Tarihin Japan

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haruffa

bayanin kula

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13000 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Japan



Tarihin Japan ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Paleolithic, kusan shekaru 38-39,000 da suka gabata, [1] tare da mazaunan farko na mutane su ne mutanen Jōmon, waɗanda suka kasance mafarauta.[2] Mutanen Yayoi sun yi ƙaura zuwa Japan a kusan ƙarni na 3 KZ, [3] suna gabatar da fasahar ƙarfe da aikin noma, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a cikin sauri kuma a ƙarshe sun mamaye Jōmon.Magana ta farko da aka rubuta game da Japan tana cikin littafin Han nakasar Sin a ƙarni na farko AZ.Tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da na tara, Japan ta rikiɗe daga zama ƙasa mai yawan kabilu da masarautu zuwa ƙasa ɗaya, wadda Sarkin sarakuna ke iko da shi, daular da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau a cikin rawar biki.Lokacin Heian (794-1185) ya nuna babban matsayi a al'adun Jafananci na gargajiya kuma ya ga haɗuwa da ayyukan Shinto na asali da addinin Buddha a cikin rayuwar addini.Zamanin da suka biyo baya ya ga raguwar ikon gidan daular da haɓakar dangi na aristocratic kamar Fujiwara da dangin soja na samurai.Kabilar Minamoto sun yi nasara a yakin Genpei (1180-85), wanda ya kai ga kafa Kamakura shogunate.Wannan lokacin yana da tsarin mulkin soja na shōgun, tare da lokacin Muromachi bayan faduwar Kamakura shogunate a 1333. Shugabannin yakin yanki, ko daimyō, sun kara karfi, wanda ya sa Japan ta shiga lokacin yakin basasa .A ƙarshen karni na 16, Japan ta sake haɗewa ƙarƙashin Oda Nobunaga da magajinsa Toyotomi Hideyoshi.Tokugawa shogunate ya karbi mulki a cikin 1600, yana haifar da lokacin Edo , lokacin zaman lafiya na cikin gida, tsauraran matakan zamantakewa, da keɓewa daga duniyar waje.Tuntuɓar Turai ta fara ne da zuwan Turawan Fotigal a 1543, waɗanda suka gabatar da bindigogi, sai kuma balaguron Perry na Amurka a 1853-54 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen keɓewar Japan.Lokacin Edo ya ƙare a cikin 1868, wanda ya kai ga lokacin Meiji inda Japan ta inganta tare da layin Yamma, ta zama babban iko.Sojojin Japan sun karu a farkon karni na 20, inda suka mamaye Manchuria a 1931 da China a 1937. Harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor a 1941 ya kai ga yaki da Amurka da kawayenta.Duk da matsananciyar koma baya daga hare-haren bama-bamai da kuma harin bam na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki, Japan ta mika wuya bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Manchuria a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1945. Sojojin kawance sun mamaye Japan har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya canza tsarin mulkin kasar. al'umma a cikin tsarin mulkin sarauta.Bayan mamayewa, Japan ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri, musamman bayan 1955 ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, ta zama cibiyar tattalin arzikin duniya.Duk da haka, tun da tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin da aka fi sani da "Lost Decade" na shekarun 1990, haɓaka ya ragu.Japan ta kasance mai taka rawar gani a fagen duniya, tana daidaita tarihin al'adunta da nasarorin zamani.
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Ziyarci Shago

30000 BCE Jan 1

Tarihin Jafananci

Yamashita First Cave Site Park
Mafarauta sun fara isa Japan a zamanin Paleolithic, kusan shekaru 38-40,000 da suka wuce.[1] Saboda ƙasa mai acidic na Japan, waɗanda ba su da amfani ga burbushin halittu, ƙananan shaidar zahirin kasancewar su ya ragu.Koyaya, gatari na musamman na gefen ƙasa waɗanda aka rubuta sama da shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata suna nuna isowar Homo sapiens na farko a cikin tsibiran.[4] An yi imanin cewa mutanen farko sun isa Japan ta teku, suna amfani da jiragen ruwa.[5] An rubuta shaidar kasancewar ɗan adam zuwa takamaiman wurare kamar shekaru 32,000 da suka gabata a cikin Kogon Yamashita na Okinawa [6] da shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata a cikin Kogon Shiraho Saonetabaru na tsibirin Ishigaki.[7]
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14000 BCE Jan 1 - 300 BCE

Zaman Jomon

Japan
Zaman Jomon a Japan wani muhimmin lokaci ne wanda ya wuce daga kusan 14,000 zuwa 300 KZ.[8] Lokaci ne da ke tattare da mafarauci da yawan masu noma na farko, wanda ke nuna haɓakar al'adu mai sarƙaƙƙiya da zaman lafiya.Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun fasalulluka na Lokacin Jomon shine tukunyar tukwane mai “alamar igiya”, wadda ake ɗauka a cikin mafi tsufa a duniya.Edward S. Morse, masanin dabbobi kuma masanin gabas dan kasar Amurka ne ya yi wannan binciken a shekara ta 1877. [9]Zaman Jomon ya kasu kashi-kashi da yawa, gami da:Jomon (13,750-8,500 KZ)Jomon na farko (8,500-5,000 KZ)Farkon Jomon (5,000-3,520 KZ)Jomon na Tsakiya (3,520-2,470 KZ)Marigayi Jomon (2,470–1,250 KZ)Jomon na ƙarshe (1,250–500 KZ)Kowane lokaci, yayin faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin laima na Zamanin Jomon, yana nuna gagarumin bambancin yanki da na ɗan lokaci.[10] A geographically, tsibirin Jafananci, a lokacin farkon Jomon Period, an haɗa su da nahiyar Asiya.Koyaya, hauhawar matakan teku a kusa da 12,000 KZ ya haifar da keɓantacce.Al'ummar Jomon sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Honshu da Kyushu, yankunan da ke da wadatar abincin teku da kuma gandun daji.Farkon Jomon ya ga hauhawar yawan jama'a, wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin zafi na Holocene mai zafi da ɗanshi.Amma a shekara ta 1500 KZ, yayin da yanayin ya fara sanyi, an sami raguwar yawan jama'a.A tsawon lokacin Jomon, nau'ikan noma iri-iri da ƙananan noma sun bunƙasa, kodayake girman waɗannan ayyukan ya kasance batun tattaunawa.Matakin Jomon na Karshe ya nuna muhimmin canji a cikin Lokacin Jomon.Kusan 900 KZ, an sami karuwar hulɗa tare da tsibirin Koriya, wanda ya haifar da sababbin al'adun noma kamar zamanin Yayoi tsakanin 500 zuwa 300 KZ.A cikin Hokkaido, al'adun Jomon na gargajiya sun samo asali zuwa al'adun Okhotsk da Epi-Jomon a karni na 7.Waɗannan canje-canjen sun nuna haɓakar sabbin fasahohi da al'adu, kamar jikakken noman shinkafa da ƙarfe, cikin tsarin Jomon.
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900 BCE Jan 1 - 300

