Rasha da rage barazanar Rasha ga Turai har abada.Sweden-Norway da Prussia sun yarda su shiga Biritaniya da Faransa, kuma Rasha ta keɓe.

Babban layin dogo na tsakiyar Crimea wani jirgin kasa ne na soja da aka gina a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1855 a lokacin yakin Crimean da Burtaniya ta yi.Manufarta ita ce samar da harsashi da abinci ga sojojin kawancen da ke cikin Siege na Sevastopol wadanda aka jibge a wani tudu tsakanin Balaklava da Sevastopol.Har ila yau, ta dauki jirgin kasan asibiti na farko a duniya.An gina layin dogo a kan farashi kuma ba tare da wani kwangila daga Peto, Brassey da Betts, haɗin gwiwar ƴan kwangilar layin dogo na Ingila karkashin jagorancin Samuel Morton Peto.A cikin makonni uku da isowar rundunar da ke dauke da kayayyaki da maza layin dogo ya fara aiki kuma cikin makonni bakwai an kammala titin kilomita 11.Titin jirgin kasa ya kasance babban abin da ya kai ga nasarar kewaye.Bayan kammala yakin an sayar da waƙar an cire.

A cikin Disamba 1855, Tsar Nicholas I ya rubuta wa Yarima Alexander Menshikov, Babban Kwamandan Rasha don Yaƙin Crimean, yana buƙatar ƙarfafawa da aka aika zuwa Crimea zuwa manufa mai amfani kuma yana nuna tsoron cewa saukar abokan gaba a Eupatoria sun kasance hadari.Tsar ya ji tsoron da ya dace ta yadda ƙarin sojojin kawance a Eupatoria, mai tazarar kilomita 75 daga arewacin Sebastopol, za su iya raba Crimea daga Rasha a Isthmus na Perekop da katse hanyoyin sadarwa, kayan aiki, da ƙarfafawa.Ba da daɗewa ba, Yarima Menshikov ya sanar da jami'ansa a Crimea cewa Tsar Nicholas ya dage cewa a kama Eupatoria kuma a lalata shi idan ba za a iya gudanar da shi ba.Domin gudanar da harin, Menshikov ya kara da cewa, an ba shi izinin yin amfani da dakarun da ke kan hanyar zuwa Crimea a halin yanzu da suka hada da runduna ta 8.Daga nan sai Menshikov ya dauki matakin zabar wani kwamandan kwamandan harin wanda zabinsa na farko da na biyu duka suka ki amincewa da aikin, inda ya ba da uzuri don gujewa jagorantar harin da babu wanda ya yi imani da cewa zai yi nasara.A ƙarshe, Menshikov ya zaɓi Laftanar Janar Stepan Khrulev, wani jami'in sojan bindigu da aka bayyana a matsayin mai son yin "daidai abin da ka gaya masa," a matsayin jami'in da ke kula da aikin gabaɗaya.Da misalin karfe 6 na safe ne aka fara harbe-harbe a lokacin da Turkawa suka fara wata babbar bindiga da ke goyon bayan harbin bindiga.Da sauri za su iya mayar da martani, sai Rashawa suka fara harbin nasu.Kusan awa daya bangarorin biyu suka ci gaba da luguden wuta a juna.A wannan lokacin Khrulev ya karfafa ginshikinsa na hagu, inda ya yi gaba da makamansa har zuwa nisan mita 500 daga katangar birnin, sannan ya fara mayar da karfinsa na harbin bindiga a cibiyar Turkiyya.Duk da cewa bindigogin Turkiyya sun fi girma, amma makaman roka na Rasha sun fara samun nasara a cikin 'yan bindigar.Ba da jimawa ba lokacin da wutar Turkiyya ta lafa, sai Rashawa suka fara gaba da bataliyoyin sojoji biyar zuwa ga bangon birnin na hagu.A wannan lokacin, harin ya tsaya sosai.Raunuka sun cika da ruwa a zurfin da ya sa maharan suka ga kansu da sauri ba su iya hawan bango.Bayan da aka yi yunƙurin ketare ramuka da hawa tsaninsu zuwa saman bangon, an tilasta wa Rashawa ja da baya tare da neman mafaka a harabar makabartar.Ganin irin wahalhalun da abokan gabansu ke ciki, Turkawa sun yi amfani da wannan damar, suka aika da wata bataliyar sojan kasa da tawaga biyu na sojan doki daga cikin birnin domin su fatattaki Rashawa yayin da suka koma baya.Kusan nan da nan, Khrulev ya ɗauki ramukan a matsayin cikas wanda ba za a iya shawo kan shi ba kuma ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar Eupatoria ba idan aka ba da kariya da kuma karin masu kare.Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da matakai na gaba, Khrulev ya umarci dakarunsa su ja da baya.An sanar da umarni ga kwamandojin ginshiƙan dama da na tsakiya, ba wanda ya shiga cikin yaƙin har zuwa matakin ƙoƙarin ginshiƙi na hagu.

