Yakin Basasa na Ingila

Yakin Basasa na Ingila ya barke a shekara ta 1642, kasa da shekaru 40 bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Elizabeth I. Elizabeth ta samu nasara da dan uwanta na farko wanda aka cire sau biyu, Sarki James na 6 na Scotland, a matsayin James I na Ingila, wanda ya haifar da haduwa ta farko ta sirri. na masarautun Scotland da Ingila. A matsayinsa na Sarkin Scots, James ya saba da raunin al'adar majalisar Scotland tun lokacin da ya karbi ragamar mulkin gwamnatin Scotland a shekara ta 1583, ta yadda bayan da ya karbi mulki a kudancin kan iyaka, sabon Sarkin Ingila ya ci karo da shi. takura Majalisar Ingila ta yi yunkurin sanya masa kudi.Sakamakon haka, almubazzarancin da James ya yi, wanda ya haifar masa da karancin kuɗi na shekara-shekara, yana nufin dole ne ya nemi hanyar samun kuɗin shiga na waje.Haka kuma, karuwar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a wannan lokacin yana nufin duk da cewa majalisar ta bai wa Sarki irin wannan kimar tallafin, abin da ake samu ya ragu sosai.Wannan almubazzaranci da halin zaman lafiya na James ya motsa shi, ta yadda ta wurin sarautar ɗansa Charles I a shekara ta 1625, masarautun biyu sun sami kwanciyar hankali, a ciki da kuma dangantakarsu da juna.Charles ya bi mafarkin mahaifinsa da fatan ya hada daular Ingila, Scotland da Ireland su zama masarauta daya.Da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin Ingila sun yi shakku kan irin wannan yunkuri, suna tsoron kada irin wannan sabuwar masarauta ta ruguza tsoffin al'adun Ingilishi da suka daure masarautar Ingila.Kamar yadda Charles ya raba matsayin mahaifinsa game da ikon kambi (James ya kwatanta sarakuna a matsayin "ƙananan alloli a duniya", wanda Allah ya zaɓa don yin mulki daidai da koyarwar "Hakkin Sarakuna na Allahntaka"), zato na 'yan majalisa. yana da wasu hujja.

Kokarin Hakki, wanda aka zartar a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1628, takarda ce ta tsarin mulki ta Ingilishi wacce ke bayyana takamaiman kariyar mutum ga jihar, wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa yana da darajar daidai ga Magna Carta da Dokar Haƙƙin 1689. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban rikici tsakanin Majalisa da Majalisar Dokoki. Masarautar Stuart wacce ta haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na 1638 zuwa 1651 na masarautu uku, a ƙarshe an warware shi a cikin Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1688.Bayan da aka yi ta cece-kuce da Majalisa kan bayar da haraji, a shekara ta 1627 Charles I ya sanya “bashi na tilas”, ya kuma daure wadanda suka ki biya, ba tare da yi musu shari’a ba.An bi wannan a cikin 1628 ta hanyar amfani da dokar yaƙi, tilasta wa ’yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu abinci, tufafi da kuma ba da sojoji da ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, wanda ke nufin sarki na iya hana kowane mutum dukiya, ko ’yanci, ba tare da hujja ba.Ya haɗu da adawa a kowane mataki na al'umma, musamman abubuwan da masarautar ta dogara da su don tallafin kuɗi, tattara haraji, gudanar da adalci da dai sauransu, tun da kawai dukiya ta ƙara lalacewa.Kwamitin Commons ya shirya "Sharidu" guda hudu, yana bayyana kowane ɗayan waɗannan ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yayin da ya sake tabbatar da Magna Carta da habeas corpus.A baya Charles ya dogara ga House of Lords don goyon baya a kan Commons, amma shirye-shiryensu na yin aiki tare ya tilasta masa ya karbi takardar.Hakan ya nuna wani sabon mataki a rikicin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, tun da ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin Majalisun biyu ba su amince da shi ba, ko kuma ministocinsa, wajen fassara dokar.

Tsarin Mulki (wanda kuma aka sani da mulkin shekaru goma sha ɗaya) shine lokacin daga 1629 zuwa 1640, lokacin da Sarki Charles I na Ingila, Scotland da Ireland ya yi mulki ba tare da neman Majalisa ba.Sarkin ya yi ikirarin cewa ya cancanci yin hakan a karkashin ikon sarauta.Charles ya riga ya rusa Majalisar Dokoki uku a shekara ta uku ta mulkinsa a shekara ta 1628. Bayan kisan George Villiers, Duke na Buckingham, wanda ake ganin yana da mummunan tasiri a manufofin Charles na kasashen waje, majalisar ta fara sukar sarki da kakkausar murya fiye da kafin.Charles sai ya gane cewa, idan dai zai iya guje wa yaki, zai iya yin mulki ba tare da majalisa ba.

Yakin Bishof na 1639 da 1640 sune farkon rikice-rikicen da aka sani tare da yakin 1639 zuwa 1653 na masarautu uku, wadanda suka faru a Scotland, Ingila da Ireland.Sauran sun haɗa da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Irish, Yaƙin Basasa na Farko, Na Biyu da Na Uku na Ingilishi, da cin Cromwellian na Ireland.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun samo asali ne daga rigingimu game da shugabancin Cocin Scotland ko Kirk wanda ya fara a cikin 1580s kuma ya zo kan gaba a lokacin da Charles I ya yi ƙoƙari ya sanya ɗawainiya iri ɗaya a kan Kirk da Cocin Ingila a 1637. Yawancin Scots sun yi adawa da waɗannan. wanda ya goyi bayan Ikilisiyar Presbyterian da ministoci da dattawa ke tafiyar da ita da kuma 1638 Alkawari na Kasa ya yi alkawarin yin adawa da irin wannan "sabbin sabbin abubuwa".An san masu sanya hannu a matsayin masu alkawari.