Zaman Yayoi

Japan
Mutanen Yayoi, sun zo daga babban yankin Asiya tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 800 KZ, [11] sun kawo gagarumin canje-canje ga tsibiran Jafan.Sun bullo da sabbin fasahohi kamar noman shinkafa [12] da karafa, da farko da aka shigo da su dagakasar Sin da yankinKoriya .Wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin Kyūshū, al'adun Yayoi a hankali ya maye gurbin mutanen Jōmon na asali, [13] kuma ya haifar da ɗan ƙaramin gauraya tsakanin su biyun.Wannan lokacin ya shaida ƙaddamar da wasu fasahohi kamar saƙa, samar da siliki, [14] sabbin hanyoyin aikin itace, [11] yin gilashi, [11] da sabbin salon gine-gine.[15]Ana ci gaba da muhawara tsakanin masana game da ko waɗannan canje-canjen sun kasance da farko saboda ƙaura ko kuma yaɗuwar al'adu, kodayake shaidar jinsin halitta da ta harshe tana nuna goyon bayan ka'idar ƙaura.Masanin tarihi Hanihara Kazurō ya kiyasta cewa kwararar bakin haure daga mutane 350 zuwa 3,000 na shekara-shekara.[16] Sakamakon waɗannan ci gaban, yawan jama'ar Japan ya ƙaru, mai yiwuwa ya ninka sau goma idan aka kwatanta da lokacin Jōmon.Ya zuwa karshen zamanin Yayoi, an kiyasta yawan mutanen ya kasance tsakanin miliyan daya zuwa hudu.[17] Ragowar kwarangwal daga lokacin marigayi Jōmon yana nuna tabarbarewar ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, yayin da shafukan Yayoi ke ba da shawarar ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da tsarin al'umma, gami da rumbun adana hatsi da katangar sojoji.[11]A zamanin Yayoi, kabilu sun hade cikin masarautu daban-daban.Littafin Han da aka buga a shekara ta 111 A.Z., ya ambata cewa Japan da ake kira Wa, ta ƙunshi masarautu ɗari.A shekara ta 240 AZ, bisa ga littafin Wei, [18] masarautar Yamatai, karkashin jagorancin mata sarki Himiko, ta sami daukaka a kan sauran.Haƙiƙanin wurin da Yamatai yake da sauran bayanai game da shi har yanzu batu ne da ake ta muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi na zamani.
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300 Jan 1 - 538

Zaman Kofun

Japan
Zaman Kofun, wanda ya kama daga kusan 300 zuwa 538 AZ, yana nuna wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban tarihi da al'adun Japan.Wannan zamanin yana da alaƙa da fitowar tudun binne mai siffar maɓalli, wanda aka sani da "kofun," kuma ana ɗaukarsa farkon lokacin da aka yi rikodin tarihi a Japan.Kabilar Yamato ta hau kan karagar mulki a wannan lokaci, musamman a kudu maso yammacin kasar Japan, inda suka mayar da ikon siyasa a tsakiya, suka fara samar da tsarin mulki wanda tsarin kasar Sin ya yi tasiri.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta ikon cin gashin kansa na wasu yankuna daban-daban kamar Kibi da Izumo, amma a karni na 6, dangin Yamato sun fara nuna rinjaye a kudancin Japan.[19]A wannan lokacin, al'umma ta kasance karkashin jagorancin dangi (gōzoku), kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin sarki wanda ya yi ayyuka masu tsarki don jin dadin dangi.Layin sarauta da ke iko da kotun Yamato ya kai kololuwa, kuma an ba shugabannin dangi "kabane," lakabi na gado wanda ke nuna matsayi da matsayi na siyasa.Mulkin Yamato ba wata ka'ida ba ce;sauran masarautun yanki, irin su Kibi, sun kasance cikin hatsaniya ta kut-da-kut don neman mulki a farkon rabin farkon zamanin Kofun.Tasirin al'adu ya gudana tsakanin Japan,Sin , da Koriya taKoriya , [20] tare da shaida kamar kayan ado na bango da irin kayan sulke na Jafananci da aka samu a tudun jana'izar Koriya.An gabatar da addinin Buddha da tsarin rubutun Sinanci zuwa Japan daga Baekje kusa da ƙarshen zamanin Kofun.Duk da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na Yamato, sauran dangi masu ƙarfi kamar Soga, Katsuragi, Heguri, da Koze sun taka rawar gani a harkokin mulki da soja.A yankuna, Yamato ya fadada tasirinsu, kuma an gane iyakokin da yawa a wannan lokacin.Tatsuniyoyi irin su na Yarima Yamato Takeru suna ba da shawarar kasancewar ƙungiyoyin hamayya da fagen fama a yankuna kamar Kyūshū da Izumo.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga kwararowar bakin haure daga kasashen Sin da Koriya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga al'adu, da shugabanci, da tattalin arziki.Kabila irin su Hata da Yamato-Aya, waɗanda suka ƙunshi baƙi 'yan China, suna da tasiri sosai, gami da ayyukan kuɗi da gudanarwa.
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538 - 1183
Jafan na gargajiyaornament
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538 Jan 1 - 710

Lokacin Asuka

Nara, Japan
Zaman Asuka a Japan ya fara kusan 538 CE tare da gabatar da addinin Buddha daga masarautarBaekje ta Koriya.[21] An ba wa wannan lokacin suna ne bayan babban birninta na daular, Asuka.[23] Buddha ya kasance tare da addinin Shinto na asali a cikin haɗin da aka sani da Shinbutsu-shūgo.[22] Kabilar Soga, masu goyon bayan addinin Buddah, sun karbi ikon gwamnati a cikin 580s kuma sun yi mulki a kaikaice na kimanin shekaru sittin.[24] Prince Shotoku, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 594 zuwa 622, ya taimaka wajen ci gaban lokacin.Ya rubuta kundin tsarin mulki mai lamba goma sha bakwai, wanda ƙa'idodin Confucius suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya gabatar da tsarin aikin farar hula na tushen cancanta mai suna Cap and Rank System.[25]A cikin 645, an hambarar da dangin Soga a juyin mulkin da Prince Naka no Ōe da Fujiwara no Kamatari, wanda ya kafa dangin Fujiwara.[28] yana haifar da manyan canje-canjen gudanarwa da aka sani da Taika Reforms.An fara yin gyare-gyaren filaye bisa akidun Confucius dagakasar Sin , gyare-gyaren da aka yi da nufin mayar da duk wani fili kasa kasa domin rarraba gaskiya tsakanin masu noma.Haka kuma sauye-sauyen sun bukaci a hada rajistar gidaje don biyan haraji.[29] Babban makasudin shi ne sanya ikon tsakiya da kuma karfafa kotun daular, da zana da yawa daga tsarin gwamnatin kasar Sin.An tura wakilai da dalibai zuwa kasar Sin don nazarin fannoni daban-daban da suka hada da rubuce-rubuce, siyasa, da fasaha.Bayan gyare-gyaren Taika ya ga yakin Jinshin na 672, rikici tsakanin Yarima Oama da dan uwansa Prince Ōtomo, dukansu masu neman sarauta.Wannan yakin ya haifar da ƙarin canje-canjen gudanarwa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Taiho Code.[28] Wannan lambar ta ƙarfafa dokokin da ake da su tare da zayyana tsarin tsarin tsakiya da na ƙananan hukumomi, wanda ya kai ga kafa jihar Ritsuryō, tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya wanda aka kwatanta da kasar Sin wanda ya ci gaba har kusan shekaru biyar.[28]
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710 Jan 1 - 794

