Roman Biritaniya

A lokacin yakin Gallic, Julius Kaisar ya mamaye Biritaniya sau biyu: a cikin 55 da 54 KZ.A karo na farko Kaisar ya ɗauki runduna biyu kacal tare da shi, kuma ya sami ɗan nasara fiye da saukowa a bakin tekun Kent.Mamaya na biyu ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 628, runduna biyar da mayaƙa 2,000.Ƙarfin yana da ƙarfi sosai cewa mutanen Birtaniyya ba su kuskura su yi hamayya da saukar Kaisar a Kent ba, suna jira a maimakon haka har sai ya fara motsawa cikin ƙasa.Kaisar daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin Middlesex kuma ya ketare Thames, wanda ya tilasta wa Sarkin Yakin Biritaniya Cassivellaunus ya mika wuya a matsayin mai gadin Roma kuma ya kafa Mandubracius na Trinovantes a matsayin sarki abokin ciniki.Kaisar ya haɗa da asusun duka mamayewa a cikin Sharhinsa de Bello Gallico, tare da mahimman bayanan farko na mutane, al'adu da yanayin ƙasa na tsibirin.Wannan shi ne yadda ya kamata farkon rubuta tarihin, ko aƙalla ƙa'idar, na Biritaniya.

Mamayewar da Romawa suka yi a Biritaniya na nufin mamaye tsibirin Biritaniya ta hanyar mamaye sojojin Romawa.An fara shi da gaske a AZ 43 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Claudius, kuma an kammala shi sosai a kudancin rabin Biritaniya ta 87 lokacin da aka kafa Stanegate.Cin nasara a arewa mai nisa da Scotland ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo tare da samun nasara.An dauki sojojin Roma gabaɗaya a Italiya, Hispania, da Gaul.Don sarrafa tashar Ingilishi sun yi amfani da sabbin jiragen ruwa.Rumawa karkashin Janar Aulus Plautius sun fara tirsasa hanyar shiga cikin kasa ne a yakin da suka yi da kabilun Burtaniya, wadanda suka hada da yakin Medway, yakin Thames, sannan a shekarun baya yakin karshe na Caratacus da mamayar Romawa na Anglesey.Bayan wani tashin hankali da ya barke a CE shekara ta 60 inda Boudica ya kori Camulodunum, Verulamium da Londinium, Romawa sun murkushe tawaye a cin kashi na Boudica.Sun ci gaba da turawa zuwa arewa zuwa tsakiyar Caledonia a yakin Mons Graupius.Ko bayan da aka kafa katangar Hadrian a matsayin kan iyaka, kabilu a Scotland da arewacin Ingila sun sha yin tawaye ga mulkin Romawa kuma an ci gaba da kiyaye garu a arewacin Biritaniya don kare wadannan hare-hare.

Bayan sun kama kudancin tsibirin, Romawa sun mai da hankalinsu ga yankin Wales a yanzu.Silures, Ordovices da Deceangli sun kasance masu adawa da maharan kuma a cikin ƴan shekarun farko sun kasance abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin Romawa, duk da ƙananan tawaye na lokaci-lokaci tsakanin ƙawancen Romawa kamar Brigantes da Iceni.Caratacus ne ya jagoranci Silures, kuma ya gudanar da yakin neman zabe mai inganci a kan Gwamna Publius Ostorius Scapula.A ƙarshe, a cikin 51, Ostorius ya yaudari Caratacus cikin yaƙin da aka saita kuma ya ci shi.Shugaban na Burtaniya ya nemi mafaka a cikin Brigantes, amma sarauniyarsu, Cartimandua, ta tabbatar da amincinta ta hanyar mika shi ga Romawa.An kai shi fursuna zuwa Roma, inda jawabin da ya yi a lokacin da Claudius ya yi nasara ya rinjayi sarkin ya ceci ransa.Har yanzu Silures ba a kwantar da su ba, kuma tsohon mijin Cartimandua Venutius ya maye gurbin Caratacus a matsayin fitaccen jagoran gwagwarmayar Burtaniya.