Sarki Victor Emmanuel na biyu da firaministansa Count Camillo di Cavour, sun yanke shawarar marawa Birtaniya da Faransa baya, domin samun tagomashi a idon wadannan masu iko da kasar Ostiriya, wadda ta ki shiga yaki da Rasha.Sardinia ya ba da jimillar sojoji 18,000 karkashin Laftanar Janar Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora ga yakin Crimean.Cavour ya yi nufin samun tagomashin Faransawa dangane da batun hada kan Italiya wajen yaki da Daular Austriya.Dakatar da sojojin Italiya zuwa Crimea, da galantry da suka nuna a yakin Chernaya (16 ga Agusta 1855) da kuma a cikin Sevastopol (1854-1855), ya ba da damar Masarautar Sardinia ta halarci tattaunawar zaman lafiya don kawo karshen. yakin a Congress na Paris (1856), inda Cavour zai iya tayar da batun Risorgimento tare da manyan kasashen Turai.Jimillar mutane 18,061 da dawakai 3,963 da alfadarai suka hau a watan Afrilun 1855 a kan jiragen ruwa na Biritaniya da na Sardiniya a tashar jiragen ruwa na Genoa.Yayin da sojojin da ke cikin layi da na sojan doki aka zana daga sojoji, waɗanda suka ba da kansu don balaguro, an aika da sojojin Bersaglieri, manyan bindigogi da sapper daga rukuninsu na yau da kullun.watau kowace bataliyoyin sojoji guda 10 na Bersaglieri na yau da kullun sun aika da kamfanoni biyu na farko don balaguron balaguron, yayin da watau Bataliya ta 1 ta runduna ta 2 na wucin gadi ta ƙunshi masu aikin sa kai daga rukunin runduna ta 3 na sojojin.Gawarwakin sun tashi a Balaklava tsakanin 9 ga Mayu zuwa 14 ga Mayu 1855.

A farkon 1855, kwamandojin Anglo-Faransa kawancen sun yanke shawarar tura tawagar sojojin ruwa na Anglo-Faransa zuwa cikin Tekun Azov don lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kayayyaki na Rasha zuwa Sevastopol da ke kewaye.A ranar 12 ga Mayu 1855, jiragen ruwa na Anglo-Faransa sun shiga mashigin Kerch kuma suka lalata batirin gabar tekun Kamishevaya.Da zarar ta ratsa Tekun Kerch, jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da na Faransa sun kai hari a kowane bangare na ikon Rasha a bakin tekun Azov.Ban da Rostov da Azov, babu wani gari, wurin ajiya, gini ko katanga da ya tsira daga harin, kuma ikon sojojin ruwa na Rasha ya daina wanzuwa kusan dare daya.Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da raguwar kayayyaki da ke kwarara zuwa ga sojojin Rasha da suka yi wa kawanya a Sevastopol.A ranar 21 ga Mayun 1855, jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai sun kai hari tashar jiragen ruwa na Taganrog, mafi mahimmancin cibiya kusa da Rostov akan Don.Yawancin abinci, musamman gurasa, alkama, sha'ir da hatsin rai.wadanda suka taru a birnin bayan barkewar yakin an hana fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje.Gwamnan Taganrog, Yegor Tolstoy, da Laftanar-Janar Ivan Krasnov sun ƙi amincewa da ƙawancen ƙawance ta hanyar mayar da martani, "Rasha ba ta daina ba da garuruwansu ba".Rundunar Anglo-Faransa ta yi ruwan bama-bamai a Taganrog na sama da sa'o'i shida tare da saukar da sojoji 300 a kusa da Old Stairway da ke tsakiyar birnin Taganrog, amma Don Cossacks da tawagar sa kai suka fatattake su.A cikin Yuli 1855, 'yan wasan da ke da alaƙa sun yi ƙoƙari su wuce Taganrog zuwa Rostov-on-Don ta hanyar shiga kogin Don ta kogin Mius.A ranar 12 ga Yuli 1855 HMS Jasper ya sauka kusa da Taganrog godiya ga wani masunci wanda ya motsa buoys cikin ruwa mara zurfi.Rundunar ta Cossacks ta kama kwale-kwalen da dukkan bindigunta suka tarwatsa shi.An yi ƙoƙari na kewaye na uku a ranar 19-31 ga Agusta 1855, amma an riga an gina birnin, kuma 'yan wasan ba za su iya kusanci kusa ba don ayyukan saukarwa.Rundunar sojojin da ke kawance sun bar Gulf of Taganrog a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1855, tare da ƙananan ayyukan soja a bakin tekun Azov Sea har zuwa ƙarshen 1855.

