History of Bulgaria ©HistoryMaps

3000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Bulgaria

Za a iya gano tarihin Bulgaria daga ƙauyuka na farko a ƙasashen Bulgeriya na zamani har zuwa kafuwarta a matsayin ƙasa-ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da tarihin mutanen Bulgaria da asalinsu.Tabbacin farko na aikin hominid da aka gano a cikin abin da yake a yau Bulgaria ya samo asali daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.4 da suka wuce.Kusan 5000 KZ, wayewar zamani ta riga ta wanzu wanda ya samar da wasu daga cikin tukwane, kayan ado da kayan tarihi na zinariya na farko a duniya.Bayan 3000 KZ, Thracians sun bayyana a yankin Balkan.A ƙarshen karni na 6 KZ, wasu sassa na ƙasar Bulgeriya a zamanin yau, musamman yankin gabashin ƙasar, sun shiga ƙarƙashin daular Achaemenid ta Farisa .A cikin 470s KZ, Thracians sun kafa Mulkin Odrysian mai ƙarfi wanda ya dade har zuwa 46 KZ, lokacin da Daular Roma ta ci nasara a ƙarshe.A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, wasu ƙabilun Thracian sun faɗi ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Masedoniya da Hellenistic, da ma mulkin Celtic.Wannan cakuda mutanen zamanin da Slavs ne suka haɗa su, waɗanda suka zauna har abada a cikin ƙasa bayan 500 AZ.

6000 BCE Jan 1

Pre History of Bulgaria

Neolithic Dwellings Museum., u

An tono gawarwar ɗan adam na farko a Bulgaria a cikin kogon Kozarnika, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 1,6 KZ.Wataƙila wannan kogon yana adana farkon shaidar halayen ɗan adam da aka taɓa samu.An samu gutsuttsura biyu na muƙamuƙin ɗan adam, waɗanda ke da shekaru 44,000, a cikin kogon Bacho Kiro, amma ana jayayya ko waɗannan mutanen farko sun kasance Homo sapiens ko Neanderthals.^[1]Gidajen farko a Bulgaria - Gidajen Stara Zagora Neolithic - sun kasance tun daga 6,000 KZ kuma suna cikin tsoffin gine-ginen da ɗan adam ya yi har yanzu an gano su.^[2] A ƙarshen neolithic, al'adun Karanovo, Hamangia da Vinča sun haɓaka akan abin da yake a yau Bulgaria, kudancin Romania da gabashin Serbia.^[3] Babban sanannen gari a Turai, Solnitsata, yana cikin Bulgaria ta yau.^[4] Matsugunin tafkin Durankulak a Bulgaria ya fara ne a kan ƙaramin tsibiri, kusan 7000 KZ da kuma kusan 4700/4600 KZ an riga an yi amfani da gine-ginen dutse gabaɗaya kuma ya zama wani yanayi na musamman wanda ya kasance na musamman a Turai.Al'adun Varna eneolithic (5000 KZ) ^[5] yana wakiltar wayewar farko tare da ingantaccen tsarin zamantakewa a Turai.Babban abin da ke cikin wannan al'ada shine Varna Necropolis, wanda aka gano a farkon 1970s.Yana aiki azaman kayan aiki don fahimtar yadda al'ummomin Turai na farko suka yi aiki, ^[6] musamman ta hanyar ka'idodin da aka kiyaye da kyau, tukwane, da kayan adon zinare.Zobba na zinari, mundaye da makaman biki da aka gano a daya daga cikin kaburburan an yi su ne a tsakanin shekara ta 4,600 zuwa 4200 KZ, wanda ya sanya su zama kayan tarihi na zinare mafi dadewa da aka gano a ko'ina a duniya.^[7]Wasu daga cikin hujjojin farko na noman inabi da kiwon dabbobi suna da alaƙa da al'adun Bronze Age Ezero.^[8] Zane-zanen kogon Magura sun kasance tun daga wannan zamani, kodayake ba za a iya nuna ainihin shekarun halittarsu ba.

Tsohon Thracians ©Angus McBride

1500 BCE Jan 1

Thracians

Bulgaria

Mutanen farko da suka bar alamu masu ɗorewa da al'adun gargajiya a ko'ina cikin yankin Balkan su ne Thracians.Asalin su ya kasance a ɓoye.Gabaɗaya ana ba da shawarar cewa mutanen proto-Thracian sun haɓaka daga cakuda ƴan asali da Indo-Turai daga lokacin faɗaɗa Proto-Indo-Turai a farkon zamanin Bronze lokacin da ƙarshen, a kusan 1500 KZ, ya ci nasara da 'yan asalin.Masu sana'a na Thracian sun gaji basirar wayewar 'yan asalin da ke gabansu, musamman a aikin zinariya.^[9]The Thracians gaba ɗaya ba su da tsari, amma suna da al'adu na ci gaba duk da rashin ingantaccen rubutun nasu, kuma sun tattara sojojin soja masu ƙarfi lokacin da ƙabilunsu da suka rabu suka kafa ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin matsin barazanar waje.Ba su taɓa samun wani nau'i na haɗin kai da ya wuce gajeriyar ƙa'idodi masu tsauri ba a tsayin lokacin gargajiya na Girka .Kamar Gauls da sauran kabilun Celtic, yawancin Thracians ana tunanin sun rayu a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka masu kagara, yawanci a kan tuddai.Ko da yake ba a haɓaka manufar cibiyar birni ba har sai lokacin Romawa, manyan garu daban-daban waɗanda kuma suka zama cibiyoyin kasuwannin yanki suna da yawa.Amma duk da haka, gaba ɗaya, duk da mulkin mallaka na Girka a yankuna kamar Byzantium, Apollonia da sauran garuruwa, Thracians sun guje wa rayuwar birane.

Girkawa na Histiaeus suna kiyaye gadar Darius I a hayin kogin Danube.Misalin karni na 19. ©John Steeple Davis

512 BCE Jan 1

Mulkin Farisa Achaemenid

Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Tun daga lokacin da Sarkin Makidoniya Amyntas I ya ba da ƙasarsa ga Farisa a kusan 512-511 KZ, Masedoniyawa da Farisa ba baƙi ba ne.Mulkin Masedoniya wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan soja na Farisa wanda Darius Mai Girma ya fara (521-486 KZ).A shekara ta 513 KZ - bayan manyan shirye-shirye - wata babbar runduna ta Achaemenid sun mamaye yankin Balkan kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su ci nasara da Scythians na Turai da ke yawo zuwa arewacin kogin Danube.Sojojin Darius sun mamaye al'ummomin Thracian da yawa, da kusan duk sauran yankuna da suka taɓa yankin Turai na Bahar Black, kamar sassan Bulgaria, Romania , Ukraine , da Rasha, kafin su koma Asiya Ƙarama.Darius ya bar Turai ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojinsa mai suna Megabazus wanda aikinsa shine ya ci nasara a cikin Balkans.Sojojin Farisa sun mamaye Thrace mai arzikin zinare, garuruwan Girka na bakin teku, tare da cin nasara da cin nasara kan Paeonia masu ƙarfi.A ƙarshe, Megabazus ya aika da wakilai zuwa Amyntas, yana buƙatar amincewa da mulkin Farisa, wanda Macedonian ya yarda.Bayan juyin juya halin Ionian, Farisa sun yi kwance a kan Balkans, amma an mayar da su sosai a cikin 492 KZ ta hanyar yakin Mardonius.Kasashen Balkan, ciki har da na Bulgaria a zamanin yau, sun ba da sojoji da yawa ga sojojin Achaemenid da yawa.An samo wasu abubuwan tarihi na Thracian da suka samo asali daga mulkin Farisa a Bulgaria.Yawancin abin da ke gabashin Bulgaria a yau sun kasance da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin ikon Farisa har zuwa 479 KZ.Sojojin Farisa a Doriscus a Thrace sun yi shekaru da yawa ko da bayan Farisa sun sha kashi, kuma ba a ba da rahoton cewa ba su mika wuya ba.^[10]