Majalissar gajeriyar majalisa ce ta Ingila wacce Sarki Charles na Ingila ya kira shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1640 kuma ya zauna daga 13 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu 1640. An kira ta ne saboda gajeriyar rayuwarta na makonni uku kacal.Bayan shekaru 11 na ƙoƙari na Ƙoƙarin Mulki tsakanin 1629 da 1640, Charles ya tuna da majalisa a 1640 bisa shawarar Ubangiji Wentworth, kwanan nan ya kirkiro Earl na Strafford, da farko don samun kuɗi don tallafawa gwagwarmayar soja tare da Scotland a Wars' Bishops.Duk da haka, kamar magabata, sabuwar majalisar ta fi sha'awar gyara korafe-korafen da ake gani da gwamnatin Masarautar ta yi fiye da jefa kuri'a na kudaden sarki don ci gaba da yakin da ya yi da 'yan Scotland.John Pym, MP na Tavistock, da sauri ya fito a matsayin babban jigon muhawara;Dogon jawabin da ya yi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu ya bayyana kin amincewar majalisar dokokin kasar na kada kuri'a kan tallafin da ake samu sai dai idan ba a magance cin zarafin masarautar ba.John Hampden, ya bambanta, ya kasance mai lallashi a cikin sirri: ya zauna a kan kwamitoci tara.Koke-koke game da cin zarafin sarauta na zuwa majalisar daga kasar.Kokarin da Charles ya yi na dakatar da karbar kudin jirgi bai burge majalisar ba.A fusace da sake ci gaba da muhawara game da alfarmar sarauta da kuma keta alfarmar majalisa ta hanyar kama mambobi tara a shekara ta 1629, kuma ba a ji ba game da muhawarar da za a shirya kan tabarbarewar yanayi a Scotland, Charles ya rushe majalisar a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1640, bayan uku kawai. zaman makonni.An bi shi daga baya a cikin shekara ta Dogon Majalisa.

Dogon majalisar dokoki ce ta Ingilishi wacce ta kasance daga 1640 zuwa 1660. Ya biyo bayan fiasco na Short Parliament, wanda aka yi makonni uku kacal a cikin bazarar 1640 bayan shekaru 11 na zaman majalisa.A cikin Satumba 1640, Sarki Charles I ya ba da rubutattun kira ga majalisar dokoki ta yi taro a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1640. Ya yi niyya ta zartar da lissafin kudi, matakin da ya zama dole saboda farashin Bishof' Wars a Scotland.Dogon majalisar ta samu suna ne saboda yadda dokar majalisar ta ce ba za a iya rushe ta ba sai da amincewar mambobin;kuma waɗancan membobin ba su yarda da rushewar ba har sai 16 Maris 1660, bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila da kuma kusa da ƙarshen Interregnum.

Dokar Kuɗi ta Jirgin ruwa 1640 doka ce ta Majalisar Ingila.Ya haramta harajin da ake kira kudin jirgi, harajin da sarki zai iya sakawa (a garuruwan bakin teku) ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba.An yi amfani da kuɗin jirgi don amfani da shi a cikin yaki, amma a cikin shekarun 1630 ana amfani da shi don samar da kudaden gwamnati na yau da kullum na Sarki Charles I, don haka ya rushe majalisar.

Plots na Sojoji na 1641 wani ƙoƙari ne daban-daban daban-daban da magoya bayan Charles I na Ingila suka yi don yin amfani da sojoji don murkushe 'yan adawa na majalisa a yayin yakin basasar Ingila na farko.Shirin shi ne mayar da sojoji daga York zuwa London da kuma amfani da shi don sake tabbatar da ikon sarauta.An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa maharan na neman taimakon sojojin Faransa ne kuma sun shirya kwace tare da kakkafa garuruwa don zama tungar sarakunan.Bayyanar makircin ya baiwa John Pym da wasu jiga-jigan 'yan adawa damar samun galaba ta hanyar daure ko kuma tilasta wa da yawa daga cikin magoya bayan sarkin gudun hijira, ciki har da matarsa ​​Henrietta Maria.A cewar Conrad Russell, har yanzu ba a sani ba "wanda ya kulla makirci da wanda zai yi abin" da kuma cewa "makircin Charles I, kamar masoya kakarsa, suna iya girma a cikin faɗar".Duk da haka, a fili an yi yunƙuri na gaske don yin shawarwari game da motsin sojoji zuwa London.

Tawayen Irish na 1641 tawaye ne daga 'yan Katolika na Irish a cikin Masarautar Ireland, waɗanda ke son kawo ƙarshen wariyar katolika, mafi girman mulkin kai na Irish, da kuma juyar da wani yanki ko gabaɗaya shukar Ireland.Har ila yau, sun so su hana yiwuwar mamayewa ko kwace daga ’yan majalisar dokokin Ingila masu adawa da Katolika da kuma ’yan Wadi na Scotland, waɗanda suke bijirewa sarki, Charles I. Ya fara ne a matsayin wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da ’yan Katolika da jami’an soji suka yi, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su karɓe ikonsa. na gwamnatin Ingila a Ireland.Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da zama tawaye mai yawa da rikici na kabilanci tare da Ingilishi da Furotesta na Scotland, wanda ya kai ga shiga tsakani na soja na Scotland.A ƙarshe 'yan tawayen sun kafa ƙungiyar Katolika na Irish.

Babban Remonstrance jerin korafe-korafe ne da Majalisar Ingila ta gabatar wa Sarki Charles I na Ingila a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1641, amma majalisar ta amince da shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1641, a lokacin Majalisar Dogon.Yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa na Ingila.

Mambobin biyar din ‘yan majalisar ne da Sarki Charles na daya ya yi yunkurin kama shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1642. Sarki Charles na daya ya shiga majalisar dokokin Ingila tare da rakiyar sojoji dauke da makamai, a lokacin zaman majalisar Dogon, duk da cewa ‘yan majalisar biyar ba sa nan. gidan a lokacin.Membobi biyar sune: John Hampden (c. 1594–1643) Arthur Haselrig (1601–1661) Denzil Holles (1599–1680) John Pym (1584–1643) William Strode (1598–1645)Kokarin tilastawa majalisa ta Charles ya kasa, ya juya da yawa gaba da shi, kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kai ga barkewar yakin basasa daga baya a shekara ta 1642.