Sifen Kars shine babban aiki na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Crimean.A watan Yunin 1855, ƙoƙarin rage matsin lamba kan tsaron Sevastopol, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II ya umarci Janar Nikolay Muravov ya jagoranci sojojinsa a kan yankunan da Ottoman ke da sha'awar Asiya Ƙarama.Haɗin kai da ɓangarorin da ke ƙarƙashin umarninsa zuwa gawawwakin gawawwakin sojoji 25,725, bindigogin wuta 96, Muravov ya yanke shawarar kai hari Kars, babban sansanin soja na Gabashin Anatoliya.Dakarun Ottoman karkashin Williams sun dakile harin na farko.Harin na biyu na Muravyov ya mayar da Turkawa baya, kuma ya dauki babbar hanya da tsayin daka a kan birnin, amma sabon kwarin gwiwar sojojin Daular Usmaniyya ya baiwa Rashawa mamaki.Mummunan fadan da ya biyo baya ya sa suka sauya dabaru suka fara wani hari da zai kai har karshen watan Nuwamba.Da jin labarin harin, Kwamandan Ottoman Omar Pasha ya bukaci a dauke sojojin Ottoman daga layin da ke kewaye da Sevastopol da kuma tura su zuwa Asiya Karama musamman da manufar ceto Kars.Bayan jinkiri da yawa, da farko da Napoleon III ya sanya, Omar Pasha ya bar Crimea zuwa Sukhumi tare da sojoji 45,000 a ranar 6 ga Satumba.Zuwan Omar Pasha a gabar tekun Black Sea da ke arewacin Kars ya sa Muravyov ya fara kai hari na uku kan dakarun daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya kusa ciwa da yunwa.A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 'yan Rasha sun kai wani hari na gama-gari a Kars, wanda ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i bakwai tare da matsananciyar damuwa, amma an fatattake su.Janar Williams ya kasance a ware, duk da haka, saboda Omar Pasha bai isa birnin ba.Maimakon ya janye sansanin sai ya shiga cikin yakin da aka dade a Mingrelia kuma ya dauki Sukhumi bayan haka.A halin da ake ciki, ajiyar Ottoman a Kars ya ƙare, kuma an rage layukan samar da kayayyaki.Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi a ƙarshen Oktoba ya sanya ƙarfafa Kars da Daular Usmaniyya ba ta da amfani.Selim Pasha, ɗan Omar, ya sake saukar da wata runduna a tsohon birnin Trebizond, a yamma, kuma ya fara tafiya kudu zuwa Erzerum don hana Rashawa ci gaba zuwa Anatolia.Rashawa sun aika da ƙaramin ƙarfi daga layin Kars don dakatar da ci gabansa kuma suka ci Ottomans a kogin Ingur a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba.Garrison na Kars ya ƙi fuskantar ƙarin wahalhalu na kewayen hunturu kuma ya mika wuya ga Janar Muravyov a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1855.