Zaman Nara

Nara, Japan
Zaman Nara a Japan, wanda ya kai daga 710 zuwa 794 AZ, [30] wani zamani ne mai sauyi a tarihin ƙasar.An fara kafa babban birnin ne a Heijō-kyō (Nara na yau) ta Empress Genmei, kuma ya kasance cibiyar wayewar Jafananci har sai da aka ƙaura zuwa Nagaoka-kyō a 784 sannan zuwa Heian-kyō (Kyoto na yau) 794. Lokacin da aka sanya tsarin mulki a tsakiya da kuma gudanar da aikin gwamnati, wanda daular Tang ta kasar Sin ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.[31] Tasiri dagakasar Sin ya bayyana a bangarori daban-daban, ciki har da tsarin rubuce-rubuce, fasaha, da addini, musamman addinin Buddha.Al'ummar Jafananci a wannan lokacin galibi masu aikin gona ne, sun dogara da rayuwar ƙauye, kuma galibi suna bin Shintō.Wannan lokacin ya ga ci gaba a cikin ayyukan gwamnati, tsarin tattalin arziki, da al'adu, gami da harhada ayyukan ilimi kamar Kojiki da Nihon Shoki.Duk da ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa mulkin tsakiya, lokacin ya fuskanci rigingimu na bangaranci a cikin kotun daular, kuma a ƙarshensa, an sami gagarumin rarraba mulki.Ban da wannan kuma, dangantakar waje da ke cikin wannan zamani ta hada da hadaddun cudanya da daular Tang ta kasar Sin, da dangantakar da ke tsakaninta dakasar Koriya ta Silla, da kuma yadda jama'ar Hayato da ke kudancin Kyushu suka yi wa kawanya.Zamanin Nara ya kafa harsashin wayewar Jafananci amma ya ƙare tare da sauya babban birnin zuwa Heian-kyō (Kyoto ta zamani) a cikin 794 AZ, wanda ya kai ga zamanin Heian.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasalulluka na wannan lokacin shine kafa ƙa'idar Taiho, ƙa'idar doka wacce ta haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare da kafa babban birni na dindindin a Nara.Duk da haka, babban birnin kasar ya koma sau da yawa saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da tawaye da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, kafin daga bisani ya koma Nara.Garin ya bunƙasa a matsayin babban birni na gaskiya na Japan na farko, mai yawan jama'a 200,000 da ayyukan tattalin arziki da gudanarwa.A al'adance, zamanin Nara ya kasance mai wadata da girma.Ya ga samar da muhimman ayyukan adabi na farko na Japan, kamar su Kojiki da Nihon Shoki, waɗanda suka yi hidima ga manufofin siyasa ta hanyar ba da hujja da tabbatar da fifikon sarakuna.[32] Har ila yau, waƙa ta fara bunƙasa, musamman tare da haɗar Man'yōshū, mafi girma kuma mafi dadewa tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci.[33]Har ila yau, zamanin ya ga kafa addinin Buddha a matsayin wani muhimmin karfi na addini da al'adu.Sarkin sarakuna Shōmu da abokansa ’yan addinin Budda ne masu himma da himma wajen inganta addinin, wanda aka gabatar da shi a baya amma ba a yarda da shi sosai ba.An gina haikali a fadin larduna, kuma addinin Buddha ya fara yin tasiri sosai a kotu, musamman a karkashin mulkin Empress Koken da kuma daga baya, Empress Shotoku.Duk da nasarorin da ya samu, zamanin Nara bai kasance maras ƙalubale ba.Fadan bangaranci da gwagwarmayar mulki ya yi kamari, wanda ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali.Nauyin kudi ya fara yin nauyi a kan jihar, wanda ya haifar da matakan rage yawan jama'a.A cikin 784, an ƙaura babban birnin zuwa Nagaoka-kyō a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙari na sake samun ikon mulkin mallaka, kuma a cikin 794, an sake mayar da shi zuwa Heian-kyo.Waɗannan yunƙurin sun nuna ƙarshen lokacin Nara da farkon sabon babi a tarihin Japan.
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794 Jan 1 - 1185

Lokacin Heian

Kyoto, Japan
Zamanin Heian a Japan, daga 794 zuwa 1185 CE, ya fara ne da ƙaura babban birnin kasar zuwa Heian-kyō (Kyoto ta zamani).Da farko ikon siyasa ya koma ga dangin Fujiwara ta hanyar auratayya mai mahimmanci tare da dangin sarki.Annobar cutar sankarau tsakanin shekara ta 812 zuwa 814 AZ ta yi mummunar illa ga jama'a, inda ta kashe kusan rabin mutanen Japan.A ƙarshen karni na 9, dangin Fujiwara sun ƙarfafa ikonsu.Fujiwara no Yoshifusa ya zama sesshō ("regent") zuwa wani sarki mara shekaru a 858, kuma dansa Fujiwara no Mototsune daga baya ya kirkiro ofishin kampaku, yana mulki a madadin manyan sarakuna.Wannan lokacin ya ga girman ikon Fujiwara, musamman a ƙarƙashin Fujiwara no Michinaga, wanda ya zama kampaku a cikin 996 kuma ya aurar da 'ya'yansa mata zuwa gidan sarauta.Wannan mulkin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1086, lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Shirakawa ya kafa tsarin mulki.Yayin da lokacin Heian ya ci gaba, ikon kotun daular ya ragu.Kasancewa cikin gwagwarmayar iko na cikin gida da ayyukan fasaha, kotun ta yi watsi da mulki fiye da babban birnin kasar.Wannan ya haifar da rugujewar jihar ritsuryō da hauhawar shoen manors da ba za a biya haraji ba mallakar iyalai masu daraja da umarnin addini.A karni na 11, wadannan manors sun mallaki filaye fiye da gwamnatin tsakiya, suna hana ta kudaden shiga da kuma haifar da ƙirƙirar sojojin samurai masu zaman kansu.Lokacin farko na Heian kuma ya ga ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ikon mutanen Emishi a arewacin Honshu.An bayar da lakabin seii tai-shōgun ga kwamandojin soji da suka yi nasarar murkushe wadannan kungiyoyin na asali.An kalubalanci wannan iko a tsakiyar karni na 11 ta dangin Abe, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma sake tabbatar da ikon tsakiya a arewa, ko da yake na ɗan lokaci.A cikin ƙarshen lokacin Heian, a kusa da 1156, rikici na maye gurbin ya haifar da shigar soja daga dangin Taira da Minamoto.Wannan ya ƙare a cikin Yaƙin Genpei (1180-1185), wanda ya ƙare tare da shan kashi na dangin Taira da kafa Kamakura Shogunate a ƙarƙashin Minamoto no Yoritomo, da yadda ya canza tsakiyar ikon daga kotun sarki.
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1185 - 1600
Feudal Japanornament
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1185 Jan 1 - 1333

Kamakura period

Kamakura, Japan
Bayan Yaƙin Genpei da ƙarfafa ikon Minamoto no Yoritomo, an kafa Kamakura shogunate a cikin 1192 lokacin da Kotun Imperial a Kyoto ta ayyana Yoritomo seii tai-shōgun.[34] Ana kiran wannan gwamnati da bakufu, kuma tana riƙe da iko bisa doka wanda kotun Imperial ta ba shi izini, wanda ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta na birocracy da na addini.Shogunate ya yi mulki a matsayin gwamnatin Japan amma ya rike Kyoto a matsayin babban birnin hukuma.Wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ikon ya bambanta da "mulkin mayaƙa mai sauƙi" wanda zai zama halayen zamanin Muromachi na gaba.[35]Halin iyali ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar da mulkin shogunate.Yoritomo ya yi zargin dan uwansa Yoshitsune, wanda ya nemi mafaka a arewacin Honshu kuma yana karkashin kariya ta Fujiwara no Hidehira.Bayan mutuwar Hidehira a shekara ta 1189, magajinsa Yasuhira ya kai wa Yoshitsune hari a ƙoƙarin samun tagomashin Yoritomo.An kashe Yoshitsune, kuma daga baya Yoritomo ya ci yankunan da dangin Fujiwara na Arewa ke iko da shi.[35] Mutuwar Yoritomo a cikin 1199 ya haifar da raguwa a ofishin shogun da haɓaka ikon matarsa ​​​​Hōjō Masako da mahaifinta Hojō Tokimasa.A shekara ta 1203, shoguns na Minamoto sun zama ƴan tsana a ƙarƙashin Hōjō regents.[36]Mulkin Kamakura ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ba a daidaita shi ba, ya bambanta da jihar ritsuryō ta tsakiya.Yoritomo ya zaɓi gwamnonin larduna, waɗanda aka sani da shugo ko jitō, [37] daga makusantan vassals, gokenin.An ba wa waɗannan ’yan baranda damar kula da nasu sojojin da kuma gudanar da lardunansu da kansu.[38] Duk da haka, a cikin 1221, rashin nasarar tawayen da aka sani da Yaƙin Jōkyū karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Go-Toba mai ritaya ya yi ƙoƙari ya maido da mulki ga kotun daular amma ya haifar da ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa har ma da ƙarin iko dangane da Kyoto aristocracy.Shogunate Kamakura ya fuskanci mamayewa daga Daular Mongol a 1274 da 1281. [39] Duk da cewa sun fi yawa kuma sun yi nasara, sojojin samurai na Shogunate sun iya yin tsayayya da mamayar Mongol, tare da taimakon guguwa da suka lalata jiragen ruwa na Mongol.Duk da haka, matsalolin kuɗi na waɗannan kariya sun raunana dangantakar Shogunate tare da ajin samurai, wanda ya ji cewa ba a ba su cikakkiyar lada saboda rawar da suka taka a cikin nasara.[40] Wannan rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin samurai ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen hambarar da Shogunate na Kamakura.A cikin 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo ya kaddamar da tawaye a cikin bege na maido da cikakken iko ga kotun daular.‘Yan bindigar sun aika Janar Ashikaga Takauji don kwantar da tarzomar, amma Takauji da mutanensa suka hada kai da Sarkin Go-Daigo suka yi juyin mulkin kamakura.[41]A cikin waɗannan al'amuran soja da na siyasa, Japan ta sami ci gaban zamantakewa da al'adu tun daga shekara ta 1250. [42] Ci gaban aikin gona, ingantattun dabarun ban ruwa, da noman noma sau biyu ya haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓaka ƙauyuka.Garuruwa sun girma kuma kasuwanci ya ƙaru saboda ƙarancin yunwa da annoba.[43] Addinin Buddha ya zama mafi isa ga jama'a, tare da kafa addinin Buddah na Kasa mai tsarki ta Honen da Nichiren Buddhism na Nichiren.Zen Buddhism kuma ya zama sananne a cikin ajin samurai.[44] Gabaɗaya, duk da rikice-rikicen siyasa da ƙalubalen soja, lokacin ya kasance ɗayan manyan ci gaba da canji ga Japan.
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1333 Jan 1 - 1573