Odrysian Kingdom ©Angus McBride

470 BCE Jan 1 - 50 BCE

Masarautar Odrysian

Kazanlak, Bulgaria

An kafa masarautar Odrysian ta Sarki Teres I, yana amfani da rushewar kasancewar Farisa a Turai saboda gazawar mamayewar Girka a 480-79.^[11] Teres da dansa Sitalces sun bi manufar fadadawa, suna mai da mulkin ya zama mafi iko a lokacinsa.A cikin yawancin tarihin farkonsa ya kasance ƙawance na Athens har ma ya shiga yakin Peloponnesia a gefensa.A shekara ta 400 KZ, jihar ta nuna alamun gajiya na farko, ko da yake ƙwararrun Cotys I sun fara ɗan gajeren farfadowa wanda ya daɗe har zuwa kisansa a shekara ta 360 KZ.Bayan haka masarautar ta wargaje: Kudanci da tsakiyar Thrace aka raba tsakanin sarakunan Odrysian uku, yayin da arewa maso gabas ta kasance karkashin mulkin masarautar Getae.Masarautar Odrysian guda uku sun sami nasara a ƙarshe da Masarautar Makidoniya mai tasowa a ƙarƙashin Philip II a cikin 340 KZ.Seuthes III ya sake farfado da wata karamar ƙasa ta Odrysian a kusan 330 KZ ta Seuthes III, wanda ya kafa sabon babban birni mai suna Seuthopolis wanda ke aiki har zuwa kwata na biyu na karni na 3 KZ.Bayan haka, akwai ƴan ƙayyadaddun shaida kan dorewar ƙasar Odrysian, in ban da wani sarkin Odrysian mai shakku da yaƙi a Yaƙin Macedonia na uku mai suna Cotys.A ƙarshe masarautar Sapaean ta mamaye ƙasar Odrysian a ƙarshen karni na 1 KZ, wanda aka canza zuwa lardin Thracia na Romawa a cikin 45-46 AD.

Celtic Invasions ©Angus McBride

298 BCE Jan 1

Mamayewar Celtic

Bulgaria

A shekara ta 298 K.Z., ƙabilar Celtic sun isa ƙasar Bulgeriya a yau kuma suka yi arangama da sojojin Sarkin Kassander na Makidoniya a Dutsen Haemos (Stara Planina).Macedonia sun yi nasara a yaƙin, amma wannan bai hana Celtic ci gaban ba.Yawancin al'ummomin Thracian, waɗanda mamayar Macedonia ta raunana, sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Celtic.^[12]A cikin 279 KZ, ɗaya daga cikin sojojin Celtic, wanda Comontorius ya jagoranta, ya kai hari Thrace kuma ya yi nasara a ci shi.Comontorius ya kafa daular Tylis a yankin da ke gabashin Bulgaria a yanzu.^[13] Ƙauyen Tulovo na zamani yana ɗauke da sunan wannan masarauta mai ɗan gajeren lokaci.Mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin Thracians da Celts suna shaida ta abubuwa da yawa da ke ɗauke da abubuwa na al'adu biyu, kamar karusar Mezek da kusan ma'aunin Gundestrup.^[14]Tylis ya dade har zuwa 212 KZ, lokacin da Thracians suka sami nasarar dawo da babban matsayinsu a yankin kuma suka wargaza shi.^[15] Ƙananan makada na Celts sun tsira a Yammacin Bulgaria.Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan kabilan sune Serdi, wanda Serdica - tsohuwar sunan Sofia - ya samo asali.^[16] Ko da yake Celts sun kasance a cikin Balkans fiye da karni guda, tasirinsu a kan tsibirin ya kasance mai sauƙi.^[13] A ƙarshen karni na 3, sabuwar barazana ta bayyana ga mutanen yankin Thracian a cikin siffar daular Roma.

Roman Period in Bulgaria ©Angus McBride

46 Jan 1

Zaman Roman a Bulgaria

Plovdiv, Bulgaria

A shekara ta 188 K.Z., Romawa suka mamaye Thrace, kuma yaƙi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 46 A.Z. sa’ad da Roma ta ci yankin a ƙarshe.Masarautar Odrysian na Thrace ta zama mulkin abokin ciniki na Romawa c.20 KZ, yayin da jihohin Girka da ke bakin tekun Bahar Maliya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa, na farko a matsayin farar hula foederatae (Biranen da ke da alaƙa da 'yancin kai).Bayan mutuwar sarkin Thracian Rhoemetalces na III a shekara ta 46 A.Z., da tawaye na adawa da Romawa da bai yi nasara ba, an haɗa masarautar a matsayin lardin Romawa na Thracia.Thracians na arewa (Getae-Dacians) sun kafa daular Dacia daya, kafin Romawa su ci nasara a 106 kuma ƙasarsu ta koma lardin Dacia na Romawa.A shekara ta 46 AZ, Romawa sun kafa lardin Thracia.A karni na 4, Thracians suna da asali na asali na asali, a matsayin Kirista "Romawa" waɗanda suka adana wasu tsoffin al'adun arna.Thraco-Romawa ya zama ƙungiya mai rinjaye a yankin, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba da kwamandojin soja da yawa da sarakuna irin su Galerius da Constantine I the Great.Cibiyoyin birane sun sami ci gaba sosai, musamman yankunan Serdika, wanda a yau Sofia yake, saboda yawan ma'adinai.Yawan bakin haure daga kewayen daular ya wadatar da yanayin al'adun gida.Wani lokaci kafin 300 AZ, Diocletian ya ƙara raba Thracia zuwa ƙananan larduna huɗu.

Migration Period in Bulgaria ©Angus McBride

200 Jan 1 - 600

Lokacin Hijira a Bulgaria

Bulgaria

A cikin karni na 4, ƙungiyar Goths ta isa arewacin Bulgaria kuma suka zauna a ciki da kewayen Nicopolis ad Istrum.A wurin, bishop na Gothic Ulfilas ya fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki daga Hellenanci zuwa Gothic, yana ƙirƙirar haruffan Gothic a cikin aikin.Wannan shi ne littafi na farko da aka rubuta a cikin harshen Jamusanci , don haka aƙalla wani masanin tarihi ya kira Ulfilas a matsayin "uban adabin Jamus".^[17] An kafa gidan sufi na Kirista na farko a Turai a cikin 344 ta Saint Athanasius kusa da Chirpan na zamani bayan Majalisar Serdica.^[18]Saboda yanayin karkara na mutanen yankin, ikon da Romawa ke da shi a yankin ya kasance mai rauni.A cikin karni na 5, Attila's Huns sun kai hari a yankunan Bulgeriya a yau kuma sun washe matsugunan Romawa da yawa.A ƙarshen karni na 6, Avars ya shirya kai hare-hare na yau da kullun zuwa arewacin Bulgaria, wanda ya kasance farkon isowar Slavs.A cikin karni na 6, al'adun gargajiya na Greco-Roman har yanzu suna da tasiri, amma falsafar Kiristanci da al'adun Kirista sun mamaye kuma suka fara maye gurbinsa.^[19] Daga karni na 7, Girkanci ya zama babban yare a cikin mulkin daular Roman ta Gabas, Coci da jama'a, ya maye gurbin Latin.^[20]

Slavic ƙaura zuwa Balkans. ©HistoryMaps

550 Jan 1 - 600

Slavic Hijira

Balkans

Hijira Slavic zuwa Balkans ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 6 da farkon shekarun farko na karni na 7 a farkon tsakiyar zamanai.Saurin yaɗuwar alƙaluman jama'a na Slavs ya biyo bayan musayar yawan jama'a, gaurayawan harshe da jujjuyawar harshe zuwa kuma daga Slavic.Yawancin Thracians a ƙarshe sun kasance Hellenized ko Romanized, tare da wasu keɓantawa da ke rayuwa a cikin yankuna masu nisa har zuwa karni na 5.^[21] Wani yanki na gabashin Slavs ta Kudu ya haɗa yawancinsu, kafin Bulgar elite su haɗa waɗannan mutane zuwa cikin Daular Bulgariya ta Farko.^[22]An sami sauƙaƙa sulhu ta hanyar raguwar yawan al'ummar Balkan a lokacin Annobar Justinian.Wani dalili kuma shine Late Antique Little Ice Age daga 536 zuwa kusan 660 CE da kuma jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Daular Sasaniya da Avar Khaganate a kan Daular Roma ta Gabas.Kashin baya na Avar Khaganate ya ƙunshi kabilun Slavic.Bayan gazawar da aka yi wa Konstantinoful a lokacin rani na 626, sun kasance a cikin yankin Balkan mai faɗi bayan sun zaunar da lardunan Byzantine a kudu da kogin Sava da Danube, daga Adriatic zuwa Aegean har zuwa Bahar Maliya.Gajiye da dalilai da yawa kuma ya ragu zuwa yankunan bakin teku na Balkans, Byzantium bai iya yin yaki a bangarori biyu ba kuma ya dawo da yankunan da ya ɓace, don haka ya yi sulhu tare da kafa tasirin Sklavinias kuma ya haifar da ƙawance tare da su a kan Avar da Bulgar. Khaganates.