An shirya yakin ne a matsayin wani hari da Rashawa suka yi da nufin tilastawa sojojin kawance (Faransa, Birtaniya, Piedmontese, da Ottoman) ja da baya tare da yin watsi da kewayen Sevastopol.Tsar Alexander II ya umurci babban kwamandansa a yankin Crimea, Yarima Michael Gorchakov da ya kai hari ga sojojin da suka yi wa kawanya kafin a kara karfafa su.Tsar ya yi fatan cewa ta hanyar samun nasara, zai iya tilasta warware rikicin da ya fi dacewa.Gorchakov bai yi tunanin cewa harin zai yi nasara ba amma ya yi imanin cewa mafi girman damar samun nasara a kusa da Faransanci da Piedmontese a kan kogin Chyornaya.Tsar ya umarci Gorchakov mai jinkirin ya gudanar da majalisar yaki don tsara harin.An shirya harin ne da safiyar ranar 16 ga watan Agusta da fatan za a baiwa Faransawa da Piedmontese mamaki yayin da suka yi bikin ranar Idi na Sarkin sarakuna (Faransa) da ranar zato (Piedmontese).Rashawa sun yi fatan cewa saboda waɗannan bukukuwan makiya za su gaji kuma su kasa kula da Rashawa.Yakin dai ya kare ne a ja da baya na Rasha da nasara ga Faransawa da Piedmontese da Turkawa.Sakamakon kashe-kashen da aka yi a yakin, sojojin Rasha sun rasa amincewarsu ga kwamandojin Rasha kuma yanzu lokaci ne kawai kafin sojojin Rasha su mika wuya ga Sevastopol.

Tsawon watanni ana ci gaba da killace Sevastopol.A cikin watan Yuli Rashawa sun yi hasarar kusan maza 250 a rana, kuma a ƙarshe Rashan sun yanke shawarar warware taƙaddamar da sojojinsu a hankali.Gorchakov da sojojin filin za su sake kai hari a Chernaya, na farko tun lokacin da Inkerman.A ranar 16 ga Agusta, gawarwakin Pavel Liprandi da Read's sun yi wa sojojin Faransa 37,000 farmaki a kan gadar Traktir cikin fushi.Maharan sun zo da mafi girman azama, amma a karshe ba su yi nasara ba.A karshen wannan rana, 'yan kasar Rasha sun janye inda suka bar jami'ai 260 da maza 8,000 da suka mutu ko kuma sun mutu a filin wasa;Faransa da Birtaniya sun yi asarar 1,700 kawai.Da wannan shan kashi dama ta ƙarshe ta ceto Sevastopol ta ɓace.A wannan rana, wani harin bam da aka ƙaddara ya sake rage Malakoff da masu dogara ga rashin ƙarfi, kuma yana da cikakkiyar kwarin gwiwa game da sakamakon da Marshal Pélissier ya shirya harin na ƙarshe.Da tsakar rana ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1855, gaba dayan gawarwakin Bosquet sun kai hari a duk sassan da suka dace.Yakin ya kasance mafi muni: harin da Faransa ta kai kan Malakoff ya yi nasara, amma sauran hare-haren na Faransa guda biyu sun dakile.Tun da farko dai harin da Birtaniyya ta kai kan Redan ya yi nasara, amma wani hari da Rasha ta kai ya kori Birtaniyya daga sansanin bayan sa'o'i biyu bayan harin da Faransa ta kai kan tashar jiragen ruwa ta Flagstaff.Tare da gazawar harin Faransa a bangaren hagu amma tare da faduwar Malakoff a hannun Faransa an soke wasu hare-hare.Matsayin Rasha a kusa da birnin ba su da ƙarfi.A duk ranar da harin bam din ya rutsa da dimbin sojojin Rasha da ke kan layin gaba daya.Faduwar Malakoff ita ce ƙarshen kewayen birnin.A wannan dare ne 'yan Rasha suka gudu a kan gadoji zuwa arewa, kuma a ranar 9 ga Satumba masu nasara sun mallaki birnin da babu kowa a ciki.Asarar da aka yi a harin na ƙarshe ya yi nauyi sosai: ga Allies sama da maza 8,000, ga Rashawa 13,000.Akalla janar-janar goma sha tara ne suka mutu a rana ta ƙarshe kuma tare da kama Sevastopol an yanke shawarar yaƙin.Ba a gudanar da wani mummunan aiki ba a kan Gorchakov wanda, tare da sojojin filin da kuma ragowar garrison, ya kasance mafi girma a Mackenzie's Farm.Amma teku ta kai wa Kinburn hari kuma, ta fuskar sojan ruwa, ta zama misali na farko na aikin jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Ironclad.An amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 30 ga Maris 1856.