Zaman Muromachi

Kyoto, Japan
A cikin 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo ya fara tayar da hankali don karbo ikon kotun daular.Da farko ya samu goyon bayan Janar Ashikaga Takauji, amma kawancensu ya wargaje lokacin da Go-Daigo ya ki nada Takauji shōgun.Takauji ya juya wa Sarkin sarakuna a 1338, ya kama Kyoto kuma ya kafa abokin hamayya, Emperor Komyo, wanda ya nada shi shogun.[45] Go-Daigo ya tsere zuwa Yoshino, ya kafa Kotun Kudancin Kudancin kuma ya fara dogon rikici da Kotun Arewa da Takauji ya kafa a Kyoto.[46] Shogunate ya fuskanci kalubale masu gudana daga sarakunan yanki, da ake kira daimōs, waɗanda suka girma da yawa masu cin gashin kansu.Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, jikan Takauji, ya karbi mulki a shekara ta 1368 kuma shi ne ya fi samun nasara wajen karfafa ikon shogunate.Ya kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin Kotunan Arewa da Kudancin kasar a shekara ta 1392. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1467, Japan ta sake shiga wani lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali tare da yakin Ōnin, wanda ya samo asali daga rikici na gado.Ƙasar ta wargaje zuwa ɗaruruwan ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda daimyōs ke mulka, wanda hakan ya rage ƙarfin shogun.[47] Daimyos sun gwabza da juna don karbe iko a sassa daban-daban na Japan.[48] ​​Biyu daga cikin manyan daimōs na wannan lokacin sune Uesugi Kenshin da Takeda Shingen.[49] Ba kawai daimyōs ba, har ma da ƙauye masu tayar da kayar baya da kuma "mayaƙan sufaye" da ke da alaƙa da haikalin Buddha sun ɗauki makamai, suna kafa nasu sojojin.[50]A wannan zamanin na Yaƙin Ƙasa, Turawa na farko, ƴan kasuwa na Portugal , sun isa Japan a cikin 1543, [51] suna gabatar da bindigogi da Kiristanci .[52] A shekara ta 1556, daimōs suna amfani da musket kusan 300,000, [53] kuma Kiristanci ya sami babban abin bi.An fara maraba da cinikin Portuguese, kuma birane kamar Nagasaki sun zama wuraren kasuwanci masu cike da cunkoso a ƙarƙashin kariyar daimōs waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Kiristanci.Sarkin yakin Oda Nobunaga ya yi amfani da fasahar Turai don samun iko, wanda ya fara lokacin Azuchi – Momoyama a cikin 1573.Duk da rikice-rikice na cikin gida, Japan ta sami wadatar tattalin arziki wanda ya fara a lokacin Kamakura.A shekara ta 1450, yawan jama'ar Japan ya kai miliyan goma, [41] kuma kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, gami da gagarumin ciniki daSin daKoriya .[54] Har ila yau, zamanin ya ga bunƙasa manyan fasahohin fasaha na Japan kamar zanen tawada, ikebana, bonsai, wasan kwaikwayo na Noh, da bikin shayi.[55] Ko da yake ya addabi rashin ingantaccen shugabanci, lokacin yana da wadata a al'adu, tare da alamomi kamar Kinkaku-ji na Kyoto, "Haikali na Gidan Zinariya," wanda aka gina a 1397. [56.]
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Azuchi–Momoyama Period
Lokacin Azuchi–Momoyama shine kashi na ƙarshe na Zamanin Sengoku. ©David Benzal
1568 Jan 1 - 1600

Azuchi–Momoyama Period

Kyoto, Japan
A ƙarshen rabin karni na 16, Japan ta sami gagarumin sauyi, inda ta yunƙura wajen sake haɗewa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin manyan gwanayen yaƙi biyu, Oda Nobunaga da Toyotomi Hideyoshi.An san wannan zamanin da lokacin Azuchi–Momoyama, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan hedkwatarsu.[57] Lokacin Azuchi – Momoyama shine lokaci na ƙarshe na lokacin Sengoku a cikin tarihin Jafananci daga 1568 zuwa 1600. Nobunaga, wanda ya fito daga ƙaramin lardin Owari, ya fara yin fice a cikin 1560 ta hanyar cin nasara da daimyō Imagawa Yoshimoto mai ƙarfi a Yaƙin. na Okehazama.Ya kasance shugaba mai dabara kuma mara tausayi wanda ya yi amfani da makamai na zamani kuma ya tallata maza bisa ga hazaka maimakon zamantakewa.[58] Ɗaukaka addinin Kiristanci ya yi amfani da manufa biyu: don yaƙar abokan gaba na Buddha da kuma kulla kawance da dillalan makamai na Turai.Ƙoƙarin Nobunaga na haɗewa ya sami koma baya kwatsam a cikin 1582 lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin jami'ansa, Akechi Mitsuhide ya ci amanarsa ya kashe shi.Toyotomi Hideyoshi, wani tsohon bawa ya zama janar a ƙarƙashin Nobunaga, ya rama wa mutuwar ubangidansa kuma ya ɗauki matsayin sabuwar rundunar haɗin kai.[59 <] > Ya sami cikakkiyar haɗuwa ta hanyar cin nasara a kan sauran 'yan adawa a yankuna kamar Shikoku, Kyushu, da gabashin Japan.[60] Hideyoshi ya samar da cikakkun sauye-sauye, kamar kwace takubba daga hannun manoma, sanya takunkumi kan daimyōs, da gudanar da cikakken binciken ƙasa.Sauye-sauyen da ya yi sun kafa tsarin al'umma, inda ya ayyana masu noma a matsayin "masu zaman kansu" da 'yantar da yawancin bayin Japan.[61]Hideyoshi yana da babban buri fiye da Japan;ya yi burin cin nasara a China kuma ya fara kai hare-hare guda biyu na Koriya tun daga shekara ta 1592. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfen ɗin sun ƙare ba tare da gazawa ba saboda ya kasa shawo kan sojojin Koriya da na China.Tattaunawar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan,China , daKoriya ta kai gaci, yayin da aka ki amincewa da bukatun Hideyoshi, da suka hada da raba Koriya da wata gimbiya China ga sarkin Japan.Mamaya na biyu a shekara ta 1597 ma ya gaza, kuma yakin ya ƙare da mutuwar Hideyoshi a shekara ta 1598. [62]Bayan mutuwar Hideyoshi, siyasar cikin gida a Japan ta ƙara yin tagulla.Ya nada Majalisar Dattawa biyar don yin mulki har lokacin da dansa, Toyotomi Hideyori, ya kai shekaru.Duk da haka, kusan bayan mutuwarsa, ƙungiyoyin da ke biyayya ga Hideyori sun yi arangama da waɗanda ke goyon bayan Tokugawa Ieyasu, daimyo kuma tsohon abokin Hideyoshi.A shekara ta 1600, Ieyasu ya sami gagarumar nasara a yakin Sekigahara, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Toyotomi da kafa mulkin Tokugawa, wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa 1868. [63]Wannan muhimmin lokaci kuma ya ga sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da yawa da nufin inganta kasuwanci da daidaita al'umma.Hideyoshi ya dauki matakan saukaka zirga-zirga ta hanyar kawar da mafi yawan wuraren karbar kudi da wuraren bincike tare da gudanar da abin da aka fi sani da "Taiko safiyo" don tantance noman shinkafa.Bugu da ƙari, an kafa dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke daɗa ƙarfafa azuzuwan jama'a da keɓe su a wuraren rayuwa.Hideyoshi ya kuma gudanar da wani gagarumin "farautar takobi" don kwance damarar jama'a.Mulkinsa, ko da yake ya ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya kafa harsashin Edo Period a ƙarƙashin Tokugawa shogunate, wanda ya fara kusan shekaru 270 na kwanciyar hankali.
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1603 Jan 1 - 1867