Majalisar dokokin Ingila ta zartar da dokar ta ‘yan bindiga a ranar 15 ga Maris 1642. Ta hanyar da’awar nada kwamandojin soji ba tare da amincewar sarki ba, hakan wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin al’amuran da suka kai ga barkewar yakin basasar Ingila na farko a watan Agusta.Tawayen Irish na 1641 yana nufin akwai goyon baya da yawa a Ingila don haɓaka sojojin soja don murkushe shi.Duk da haka, yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Charles I da majalisa ta tabarbarewa, babu wani bangare da ya amince da ɗayan, saboda tsoron kada a yi amfani da irin wannan sojojin a kansu.Rundunar soji kawai ta dindindin da ake da ita ita ce runduna ta horar da su, ko kuma ƴan sa-kai na gundumomi, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon laftanar Ubangiji, waɗanda kuma sarki ne ya naɗa su.A watan Disamba na 1641, Sir Arthur Haselrige ya gabatar da wata doka ta 'yan tawaye da ke ba majalisa damar zabar kwamandojinsa, ba Charles ba, wanda majalisar ta zartar.Bayan ya kasa kama Membobi biyar a ranar 5 ga Janairu, Charles ya bar London, ya nufi arewa zuwa York;A cikin ƴan makonni masu zuwa, da yawa daga cikin membobin Sarautai na Commons da House of Lords sun shiga tare da shi.Sakamakon ya kasance rinjaye na majalisar a cikin Lords, wanda ya amince da kudirin a ranar 5 ga Maris 1642, yayin da tabbatar da yin hakan bai saba wa rantsuwar Mubaya'a ba.An mayar da kudirin dokar zuwa majalisar dokokin kasar don amincewa a wannan rana, sannan aka mika wa Charles don amincewar sa na sarauta, wanda ya bukaci ta zama dokar da ta zama doka ta majalisar.Lokacin da ya ki amincewa, Majalisar ta bayyana a ranar 15 ga Maris 1642 "Mutane suna daure da Dokar Sojoji, kodayake ba ta sami izinin sarauta ba".Charles ya mayar da martani ga wannan ikirari da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na ikon mallakar majalisar ta hanyar bayar da kwamitocin Array, duk da cewa wadannan kalamai ne na niyya, ba tare da wani tasiri a aikace ba wajen bunkasar sojoji.Majalisa ta ci gaba da zartarwa da aiwatar da Dokokin a cikin 1640s, yawancin waɗanda aka bayyana ba su da komai bayan Maidowa na 1660;Banda shi ne harajin haraji na 1643.

A ranar 1 ga Yuni 1642 Ubangijin Ingila da Commons sun amince da jerin shawarwarin da aka sani da Shawarwari Sha Tara, wanda aka aika zuwa ga Sarki Charles I na Ingila, wanda ke York a lokacin.A cikin wadannan bukatu, Majalisar Dogon ta nemi wani kaso mai yawa na iko a harkokin mulkin masarautar.Daga cikin shawarwarin da 'yan majalisar suka gabatar akwai sa ido kan manufofin kasashen waje da majalisar dokokin kasar ke da shi, da kuma kula da rundunar sojojin kasar, da hukumar da ba ta kwararrun sojoji, da kuma sanya ministocin Sarki su zama masu bin doka da oda.Kafin karshen wata Sarkin ya ki amincewa da shawarwarin kuma a watan Agusta kasar ta fada cikin yakin basasa.

An yi yakin basasa na farko na Ingilishi a Ingila da Wales daga kimanin Agusta 1642 zuwa Yuni 1646 kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na 1638 zuwa 1651 Wars na masarautu uku.Sauran rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Yakin Bishof, Yaƙe-yaƙe na Irish, Yaƙin Basasa na Ingilishi na Biyu, Yaƙin Anglo-Scottish (1650-1652) da mamaye Cromwellian na Ireland.Bisa kididdigar zamani, 15% zuwa 20% na dukan mazajen da suka girma a Ingila da Wales sun yi aikin soja tsakanin 1638 zuwa 1651 kuma kusan kashi 4% na yawan jama'a sun mutu daga abubuwan da suka shafi yaki, idan aka kwatanta da 2.23% a yakin duniya na daya. Wadannan alkaluma sun nuna tasirin rikici ga al'umma gaba daya da kuma dacin da ya haifar.Rikicin siyasa tsakanin Charles I da majalisar dokoki ya samo asali ne tun farkon shekarun mulkinsa kuma ya kai ga ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mulki a shekara ta 1629. Bayan yaƙin Bishof na 1639 zuwa 1640, Charles ya tuna da majalisar a watan Nuwamba 1640 yana fatan ya sami kuɗin da zai ba shi damar. don mayar da kayar da ya sha daga 'yan Scots Covenanters amma a maimakon haka sun bukaci babban rangwame na siyasa.Yayin da mafi yawansu ke goyon bayan kafa masarautu, sun yi sabani a kan wanda ke da iko na ƙarshe;Masu sarauta gabaɗaya sun yi iƙirarin cewa Majalisar tana ƙarƙashin sarki ne, yayin da yawancin abokan hamayyarsu na Majalisar ke goyon bayan tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki.Duk da haka, wannan yana sauƙaƙa da gaskiya mai sarƙaƙƙiya;da yawa da farko sun kasance masu tsaka-tsaki ko kuma sun tafi yaƙi tare da ƙin yarda kuma zaɓin bangarorin sau da yawa yakan zo ga aminci.Lokacin da rikicin ya fara a watan Agustan 1642, bangarorin biyu suna tsammanin za a sasanta shi da yaki daya, amma nan da nan ya bayyana a fili cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba.Nasarar sarauta a cikin 1643 ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Majalisa da Scots waɗanda suka yi nasara a jerin yaƙe-yaƙe a 1644, mafi mahimmanci shine Yaƙin Marston Moor.A farkon 1645, majalisar ta ba da izinin kafa sabon Sojan Model, rundunar soja ta farko a Ingila, kuma nasarar da suka samu a Naseby a watan Yuni 1645 ta tabbatar da yanke hukunci.Yakin ya ƙare tare da nasara ga kawancen majalisa a watan Yuni 1646 da Charles a tsare, amma ya ƙi yin shawarwari da rarrabuwa tsakanin abokan hamayyarsa ya haifar da yakin basasa na Ingila na biyu a 1648.

Duk yunƙurin sasantawa na tsarin mulki tsakanin Sarki Charles da Majalisa ya rushe a farkon shekara ta 1642. Dukansu Sarki da Majalisar sun tara manyan sojoji don su sami hanyarsu ta hanyar amfani da makamai.A watan Oktoba, a sansaninsa na wucin gadi kusa da Shrewsbury, Sarkin ya yanke shawarar yin tattaki zuwa Landan domin ya tilasta yin taka-tsantsan da babban sojojin majalisar, wanda Earl na Essex ya umarta.A ƙarshen 22 ga Oktoba, sojojin biyu sun sami abokan gaba ba zato ba tsammani.Kashegari, sojojin Royalist sun sauko daga Edge Hill don tilasta yaƙi.Bayan da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka bude wata harba bindiga, sai 'yan Sarauta suka kai hari.Duka rundunonin biyu sun ƙunshi galibin dakarun da ba su da kwarewa kuma wasu lokuta ma ba su da kayan aiki.Mazaje da yawa daga bangarorin biyu sun gudu ko kuma suka faɗo don su wawashe kayan abokan gaba, kuma babu wani sojan da ya iya samun wata fa'ida.Bayan yakin, Sarkin ya ci gaba da tafiya a Landan, amma bai isa ya shawo kan mayakan da ke karewa ba kafin sojojin Essex su karfafa su.Sakamakon da bai dace ba na yakin Edgehill ya hana ko wanne bangare samun nasara cikin sauri a yakin, wanda a karshe ya dauki shekaru hudu.

