Yakin hadin gwiwa na biyu

A watan Agustan 1798 an yi yakin kogin Nilu .Nelson ya kawar da jiragen ruwan Faransa yayin da suke kan anka a cikin lunguna.Sojojin Faransa 38,000 ne suka makale.Kashin da Faransa ta sha ya ba da damar kafa kawance na biyu, ta hanyar maido da kwarin gwiwar Turai a kan Burtaniya.Turai ta yanke shawarar kai wa Faransa hari yayin da ta yi rauni.An shirya kai hari mai matakai uku kan Faransa, daga Birtaniya, Austria da Rasha:Birtaniya za ta kai hari ta HollandAustria za ta kai hari ta ItaliyaRasha za ta kai wa Faransa hari ta hanyar Switzerland

Haɗin kai ya fara haɗuwa a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1798 lokacin da Austria da Masarautar Naples suka rattaba hannu kan wata ƙawance a Vienna.Matakin soja na farko a karkashin kawancen ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba lokacin da Janar Karl Mack na Austriya ya mamaye Roma kuma ya maido da ikon Papal tare da sojojin Neapolitan.A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Masarautar Naples ta kulla kawance da Rasha da Burtaniya.Kuma a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1799, an sami ƙarin ƙawance tsakanin Rasha , Burtaniya , da Daular Ottoman .

Yaƙin Faransa a Masar da Siriya (1798-1801) yaƙin neman zaɓe na Napoleon Bonaparte ne a yankunan Ottoman naMasar da Siriya, wanda aka yi shelar don kare muradun kasuwancin Faransa , don kafa masana'antar kimiyya a yankin kuma a ƙarshe don shiga rundunar sojojin Indiya Tipu Sultan. kuma ya kori turawan Ingila dagayankin Indiya .Ita ce manufar farko ta yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bahar Rum na 1798, jerin ayyukan sojojin ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da kama Malta.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare da shan kaye ga Napoleon, da kuma janyewar sojojin Faransa daga yankin.

A shekara ta 1798, Paul I ya ba Janar Korsakov kwamandan rundunar sojoji 30,000 da aka aika zuwa Jamus don shiga ƙasar Ostiriya a yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Faransa.A farkon 1799, an karkatar da ƙarfin don kori Faransawa daga Switzerland.A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1798, tare da amincewar gwamnatin Turkiyya, wani jirgin ruwa na Rasha ya shiga cikin Bahar Rum, inda sarki Paul, ya nada kansa mai kare Order of St. John na Urushalima, da nufin 'yantar da Malta daga Faransanci.An aika Admiral Fyodor Ushakov zuwa Bahar Rum a matsayin kwamandan rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Rasha da Turkiyya don tallafawa balaguron Italiya da Switzerland mai zuwa na Janar Alexander Suvorov (1799-1800).Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Ushakov shine ɗaukar tsibirin Ionian mai mahimmanci daga Faransanci.A cikin Oktoba 1798 an kori sojojin Faransa daga Cythera, Zakynthos, Cephalonia, da Lefkada.Ya kasance don ɗaukar tsibirin mafi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi na tsibiri, Corfu.Rasha ta kulla kawance da Turkiyya a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1799. Corfu ya mamaye ranar 3 ga Maris, 1799.

Shi ne yakin farko na yakin kawance na biyu wanda ba na Italiya ba.Yakin ya haifar da nasarar da sojojin Ostiriya, karkashin jagorancin Archduke Charles, suka yi a kan sojojin Faransa, wanda Jean-Baptiste Jourdan ya jagoranta.Ko da yake wadanda suka mutu sun bayyana ko da a bangarorin biyu, 'yan Australiya suna da karfin fada sosai, duka a filin wasa a Ostrach, kuma sun shimfiɗa tare da layin tsakanin Lake Constance da Ulm.Rikicin Faransa ya kai kashi takwas cikin dari na sojojin da kuma na Austria, kusan kashi hudu.Faransawa sun janye zuwa Engen da Stockach, inda 'yan kwanaki bayan haka sojojin suka sake shiga yakin Stockach.