Khan Kubrat na Old Great Bulgaria. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

632 Jan 1 - 666

Tsohon Great Bulgaria

Taman Peninsula, Krasnodar Kra

A cikin 632, Khan Kubrat ya haɗu da manyan kabilun Bulgar uku mafi girma: Kutrigur, Utugur da Onogonduri, ta haka ne aka kafa ƙasar da a yanzu masana tarihi ke kira Great Bulgaria (wanda aka sani da Onoguria).Wannan ƙasa tana tsakanin ƙananan hanya na kogin Danube zuwa yamma, Bahar Maliya da Tekun Azov a kudu, kogin Kuban zuwa gabas da kogin Donets a arewa.Babban birnin shi ne Phanagoria, a kan Azov.A cikin 635, Kubrat ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da sarki Heraclius na Daular Byzantine , yana faɗaɗa mulkin Bulgar zuwa cikin Balkans.Daga baya, Kubrat ya samu rawani da lakabin Patrician ta Heraclius.Masarautar ba ta tsira daga mutuwar Kubrat ba.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da Khazars, daga ƙarshe aka ci nasara a Bulgars kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa kudu, zuwa arewa, kuma galibi zuwa yamma zuwa cikin Balkans, inda mafi yawan sauran kabilun Bulgar ke zaune, a cikin ƙasa mai mulkin mallaka zuwa Daular Byzantine. tun daga karni na 5.Wani magajin Khan Kubrat, Asparuh (dan uwan Kotrag) ya koma yamma, ya mamaye kudancin Bessarabia a yau.Bayan yakin da aka yi da Byzantium a shekara ta 680, Asparuh's khanate ya ci nasara a farko Scythia Minor kuma an amince da shi a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya da aka rattabawa da Daular Byzantine a shekara ta 681. Ana daukar wannan shekarar a matsayin shekarar kafuwar Bulgaria ta yau. kuma ana daukar Asparuh a matsayin shugaban Bulgaria na farko.

681 - 1018

Daular Bulgaria ta farko ornament

Daular Bulgaria ta farko ©HistoryMaps

681 Jan 1 00:01 - 1018

Daular Bulgaria ta farko

Pliska, Bulgaria

A karkashin mulkin Asparuh, Bulgaria ta fadada kudu maso yamma bayan yakin Ongal da Danubian Bulgaria da aka kirkiro.Dan kuma magajin Asparuh Tervel ya zama mai mulki a farkon karni na 8 lokacin da Sarkin Rumawa Justinian II ya nemi Tervel ya taimaka wajen dawo da karagarsa, wanda Tervel ya karbi yankin Zagore daga Masarautar kuma aka biya shi zinare masu yawa.Ya kuma sami lakabin Byzantine "Kaisar".Bayan mulkin Tervel, ana yawan samun sauye-sauye a majalissu masu mulki, wadanda ke haifar da rashin zaman lafiya da rikicin siyasa.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a cikin 768, Telerig na gidan Dulo, ya mallaki Bulgaria.Yaƙin sojan da ya yi a kan Constantine V a shekara ta 774, bai yi nasara ba.A karkashin mulkin Krum (802-814) Bulgaria ta faɗaɗa arewa-maso-yamma da kudu, ta mamaye ƙasashen da ke tsakanin kogin Danube na tsakiya da Moldova, duk ƙasar Romania ta yau, Sofia a 809 da Adrianople a 813, tare da yin barazana ga Constantinople kanta.Krum ya aiwatar da garambawul na doka da nufin rage talauci da karfafa alakar zamantakewa a cikin jiharsa mai girman gaske.A lokacin mulkin Khan Omurtag (814-831), iyakokin arewa maso yamma tare da daular Frankish an daidaita su tare da tsakiyar Danube.An gina wani katafaren fada, gidajen ibada na arna, wurin zama na masu mulki, kagara, kagara, gidajen ruwa da wuraren wanka a Pliska babban birnin Bulgeriya, akasari na dutse da bulo.A ƙarshen karni na 9 da farkon 10th, Bulgaria ta ƙara zuwa Epirus da Thessaly a kudu, Bosnia a yamma kuma ta mallaki dukkanin Romania na yau da gabashin Hungary zuwa arewa suna haɗuwa da tsofaffin tushen.Ƙasar Serbia ta samo asali ne a matsayin abin dogaro ga daular Bulgaria.A karkashin Tsar Simeon I na Bulgaria (Simeon the Great), wanda ya yi karatu a Konstantinoful, Bulgaria ta sake zama babbar barazana ga Daular Byzantine.Manufarsa mai tada hankali ita ce ta kawar da Byzantium a matsayin babban abokin tarayya na siyasar makiyaya a yankin.Bayan mutuwar Saminu, Bulgeriya ta sami rauni ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe na waje da na ciki da Croatians, Magyars, Pechenegs da Sabiyawa da yaduwar bidi'a ta Bogomil.[ ^[23] ^[] Rikicin Rus da Rumawa guda biyu a jere ya haifar da kwace babban birnin kasar Preslav a hannun sojojin Byzantine a shekara ta 971.^[25]A shekara ta 986, Sarkin Byzantine Basil II ya ɗauki yakin neman cin nasara a Bulgaria.Bayan yakin da ya dauki tsawon shekaru da dama ya yi wa Bulgeriya a shekara ta 1014 ya kuma kammala yakin shekaru hudu bayan haka.A cikin 1018, bayan mutuwar Tsar Bulgarian na ƙarshe - Ivan Vladislav, yawancin manyan sarakunan Bulgaria sun zaɓi shiga daular Roman ta Gabas.^[26] Duk da haka, Bulgaria ta rasa 'yancin kanta kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantium fiye da karni daya da rabi.Da rugujewar jihar, cocin Bulgaria ya fada karkashin mamayar limaman Bizantine wadanda suka karbe iko da Archbishop na Ohrid.

Baftisma na St. Boris I. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

864 Jan 1

Kiristanci na Bulgaria

Pliska, Bulgaria

A karkashin Boris I, Bulgaria ta zama Kirista a hukumance, kuma Ecumenical Patriarch ya yarda ya ba da izinin Archbishop Bulgarian mai cin gashin kansa a Pliska.Masu wa’azin bishara daga Constantinople, Cyril da Methodius , sun ƙirƙira haruffan Glagolitic, waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin daular Bulgaria a kusa da 886. Baƙaƙe da tsohon harshen Bulgarian wanda ya samo asali daga Slavonic ^[27] ya haifar da ingantaccen ayyukan adabi da al'adu waɗanda ke kewaye da Preslav. da Makarantun Adabi na Ohrid, wanda aka kafa bisa tsari na Boris I a 886.A farkon karni na 9, an kirkiro sabon haruffa - Cyrillic - a Makarantar adabi na Preslav, wanda aka saba da harafin Glagolitic da Saints Cyril da Methodius suka kirkira.^[28] Wata madaidaicin ka'idar ita ce, Saint Climent na Ohrid, wani masani dan Bulgaria kuma almajirin Cyril da Methodius ne ya kirkiro haruffa a Makarantar Adabi ta Ohrid.