Romawa sun mamaye arewa maso yammacin Wales a shekara ta 60/61 CE bayan sun mamaye yawancin kudancin Biritaniya.Anglesey, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Latin a matsayin Mona kuma har yanzu tsibirin Môn a Welsh na zamani, a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Wales, ya kasance cibiyar juriya ga Roma.A cikin 60/61 CE Suetonius Paulinus, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, wanda ya ci Mauretania (Aljeriya da Maroko a yau), ya zama gwamnan Britaniya.Ya jagoranci cin nasara nasara don daidaita asusu tare da Druidism sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya.Paulinus ya jagoranci sojojinsa a haye mashigin Menai kuma ya karkashe Druids kuma ya kona tsattsarkan tsafi.tawayen da Boudica ya jagoranta ya ja shi.Gnaeus Julius Agricola ya jagoranci mamayewa na gaba a shekara ta 77 AZ.Ya kai ga mamayar Romawa na dogon lokaci.Duk waɗannan mamayewar na Anglesey, ɗan tarihi na Romawa Tacitus ne ya rubuta su.

Tawayen Boudican wani tawaye ne da makami da kabilun Celtic na asali suka yi da Daular Roma.Ya faru c.60-61 AZ a lardin Romawa na Biritaniya, kuma Boudica, Sarauniyar Iceni ta jagoranci.Rashin cika alkawarin da Romawa suka yi da mijinta, Prasutagus, ne ya motsa ta da tashin hankalin, game da sarautar da zai gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa, da kuma zaluncin da Romawa suka yi wa Boudica da ’ya’yanta mata.Tawayen ya ƙare ba tare da yin nasara ba bayan wani ƙaƙƙarfan nasara da Romawa suka yi a Kawar Boudica.

Rubuce-rubucen farko na alakar da ke tsakanin Rome da Scotland ita ce halartar “Sarkin Orkney” wanda yana daya daga cikin sarakunan Burtaniya 11 da suka mika wuya ga sarki Claudius a Colchester a shekara ta 43 bayan mamayewar kudancin Biritaniya watanni uku da suka wuce.Farkon kyakkyawar farawa da aka yi rikodin a cikin Colchester bai daɗe ba.Ba mu san kome ba game da manufofin ƙasashen waje na manyan shugabanni a yankin Scotland a ƙarni na farko, amma a shekara ta 71 CE, gwamnan Roma Quintus Petillius Cerialis ya ƙaddamar da mamayewa.Votadini, wanda ya mamaye kudu-maso-gabashin Scotland, ya zo karkashin ikon Romawa a farkon matakin kuma Cerialis ya aika yanki ɗaya zuwa arewa ta yankinsu zuwa gaɓar Firth of Forth.Legio XX Valeria Victrix ya ɗauki hanyar yamma ta Annandale a ƙoƙarin kewaye da ware Selgovae wanda ya mamaye tsakiyar Kudancin Kudancin.Nasarar farko ta gwada Cerialis zuwa arewa kuma ya fara gina layin Glenblocker zuwa arewa da yamma na Gask Ridge wanda ke nuna iyaka tsakanin Venicones zuwa kudu da Caledonia zuwa arewa.A lokacin rani na AZ 78 Gnaeus Julius Agricola ya isa Biritaniya don ya ɗauki nadinsa a matsayin sabon gwamna.Shekaru biyu bayan haka sojojinsa sun gina wani katafaren katafaren katafaren gini a Trimontium kusa da Melrose.An ce Agricola ya tura sojojinsa zuwa gabar kogin Taus (yawanci ana zaton kogin Tay) ya kafa sansani a can, ciki har da sansanin soja a Inchtuthil.An yi tunanin jimlar girman sojojin Romawa a Scotland a lokacin mulkin Flavian kusan dakaru 25,000 ne, suna buƙatar ton 16-19,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara.