Zaman Edo

Tokyo, Japan
Zaman Edo , wanda ya gudana daga 1603 zuwa 1868, lokaci ne na kwanciyar hankali, zaman lafiya da al'adu da ke bunƙasa a Japan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Tokugawa shogunate.[64] Lokacin ya fara lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Go-Yōzei ya ayyana Tokugawa Ieyasu a matsayin shōgun a hukumance.[65] A tsawon lokaci, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta daidaita mulkinta daga Edo (yanzu Tokyo), gabatar da manufofi kamar Dokokin Gidajen Sojoji da tsarin halartar madadin don kiyaye sarakunan yanki, ko daimyōs, a karkashin iko.Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, daimyos sun riƙe ƴancin kai sosai a yankunansu.Tokugawa shogunate kuma ya kafa tsarin zamantakewa mai tsauri, inda samurai, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata da masu ba da shawara, ya mamaye manyan jami'ai, yayin da sarki a Kyoto ya kasance alama ce ta alama ba tare da wani iko na siyasa ba.Shogunate ya yi tsayin daka don murkushe tashe tashen hankula a cikin al'umma, tare da aiwatar da hukunci mai tsauri kan ko da kananan laifuffuka.An kai wa Kiristoci hari musamman, wanda ya kai ga soke haramtacciyar Kiristanci bayan Tawayen Shimabara a 1638. [66] A wata manufar da aka sani da sakoku, Japan ta rufe kanta daga yawancin duniya, ta iyakance kasuwancin waje ga Dutch ,Sinawa , daKoreans . , da kuma hana 'yan kasar Japan yin balaguro zuwa kasashen waje.[67 <] > Wannan warewar ya taimaka wa Tokugawa su ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko, ko da yake kuma ya katse Japan daga yawancin tasirin waje sama da ƙarni biyu.Duk da manufofin keɓancewa, lokacin Edo ya sami babban ci gaba a fannin noma da kasuwanci, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a.Yawan jama'ar Japan ya ninka zuwa miliyan talatin a ƙarni na farko na mulkin Tokugawa.[68] Ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na gwamnati da daidaita tsarin tsabar kudin sun taimaka wajen fadada kasuwanci, yana amfanar mazauna karkara da birane.[69] Yawan karatu da ƙididdigewa sun tashi sosai, wanda ya kafa matakin nasarorin tattalin arzikin Japan daga baya.Kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na mutanen suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, amma biranen, musamman Edo, sun ga karuwar al'ummarsu.A al'adance, lokacin Edo lokaci ne na babban ƙirƙira da ƙirƙira.Ma'anar "ukiyo," ko "duniya mai iyo," ta kama salon rayuwa na 'yan kasuwa masu tasowa.Wannan shine zamanin bugu na katako na ukiyo-e, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kabuki da buraku, da sigar waqoqin haiku, wanda Matsuo Basho ya misalta shi.Wani sabon rukunin masu nishadantarwa da aka sani da geishas shima ya fito a wannan lokacin.An kuma nuna wannan lokacin da tasirin Neo-Confucianism, wanda Tokugawas suka ɗauka a matsayin falsafar jagora, wanda ya ƙara daidaita al'ummar Japan zuwa nau'i hudu dangane da sana'o'i.Rushewar shogunate na Tokugawa ya fara ne a ƙarshen 18th da farkon ƙarni na 19th.[70] Matsalolin tattalin arziki, rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin ƙananan azuzuwan da samurai, da gazawar gwamnati don magance rikice-rikice kamar yunwar Tenpo sun raunana tsarin mulki.[70 <] > Zuwan Commodore Matthew Perry a shekara ta 1853 ya fallasa raunin Japan kuma ya haifar da rashin daidaituwar yarjejeniyoyin da ƙasashen yamma, wanda ya haifar da fushi na cikin gida da adawa.Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayin kishin kasa, musamman a yankunan Choshū da Satsuma, wanda ya haifar da yakin Boshin da kuma faduwar Tokugawa a 1868, wanda ya ba da hanya ga Maido da Meiji.
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1868
Jafan zamaniornament
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1868 Oct 23 - 1912 Jul 30

Lokacin Meiji

Tokyo, Japan
Maido da Meiji, wanda ya fara daga 1868, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a tarihin Jafananci, inda ya mai da shi cikin ƙasa ta zamani.[71] Karkashin jagorancin Meiji oligarchs kamar Okubo Toshimichi da Saigō Takamori, gwamnati ta yi niyyar cim ma ikon turawan yamma.[72] Manyan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da soke tsarin ajin Edo na feudal, maye gurbinsa da larduna, da gabatar da cibiyoyi da fasaha na yammacin Turai kamar layin dogo, layin telegraph, da tsarin ilimi na duniya.Gwamnatin Meiji ta gudanar da wani cikakken shiri na zamani da nufin mayar da Japan zuwa wata kasa mai irin ta Yamma.Manyan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da soke tsarin ajin Edo na feudal, [73] maye gurbinsa da tsarin larduna [74] da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen haraji.A kokarinta na neman Turawan Yamma, gwamnati ta kuma dage haramcin addinin Kiristanci , ta kuma rungumi fasahohi da cibiyoyi na kasashen yamma, irin su layin dogo da telegraph, da kuma aiwatar da tsarin ilimi na bai daya.[75 <>] An kawo masu ba da shawara daga ƙasashen yammacin duniya don su taimaka a zamanantar da sassa daban-daban kamar ilimi, banki, da harkokin soja.[76]Fitattun mutane kamar Fukuzawa Yukichi sun ba da shawarar wannan turaren yamma, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa a cikin al'ummar Japan, ciki har da ɗaukar kalandar Gregorian, tufafi na yammacin Turai, da gyaran gashi.Har ila yau, lokacin ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a kimiyya, musamman ilimin likitanci.Kitasato Shibasaburō ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka a cikin 1893, [77] da Hideyo Noguchi sun tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin syphilis da paresis a 1913. Bugu da ƙari, zamanin ya haifar da sababbin ƙungiyoyi na adabi da marubuta irin su Natsume Sōseki da Ichiyō Higuchi, wanda ya haɗu da Turai. salon adabi tare da siffofin Jafananci na gargajiya.Gwamnatin Meiji ta fuskanci ƙalubale na siyasa na cikin gida, musamman ƙungiyar 'Yanci da 'Yancin Jama'a da ke neman ƙara yawan shigar jama'a.A cikin mayar da martani, Itō Hirobumi ya rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Meiji, wanda aka ba da shi a cikin 1889, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Wakilai da aka zaɓa amma mai iyaka.Kundin tsarin mulki ya kiyaye matsayin sarki a matsayin babban jigo, wanda sojoji da majalisar ministoci suka kai rahotonsa kai tsaye.Ƙaunar ƙasa kuma ta ƙaru, tare da Shinto ya zama addinin gwamnati kuma makarantu suna ƙarfafa aminci ga sarki.Sojojin Japan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a manufofin manufofin waje na Japan.Abubuwan da suka faru kamar abin da ya faru na Mudan a 1871 ya haifar da balaguron soji, yayin da 1877 Satsuma Rebellion ya nuna ƙarfin gida na soja.[78] Ta hanyar cin nasara aChina a yakin Sino-Japan na farko na 1894, [79] Japan ta sami Taiwan da martabar duniya, [80] daga baya ta ba ta damar sake tattaunawa "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su dace ba" [81] har ma da kulla kawancen soja da Biritaniya a ciki. 1902. [82]Japan ta kara kafa kanta a matsayin ikon yanki ta hanyar kayar da Rasha a yakin Russo-Japan na 1904-05, [83] [wanda] ya kai ga mamaye Koriya ta Japan a 1910. a matsayin Asiya ta farko ikon.A cikin wannan lokaci, Japan ta mayar da hankali kan fadada yankuna, da farko ta hanyar karfafa Hokkaido da mamaye daular Ryukyu, sannan ta juya idanunta zuwa China da Koriya.Hakanan lokacin Meiji ya sami saurin bunƙasa masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziki.[85] Zaibatus kamar Mitsubishi da Sumitomo sun yi fice, [86] wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan manoma da karuwar birane.Layin Ginza na Tokyo, layin dogo mafi tsufa a Asiya, an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1927. Ko da yake zamanin ya kawo ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa ga mutane da yawa, ya kuma haifar da tashin hankalin ma'aikata da haɓakar ra'ayoyin gurguzu, waɗanda gwamnati ta murkushe su.A ƙarshen zamanin Meiji, Japan ta sami nasarar rikiɗewa daga al'ummar feudal zuwa ƙasa ta zamani, mai ci gaban masana'antu.
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Zaman Taisho
Babban Girgizar Kanto na 1923. ©Anonymous
1912 Jul 30 - 1926 Dec 25