Yaƙin Adwalton Moor ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1643 a Adwalton, West Yorkshire, lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila na Farko.A cikin yaƙin, Sarautai masu biyayya ga Sarki Charles karkashin jagorancin Earl na Newcastle sun yi nasara a kan 'yan majalisar da Ubangiji Fairfax ya umarta.

Guguwar Bristol ta faru ne daga ranar 23 zuwa 26 ga Yulin 1643, a lokacin yakin basasar Ingila na farko.Sojojin Masarautar karkashin Yarima Rupert sun kwace muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa na Bristol daga rugujewar dakarun majalisar.Garin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon sarauta har zuwa kewaye na biyu na Bristol a cikin Satumba 1645.

Yakin Farko na Newbury ya kasance yakin yakin basasar Ingila na farko wanda aka yi a ranar 20 ga Satumbar 1643 tsakanin sojojin Sarauta, karkashin jagorancin Sarki Charles na kashin kansa, da rundunar 'yan majalisa karkashin jagorancin Earl na Essex.Bayan shekara guda na nasarorin Royalist inda suka dauki Banbury, Oxford da Karatu ba tare da rikici ba kafin su mamaye Bristol, an bar 'yan majalisar ba tare da ingantaccen sojoji a yammacin Ingila ba.Lokacin da Charles ya kewaye Gloucester, an tilasta wa majalisa ta tattara wani karfi a karkashin Essex wanda zai buge sojojin Charles.Bayan tafiya mai tsawo, Essex ya ba Sarauta mamaki kuma ya tilasta musu barin Gloucester kafin ya fara komawa Landan.Charles ya tattara sojojinsa ya bi Essex, ya ci karo da sojojin majalisar a Newbury kuma ya tilasta musu su wuce sojojin Royalist don ci gaba da ja da baya.Dalilan da suka sa Royalist gaza cin nasara kan 'yan majalisar sun hada da karancin harsasai, karancin kwararrun sojojinsu da dabarun Essex, wanda ya rama "saboda yawan kukan dawakin da ya yi ta dabara da dabara da karfin wuta", yana fuskantar dawakin Rupert ta hanyar tuki. an kashe su tare da tsarin runduna masu yawa.Kodayake alkaluman wadanda suka mutu ba su da yawa (1,300 Royalists da 1,200'yan majalisar dokoki), masana tarihi da suka yi nazarin yakin suna la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin yakin basasar Ingila na farko, wanda ke nuna babban matsayi na ci gaban Royalist da kuma haifar da yakin basasa. rattaba hannu kan Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa da Alkawari, wanda ya kawo ƙulla yarjejeniya ta Scotland cikin yaƙin da ke gefen majalisar kuma ya kai ga nasarar nasarar majalisar.

Ƙungiya da Alkawari yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Scotland da shugabannin 'yan majalisar Ingila a 1643 a lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Ingilishi, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na rikici a cikin Wars na Masarautu uku.A ranar 17 ga Agusta 1643, Cocin Scotland (The Kirk) ya yarda da shi kuma a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1643 haka ma Majalisar Ingila da Majalisar Westminster suka yi.

Sifen Newcastle (3 Fabrairu 1644 - 27 Oktoba 1644) ya faru ne a lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Ingilishi, lokacin da sojojin wa'adi karkashin jagorancin Lord General Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl na Leven suka kewaye sansanin Royalist karkashin Sir John Marlay, gwamnan birnin. .A ƙarshe 'Yan Wa'adi sun mamaye birnin Newcastle-on-Tyne da guguwa, kuma rundunar sojojin Royalist waɗanda har yanzu ke riƙe da katangar suka ci gaba da mika wuya bisa sharuddan. Wannan ba shine karo na farko da Newcastle-on-Tyne ta canza hannu ba a lokacin Yaƙin Sarakunan Uku. .Scots sun mamaye birnin a lokacin Yaƙin Bishof na Biyu a 1640.

An yi yakin Marston Moor a ranar 2 ga Yulin 1644, a lokacin yakin daular Uku na 1639 - 1653. Hadakar sojojin 'yan majalisar Ingila karkashin Lord Fairfax da Earl na Manchester da kuma 'yan wa'adi na Scotland a karkashin Earl of Leven sun ci nasara da nasara. Masu sarautar da Yarima Rupert na Rhine da Marquess na Newcastle suka umarta.A lokacin rani na 1644, masu alkawari da 'yan majalisa sun kewaye York, wanda Marquess na Newcastle ya kare.Rupert ya tattara sojojin da suka ratsa arewa maso yammacin Ingila, suna tattara ƙarfafawa da sababbin ma'aikata a hanya, da kuma fadin Pennines don taimakawa birnin.Haduwar wadannan dakaru ya sanya yakin da ya biyo baya ya zama mafi girma a yakin basasa.A ranar 1 ga Yuli, Rupert ya zarce 'yan Majalisu da 'yan majalisa don sauƙaƙa birnin.Washegari sai ya nemi yaki da su duk da cewa ya fi shi yawa.An hana shi kai hare-hare nan da nan kuma a cikin rana duka bangarorin biyu sun tattara cikakken karfinsu a kan Marston Moor, wani yanki na daji da ke yammacin York.Da yamma, 'Yan Majalisu da 'Yan Majalisu da kansu sun kai harin ba-zata.Bayan wani rikici da ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i biyu ana gwabzawa, sojojin dawakan majalisar karkashin Oliver Cromwell sun fatattaki sojojin dawakin Royalist daga filin wasa, tare da sojojin Leven, suka halaka sauran sojojin Royalist.Bayan cin nasararsu, Sarakunan sun yi watsi da Arewacin Ingila yadda ya kamata, sun rasa yawancin ma'aikata daga yankunan arewacin Ingila (waɗanda suke da tsananin tausayi) da kuma rasa damar shiga nahiyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar Tekun Arewa.Ko da yake sun ɗan kwato arziƙinsu tare da nasarori daga baya a cikin shekarar a Kudancin Ingila, asarar arewa shine ya tabbatar da nakasu mai rauni a shekara mai zuwa, lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa kai da Sarakunan Scotland a ƙarƙashin Marquess na Montrose.

Yakin na Biyu na Newbury ya kasance yakin yakin basasar Ingila na farko da aka yi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1644, a Seen, kusa da Newbury a Berkshire.An yi yakin ne kusa da wurin da aka yi yakin farko na Newbury, wanda ya faru a karshen watan Satumban shekarar da ta gabata.Hadin gwiwar rundunonin majalisar sun yi wa 'yan sarautu kashi na dabara, amma sun kasa samun wata dabara.