1018 - 1396

Mulkin Byzantine da Daular Bulgaria ta biyu ornament

Basil da Bulgar Slayer ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1018 Jan 1 00:01 - 1185

Dokar Byzantine

İstanbul, Türkiye

Babu wata shaida da ta rage na babban juriya ko wani tashin hankalin al'ummar Bulgaria ko manyan mutane a cikin shekaru goma na farko bayan kafa mulkin Byzantine.Ganin kasancewar irin waɗannan abokan adawar da ba za a iya sulhuntawa ba ga Rumawa kamar Krakra, Nikulitsa, Dragash da sauransu, irin wannan fassarorin da ke bayyana yana da wuyar bayyanawa.Basil II ya ba da tabbacin rashin daidaituwa na Bulgaria a cikin tsoffin iyakokinta kuma bai soke mulkin gida na manyan mutanen Bulgaria ba a hukumance, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na aristocracy na Byzantine a matsayin archons ko strategoi.Na biyu, sharuɗɗa na musamman (dokokin sarauta) na Basil II sun amince da autocephaly na Archbishop na Bulgarian na Ohrid kuma ya kafa iyakokinsa, tare da tabbatar da ci gaban dioceses da ke ƙarƙashin Samuil, dukiyoyinsu da sauran gata.Bayan mutuwar Basil II daular ta shiga cikin wani lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya.A cikin 1040, Peter Delyan ya shirya wani gagarumin tawaye, amma ya kasa maido da kasar Bulgaria kuma aka kashe shi.Ba da daɗewa ba, daular Komnenos ta zo cikin jerin gwano kuma ta dakatar da rushewar daular.A wannan lokacin kasar ta Byzantine ta sami kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba a karni guda.A cikin 1180 na ƙarshe na Komnenoi mai iyawa, Manuel I Komnenos, ya mutu kuma aka maye gurbinsa da daular Angeloi da ba ta da inganci, wanda ya ƙyale wasu manyan Bulgaria su shirya tawaye.A cikin 1185 Peter da Asen, manyan mashahuran da ake tsammani kuma sun yi hamayya da Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach ko tushen asali, sun jagoranci tawaye ga mulkin Byzantine kuma Bitrus ya bayyana kansa Tsar Peter II.A shekara mai zuwa, an tilasta wa Rumawa su amince da 'yancin kai na Bulgaria.Bitrus ya sanya kansa "Tsar na Bulgars, Helenawa da Wallachians ".

Daular Bulgaria ta biyu. ©HistoryMaps

1185 Jan 1 - 1396

Daular Bulgaria ta biyu

Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria

Bulgaria da aka ta da daga matattu sun mamaye yankin da ke tsakanin Tekun Bahar, Danube da Stara Planina, ciki har da wani yanki na gabashin Makidoniya, Belgrade da kwarin Morava.Har ila yau, ta yi iko da Wallachia ^[29] Tsar Kaloyan (1197-1207) ya shiga ƙungiya tare da Papacy, don haka ya sami amincewa da lakabinsa na "Rex" (King) ko da yake yana so a gane shi a matsayin "Sarki" ko "Tsar". "Bulgarian da Vlachs.Ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe a kan Daular Rumawa da (bayan 1204) a kan Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Hudu , ya ci manyan sassa na Thrace, Rhodopes, Bohemia, da Moldavia har ma da dukan Makidoniya.A yakin Adrianople a shekara ta 1205, Kaloyan ya ci karfin daular Latin kuma ta haka ya takaita ikonsa tun farkon shekarar kafuwarta.Ƙarfin Hungarian da har zuwa wani lokaci Sabiyawan sun hana gagarumin faɗaɗa zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma.A karkashin Ivan Asen II (1218-1241), Bulgaria ta sake zama ikon yanki, ta mamaye Belgrade da Albania .A cikin wani rubutu daga Turnovo a 1230 ya ba da kansa "A cikin Almasihu Ubangiji mai aminci Tsar da autocrat na Bulgarians, dan tsohon Asen".An maido da Patriarchate na Bulgarian Orthodox a cikin 1235 tare da amincewar duk Patriarchates na gabas, don haka ya kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar tare da Papacy.Ivan Asen II yana da suna a matsayin mai mulki mai hikima da mutuntaka, kuma ya buɗe dangantaka da yammacin Katolika, musamman Venice da Genoa , don rage tasirin Rumawa a kan ƙasarsa.Tarnovo ya zama babbar cibiyar tattalin arziki da addini - "Romawa ta uku", sabanin Konstantinoful da ke raguwa.^[30] Kamar yadda Saminu Mai Girma a lokacin daular farko, Ivan Asen II ya faɗaɗa yankin zuwa gaɓar tekuna uku (Adriatic, Aegean da Black), ya mamaye Medea - sansanin soja na ƙarshe a gaban bangon Constantinoful, bai yi nasara ba ya kewaye birnin a 1235. kuma ya dawo da lalata tun 1018 Patriarchate Bulgarian.Sojojin kasar da tattalin arziki sun ragu bayan kawo karshen daular Asen a shekara ta 1257, suna fuskantar rikice-rikice na cikin gida, hare-haren Byzantine da Hungarian akai-akai da kuma mamayar Mongol .^[31] Tsar Teodore Svetoslav (ya yi mulki 1300-1322) ya maido da martabar Bulgaria daga 1300 zuwa gaba, amma na ɗan lokaci.Rikicin siyasa ya ci gaba da girma, kuma Bulgaria a hankali ta fara rasa yanki.

1396 - 1878

Dokar Ottoman ornament

Yaƙin Nicopolis a shekara ta 1396 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1396 Jan 1 00:01 - 1876

Ottoman Bulgaria

Bulgaria

A shekara ta 1323, Daular Usmaniyya ta kama Tarnovo, babban birnin Daular Bulgeriya ta Biyu , bayan da aka shafe watanni uku ana killace.A shekara ta 1326, Vidin Tsardom ya fadi bayan cin nasara a yakin Nicopolis.Da wannan ne Ottoman suka mamaye Bulgaria suka mamaye kasar.^{[32 <>]} Wani ́yan tawayen Poland da Hungary wanda Władysław na 3 na Poland ya ba da umurni ya tashi don yantar da Bulgaria da Balkan a shekara ta 1444, amma Turkawa sun yi nasara a yaƙin Varna.Sabbin hukumomin sun wargaza cibiyoyin Bulgaria kuma suka haɗa Ikilisiyar Bulgaria daban-daban zuwa cikin Ecumenical Patriarchate a Constantinople (ko da yake wani ɗan ƙaramin Archbishop na Bulgaria na Ohrid ya rayu har zuwa Janairu 1767).Mahukuntan Turkiyya sun rusa galibin sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Bulgaria don hana tawaye.Manyan garuruwa da wuraren da ikon Ottoman suka mamaye sun kasance cikin lalacewa sosai har zuwa karni na 19.^[33]Daular Usmaniyya ba ta cika bukatar Kiristoci su zama Musulmi ba.Duk da haka, akwai lokuta da yawa na tilasta musuluntar mutum ko taro, musamman a cikin Rhodopes.'Yan Bulgarian da suka musulunta, 'yan Pomak, sun ci gaba da rike yaren Bulgaria, tufafi da wasu al'adun da suka dace da Musulunci.^[32]Tsarin Ottoman ya fara raguwa a karni na 17 kuma a ƙarshen 18th duk ya rushe.Gwamnatin tsakiya ta raunana a cikin shekaru da yawa kuma wannan ya ba da damar da yawa daga cikin masu rike da manyan kadarori na Ottoman don kafa matsayi na kansu a kan yankuna daban-daban.^{[34 <>]} A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata na 18th da farkon shekarun ƙarni na 19, yankin Balkan ya narke cikin ruɗani.^[32]Al'adar Bulgaria ta kira wannan lokacin kurdjaliistvo: makada na Turkawa da ake kira kurdjalii sun addabi yankin.A yankuna da yawa, dubban manoma sun gudu daga karkara ko dai zuwa garuruwan gida ko (mafi yawan) zuwa tsaunuka ko dazuzzuka;wasu ma sun gudu daga Danube zuwa Moldova, Wallachia ko kudancin Rasha.^[32] Rushewar hukumomin Ottoman kuma ya ba da damar sake farfado da al'adun Bulgariya a hankali, wanda ya zama muhimmin sashi a cikin akidar 'yantar da kasa.A hankali yanayi ya inganta a wasu wurare a ƙarni na 19.Wasu garuruwa - irin su Gabrovo, Tryavna, Karlovo, Koprivshtitsa, Lovech, Skopie - sun wadata.Mazaunan Bulgaria sun mallaki ƙasarsu, duk da cewa na sultan ne a hukumance.Karni na 19 kuma ya kawo ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwa, sufuri da kasuwanci.An buɗe masana'anta na farko a ƙasashen Bulgaria a Sliven a cikin 1834 kuma tsarin layin dogo na farko ya fara aiki (tsakanin Rousse da Varna) a cikin 1865.