Zaman Taisho

Tokyo, Japan
Zamanin Taishō a Japan (1912-1926) ya nuna gagarumin lokaci na sauyin siyasa da zamantakewa, yana motsawa zuwa ga cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi na dimokiradiyya.Zaman ya buɗe tare da rikicin siyasar Taishō na 1912-13, [87] wanda ya kai ga murabus na Firayim Minista Katsura Tarō kuma ya ƙara tasirin jam'iyyun siyasa kamar Seiyūkai da Minseitō.An gabatar da zaɓen maza na duniya a cikin 1925, kodayake Dokar Kiyaye Zaman Lafiya ta wuce wannan shekarar, tana murkushe masu adawa da siyasa.[88 [88]] Shigar da Japan ta yi a yakin duniya na daya a matsayin wani bangare na kawance ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, da kuma amincewa da kasa da kasa, ciki har da Japan ta zama mamba ta dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[89]A al'adance, zamanin Taishō ya ga bunƙasa wallafe-wallafe da fasaha, tare da adadi kamar Ryūnosuke Akutagawa da Jun'ichirọ Tanizaki suna ba da gudummawa sosai.Duk da haka, wannan lokacin kuma ya sami bala'o'i irin su Babban Girgizar Kantō na 1923, wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 100,000 [90] kuma ya kai ga Kisan Kantō, inda aka kashe dubbanKoreans ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.[91] Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta tashin hankali na zamantakewa, ciki har da zanga-zangar neman zaɓe na duniya da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa Firayim Minista Hara Takashi a 1921, yana ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnatocin da ba na jam'iyya ba.A duniya, an amince da Japan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Big Five" a taron zaman lafiya na Paris na 1919.Duk da haka, burinta akasar Sin , gami da ci gaban yankuna a Shandong, ya haifar da kyamar Japan.A cikin 1921-22, Japan ta shiga cikin taron Washington, ta samar da jerin yarjejeniyoyin da suka kafa wani sabon tsari a cikin Pacific kuma ya kawo karshen kawancen Anglo-Japan.Duk da burin farko na gudanar da mulkin dimokuradiyya da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, Japan ta fuskanci kalubalen tattalin arziki na cikin gida, kamar tsananin bakin ciki da aka samu a shekarar 1930, da kalubalen manufofin ketare, ciki har da karuwar kyamar Japan a kasar Sin, da kishiya da Amurka .Kwaminisanci kuma ya yi tasiri a wannan lokacin, tare da kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Japan a 1922. Dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta 1925 da kuma dokokin da suka biyo baya a 1928 sun kasance da nufin murkushe ayyukan gurguzu da gurguzu, wanda ya tilasta jam'iyyar a karkashin kasa a ƙarshen 1920s.Siyasar dama ta Japan, wadda ƙungiyoyi irin su Gen'yōsha da Kokuryūkai ke wakilta, ita ma ta yi fice, tana mai da hankali kan al'amuran cikin gida da haɓaka kishin ƙasa.A taƙaice, zamanin Taishō wani lokaci ne mai sarƙaƙƙiya na miƙa mulki ga Japan, daidaitawa tsakanin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya da ra'ayin masu mulki, haɓakar tattalin arziki da ƙalubale, da amincewar duniya da rikice-rikice na duniya.Yayin da ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya da kuma samun daukaka ta kasa da kasa, al'ummar kasar kuma ta yi fama da batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na cikin gida, inda suka kafa fagen samun karfin soja da mulkin kama karya a shekarun 1930.
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1926 Dec 25 - 1989 Jan 7