New Model Army runduna ce da 'yan majalisa suka kafa a 1645 a lokacin yakin basasar Ingila na farko, sannan aka wargaza bayan Stuart Restoration a 1660. Ya bambanta da sauran sojojin da aka yi amfani da su a yakin 1638 zuwa 1651 na masarautu uku a cikin cewa membobin sun kasance. wanda ke da alhakin hidima a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, maimakon a iyakance shi ga yanki ɗaya ko gari.Don kafa ƙwararrun jami'an rundunar, an hana shugabannin sojojin samun kujeru a ko dai House of Lords ko House of Commons.Hakan kuwa ya kasance ne domin karfafa guiwar rabuwarsu da bangaran siyasa ko addini a tsakanin ‘yan majalisar.Sabuwar Sojan Samfuran an tashe su a wani bangare daga cikin tsoffin sojoji waɗanda suka riga sun riƙe aƙidar addinin Puritan, kuma wani ɓangare na waɗanda suka zo da imani da yawa game da addini ko al'umma.Yawancin sojojinta na gama-gari don haka suna da ra'ayi na rashin amincewa ko ra'ayi na musamman tsakanin sojojin Ingila.Duk da cewa manyan hafsoshin Sojoji ba su da ra'ayin siyasa da yawa na sojojinsu, amma 'yancin kansu daga Majalisar ya sa Sojoji suka yi niyyar ba da gudummawa ga ikon Majalisar biyu da hambarar da Sarautar Sarautar, da kuma kafa Commonwealth na Ingila daga 1649 zuwa 1660, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa. ya hada da lokacin mulkin soja kai tsaye.Daga qarshe, manyan hafsoshin sojojin (musamman Oliver Cromwell) na iya dogara ga horo na cikin gida na Sojoji da kishin addini da goyon baya na asali ga "Kyakkyawan Tsohuwar Hali" don kiyaye tsarin mulkin kama-karya.

Yakin Naseby ya faru ne a ranar Asabar 14 ga watan Yuni 1645 a lokacin yakin basasar Ingila na farko, kusa da kauyen Naseby a Northamptonshire.Sabon Sojan Samfuran Majalisar, wanda Sir Thomas Fairfax da Oliver Cromwell suka jagoranta, sun lalata manyan sojojin Sarauta a karkashin Charles I da Prince Rupert.Rashin nasara ya kawo karshen duk wani fata na hakika na nasarar sarauta, kodayake Charles bai mika wuya ba har sai Mayu 1646.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1645 ya fara ne a cikin Afrilu lokacin da sabuwar rundunar Sojan Samfuran ta yi tafiya zuwa yamma don sauƙaƙe Taunton, kafin a ba da umarnin a dawo da su kewaye Oxford, babban birnin yaƙi na Royalist.A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 'yan Masarautar sun kai farmaki Leicester kuma an umurci Fairfax da su yi watsi da kewayen tare da yin su.Ko da yake ya fi yawa, Charles ya yanke shawarar tsayawa ya yi yaƙi kuma bayan sa'o'i da yawa na yaƙin an lalata shi sosai.Sarakunan sun sha wahala fiye da 1,000 da aka kashe, tare da sama da 4,500 na sojojinsu da aka kama kuma aka yi faretin a kan titunan London;Ba za su sake kafa runduna mai inganci ba.Sun kuma yi hasarar duk makamansu na manyan bindigogi da kantunansu, tare da kaya na Charles da takardu masu zaman kansu, wadanda suka bayyana yunkurinsa na kawo kungiyar Katolika ta Irish da kuma sojojin haya na kasashen waje cikin yakin.An buga wadannan ne a cikin wata kasida mai suna An Bude Majalisar Zartarwar Sarki, wanda bayyanarsa ta taimaka matuka wajen bunkasa harkokin Majalisa.

Yakin Langport nasara ce ta 'yan majalisa a ƙarshen yakin basasa na farko na Ingilishi wanda ya lalata sojojin filin sarauta na ƙarshe kuma ya ba majalisar ikon ikon yammacin Ingila, wanda ya kasance babbar hanyar samar da ma'aikata, albarkatun kasa da shigo da kayayyaki ga sarakuna.An yi yakin ne a ranar 10 ga Yulin 1645 kusa da karamin garin Langport, wanda ke kudu da Bristol.

Siege na Biyu na Bristol na yakin basasar Ingila na farko ya kasance daga 23 ga Agusta 1645 har zuwa 10 Satumba 1645, lokacin da kwamandan Royalist Prince Rupert ya mika wuya ga birnin da ya kwace daga hannun 'yan majalisar a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1643. Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sabon Model ta Majalisar Sojojin da suka yiwa Bristol kawanya shine Lord Fairfax.Sarki Charles, wanda kusan ya cika da mamakin irin bala’in da ya faru a Bristol, ya kori Rupert daga dukkan ofisoshinsa tare da umarce shi da ya bar Ingila.

Bayan kewaye na uku na Oxford, wanda Charles ya tsere (ya zama bawa) a cikin Afrilu 1646. Ya sa kansa a hannun sojojin presbyterian Scotland da ke kewaye da Newark, kuma aka kai shi arewa zuwa Newcastle a kan Tyne.Bayan watanni tara na tattaunawa, a karshe Scots sun cimma yarjejeniya da majalisar dokokin Ingila: don musanya fam 100,000, da kuma alkawarin karin kudi a nan gaba, Scots sun janye daga Newcastle kuma suka mika Charles ga kwamishinonin majalisa a watan Janairu 1647.

Majalisar ta tsare Charles a gidan Holdenby House a Northamptonshire har sai Cornet George Joyce ta kama shi ta hanyar barazanar karfi daga Holdenby a ranar 3 ga Yuni da sunan New Model Army.A wannan lokacin, shakkun juna ya taso a tsakanin Majalisar, wanda ya yarda da wargaza sojoji da presbyterianism, da kuma Sabuwar Model Army, wadda ta kasance babban jami'in 'yan majalisa masu zaman kansu, wadanda suka nemi babban matsayi na siyasa.Charles ya yi marmarin yin amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna, kuma a fili yana kallon ayyukan Joyce a matsayin dama maimakon barazana.An kai shi da farko zuwa Newmarket, bisa shawararsa, sannan aka tura shi zuwa Oatlands kuma daga baya Kotun Hampton, yayin da ƙarin tattaunawar da ba ta da amfani.A watan Nuwamba, ya yanke shawarar cewa zai kasance a cikin mafi kyawun bukatunsa ya tsere - watakila zuwa Faransa, Kudancin Ingila ko Berwick-kan-Tweed, kusa da iyakar Scotland.Ya tsere daga Kotun Hampton a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, kuma daga bakin ruwa na Southampton ya yi tuntuɓar Kanar Robert Hammond, Gwamnan Majalisa na Isle of Wight, wanda a fili ya yi imanin yana da tausayi.Amma Hammond ya tsare Charles a Kasuwar Carisbrooke kuma ya sanar da majalisar cewa Charles yana hannun sa.Daga Carisbrooke, Charles ya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yin ciniki tare da bangarori daban-daban.Ya bambanta kai tsaye da rikicinsa na baya da Kirk na Scotland, a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1647 ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta sirri tare da Scots.A karkashin yarjejeniyar, da ake kira "Engagement", Scots sun dauki nauyin mamaye Ingila a madadin Charles tare da mayar da shi kan karagar mulki bisa sharadin cewa za a kafa presbyterianism a Ingila na tsawon shekaru uku.