Yaƙin Stockach ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Maris 1799, lokacin da sojojin Faransa da na Austriya suka yi yaƙi don sarrafa yankin Hegau mai ma'ana a Baden-Württemberg a yau.A cikin babban mahallin soja, wannan yaƙin ya zama babban jigon yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko a kudu maso yammacin Jamus a lokacin yaƙin haɗin gwiwa na biyu.

Yaƙin Verona a ranar 26 ga Maris 1799 an ga sojojin Habsburg Austriya a ƙarƙashin Pál Kray suna yaƙi da sojojin Jamhuriyar Faransa na Farko karkashin jagorancin Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer.Yakin ya kunshi fadace-fadace guda uku a rana guda.A Verona, bangarorin biyu sun fafata da juna inda aka tashi kunnen doki.A Pastrengo da ke yammacin Verona, sojojin Faransa sun yi galaba akan abokan hamayyarsu na Austria.A Legnago da ke kudu maso gabashin Verona, 'yan Austriya sun yi galaba a kan abokan gaba na Faransa.

A yakin Magnano a ranar 5 ga Afrilun 1799, sojojin Ostiriya da Pál Kray ya ba da umarni, nasara ce mai kyau da Kray ya yi a kan Faransanci, tare da Australiya sun sami raunuka 6,000 yayin da suka yi asarar maza 8,000 da bindigogi 18 a kan abokan gaba.Wannan shan kashi ya kasance mummunan rauni ga halin Faransanci kuma ya sa Schérer ya roki Littafin Faransanci don a sauke shi daga umurnin.

Yakin Winterthur (27 ga Mayu 1799) wani muhimmin aiki ne tsakanin sassan Sojojin Danube da kuma wasu daga cikin sojojin Habsburg, wanda Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ya ba da umarni, a lokacin yakin kawance na biyu, wani bangare na yakin juyin juya halin Faransa.Karamin garin Winterthur yana da tazarar kilomita 18 (mil 11) arewa maso gabas da Zürich, a kasar Switzerland.Saboda matsayin da yake da shi a mahadar hanyoyi bakwai, sojojin da ke rike da garin suna sarrafa hanyar shiga galibin Switzerland da kuma wuraren da suke ratsa rafin Rhine zuwa kudancin Jamus.Duk da cewa dakarun da abin ya shafa ba su da yawa, amma karfin da 'yan Austriya suka yi na ci gaba da kai farmakin da suka kai na sa'o'i 11 a kan layin Faransa ya haifar da hadewar sojojin Austria uku a yankin tudu da ke arewacin Zürich, lamarin da ya kai ga cin nasarar Faransa bayan 'yan kwanaki.

A cikin Maris, sojojin Masséna sun mamaye Switzerland, suna shirya kai hari kan Tyrol ta hanyar Vorarlberg.To sai dai kashin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a Jamus da Italiya ya tilasta masa komawa fagen daga.Da yake karbe sojojin Jourdan, ya mayar da su cikin Switzerland zuwa Zürich.Archduke Charles ya bi shi ya kore shi zuwa yamma a yakin farko na Zurich.An tilastawa Janar din Faransa André Masséna mika birnin ga 'yan Austriya a karkashin Archduke Charles kuma ya koma bayan Limmat, inda ya yi nasarar karfafa matsayinsa, wanda ya haifar da takun-saka.A lokacin bazara, sojojin Rasha a karkashin Janar Korsakov sun maye gurbin sojojin Austrian.

An gwabza yakin Trebbia tsakanin sojojin hadin gwiwa na Rasha da na Habsburg karkashin Alexander Suvorov da kuma sojojin Faransa na Republican Jacques MacDonald.Ko da yake sojojin da ke adawa da juna sun yi daidai da lambobi, Austro-Rasha sun yi nasara a kan Faransanci sosai, inda suka kashe kimanin mutane 6,000 yayin da suka yi asarar 12,000 zuwa 16,500 a kan abokan gaba.