Konstantin Makovsky (1839-1915).Shahidan Bulgaria (1877) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1876 Apr 20 - May 15

Afrilu 1876

Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Kishin kishin kasa na Bulgaria ya bayyana a farkon karni na 19 a karkashin tasirin ra'ayoyin yamma kamar sassaucin ra'ayi da kishin kasa, wadanda suka shiga cikin kasar bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, galibi ta hanyar Girka .Tawayen Girkawa da Ottomans wanda ya fara a 1821 ya kuma yi tasiri ga kananan yara masu ilimi na Bulgaria.Amma tasirin Girkanci ya iyakance saboda ƙin jinin Bulgaria gaba ɗaya na ikon Girkanci na Ikilisiyar Bulgariya kuma gwagwarmaya ce ta farfado da Cocin Bulgariya mai zaman kanta wanda ya fara tayar da ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Bulgaria.A cikin 1870, wani kamfani na Bulgarian Exarchate ya kirkiro shi kuma farkon Bulgarian Exarch, Antim I, ya zama shugaban halitta na al'umma mai tasowa.Shugaban Constantinople ya mayar da martani ta hanyar korar da Bulgarian Exarchate, wanda ya karfafa nufinsu na samun 'yancin kai.Gwagwarmayar 'yantar da siyasa daga Daular Usmaniyya ta bulla a gaban kwamitin tsakiya na juyin juya halin Bulgariya da kuma kungiyar juyin juya hali ta cikin gida karkashin jagorancin masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su Vasil Levski, Hristo Botev da Lyuben Karavelov.A cikin Afrilu 1876, Bulgarians sun yi tawaye a cikin watan Afrilu.Tawayen ba su da tsari sosai kuma an fara shi kafin ranar da aka tsara.An keɓe shi sosai a yankin Plovdiv, kodayake wasu gundumomi a arewacin Bulgeriya, da Macedonia, da kuma yankin Sliven ma sun shiga.Daular Usmaniyya ce ta murkushe wannan boren, inda suka kawo dakaru marasa tsari (bashi-bazouks) daga wajen yankin.An yi wa ƙauyuka da yawa da yawa kuma an kashe dubunnan mutane, akasarinsu a garuruwan Batak, Perushtitsa, da Bratsigovo, da ke yankin Plovdiv, masu tada kayar baya.Kisan kiyashin ya tayar da hankulan jama'a a tsakanin Turawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su William Ewart Gladstone, wanda ya kaddamar da yakin yaki da "Bulgarian Horrors".Kamfen din dai ya samu goyon bayan hazikan masana da jiga-jigan jama'a da dama na Turai.Mafi karfi dauki, duk da haka, ya fito ne daga Rasha.Gagarumin kukan jama'a wanda tashin Afrilu ya haifar a Turai ya kai ga taron Constantinople na manyan iko a 1876-77.

Rashin nasarar Shipka Peak, Yaƙin Independence na Bulgaria ©Alexey Popov

1877 Apr 24 - 1878 Mar 3

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya (1877-1878)

Balkans

Ƙin da Turkiyya ta yi na aiwatar da shawarar da taron Konstantinoful ya yi ya baiwa Rasha damar da ta daɗe tana jira ta cimma manufofinta na dogon lokaci dangane da daular Usmaniyya .Da yake da suna a kan gungumen azaba, Rasha ta shelanta yaki da Ottoman a cikin Afrilu 1877. Yakin Russo-Turkiyya rikici ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da kawancen da Daular Rasha ke jagoranta, gami da Bulgaria, Romania , Serbia, da Montenegro .^{[35 <]} > Rasha ta kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi a Bulgaria.Kawancen da Rasha ke jagoranta sun yi nasara a yakin, inda suka mayar da Daular Usmaniyya har zuwa kofar Konstantinoful, lamarin da ya kai ga shiga tsakani na manyan kasashen yammacin Turai.A sakamakon haka, Rasha ta yi nasarar da'awar larduna a cikin Caucasus, wato Kars da Batum, sannan kuma ta mamaye yankin Budjak.Mahukuntan Romania, Serbia, da Montenegro, wanda kowannensu ya sami yancin kai na wasu shekaru, a hukumance ya ayyana yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya.Bayan kusan ƙarni biyar na mulkin Ottoman (1396-1878), Mulkin Bulgeriya ya zama wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Bulgaria tare da goyon baya da shiga soja daga Rasha.

1878 - 1916

Jahar Bulgaria ta uku da yakin Balkan ornament

Sojojin Bulgaria Sun Ketare Iyakar Sabiya-Bulgaria. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1878 Jan 1 - 1946

Jahar Bulgaria ta uku

Bulgaria

An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar San Stefano a ranar 3 ga Maris 1878 kuma ta kafa wata hukuma mai cin gashin kanta ta Bulgaria a kan yankunan daular Bulgaria ta biyu , ciki har da yankunan Moesia, Thrace da Macedonia, kodayake jihar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta kawai amma de facto tana aiki da kanta. .Duk da haka, ƙoƙarin kiyaye ma'auni na iko a Turai da kuma tsoron kafa wata babbar ƙasa ta abokin ciniki na Rasha a cikin Balkans, sauran manyan kasashe sun ƙi yarda da yarjejeniyar.^[36]Sakamakon haka, yerjejeniyar Berlin (1878), karkashin kulawar Otto von Bismarck na Jamus da Benjamin Disraeli na Biritaniya , sun sake yin kwaskwarima ga yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya, kuma ta sake dawo da tsarin mulkin Bulgaria.Sabon yankin Bulgaria ya kasance mai iyaka tsakanin yankin Danube da Stara Planina, tare da wurin zama a tsohon babban birnin Bulgaria na Veliko Turnovo da kuma ciki har da Sofia.Wannan bita ya bar yawancin al'ummar Bulgeriya a waje da sabuwar ƙasar kuma ya bayyana tsarin soja na Bulgaria game da harkokin waje da kuma shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe hudu a farkon rabin farko na karni na 20.^[36]Bulgeriya ta fito daga mulkin Turkiyya a matsayin kasa mai fama da talauci, wacce ba ta da ci gaban noma, ba ta da karancin masana'antu ko albarkatun kasa.Galibin filayen mallakar kananan manoma ne, inda manoma ke kunshe da kashi 80% na al’ummar miliyan 3.8 a shekarar 1900. Noma ita ce babbar falsafar siyasa a karkara, yayin da manoma suka shirya wani yunkuri mai cin gashin kansa ba tare da wata jam’iyya da ake da ita ba.A cikin 1899, an kafa ƙungiyar Agrarian Bulgarian, ta haɗa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun karkara kamar malamai tare da ƙwararrun manoma.Ya inganta ayyukan noman zamani, da kuma ilimin firamare.^[37]Gwamnati ta inganta zamanantar da jama'a, tare da ba da muhimmanci ta musamman kan gina hanyar sadarwa ta makarantun firamare da sakandare.A shekara ta 1910, akwai makarantun firamare 4,800, lyceums 330, makarantun gaba da sakandare 27, da makarantun koyar da sana’o’i 113.Daga 1878 zuwa 1933, Faransa ta ba da tallafin ɗakunan karatu da yawa, cibiyoyin bincike, da makarantun Katolika a duk ƙasar Bulgaria.A cikin 1888, an kafa jami'a.An canza mata suna zuwa Jami'ar Sofia a 1904, inda bangarorin uku na tarihi da ilimin falsafa, kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi , da doka suka samar da ma'aikatan gwamnati na ofisoshin kasa da na kananan hukumomi.Ta zama cibiyar ilimin Jamus da Rashanci, ilimin falsafa da tauhidi.^[38]Shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni sun sami ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ci gaban birane.Babban birnin Sofia ya girma da kashi 600% - daga mutane 20,000 a 1878 zuwa 120,000 a 1912, musamman daga manoma waɗanda suka zo daga ƙauyuka don zama ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da masu neman ofis.'Yan Macedonia sun yi amfani da Bulgaria a matsayin tushe, tun daga 1894, don tayar da 'yancin kai daga Daular Ottoman .Sun kaddamar da wani boren da bai yi nisa ba a shekara ta 1903 wanda aka murkushe shi, kuma ya kai dubun dubatar karin 'yan gudun hijirar da suka kwarara zuwa Bulgaria.^[39]