Yaƙin basasa na Ingilishi na biyu na 1648 wani ɓangare ne na jerin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa a cikin Tsibirin Biritaniya, waɗanda suka haɗa Ingila, Wales, Scotland, da Ireland.An san shi gaba ɗaya azaman Yaƙe-yaƙe na 1638 zuwa 1651 na masarautun Uku, wasu sun haɗa da Yaƙin Irish Confederate Wars, Yaƙin Bishof na 1638 zuwa 1640, da mamaye Cromwellian na Ireland.Bayan shan kaye a yakin basasar Ingila na farko, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1646 Charles I ya mika wuya ga Covenanters na Scots, maimakon Majalisa.Ta yin haka, ya yi fatan yin amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Ingilishi da Scots Presbyterians, da Ingilishi masu zaman kansu.A wannan matakin, duk bangarorin suna tsammanin Charles zai ci gaba da zama sarki wanda hade da rarrabuwar kawunansu ya ba shi damar ƙin yarda.Lokacin da masu rinjaye na Presbyterian a majalisa suka kasa rushe Sabuwar Rundunar Sojan Sama a ƙarshen 1647, da yawa sun shiga tare da masu shiga Scotland a yarjejeniyar mayar da Charles kan karagar Ingila.Mamaya na Scotland ya sami goyan bayan haɓakar Royalist a South Wales, Kent, Essex da Lancashire, tare da sassan Royal Navy.Duk da haka, waɗannan ba su da haɗin kai sosai kuma a ƙarshen Agusta 1648, sojojin karkashin Oliver Cromwell da Sir Thomas Fairfax sun ci su.Wannan ya kai ga Kisan Charles I a watan Janairun 1649 da kafa Commonwealth of England, bayan haka masu alkawari suka nada dansa Charles II Sarkin Scotland, wanda ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Scott daga 1650 zuwa 1652.

Yaƙin Preston (17-19 ga Agusta 1648), wanda aka yi yaƙi da shi sosai a Walton-le-Dale kusa da Preston a Lancashire, ya haifar da nasara ga New Model Army a ƙarƙashin umarnin Oliver Cromwell akan Royalists da Scots wanda Duke na ya umarta. Hamilton.Nasarar da 'yan majalisar suka yi ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Ingila na biyu.

Pride's Purge shine sunan da aka fi ba da shi ga wani taron da ya faru a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1648, lokacin da sojoji suka hana 'yan majalisar dokoki masu adawa da New Model Army shiga House of Commons na Ingila.Duk da shan kaye a yakin basasar Ingila na farko, Charles I ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko na siyasa.Wannan ya ba shi damar ƙirƙirar ƙawance tare da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Scots da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na majalisa don mayar da shi kan karagar Ingila.Sakamakon ya kasance yakin basasar Ingila na biyu na 1648, inda aka sake cin nasara a kansa.Da yake da tabbacin cire shi kawai zai iya kawo karshen rikicin, manyan kwamandojin New Model Army sun mamaye birnin Landan a ranar 5 ga Disamba.Washegari, sojoji da Kanar Thomas Pride ya ba da umurni, suka tilasta wa cire ‘yan majalisar da aka yi wa kallon abokan hamayyarsu, suka kama 45. Tsaftar da aka yi ya share hanyar aiwatar da kisan Charles a watan Janairu 1649, da kuma kafa hukumar kare hakkin bil adama a 1653;ana daukarsa a matsayin daya tilo da aka yi juyin mulkin soja a tarihin Ingila.

Kisan Charles I ta hanyar fille kansa ya faru ne a ranar Talata 30 ga Janairu 1649 a wajen Banqueting House a Whitehall.Kisan dai shi ne ya kawo karshen rikice-rikicen siyasa da na soji a tsakanin ‘yan sarauta da ‘yan majalisa a Ingila a lokacin yakin basasar Ingila, wanda ya kai ga kama Charles I da kuma shari’a a ranar Asabar 27 ga watan Janairun 1649, babbar kotun shari’a ta ‘yan majalisa ta bayyana Charles da laifi. na yunkurin "daukar da kansa mara iyaka kuma azzalumi ikon mulki bisa ga nufinsa, da kuma tauye hakki da 'yancin jama'a" aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa.

Commonwealth ita ce tsarin siyasa a lokacin daga 1649 zuwa 1660 lokacin da Ingila da Wales, daga baya tare da Ireland da Scotland, aka gudanar da mulki a matsayin jamhuriya bayan karshen yakin basasar Ingila na biyu da gwaji da kisa na Charles I. An ayyana wanzuwar ta hanyar "Dokar ayyana Ingila ta zama Commonwealth", Majalisar Rump ta amince da ita a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1649. Iko a cikin Commonwealth na farko an ba da shi ga majalisa da Majalisar Jiha.A lokacin, an ci gaba da gwabza fada, musamman a kasashen Ireland da Scotland, tsakanin dakarun majalisar da masu adawa da su, a matsayin wani bangare na abin da a yanzu ake kira yakin basasar Ingila na uku.A cikin 1653, bayan rushe Majalisar Rump, Majalisar Sojoji ta amince da Kayan Gwamnati wanda ya sanya Oliver Cromwell Ubangiji Mai Kare na hadin gwiwar "Commonwealth of England, Scotland da Ireland", yana buɗe lokacin da aka fi sani da Protectorate.Bayan mutuwar Cromwell, da kuma bin ɗan gajeren lokaci na mulki a ƙarƙashin ɗansa, Richard Cromwell, Majalisar Dokokin Tsaro ta rushe a 1659 kuma Majalisar Rump ta tuna, ta fara wani tsari wanda ya kai ga maido da mulkin mallaka a 1660. Kalmar Commonwealth wani lokaci ne. An yi amfani da shi tsawon 1649 zuwa 1660 - wanda wasu ke kira Interregnum - ko da yake ga sauran masana tarihi, amfani da kalmar yana iyakance ga shekarun da suka gabata kafin Cromwell ya karbi mulki a 1653.