Yakin Italiya da Swiss na 1799 da 1800 sun kasance tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin Austro-Rasha da ke karkashin Janar Janar na Rasha Alexander Suvorov a kan sojojin Faransa a Piedmont, Lombardy da Switzerland a matsayin wani bangare na yakin Italiya na Yakin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa gaba ɗaya. musamman yakin gamayyar kasashen biyu.

An yi yakin Cassano d'Adda a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1799 kusa da Cassano d'Adda, kimanin kilomita 28 (mita 17) ENE na Milan.Hakan ya haifar da nasara ga Austriya da Rasha karkashin Alexander Suvorov akan sojojin Faransa na Jean Moreau.

Yakin Novi (15 ga Agusta 1799) ya ga hadakar dakaru na masarautar Habsburg da daular Rasha karkashin Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov sun kai hari ga sojojin Faransa na Republican karkashin Janar Barthélemy Catherine Joubert.Bayan tsawaita gwagwarmaya da zubar da jini, Austro-Rasha sun kutsa kai cikin kariyar Faransa tare da korar abokan gabarsu cikin rugujewar koma baya.

Yunkurin mamayar da Anglo-Rasha ta yi a kasar Holland wani yakin soji ne a lokacin yakin kawance na biyu, inda wani bama-bamai na sojojin Birtaniya da na Rasha suka mamaye yankin Arewacin Holland a Jamhuriyar Batavia.Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana da maƙasudai biyu na dabaru: don kawar da jiragen ruwa na Batavia da haɓaka tawaye daga magoya bayan tsohon ɗan wasa William V ga gwamnatin Batavia.Wani karamin sojojin hadin gwiwa na Franco-Batavia ya yi adawa da mamayar.Da dabara, sojojin Anglo-Rasha sun yi nasara da farko, inda suka fatattaki masu kare a yakin Callantsoog da Krabbendam, amma fadace-fadacen da suka biyo baya sun ci karo da sojojin Anglo-Rasha.

Lokacin da Charles ya bar Switzerland zuwa Netherlands, an bar abokan tarayya tare da ƙananan sojoji a ƙarƙashin Korsakov, wanda aka ba da umarnin haɗaka da sojojin Suvorov daga Italiya.Masséna ya kai hari ga Korsakov, ya murkushe shi a yakin Zurich na biyu.Suvorov tare da sojojin Rasha 18,000 na yau da kullun da Cossacks 5,000, gajiye da ƙarancin tanadi, ya jagoranci ficewa dabarun ficewa daga Alps yayin yaƙin Faransa.Kasawar kawance, da kuma dagewar Birtaniya na neman jigilar kayayyaki a tekun Baltic ne ya sa Rasha ta fice daga kawancen kasashen biyu.Sarki Bulus ya tuna da sojojin Rasha daga Turai.

Sojojin Anglo-Rasha mai mutane 32,000 sun sauka a Arewacin Holland a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1799, sun kame rundunar sojojin Holland a Den Helder a ranar 30 ga Agusta da kuma birnin Alkmaar a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. Oktoba 2 (kuma aka sani da 2nd Bergen), sun fuskanci sojojin Faransa da na Holland a Castricum a ranar 6 ga Oktoba. Bayan shan kashi a Castricum, Duke na York, babban kwamandan Burtaniya, ya yanke shawarar komawa baya zuwa ga asalin gada a cikin matsananci arewacin tsibirin.Bayan haka, an yi shawarwari tare da babban kwamandan sojojin Franco-Batavia, Janar Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, wanda ya baiwa sojojin Anglo-Rasha damar ficewa daga wannan gadar ba tare da wata matsala ba.Duk da haka, balaguron ya yi nasara a wani bangare na manufarsa ta farko, tare da kama wani kaso mai tsoka na rundunar Batavia.