Yakin Great Redan wani babban yaki ne a lokacin yakin Crimean, wanda aka gwabza tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya da Rasha a ranakun 18 ga watan Yuni da 8 ga Satumba 1855 a matsayin wani bangare na Siege na Sevastopol.Sojojin Faransa sun yi nasarar kutsawa cikin redoubt na Malakoff, yayin da aka dakile wani harin da Birtaniyya ta kai a lokaci guda kan Great Redan a kudancin Malakoff.Masu sharhi na zamani sun nuna cewa, ko da yake Redan ya zama mahimmanci ga Victorians, mai yiwuwa ba shi da mahimmanci ga ɗaukar Sevastopol.Kagara a Malakhov ya kasance mafi mahimmanci kuma yana cikin tasirin Faransanci.Lokacin da Faransawa suka mamaye shi bayan wani hari na watanni goma sha ɗaya cewa wasan karshe, harin da Birtaniyya ta kai kan Redan ya zama ɗan rashin buƙata.

Yaƙin Kinburn, haɗin gwiwar sojojin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa a lokacin mataki na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Crimean, ya faru ne a kan iyakar Kinburn Peninsula a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1855. A lokacin yaƙin haɗaɗɗun tasoshin jiragen ruwa daga sojojin ruwa na Faransa da Masarautar Burtaniya Sojojin ruwan kasar Rasha sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a gabobin gabar tekun Rasha bayan da dakarun Ingila da Faransa suka yi musu kawanya.Batura 3 na Faransa masu ƙarfe da ƙarfe ne suka kai babban harin, wanda ya yi sanadiyar lalata babban sansanin Rasha a wani mataki da ya ɗauki kimanin sa'o'i uku.Yaƙin, duk da cewa ba shi da mahimmanci ba tare da wani tasiri a kan sakamakon yaƙin ba, sananne ne don fara amfani da jiragen ruwan yaƙi na zamani da ke aiki.Ko da yake akai-akai ana kai hare-hare, jiragen ruwan Faransa sun lalata sansanonin na Rasha cikin sa'o'i uku, inda suka sami raunuka kadan a cikin aikin.Wannan yakin ya shawo kan sojojin ruwa na zamani don tsarawa da kuma gina sababbin manyan jiragen ruwa na yaki tare da sanya sulke;wannan ya haifar da fafatawa tsakanin Faransa da Britaniya da aka kwashe tsawon shekaru 10 ana gwabza yaki da makami.

Faransa wadda ta aike da sojoji da yawa zuwa yakin kuma ta yi asarar rayuka fiye da yadda Birtaniyya ta yi, ta so a kawo karshen yakin, kamar yadda Ostiriya ta yi.Tattaunawar ta fara a birnin Paris a watan Fabrairun 1856 kuma ta kasance mai sauƙi mai ban mamaki.Faransa, karkashin jagorancin Napoleon III, ba ta da wani buri na musamman a cikin tekun Black Sea don haka ba ta goyi bayan shawarwari masu tsanani na Birtaniya da Austriya ba.Tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Paris ya haifar da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 30 ga Maris 1856. Bisa ga labarin III, Rasha ta maido da Daular Usmaniyya birnin da babban birnin Kars da "duk sauran sassan yankin Ottoman na Ottoman. wanda sojojin Rasha suka mallaka”.Rasha ta mayar da Kudancin Bessarabia zuwa Moldavia.Ta Mataki na IV, Biritaniya, Faransa, Sardinia da Daular Usmaniyya sun mayar da su zuwa Rasha "birane da tashar jiragen ruwa na Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn da duk sauran yankuna da sojojin kawance suka mamaye".Dangane da Articles XI da XIII, Tsar da Sultan sun amince da kada su kafa wani sojan ruwa ko makaman soja a bakin tekun Black Sea.Batun Bahar Maliya sun raunana Rasha, wanda kuma ya daina yin barazana ga sojojin ruwa ga Ottoman.Sarakunan Moldavia da Wallachia an mayar da su ne bisa sunan daular Ottoman, kuma an tilasta wa daular Austriya yin watsi da hadewarta da kawo karshen mamayar da ta yi musu, amma a aikace sun samu 'yancin kai.Yarjejeniyar Paris ta shigar da daular Ottoman zuwa taron kade-kade na Turai, kuma manyan kasashe sun yi alkawarin mutunta 'yancin kai da kuma iyakokin yankin.