Cin nasara da Cromwellian na Ireland ko yakin Cromwellian a Ireland (1649-1653) shi ne sake mamaye Ireland da sojojin majalisar Ingila, karkashin jagorancin Oliver Cromwell, a lokacin yakin Sarakunan Uku.Cromwell ya mamaye Ireland tare da Sabon Sojojin Model a madadin Majalisar Rump ta Ingila a watan Agustan 1649.A watan Mayun 1652, Rundunar 'Yan Majalisun Cromwell ta ci nasara da haɗin gwiwar Confederate da Royalist a Ireland kuma suka mamaye kasar, ya kawo karshen yakin basasa na Irish (ko shekaru goma sha ɗaya).Sai dai kuma an ci gaba da gwabza yakin neman zabe har tsawon shekara guda.Cromwell ya zartar da jerin Dokokin Hukunci akan Roman Katolika (yawan yawancin jama'a) kuma ya kwace ƙasarsu da yawa.A matsayin hukunci na tawaye na 1641, kusan dukkanin filaye na Katolika na Irish an kwace su kuma an ba su mazauna Birtaniya.Sauran masu gidajen Katolika an dasa su zuwa Connacht.Dokar sasantawa ta 1652 ta tsara canjin ikon mallakar ƙasa.An hana mabiya darikar Katolika shiga majalisar dokokin Ireland gaba daya, an hana su zama a garuruwa da kuma auren Furotesta.

Yaƙin Anglo-Scottish (1650-1652), wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Basasa na Uku, shine rikici na ƙarshe a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautun Uku, jerin rikice-rikicen makamai da makircin siyasa tsakanin 'yan majalisa da masu sarauta.Mamayewar Ingilishi na 1650 wani kutse ne na soji da New Model Army ta Commonwealth Commonwealth ta Ingila, da nufin kawar da haɗarin Charles II ya mamaye Ingila tare da sojojin Scotland.Yakin basasa na farko da na biyu na Ingila, inda ’yan sarautar Ingila, masu biyayya ga Charles I, suka yi yaƙi da ‘yan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, a tsakanin shekara ta 1642 zuwa 1648. Lokacin da sarakunan suka ci nasara kan gwamnatin Ingila a karo na biyu, abin da Charles ya fusata da shi. a lokacin tattaunawar, ya sa aka kashe shi a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1649. Charles I kuma, dabam, sarkin Scotland ne, wanda a lokacin al'umma ce mai cin gashin kanta.Scots sun yi yaƙi don goyon bayan 'yan majalisa a yakin basasa na farko, amma sun aika da sojoji don goyon bayan sarki zuwa Ingila a lokacin na biyu.Majalisar dokokin Scotland, wadda ba a tuntube ta kafin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba, ta ayyana dansa, Charles II, Sarkin Biritaniya.A cikin 1650 Scotland tana haɓaka sojoji da sauri.Shugabannin gwamnatin Commonwealth na Ingila sun ji barazana kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuli Sojoji na Sabuwar Model karkashin Oliver Cromwell sun mamaye Scotland.Scots, wanda David Leslie ya umarta, ya koma Edinburgh kuma ya ƙi yaƙi.Bayan wata guda na motsi, Cromwell ba zato ba tsammani ya jagoranci sojojin Ingila daga Dunbar a wani harin dare a ranar 3 ga Satumba kuma ya ci Scots sosai.Wadanda suka tsira sun yi watsi da Edinburgh kuma suka koma kan dabarun Stirling.Turawan Ingila sun sami nasarar mamaye kudancin Scotland, amma sun kasa wuce Stirling.A ranar 17 ga Yulin 1651 turawan Ingila suka ketara ta Firth of Forth a cikin jiragen ruwa na musamman da aka kera suka fatattaki Scots a yakin Inverkeithing a ranar 20 ga Yuli.Wannan ya yanke sojojin Scotland a Stirling daga tushen wadata da ƙarfafawa.Charles II, yana gaskanta cewa kawai madadin shine mika wuya, ya mamaye Ingila a watan Agusta.Cromwell ya bi shi, 'yan Ingila kaɗan ne suka haɗa kai ga tsarin sarauta kuma Ingilishi ya tada babbar runduna.Cromwell ya kawo 'yan Scots da ba su da yawa don yaƙi a Worcester a ranar 3 ga Satumba kuma ya ci su gaba ɗaya, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Yaƙin Sarakunan Uku.Charles na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsere.Wannan zanga-zangar cewa turawan Ingila suna shirye su yi yaƙi don kare jamhuriyar kuma suna iya yin hakan yadda ya kamata ya ƙarfafa matsayin sabuwar gwamnatin Ingila.An rushe gwamnatin Scotland da aka sha kaye kuma masarautar Scotland ta shiga cikin Commonwealth.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa Cromwell ya yi mulki a matsayin Ubangiji Mai Kare.Bayan mutuwarsa, ƙarin fada ya haifar da Charles ya zama Sarkin Ingila a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1661, shekaru goma sha biyu bayan da 'yan Scots suka nada.Wannan ya kammala Stuart Restoration.

An gwabza yakin Dunbar ne tsakanin Sojojin Sabon Samfuran Ingilishi, karkashin Oliver Cromwell da sojojin Scotland karkashin jagorancin David Leslie, a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1650 kusa da Dunbar, Scotland.Yaƙin ya haifar da gagarumar nasara ga Ingilishi.Shi ne babban yakin farko na mamayewar Scotland a shekara ta 1650, wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon amincewar da Scotland ta yi wa Charles II a matsayin sarkin Biritaniya bayan fille kan mahaifinsa, Charles I a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1649.Bayan yakin, gwamnatin Scotland ta sami mafaka a Stirling, inda Leslie ya tattara sauran sojojinsa.Turawan Ingila sun kama Edinburgh da tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci na Leith.A lokacin rani na 1651 turawan Ingila sun haye Firth of Forth don samun karfi a Fife;sun yi galaba a kan 'yan Scotland a Inverkeithing don haka suka yi barazana ga yankunan arewacin Scotland.Leslie da Charles II sun yi tattaki zuwa kudu a wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na tara magoya bayan Sarauta a Ingila.Gwamnatin Scotland, ta bar cikin wani yanayi mara kyau, ta mika wuya ga Cromwell, wanda ya bi sojojin Scotland a kudu.A yakin Worcester, daidai shekara guda bayan yakin Dunbar, Cromwell ya murkushe sojojin Scotland, ya kawo karshen yakin.