Juyin mulkin 18 Brumaire ya kawo Janar Napoleon Bonaparte kan karagar mulki a matsayin karamin jakada na Faransa kuma a ganin yawancin masana tarihi ya kawo karshen juyin juya halin Faransa.Wannan juyin mulki ba tare da jinni ba ya kifar da Directory, inda ya maye gurbinsa da karamin ofishin jakadancin Faransa.

A lokacin da aka yi wa Genoa kawanya, 'yan Austriya sun yi wa Genoa kawanya tare da kwace.Duk da haka, ƙananan sojojin Faransa a Genoa karkashin André Masséna sun karkatar da isassun sojojin Austrian don ba da damar Napoleon ya lashe yakin Marengo kuma ya ci nasara da Austrians.

An gwabza yakin Marengo a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 1800 tsakanin sojojin Faransa a karkashin karamin jakadan Napoleon Bonaparte na farko da sojojin Austria kusa da birnin Alessandria, a Piedmont, Italiya.Kusan karshen wannan rana, Faransa ta shawo kan harin ba-zata da Janar Michael von Melas ya kai, inda ya kori 'yan Australiya daga Italiya tare da karfafa matsayin Napoleon na siyasa a birnin Paris a matsayin karamin jakada na Faransa bayan juyin mulkin da ya yi a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata.

An yi yakin Hohenlinden a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1800, lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa.Sojojin Faransa karkashin Jean Victor Marie Moreau sun samu gagarumar nasara akan 'yan Austria da Bavaria karkashin jagorancin Archduke John na Austria.Bayan an tilasta musu shiga cikin mummunan koma baya, an tilasta wa abokan hadin gwiwa su nemi rundunar sojan da ta kawo karshen yakin hadin gwiwa na biyu yadda ya kamata.

Yaƙin Copenhagen na 1801 yaƙin ruwa ne inda wasu jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya suka yi yaƙi tare da fatattakar ƙaramar rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Dano-Norwegian da ke kusa da Copenhagen a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1801. Yaƙin ya faru ne saboda tsoron Birtaniyya cewa jiragen ruwan Danish masu ƙarfi za su yi kawance da su. Faransa, da kuma tabarbarewar harkokin diflomasiyya daga bangarorin biyu.Sojojin ruwa na Royal sun samu gagarumar nasara, inda suka baiwa jiragen ruwan yakin Denmark goma sha biyar, yayin da babu ko daya.

Yarjejeniyar Amiens ta kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniya na wani dan lokaci a karshen yakin kawance na biyu.Ya nuna ƙarshen yakin juyin juya halin Faransa.Mahimmin Bincike:A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Birtaniya ta amince da Jamhuriyar Faransa.Tare da Yarjejeniyar Lunéville (1801), Yarjejeniyar Amiens ta nuna ƙarshen Haɗin kai na Biyu, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Faransa juyin juya hali tun 1798.Biritaniya ta yi watsi da mafi yawan mamaya na baya-bayan nan;Faransa za ta fice daga Naples daMasar .Biritaniya ta riƙe Ceylon (Sri Lanka) da Trinidad.Yankunan da suka bar Rhine wani yanki ne na Faransa.- Jumhuriyar 'ya mace a cikin Netherlands , Arewacin Italiya, da SwitzerlandMasarautar Roma Mai Tsarki ta zama wajibi ta biya wa sarakunan Jamus diyya ga yankunan da suka ɓace a hagu na Rhine.- Ana ɗaukar wannan yarjejeniya a matsayin mafi dacewa ga alamar sauyin yanayi tsakanin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa da na Napoleon, duk da cewa Napoleon bai zama sarki ba har zuwa 1804.Sakamakon Haɗin kai na Biyu ya zama mai kisa ga Littafin.Da aka dora mata alhakin sake tashe-tashen hankula a Turai, an shawo kan ta sakamakon kashin da ta yi a fagen daga da kuma matakan da ake bukata na gyara su.A halin yanzu yanayi ya cika ga mulkin kama-karya na soja na Napoleon Bonaparte, wanda ya sauka a Fréjus a ranar 9 ga Oktoba.