Nuna Lokaci

Tokyo, Japan
Kasar Japan ta sami gagarumin sauyi a karkashin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito daga 1926 zuwa 1989. [92] A farkon mulkinsa ya sami karuwar matsananciyar kishin kasa da yunkurin fadada ayyukan soji, ciki har da mamaye Manchuria a 1931 da yakin Sino-Japan na biyu a 1937. Burin al'ummar ya ƙare a yakin duniya na biyu .Bayan hasarar da ta yi a yakin duniya na biyu, kasar Japan ta fuskanci mamayar kasashen waje a karon farko a tarihinta, kafin daga bisani ta samu gagarumin koma baya a matsayinta na kan gaba a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya.[93]A ƙarshen 1941, Japan, karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Hideki Tojo, ta kai hari ga rundunar sojojin Amurka a Pearl Harbor, wanda ya jawo Amurka cikin yakin duniya na biyu tare da fara mamayewa a fadin Asiya.Da farko Japan ta ga jerin nasarori, amma ruwan ya fara juyawa bayan yakin Midway a 1942 da yakin Guadalcanal.Fararen hula a Japan sun sha fama da rarrabuwar kawuna da kuma danniya, yayin da Amurka ta kai hare-haren bama-bamai a garuruwa.Amurka ta jefa bam din nukiliya a Hiroshima, wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 70,000.Wannan shi ne harin nukiliya na farko a tarihi.A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta an kai hari Nagasaki da wani bam na atomic na biyu, wanda ya kashe mutane kusan 40,000.An sanar da mika wuyan Japan ga kawancen a ranar 14 ga Agusta kuma Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya watsa shi a gidan rediyon kasa washegari.Mamaya na kawancen Japan daga 1945-1952 da nufin canza kasar a siyasance da zamantakewa.[94] Mahimman gyare-gyare sun haɗa da raba madafun iko ta hanyar wargaza ƙungiyoyin zaibatsu, sake fasalin ƙasa, da inganta ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, da kuma kawar da mulkin demokraɗiyya da mulkin demokraɗiyya.An wargaza sojojin Japan, an gwada masu laifin yaki, kuma an kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1947 wanda ya jaddada 'yancin jama'a da 'yancin yin aiki yayin da ya yi watsi da hakkin Japan na yin yaki (Mataki na 9).Dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da Japan an daidaita su a hukumance tare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta San Francisco ta 1951, kuma Japan ta dawo da cikakken ikonta a 1952, kodayake Amurka ta ci gaba da gudanar da wasu daga cikin tsibiran Ryukyu, ciki har da Okinawa, karkashin yarjejeniyar tsaron Amurka da Japan.Shigeru Yoshida, wanda ya zama firaministan kasar Japan a karshen shekarun 1940 zuwa farkon shekarun 1950, ya taka rawa wajen jagorantar kasar Japan ta hanyar sake gina kasar bayan yakin.[95] Rukunansa na Yoshida ya jaddada ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawance tare da Amurka kuma ya ba da fifiko ga ci gaban tattalin arziki akan manufofin ketare mai aiki.[96 <] > Wannan dabara ta kai ga kafa jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) a 1955, wadda ta mamaye siyasar Japan shekaru da dama.[97] Don fara tattalin arziki, an aiwatar da manufofi kamar shirin tsuke bakin aljihu da kafa ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta ƙasa da ƙasa (MITI).MITI ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta masana'antu da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, kuma yakin Koriya ya ba da wani ci gaba mai ban mamaki ga tattalin arzikin Japan.Abubuwan da suka hada da fasaha na yammacin Turai, ƙaƙƙarfan dangantakar Amurka, da aikin yi na rayuwa sun ba da gudummawa ga saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa Japan ta kasance ta biyu mafi girma a tattalin arzikin jari-hujja a duniya nan da 1968.A fagen kasa da kasa, Japan ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 1956 kuma ta sami karin daukaka ta karbar bakuncin wasannin Olympics a Tokyo a [1964.] Anpo ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da yarjejeniyar tsaron Amurka da Japan a shekarar 1960. Japan kuma ta zagaya huldar diflomasiya tare da Tarayyar Soviet da Koriya ta Kudu , duk da takaddamar yankuna, sannan ta sauya shekar diflomasiyyarta daga Taiwan zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a 1972. Kasancewar Rundunar Tsaron Kai ta Japan (JSDF), wacce aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1954, ta haifar da muhawara game da tsarin mulkinta, idan aka yi la'akari da matsayin Japan na zaman lafiya bayan yaƙi kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na 9 na kundin tsarin mulkinta.A al'adance, lokacin bayan mamaya ya kasance zamanin zinare ga fina-finan Japan, wanda ya haifar da kawar da cece-kucen gwamnati da kuma yawan masu sauraro na cikin gida.Bugu da ƙari, layin dogo na farko mai sauri na Japan, Tokaido Shinkansen, an gina shi a cikin 1964, wanda ke wakiltar ci gaban fasaha da tasirin duniya.Wannan lokaci ya ga jama'ar Japan sun kasance masu wadata don samun damar yin amfani da kayan masarufi iri-iri, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta zama kan gaba wajen kera motoci da na'urorin lantarki.Japan kuma ta sami kumfa na tattalin arziki a ƙarshen 1980s, wanda ke da saurin haɓakar haja da ƙimar ƙasa.
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Lokacin Heisei
Heisei ya ga karuwar shaharar Anime na Japan. ©Studio Ghibli
1989 Jan 8 - 2019 Apr 30

Lokacin Heisei

Tokyo, Japan
Daga ƙarshen 1980s zuwa 1990s, Japan ta sami gagarumin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da siyasa.Haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na 1989 ta nuna kololuwar ci gaban tattalin arziƙin cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin riba da kuma haukar saka hannun jari.Wannan kumfa ta fashe a farkon shekarun 90s, wanda ya kai ga wani lokaci na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da ake kira "Lost Decade."[99 <>] A cikin wannan lokaci, an kori jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) da ta daɗe tana mulki daga mulki, ko da yake ta dawo cikin sauri saboda rashin wata manufa ta haɗin kai.A farkon shekarun 2000 kuma an sami sauyin masu gadi a siyasar Japan, inda jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan ta dauki madafun iko a takaice kafin badakalar da kalubale kamar hadarin jirgin ruwan Senkaku na 2010 ya kai ga faduwa.Dangantakar Japan da China da Koriya ta yi tsami ne saboda ra'ayoyi mabambanta kan abin da ya bari a lokacin yakin.Duk da cewa Japan ta ba da uzuri sama da 50 tun daga shekarun 1950, gami da neman afuwar Sarkin sarakuna a 1990 da kuma bayanin Murayama na 1995, jami'ai dagaChina daKoriya galibi suna ganin wadannan alamun basu isa ba ko kuma basu da gaskiya.[100] Siyasar kishin kasa a Japan, kamar kin kisan kiyashin Nanjing da litattafan tarihi na bita, sun kara ruruta wutar rikici.[101]A fagen shaharar al'ada, shekarun 1990s sun ga karuwar shaharar anime na Japan a duniya, tare da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani kamar Pokémon, Sailor Moon, da Dragon Ball suna samun shahara a duniya.Duk da haka, lokacin kuma ya fuskanci bala'o'i da al'amura irin su girgizar kasa na Kobe na 1995 da harin gas na sarin a Tokyo.Wadannan al'amura sun haifar da suka ga yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da rikice-rikice da kuma haifar da ci gaban kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Japan.Bangaren kasa da kasa, Japan ta dauki matakai don sake tabbatar da kanta a matsayin karfin soja.Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya takaita shigarta cikin rikice-rikice, Japan ta ba da gudummawar kudi da dabaru ga kokarin kamar yakin Gulf sannan daga baya ta shiga cikin sake gina Iraki .Wani lokaci waɗannan yunƙurin suna fuskantar suka tare da sukar ƙasashen duniya amma suna nuna sauyi a matsayin Japan bayan yaƙin shiga soja.Bala'o'i, musamman girgizar kasa na Thohoku da tsunami a shekarar 2011, da kuma bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima Daiichi da ya biyo baya, sun yi tasiri sosai a kasar.[102] Bala'in ya haifar da sake kimanta makamashin nukiliya na ƙasa da na duniya da raunin da ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen bala'i da mayar da martani.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya ga kasar Japan tana kokawa da kalubalen al'umma, da gasar tattalin arziki daga kasashe masu tasowa kamar kasar Sin, da dimbin kalubale na ciki da waje da ke ci gaba da daidaita yanayinta cikin shekaru goma da muke ciki.
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2019 May 1

Zaman Riwa

Tokyo, Japan
Sarkin sarakuna Naruhito ya hau karagar mulki ne a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2019, bayan saukar mahaifinsa Sarkin sarakuna Akihito.[103] A cikin 2021, Japan ta yi nasarar karbar bakuncin gasar Olympics ta bazara, wadda aka dage daga 2020 saboda cutar ta COVID-19;[104] Kasar ta sami matsayi na uku da lambobin zinare 27.[105] A cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya, Japan ta dauki tsayuwar daka kan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a cikin 2022 , ta sanya takunkumi cikin sauri, [106] daskare kadarorin Rasha, da soke matsayin kasuwancin al'ummar Rasha, matakin da shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy ya yaba yayin da Japan ta kafa. kanta a matsayin jagorar ikon duniya.[106]A cikin 2022, Japan ta fuskanci tashin hankali na cikin gida tare da kisan tsohon Firayim Minista Shinzo Abe a ranar 8 ga Yuli, wani mummunan tashin hankali na bindiga wanda ya girgiza al'ummar kasar.[] [107] Bugu da ƙari, Japan ta fuskanci tashin hankali a yankin bayan da kasar Sin ta kai "makamaimai masu linzami" kusa da Taiwan a cikin watan Agustan 2022. Kishi ya ayyana su "mummunan barazana ga tsaron kasar Japan."A watan Disamba na 2022, Japan ta ba da sanarwar wani gagarumin sauyi a manufofinta na soja, inda ta zaɓi damar da za ta iya kai hari da kuma ƙara yawan kasafin kuɗin tsaro zuwa kashi 2% na GDP nan da shekarar [2027] . Ana sa ran samun sauyi zai sanya Japan ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya wajen kashe kudin tsaro, sai Amurka da China kadai.[110]
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A Quiz is available for this HistoryMap.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Ainu - History of the Indigenous people of Japan