Wani tsarin majalisar dokokin Ingila ya yi ƙoƙari kuma ya kashe Charles I, wanda shi ne sarkin Scotland da Ingila a cikin haɗin kai, a watan Janairu 1649. Scots sun amince da ɗansa, kuma Charles, a matsayin sarkin Biritaniya kuma suka soma ɗaukar sojoji.Sojojin Ingila, karkashin Oliver Cromwell, sun mamaye Scotland a watan Yuli 1650. Sojojin Scotland, karkashin jagorancin David Leslie, sun ki yaki har zuwa 3 ga Satumba lokacin da aka yi galaba a kansu a yakin Dunbar.Turawan Ingila sun mamaye Edinburgh kuma ’yan Scots sun janye zuwa wurin shake na Stirling.Kusan shekara guda duk yunƙurin yin guguwa ko kewaye Stirling, ko jawo Scots zuwa wani yaƙi, ya ci tura.A ranar 17 ga Yulin 1651 sojojin Ingila 1,600 suka tsallaka Firth of Forth a mafi ƙanƙanta wurinta a cikin jiragen ruwa na musamman da aka kera a ƙasa kuma suka sauka a Arewacin Queensferry a kan Tekun Fasha.Scots sun aika da runduna don rubuta Turanci a ciki kuma Ingilishi ya ƙarfafa su.A ranar 20 ga Yuli 'yan Scots sun yi yaƙi da Ingilishi kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren alkawari an fatattaki su.Lambert ya kwace tashar ruwa mai zurfi na Burntisland kuma Cromwell ya yi jigilar yawancin sojojin Ingila.Daga nan ya ci gaba da kama Perth, wurin zama na wucin gadi na gwamnatin Scotland.Charles da Leslie sun dauki sojojin Scotland a kudu suka mamaye Ingila.Cromwell ya bi su, ya bar maza 6,000 don kawar da sauran juriya a Scotland.An yi galaba akan Charles da Scots a ranar 3 ga Satumba a yakin Worcester.A wannan rana babban birni na Scotland na ƙarshe, Dundee, ya mika wuya.

Yakin Worcester ya faru ne a ranar 3 ga Satumbar 1651 a ciki da wajen birnin Worcester na kasar Ingila kuma shi ne babban yakin karshe na yakin daular Uku tsakanin shekarar 1639 zuwa 1653.Rundunar 'yan majalisar wakilai ta kusan 28,000 karkashin Oliver Cromwell ta yi galaba a kan rundunar 'yan sanda ta Scotland na 16,000 karkashin jagorancin Charles II na Ingila.Sarakunan sun dauki matsayi na tsaro a ciki da wajen birnin Worcester.Kogin Severn ya raba yankin da aka gwabza, inda kogin Teme ya zama wani karin cikas ga kudu maso yammacin Worcester.Cromwell ya raba sojojinsa zuwa manyan sassa biyu, wanda Severn ya raba, don kai hari daga gabas da kudu maso yamma.An gwabza kazamin fada a mashigar kogi kuma an sake lakada wa wasu runduna guda biyu masu hatsarin gaske da 'yan sarautu suka yi da sojojin majalisar gabas.Bayan guguwar wani babban reshe a gabashin birnin, 'yan majalisar sun shiga Worcester kuma suka shirya turjiya ta Sarauta ta ruguje.Charles II ya iya tserewa kamawa.

Bayan rusa majalisar dokokin Barebone, John Lambert ya gabatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka fi sani da Instrument of Government, wanda aka yi daidai da shugabannin shawarwari.Ya sanya Cromwell Lord Protector don rayuwa don aiwatar da "babban majistare da gudanar da gwamnati".Yana da ikon yin kira da rusa majalisa amma ya zama tilas a karkashin kayan aiki don neman mafi rinjayen kuri'un majalisar jiha.Duk da haka, ikon Cromwell kuma ya damu da ci gaba da shahararsa a cikin sojojin, wanda ya gina a lokacin yakin basasa, wanda daga bisani ya kiyaye shi da hankali.An rantsar da Cromwell a matsayin Mai kare Ubangiji a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1653.

Yaƙe-yaƙe sun bar Ingila, Scotland, da Ireland a cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a Turai ba tare da wani sarki ba.Bayan nasara, da yawa daga cikin manufofin sun koma gefe.Gwamnatin Jamhuriya ta Commonwealth ta Ingila ta yi mulkin Ingila (daga baya duka Scotland da Ireland) daga 1649 zuwa 1653 da kuma daga 1659 zuwa 1660. Tsakanin lokaci biyu, da kuma saboda fada tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na majalisar, Oliver Cromwell ya yi mulki. the Protectorate as Lord Protector (wanda ya dace da mulkin soja) har mutuwarsa a 1658.A kan mutuwar Oliver Cromwell, dansa Richard ya zama Ubangiji Mai Kare, amma Sojoji ba su da kwarin gwiwa game da shi.Bayan watanni bakwai Sojoji sun cire Richard.A cikin Mayu 1659 ya sake shigar da Rump.Ba da jimawa ba rundunar soji ta wargaza wannan.Bayan rugujewar Rump na biyu, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1659, hasashen da ake yi na saukowa cikin rashin zaman lafiya ya kunno kai, yayin da yakinin hadin kai na Sojoji ya wargaje zuwa bangarori.A cikin wannan yanayi Janar George Monck, Gwamnan Scotland karkashin Cromwells, ya zarce zuwa kudu tare da sojojinsa daga Scotland.A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1660, a cikin sanarwar Breda, Charles II ya bayyana yanayin yarda da Sarautar Ingila.Monck ya shirya Majalisar Taro, wanda ya hadu a karon farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1660.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1660, ta bayyana cewa Charles II ya yi sarauta a matsayin halaltaccen sarki tun bayan kisan da aka yi wa Charles I a watan Janairu 1649. Charles ya dawo daga gudun hijira a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1660. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 1660, jama'ar Landan sun yaba masa a matsayin sarki.An naɗa nadin sarautarsa ​​a Westminster Abbey a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1661. Waɗannan abubuwan sun zama sanannun da Maimaitawa.Duk da cewa an maido da sarautar, har yanzu tana tare da amincewar Majalisar.Don haka yaƙe-yaƙen basasa ya sa Ingila da Scotland su bi hanyar da za ta bi tsarin mulkin majalisar dokoki.Sakamakon wannan tsarin shi ne cewa Mulkin Biritaniya na gaba, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1707 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tarayyar Turai, ya yi nasarar hana irin juyin juya hali na ƙungiyoyin jamhuriyar Turai wanda gabaɗaya ya haifar da kawar da sarautunsu gabaɗaya.Don haka Birtaniya ta tsira daga guguwar juyin juya hali da suka faru a Turai a cikin 1840s.Musamman, sarakunan nan gaba sun yi taka-tsan-tsan don matsawa majalisar da karfi, kuma majalisar ta zabi layin sarauta a cikin 1688 tare da juyin juya halin daukaka.