Balkan Wars ©Jaroslav Věšín

1912 Oct 8 - 1913 Aug 10

Balkan Wars

Balkans

A cikin shekaru bayan samun 'yancin kai, Bulgeriya ta ƙara zama soja kuma ana kiranta da "Balkan Prussia", dangane da sha'awarta na sake fasalin yarjejeniyar Berlin ta hanyar yaki.^[40] Rarraba yankuna a cikin Balkan da Manyan Mahukunta suka yi ba tare da la'akari da tsarin kabilanci ba ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ba kawai a Bulgaria ba, har ma a cikin ƙasashe makwabta.A shekara ta 1911, firaministan kasar Ivan Geshov ya kulla kawance da kasashen Girka da Sabiya domin hada kai da Ottoman tare da sake duba yarjejeniyoyin da ake da su dangane da kabilanci.^[41]A watan Fabrairun 1912 an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta sirri tsakanin Bulgaria da Serbia kuma a watan Mayu 1912 aka kulla irin wannan yarjejeniya da Girka.An kuma kawo Montenegro cikin yarjejeniyar.Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi raba yankunan Makidoniya da Thrace tsakanin abokan kawance, duk da cewa an bar layukan rarrabuwar kawuna cikin hadari.Bayan da Daular Usmaniyya ta ki aiwatar da sauye-sauye a yankunan da ake takaddama a kai, yakin Balkan na farko ya barke a watan Oktoban shekarar 1912 a daidai lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta daure a wani gagarumin yaki da Italiya a kasar Libiya.Kawayen sun yi nasarar fatattakar Daular Usmaniyya cikin sauki tare da kwace mafi yawan yankunansu na Turai.^[41]Bulgeriya ta sami asarar mafi muni na kowane ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayen yayin da kuma suka yi iƙirarin yanki mafi girma.Sabis ɗin musamman ba su yarda ba kuma sun ƙi barin kowane yanki da suka ƙwace a arewacin Makidoniya (wato yankin da ya yi daidai da Jumhuriyar Arewacin Macedonia ta zamani), suna cewa sojojin Bulgeriya sun kasa cim ma burinsu. burin yaki a Adrianople (don kama shi ba tare da taimakon Serbia ba) da kuma cewa yarjejeniyar kafin yakin a kan rabon Macedonia dole ne a sake bitar.Wasu da'irar a Bulgaria sun karkata zuwa yaƙi da Sabiya da Girka a kan wannan batu.A cikin watan Yunin 1913, Serbia da Girka suka kulla sabuwar kawance da Bulgaria.Firayim Ministan Serbia Nikola Pasic ya yi wa Girka Thrace alkawari ga Girka idan ta taimaka wa Serbia ta kare yankin da ta kama a Macedonia;Firayim Ministan Girka Eleftheros Venizelos ya amince.Ganin hakan a matsayin cin zarafin yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma kafin yakin, kuma Jamus da Ostiriya-Hungary suka karfafa shi a asirce, Tsar Ferdinand ya shelanta yaki akan Serbia da Girka a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni.Da farko an buge sojojin Serbia da na Girka daga kan iyakar Bulgaria da ke yammacin kasar, amma cikin sauri suka samu nasara tare da tilastawa Bulgaria ja da baya.Fadan ya yi muni matuka, inda aka samu hasarar rayuka da dama, musamman a lokacin da aka yi yakin Bregalnitsa mai muhimmanci.Ba da daɗewa ba, Romania ta shiga yaƙin da ke gefen Girka da Sabiya, suka kai wa Bulgaria hari daga arewa.Daular Usmaniyya ta dauki wannan a matsayin wata dama ta sake dawo da yankunanta da suka bata sannan kuma ta kai hari daga kudu maso gabas.Yayin da take fuskantar yaki a bangarori uku daban-daban, Bulgaria ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya.An tilastawa barin yawancin yankunan da ta mallaka a Macedonia zuwa Serbia da Girka, Adrianpole zuwa Daular Ottoman, da yankin Kudancin Dobruja zuwa Romania.Yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu na Balkan sun lalata Bulgaria sosai, sun dakatar da ci gaban tattalin arziƙinta har ya zuwa yanzu, kuma sun bar mutane 58,000 suka mutu, sama da 100,000 suka jikkata.Haushin da aka yi na cin amanar tsoffin abokansa ya ba da damar ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda suka nemi maido da Macedonia zuwa Bulgaria.^[42]

Ficewar sojojin Bulgaria da aka tattara. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Oct 1 - 1918

Bulgaria a lokacin yakin duniya na daya

Balkans

Bayan yakin Balkan , ra'ayin Bulgarian ya juya zuwa ga Rasha da kuma Yammacin Turai, wanda Bulgarians suka ji cin amana.Gwamnatin Vasil Radoslavov ta haɗa Bulgaria da Daular Jamus da Ostiriya-Hungary, duk da cewa wannan yana nufin zama abokin Ottomans , maƙiyin gargajiya na Bulgaria.Amma Bulgaria a yanzu ba ta da wani da'awar a kan Ottomans, yayin da Serbia, Girka da Romania (kawancen Birtaniya da Faransa ) ke da ƙasashen da aka gane a Bulgaria a matsayin Bulgarian.Bulgaria ta zauna a shekara ta farko na yakin duniya na farko na murmurewa daga yakin Balkan.^[43] Jamus da Ostiriya sun fahimci cewa suna buƙatar taimakon Bulgaria don cin nasara kan Serbia ta hanyar soja ta yadda za a bude layin samar da kayayyaki daga Jamus zuwa Turkiyya da kuma karfafa Gabashin Gabas da Rasha.Bulgeriya ta dage kan samun manyan ribar yankuna, musamman Masedoniya, wanda Ostiriya ba ta son ba da ita har sai da Berlin ta dage.Bulgaria kuma ta yi shawarwari tare da Allies, waɗanda suka ba da ɗan ƙaramin karimci.Tsar ya yanke shawarar tafiya tare da Jamus da Ostiriya kuma ya sanya hannu kan ƙawance tare da su a cikin Satumba 1915, tare da tsari na musamman na Bulgarian-Turkiyya.An yi hasashen cewa Bulgaria za ta mamaye yankin Balkan bayan yakin.^[44]Bulgariya, wadda ke da ƙarfin ƙasa a yankin Balkan, ta shelanta yaƙi a kan Serbia a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1915. Biritaniya, Faransa daItaliya sun mayar da martani ta hanyar shelanta yaƙi a Bulgaria.A cikin kawance da Jamus, Ostiriya-Hungary da Ottomans, Bulgaria ta ci nasarar soja a kan Serbia da Romania, ta mamaye yawancin Macedonia (ta dauki Skopje a watan Oktoba), ta shiga Macedonia ta Girka, kuma ta dauki Dobruja daga Romania a watan Satumba 1916. Don haka Serbia ta kasance na dan lokaci. an fitar da kasar daga yakin, kuma an ceto Turkiyya na dan wani lokaci daga durkushewa.^[45] A shekara ta 1917, Bulgaria ta tattara fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummarta miliyan 4.5 a cikin sojoji 1,200,000, ^[46] kuma ta yi asara mai yawa akan Serbia (Kaymakchalan), Burtaniya (Doiran), Faransa (Monastir), Rasha. Daular (Dobrich) da Masarautar Romania (Tutrakan).Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan ’yan ƙasar Bulgeriya, waɗanda suka sha wahala mai yawa na tattalin arziki, kuma ba sa son yaƙar ’yan’uwansu Kiristocin Orthodox a ƙawance da Daular Usmaniyya.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na watan Fabrairun 1917 ya yi tasiri sosai a Bulgeriya, inda ya yada kyamar yaki da sarautu tsakanin sojoji da birane.A watan Yuni gwamnatin Radoslavov ta yi murabus.An yi kisan gilla a cikin sojoji, an saki Stamboliyski kuma aka yi shelar jamhuriya.