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APPENDIX 2

The Shinkansen Story


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APPENDIX 3

How Japan Became a Great Power in Only 40 Years


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APPENDIX 4

Geopolitics of Japan


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APPENDIX 5

Why Japan's Geography Is Absolutely Terrible


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Characters



Minamoto no Yoshitsune

Minamoto no Yoshitsune

Military Commander of the Minamoto Clan

Fujiwara no Kamatari

Fujiwara no Kamatari

Founder of the Fujiwara Clan

Itagaki Taisuke

Itagaki Taisuke

Freedom and People's Rights Movement

Emperor Meiji

Emperor Meiji

Emperor of Japan

Kitasato Shibasaburō

Kitasato Shibasaburō

Physician and Bacteriologist

Emperor Nintoku

Emperor Nintoku

Emperor of Japan

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

Oda Nobunaga

Oda Nobunaga

Great Unifier of Japan

Prince Shōtoku

Prince Shōtoku

Semi-Legendary Regent of Asuka Period

Yamagata Aritomo

Yamagata Aritomo

Prime Minister of Japan

Ōkubo Toshimichi

Ōkubo Toshimichi

Founder of Modern Japan

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Founded Keio University

Taira no Kiyomori

Taira no Kiyomori

Military Leader

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu

First Shōgun of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Ōkuma Shigenobu

Ōkuma Shigenobu

Prime Minister of the Empire of Japan

Saigō Takamori

Saigō Takamori

Samurai during Meiji Restoration

Itō Hirobumi

Itō Hirobumi

First Prime Minister of Japan

Emperor Taishō

Emperor Taishō

Emperor of Japan

Himiko

Himiko

Shamaness-Queen of Yamatai-koku

Minamoto no Yoritomo

Minamoto no Yoritomo

First Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate

Shigeru Yoshida

Shigeru Yoshida

Prime Minister of Japan

Footnotes



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  2. "Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery". NHK World.
  3. Shinya Shōda (2007). "A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy". Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. 1.
  4. Ono, Akira (2014). "Modern hominids in the Japanese Islands and the early use of obsidian", pp. 157–159 in Sanz, Nuria (ed.). Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia.
  5. Takashi, Tsutsumi (2012). "MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago". Quaternary International. 248: 70–78. Bibcode:2012QuInt.248...70T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.030.
  6. Hudson, Mark (2009). "Japanese Beginnings", p. 15 In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). A Companion to Japanese History. Malden MA: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405193399.
  7. Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, Mai; Yoneda, Minoru (2010). "Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating". Anthropological Science. 118 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1537/ase.091214.
  8. Perri, Angela R. (2016). "Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan" (PDF). Antiquity. 90 (353): 1166–1180. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.115. S2CID 163956846.
  9. Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie, History of Japanese art, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-117602-1, 9780131176027.
  10. Sakaguchi, Takashi. (2009). Storage adaptations among hunter–gatherers: A quantitative approach to the Jomon period. Journal of anthropological archaeology, 28(3), 290–303. SAN DIEGO: Elsevier Inc.
  11. Schirokauer, Conrad; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. ISBN 978-0-495-91322-1.
  12. Kumar, Ann (2009) Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-710-31313-3 p. 1.
  13. Imamura, Keiji (1996) Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-824-81852-4 pp. 165–178.
  14. Kaner, Simon (2011) 'The Archeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago,' in Timothy Insoll (ed.),The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-199-23244-4 pp. 457–468, p. 462.
  15. Mizoguchi, Koji (2013) The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88490-7 pp. 81–82, referring to the two sub-styles of houses introduced from the Korean peninsular: Songguk’ni (松菊里) and Teppyong’ni (大坪里).
  16. Maher, Kohn C. (1996). "North Kyushu Creole: A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese", in Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
  17. Farris, William Wayne (1995). Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-69005-9, p. 25.
  18. Henshall, Kenneth (2012). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34662-8, pp. 14–15.
  19. Denoon, Donald et al. (2001). Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern, p. 107.
  20. Kanta Takata. "An Analysis of the Background of Japanese-style Tombs Builtin the Southwestern Korean Peninsula in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries". Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History.
  21. Carter, William R. (1983). "Asuka period". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.). Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 107. ISBN 9780870116216.
  22. Perez, Louis G. (1998). The History of Japan. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30296-1., pp. 16, 18.
  23. Frederic, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap. p. 59. ISBN 9780674017535.
  24. Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-119-02235-0., pp. 54–55.
  25. Henshall, Kenneth (2012). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34662-8, pp. 18–19.
  26. Weston, Mark (2002). Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Greatest Men and Women. New York: Kodansha. ISBN 978-0-9882259-4-7, p. 127.
  27. Rhee, Song Nai; Aikens, C. Melvin.; Chʻoe, Sŏng-nak.; No, Hyŏk-chin. (2007). "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600". Asian Perspectives. 46 (2): 404–459. doi:10.1353/asi.2007.0016. hdl:10125/17273. JSTOR 42928724. S2CID 56131755.
  28. Totman 2005, pp. 55–57.
  29. Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0523-3, p. 57.
  30. Dolan, Ronald E. and Worden, Robert L., ed. (1994) "Nara and Heian Periods, A.D. 710–1185" Japan: A Country Study. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.
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  32. Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times. Routledge. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5.
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  35. Weston 2002, pp. 135–136.
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  54. Farris 2009, p. 152.
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  61. Farris 2009, p. 193.
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  63. Hane, Mikiso (1991). Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4970-1, p. 133.
  64. Perez 1998, p. 72.
  65. Henshall 2012, pp. 54–55.
  66. Henshall 2012, p. 60.
  67. Chaiklin, Martha (2013). "Sakoku (1633–1854)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 356–357. ISBN 9781598847413.
  68. Totman 2005, pp. 237, 252–253.
  69. Jansen, Marius (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard U. ISBN 0674009916, pp. 116–117.
  70. Henshall 2012, pp. 68–69.
  71. Henshall 2012, pp. 75–76, 217.
  72. Henshall 2012, p. 75.
  73. Henshall 2012, pp. 79, 89.
  74. Henshall 2012, p. 78.
  75. Beasley, WG (1962). "Japan". In Hinsley, FH (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 472.
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  78. Henshall 2012, p. 80.
  79. Perez 1998, pp. 118–119.
  80. Perez 1998, p. 120.
  81. Perez 1998, pp. 115, 121.
  82. Perez 1998, p. 122.
  83. Connaughton, R. M. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5. London. ISBN 0-415-00906-5., p. 86.
  84. Henshall 2012, pp. 96–97.
  85. Henshall 2012, pp. 101–102.
  86. Perez 1998, pp. 102–103.
  87. Henshall 2012, pp. 108–109.
  88. Perez 1998, p. 138.
  89. Henshall 2012, p. 111.
  90. Henshall 2012, p. 110.
  91. Kenji, Hasegawa (2020). "The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923". Monumenta Nipponica. 75 (1): 91–122. doi:10.1353/mni.2020.0002. ISSN 1880-1390. S2CID 241681897.
  92. Totman 2005, p. 465.
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  94. Henshall 2012, pp. 142–143.
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  97. Henshall 2012, p. 163.
  98. Henshall 2012, p. 167.
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  100. Henshall 2012, p. 199.
  101. Henshall 2012, pp. 199–201.
  102. Henshall 2012, pp. 187–188.
  103. McCurry, Justin (1 April 2019). "Reiwa: Japan Prepares to Enter New Era of Fortunate Harmony". The Guardian.
  104. "Tokyo Olympics to start in July 2021". BBC. 30 March 2020.
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  108. "China's missle landed in Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone". Asahi. 5 August 2022.
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  110. Jennifer Lind (23 December 2022). "Japan Steps Up". Foreign Affairs.

References



  • Connaughton, R. M. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5. London. ISBN 0-415-00906-5.
  • Farris, William Wayne (1995). Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-69005-9.
  • Farris, William Wayne (2009). Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3379-4.
  • Gao, Bai (2009). "The Postwar Japanese Economy". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). A Companion to Japanese History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 299–314. ISBN 978-1-4051-9339-9.
  • Garon, Sheldon. "Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations" Journal of Asian Studies 53#2 (1994), pp. 346–366. JSTOR 2059838.
  • Hane, Mikiso (1991). Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4970-1.
  • Hara, Katsuro. Introduction to the history of Japan (2010) online
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