Orlando Figes ya yi nuni da barnar da Daular Rasha ta yi na dogon lokaci: “Kwantar da Tekun Bahar Rum babban rauni ne ga Rasha, wacce ba ta da ikon kare iyakokinta na kudancin bakin tekun da ke da rauni a kan Burtaniya ko wani jirgin ruwa ... Rushewar jiragen ruwan Bahar Maliya na Rasha, Sevastopol da sauran jiragen ruwa na ruwa abin kunya ne, ba a taɓa sanya wani makami na dole ba a kan wani babban ƙarfi a baya... Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance ba su yi tunanin cewa suna mu'amala da wani ikon Turai a Rasha ba. Sun dauki kasar Rasha a matsayin kasa mai yankin Asiya ta kudu... A kasar Rasha da kanta, shan kashi na Crimea ya zubar da mutuncin ma'aikatan da ke dauke da makamai tare da bayyana bukatar zamanantar da tsaron kasar, ba kawai a tsarin soja ba, har ma ta hanyar gina layin dogo, masana'antu. , ingantaccen kudi da sauransu ... Hoton da yawancin Rashawa suka gina na kasarsu - mafi girma, mafi arziki da kuma karfi a duniya - ya ruguje kwatsam. gazawar kowane ma'aikata a Rasha - ba wai kawai cin hanci da rashawa da rashin cancantar umarnin soja ba, koma bayan fasaha na sojoji da na ruwa, ko rashin isassun hanyoyi da rashin layin dogo wanda ke haifar da matsalolin rashin wadatar kayayyaki, amma yanayin rashin ƙarfi da jahilci. na ma'aikatan da suka hada da sojoji, da gazawar tattalin arzikin serf don ci gaba da yaki da masu karfin masana'antu, da kuma gazawar mulkin kama karya da kansa."Bayan da aka ci nasara a yakin Crimean, Rasha ta ji tsoron cewa za a iya kame Alaska na Rasha cikin sauƙi a kowane yakin da za a yi da Birtaniya;don haka, Alexander II ya zaɓi ya sayar da yankin ga Amurka .Masanin tarihin kasar Turkiyya Candan Badem ya rubuta cewa, "Nasarar da aka samu a wannan yaki ba ta kawo wani gagarumin riba ba, har ma da lamuni na yaki. A daya hannun kuma, baitulmalin Ottoman ya kusa faduwa saboda kudaden yaki".Badem ya kara da cewa, Ottoman ba su samu wani gagarumin ci gaba na yanki ba, sun rasa 'yancin samun sojojin ruwa a tekun Black Sea, kuma sun kasa samun matsayi a matsayin babban karfi.Bugu da ari, yakin ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga haɗin gwiwar sarakunan Danubian da kuma samun 'yancin kai.Yaƙin Crimean ya nuna sake komawa ƙasar Faransa zuwa matsayi na farko a Nahiyar, ci gaba da raguwar daular Ottoman da kuma lokacin rikici ga Masarautar Rasha.Kamar yadda Fuller ya bayyana, "An yi wa Rasha duka a yankin Crimea, kuma sojoji sun ji tsoron cewa ba makawa za a sake buge ta sai dai idan ba a dauki matakin shawo kan raunin sojojinta ba."Don rama kayen da ta sha a yakin Crimean, Daular Rasha ta fara fadada fadada sosai a tsakiyar Asiya, wani bangare don dawo da girman kan kasa da wani bangare na karkatar da Birtaniyya a fagen duniya, wanda ya kara tsananta babban wasan.Har ila yau, yakin ya nuna alamar mutuwar kashi na farko na Concert na Turai, tsarin daidaitawa wanda ya mamaye Turai tun lokacin da Majalisar Vienna a 1815 ya hada da Faransa , Rasha, Prussia, Austria da Birtaniya .Daga 1854 zuwa 1871, ra'ayin Concert na Turai ya raunana, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen da suka kasance haɗin kai na Jamus daItaliya , kafin sake farfado da babban taro.