1918 - 1945

Zaman Interwar da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ornament

Sojojin Bulgaria sun shiga wani kauye a arewacin Girka a watan Afrilun 1941. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1941 Mar 1 - 1944 Sep 8

Bulgaria a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

Bulgaria

Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu , gwamnatin Masarautar Bulgaria karkashin Bogdan Filov ta ayyana matsayinta na tsaka-tsaki, inda ta kuduri aniyar kiyaye shi har zuwa karshen yakin, amma tana fatan samun ribar yankuna marasa jini, musamman a kasashen da ke da gagarumin rinjaye. Al'ummar Bulgaria da kasashe makwabta suka mamaye bayan yakin Balkan na biyu da yakin duniya na daya .Amma a fili yake cewa, babban matsayi na geopolitical na Bulgaria a cikin Balkans ba makawa zai haifar da matsin lamba daga waje daga bangarorin biyu na yakin duniya na biyu.^[47] Turkiyya ta yi yarjejeniya da Bulgaria.^[48]Bulgaria ta yi nasarar yin shawarwarin dawo da Kudancin Dobruja, wani yanki na Romania tun 1913, a cikin yarjejeniyar Craiova da Axis ta dauki nauyi a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1940, wanda ya karfafa fatan Bulgaria na warware matsalolin yanki ba tare da shiga kai tsaye a yakin ba.Duk da haka, an tilasta wa Bulgaria shiga cikin ikon Axis a shekara ta 1941, lokacin da sojojin Jamus da ke shirin mamaye Girka daga Romania sun isa kan iyakar Bulgaria kuma suka nemi izinin wucewa ta yankin Bulgaria.Tsar Boris III ya yi barazanar fuskantar arangama da sojoji kai tsaye, ba shi da wani zaɓi face ya shiga ƙungiyar fasikanci, wadda aka yi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1941. Ba a samu 'yan adawa kaɗan ba, tun da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance cikin ƙulla yarjejeniya da Jamus .^{[49 <]} > Duk da haka sarkin ya ki mika Yahudawan Bulgaria ga Nazis, inda ya ceci rayuka 50,000.^[50]Sojojin Bulgaria suna maci a faretin nasara a Sofia na murnar kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, 1945Bulgeriya ba ta shiga cikin mamayar da Jamus ta yi wa Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya fara a ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 1941 ba kuma ba ta ayyana yaki a kan Tarayyar Soviet ba.To sai dai kuma duk da rashin ayyana yaki a hukumance daga bangarorin biyu, sojojin ruwan Bulgeriya sun yi taho-mu-gama da rundunar sojojin ruwan bakar fata ta Tarayyar Soviet, wadda ta kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Bulgaria.Ban da wannan kuma, sojojin Bulgaria da ke da sansani a yankin Balkan sun gwabza da kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya daban-daban.Gwamnatin Bulgaria ta tilastawa gwamnatin Bulgaria shelanta yaki akan Birtaniya da Amurka a ranar 13 ga watan Disamban 1941, lamarin da ya haifar da tashin bam a Sofia da wasu garuruwan Bulgaria da jiragen yakin kawancen suka yi.A ranar 23 ga Agusta 1944, Romania ta bar Axis Powers kuma ta ayyana yaki a Jamus, kuma ta ba da damar sojojin Soviet su ketare yankinta don isa Bulgaria.A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1944 Tarayyar Soviet ta shelanta yaki a kan Bulgaria kuma ta mamaye.A cikin kwanaki uku, Soviets sun mamaye arewa maso gabashin Bulgaria tare da manyan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Varna da Burgas.A halin da ake ciki, a ranar 5 ga Satumba, Bulgaria ta shelanta yaki a kan Jamus na Nazi.An umurci sojojin Bulgaria da kada su ba da juriya.^[51]A ranar 9 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1944 a wani juyin mulki aka hambarar da gwamnatin firaministan kasar Konstantin Muraviev tare da maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin Fada ta Fatherland karkashin jagorancin Kimon Georgiev.A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1944, Tarayyar Soviet ta shiga Sofia.^[51] Sojojin Bulgaria sun nuna nasarori da dama a kan 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen (a Nish), 22nd Infantry Division (a Strumica) da sauran sojojin Jamus a lokacin aiki a Kosovo da Stratsin.^[52]

1945 - 1989

Zaman Kwaminisanci ornament

1946 Jan 1 - 1991

Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria

Bulgaria

A lokacin "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria" (PRB), Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Bulgariya (BCP) ce ke mulkin Bulgaraia.Shugaban kwaminisanci Dimitrov yana gudun hijira, galibi a Tarayyar Soviet , tun 1923. Zaman Stalin na Bulgeriya bai wuce shekaru biyar ba.An tattara aikin noma kuma an ƙaddamar da gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe na masana'antu.Bulgaria ta amince da tsarin tattalin arziki na tsakiya, kamar na sauran jihohin COMECON.A tsakiyar 1940s, lokacin da aka fara tattarawa, Bulgeriya ta kasance ƙasar noma ta farko, tare da kusan kashi 80% na yawan jama'arta suna cikin yankunan karkara.^{[53 <>]} A cikin 1950 dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta rabu.Amma tushen goyon bayan Chervenkov a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya yi kunkuntar don ya rayu da dadewa da zarar majibincinsa Stalin ya tafi.Stalin ya mutu a cikin Maris 1953 kuma a cikin Maris 1954 Chervenkov aka kori a matsayin sakataren jam'iyyar tare da amincewa da sabon shugabanci a Moscow da kuma maye gurbinsu da Todor Zhivkov.Chervenkov ya ci gaba da zama Firayim Minista har zuwa Afrilu 1956, lokacin da aka kore shi kuma Anton Yugov ya maye gurbinsa.Bulgaria ta sami ci gaban masana'antu cikin sauri tun daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba.Daga shekaru goma masu zuwa, tattalin arzikin ƙasar ya bayyana sosai.Ko da yake akwai matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin gidaje da rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa na birni, zamani ya kasance gaskiya.Daga nan sai kasar ta koma babbar fasahar kere-kere, bangaren da ke wakiltar kashi 14% na GDP a tsakanin shekarar 1985 zuwa 1990. Kamfanonin nata suna samar da na’urori masu sarrafa kwamfuta, hard disks, floppy disk da robobin masana’antu.^[54]A cikin shekarun 1960, Zhivkov ya fara yin gyare-gyare tare da zartar da wasu manufofin da suka shafi kasuwa a matakin gwaji.^[55] A tsakiyar shekarun 1950 ma'auni na rayuwa ya tashi sosai, kuma a cikin 1957 ma'aikatan aikin gona na gama gari sun amfana daga tsarin fansho na farko na aikin gona da jin daɗin rayuwa a Gabashin Turai.^[56] Lyudmila Zhivkova, 'yar Todor Zhivkov, ta inganta al'adun gargajiya na Bulgaria, al'adu da fasaha a duniya.^[57] Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshen 1980 da aka yi wa Turkawa ƙabila ya haifar da ƙaura na Turkawa Bulgariya 300,000 zuwa Turkiyya, ^[58] wanda ya haifar da raguwar noma mai yawa saboda asarar ƙarfin aiki.^[59]

1988

Bulgarian zamani ornament

Tsakanin 1997 da 2001, yawancin nasarorin da gwamnatin Ivan Kostov ta samu ya samu ne sakamakon ministan harkokin wajen Nadezhda Mihaylova, wanda ya samu amincewa da goyon baya sosai a Bulgaria da kuma kasashen waje. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1990 Jan 1

Jamhuriyar Bulgaria

Bulgaria

A lokacin da aka ji tasirin shirin sake fasalin Mikhail Gorbachev a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a Bulgaria a ƙarshen 1980s, 'yan gurguzu, kamar shugabansu, sun yi rauni sosai don tsayayya da buƙatar canji na dogon lokaci.A cikin Nuwamba 1989 an gudanar da zanga-zangar kan batutuwan muhalli a Sofia kuma ba da daɗewa ba waɗannan suka faɗaɗa cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na sake fasalin siyasa.'Yan kwaminisanci sun mayar da martani ta hanyar korar Zhivkov kuma Petar Mladenov ya maye gurbinsa, amma hakan ya sami ɗan jinkiri.A cikin watan Fabrairun 1990 jam'iyyar gurguzu ta radin kanta ta ba da mulkin mallaka kuma a watan Yuni 1990 aka gudanar da zaɓe na farko na 'yanci tun 1931.Sakamakon da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta yi, ta koma kan karagar mulki, wadda a yanzu ta yi wa reshenta masu tsaurin ra'ayi, ta kuma sauya sunan jam'iyyar Socialist ta Bulgaria.A cikin watan Yulin 1991 aka amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka tsara tsarin gwamnati a matsayin jamhuriyar majalisa tare da zababben shugaban kasa kai tsaye da Firayim Minista wanda ke da alhakin majalisa.Kamar sauran gwamnatocin bayan kwaminisanci a Gabashin Turai, Bulgaria ta sami sauye-sauye zuwa tsarin jari-hujja fiye da yadda ake tsammani.Jam’iyyar UDF ta Anti-Communist Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) ta hau karagar mulki kuma tsakanin 1992 zuwa 1994 gwamnatin Berov ta dauki nauyin mallakar filaye da masana’antu ta hanyar ba da hannun jari a kamfanonin gwamnati ga duk ‘yan kasa, amma wadannan sun kasance tare da rashin aikin yi mai yawa a matsayin rashin gasa. Masana'antu sun gaza kuma an bayyana koma bayan masana'antu da ababen more rayuwa na Bulgaria.'Yan gurguzu sun nuna kansu a matsayin masu kare talakawa daga wuce gona da iri na kasuwa mai 'yanci.Mummunan halin da ake ciki game da sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya ba wa Zhan Videnov na BSP damar fara aiki a shekarar 1995. A shekarar 1996 gwamnatin BSP ma tana cikin matsaloli kuma a zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar an zabi Petar Stoyanov na UDF.A 1997 gwamnatin BSP ta rushe kuma UDF ta hau mulki.Sai dai rashin aikin yi ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa kuma jama’ar da ke zabe sun kara nuna rashin gamsuwa da bangarorin biyu.A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2001, Simeon II, ɗan Tsar Boris III kuma shi kansa tsohon shugaban ƙasa (a matsayin Sarkin Bulgaria daga 1943 zuwa 1946), ya sami ɗan ƙaramin nasara a zaɓe.Jam'iyyar Tsar - National Movement Simeon II ("NMSII") - ta lashe kujeru 120 daga cikin 240 na Majalisar.Shahararriyar Simeon ta ragu da sauri a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru hudu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma jam'iyyar BSP ta lashe zabe a 2005, amma ba za ta iya kafa gwamnati ta jam'iyya daya ba kuma dole ne ya nemi haɗin gwiwa.A zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar da aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2009, jam'iyyar 'yan adawa ta Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria ta samu kusan kashi 40% na kuri'un da aka kada.Tun daga shekarar 1989 Bulgaria ta gudanar da zabukan jam'iyyu da yawa tare da mayar da tattalin arzikinta zuwa wani kamfani, amma matsalolin tattalin arziki da cin hanci da rashawa sun sa 'yan Bulgaria sama da 800,000, gami da kwararrun kwararru da yawa, yin hijira cikin "magudanar da kwakwalwa".Kunshin sake fasalin da aka gabatar a cikin 1997 ya dawo da ingantaccen ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma ya haifar da hauhawar rashin daidaiton zamantakewa.Tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki bayan 1989 kusan ya gaza inganta yanayin rayuwa da samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.A cewar wani bincike na Pew Global Attitudes Project a shekara ta 2009, kashi 76% na Bulgaria sun ce ba su gamsu da tsarin dimokuradiyya ba, kashi 63% na tunanin cewa kasuwannin 'yanci ba su kyautatawa mutane ba kuma kashi 11% na 'yan Bulgaria ne kawai suka yarda cewa talakawa sun ci gajiyar tsarin. canje-canje a cikin 1989. ^[60] Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin ingancin rayuwa da aikin tattalin arziki a zahiri ya kasance ƙasa da na zamanin gurguzu da kyau cikin farkon 2000s (shekaru goma).^[61]Bulgaria ta zama memba na NATO a cikin 2004 da kuma Tarayyar Turai a 2007. A 2010 ta kasance a matsayi na 32 (tsakanin Girka da Lithuania) a cikin kasashe 181 a cikin Globalization Index.Gwamnati tana mutunta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida (tun daga 2015), amma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai suna kallon manyan masu talla da masu mallakar da ke da manufofin siyasa.^{[62 <]} > Kuri'un da aka gudanar shekaru bakwai bayan shigar ƙasar cikin EU an gano kashi 15% na 'yan ƙasar Bulgeriya ne kawai ke ganin sun amfana da kansu daga cikin membobin.^[63]

Characters

Bulgarian Revolutionary

Khan of Bulgaria

Emperor of Bulgaria

Khan of Bulgaria

Bulgarian Communist Leader

Founders of Modern Bulgaria

Emperor of Bulgaria

Bulgarian Communist Politician

Emperor of Bulgaria

Ruler of First Bulgarian Empire

Bulgarian Revolutionary

Emperor of Bulgaria

President of Bulgaria

Footnotes

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References

Surveys

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Detrez, Raymond. Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2nd ed. 2006). lxiv + 638 pp. Maps, bibliography, appendix, chronology. ISBN 978-0-8108-4901-3.
Hristov, Hristo. History of Bulgaria [translated from the Bulgarian, Stefan Kostov ; editor, Dimiter Markovski]. Khristov, Khristo Angelov. 1985.
Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans (1983)
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Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th-21st Centuries. Eds. G.Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015

Pre 1939

Black, Cyril E. The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria (Princeton University Press, 1943)
Constant, Stephen. Foxy Ferdinand, 1861–1948: Tsar of Bulgaria (1979)
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Hall, Richard C. War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014) excerpt
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Stavrianos, L.S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), major scholarly history; online free to borrow

1939–1989

Michael Bar-Zohar. Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews
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Stephane Groueff. Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918–1943
Pundeff, Marin. "Bulgaria," in Joseph Held, ed. The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century (Columbia University Press, 1992) pp 65–118
Tzvetan Todorov The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust
Tzvetan Todorov. Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria

Historiography

Baeva, Iskra. "An Attempt to Revive Foreign Interest to Bulgarian History." Bulgarian Historical Review/Revue Bulgare d'Histoire 1-2 (2007): 266–268.
Birman, Mikhail. "Bulgarian Jewry and the Holocaust: History and Historiography," Shvut 2001, Vol. 10, pp 160–181.
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Daskalov, Roumen. "The Social History of Bulgaria: Topics and Approaches," East Central Europe, (2007) 34#1-2 pp 83–103, abstract
Daskalov, Roumen. Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival, (2004) 286pp.
Davidova, Evguenia. "A Centre in the Periphery: Merchants during the Ottoman period in Modern Bulgarian Historiography (1890s-1990s)." Journal of European Economic History (2002) 31#3 pp 663–86.
Grozdanova, Elena. "Bulgarian Ottoman Studies At The Turn Of Two Centuries: Continuity And Innovation," Etudes Balkaniques (2005) 41#3 PP 93–146. covers 1400 to 1922;
Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet. "The Ottoman Administration of Bulgaria and Macedonia During the 19th - 20th Centuries in Recent Turkish Historiography: Contributions, Deficiencies and Perspectives." Turkish Review of Balkan Studies (2006), Issue 11, pP 85–123; covers 1800 to 1920.
Meininger, Thomas A. "A Troubled Transition: Bulgarian Historiography, 1989–94," Contemporary European History, (1996) 5#1 pp 103–118
Mosely, Philip E. "The Post-War Historiography of Modern Bulgaria," Journal of Modern History, (1937) 9#3 pp 348–366; work done in 1920s and 1930s in JSTOR
Robarts, Andrew. "The Danube Vilayet And Bulgar-Turkish Compromise Proposal Of 1867 In Bulgarian Historiography," International Journal of Turkish Studies (2008) 14#1-2 pp 61–74.
Todorova, Maria. "Historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria," American Historical Review, (1992) 97#4 pp 1105–1117 in JSTOR

Other

12 Myths in Bulgarian History, by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia, 2005.
The 7th Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria (The Golden Prehistoric Civilization, Civilization of Thracians and Macedonians, Hellenistic Civilization, Roman [Empire] Civilization, Byzantine [Empire] Civilization, Bulgarian Civilization, Islamic Civilization), by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia, 2005 (108 p.)
Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
Kazhdan, A. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.