Yaƙin Mons Graupius, a cewar Tacitus, nasara ce ta sojojin Romawa a yankin Scotland a yanzu, wanda ya faru a AZ 83 ko kuma, ƙasa da ƙasa, 84. Takaitaccen wurin yaƙin batu ne na muhawara.Masana tarihi sun dade suna tambayar wasu bayanai game da labarin Tacitus game da yaƙin, suna nuna cewa ya ƙaranci nasarar Romawa.Wannan ita ce alamar babban ruwa na yankin Romawa a Biritaniya.Bayan wannan yaƙi na ƙarshe, an yi shelar cewa Agricola ta yi nasara a kan dukan ƙabilu na Biritaniya.Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake kiransa zuwa Roma, kuma mukaminsa ya wuce zuwa Sallustius Lucullus.Wataƙila Roma ta yi niyya don ci gaba da rikici, amma bukatun soja a wasu wurare a cikin daular ya tilasta janye sojojin kuma an rasa damar.

Bangon Hadrian, wanda kuma aka sani da bangon Roman, bangon Hotuna, ko Vallum Hadriani a cikin Latin, tsohon kariyar tsaro ne na lardin Romawa na Britannia, wanda aka fara a AZ 122 a zamanin sarki Hadrian.Gudun "daga Wallsend akan Kogin Tyne a gabas zuwa Bowness-on-Solway a yamma", bangon ya rufe dukkan fadin tsibirin.Baya ga aikin tsaron katangar na soja, watakila kofofinta sun kasance ofisoshin kwastam.Wani muhimmin yanki na bango har yanzu yana tsaye kuma ana iya bin sa da ƙafa tare da madaidaicin bangon Hadrian.Mafi girman fasalin binciken kayan tarihi na Roman a Biritaniya, yana tafiyar da jimlar mil 73 (kilomita 117.5) a arewacin Ingila.An ɗauke shi a matsayin alamar al'adun Birtaniyya, bangon Hadrian na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren shakatawa na Biritaniya.An sanya ta a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a 1987. Idan aka kwatanta, bangon Antonine, wanda wasu ke tunanin cewa yana dogara ne akan bangon Hadrian, ba a bayyana shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya ba sai a shekara ta 2008. Ganuwar Hadrian ta nuna iyaka tsakanin Roman Britannia da Caledonia da ba a ci nasara ba. zuwa arewa.Katangar ta ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Ingila kuma bai taɓa yin iyakar Anglo-Scottish ba.

An nada Quintus Lollius Urbicus gwamnan Roman Biritaniya a cikin 138, ta sabon sarki Antoninus Pius.Antoninus Pius ba da daɗewa ba ya canza tsarin tsare-tsare na magabata Hadrian, kuma an umurci Urbicus ya fara sake dawowa na Lowland Scotland ta hanyar komawa arewa.Tsakanin 139 zuwa 140 ya sake gina katanga a Corbridge kuma ta hanyar 142 ko 143, an ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa don murnar nasara a Biritaniya.Don haka yana yiwuwa Urbicus ya jagoranci sake mamaye kudancin Scotland c.141, mai yiwuwa ta amfani da 2nd Augustan Legion.Babu shakka ya yi yaƙi da kabilun Biritaniya da yawa (wataƙila sun haɗa da ɓangarorin Brigantes na arewa), tabbas a kan ƙabilun ƙauyen Scotland, Votadini da Selgovae na yankin Iyakoki na Scotland, da Damnonii na Strathclyde.Yawan sojojinsa na iya zama kusan mazaje 16,500.Da alama Urbicus ya shirya kamfen ɗinsa na kai hari daga Corbridge, yana ci gaba zuwa arewa kuma ya bar garuruwan garu a High Rochester a Northumberland da yuwuwar kuma a Trimontium yayin da ya kai hari zuwa Firth of Forth.Bayan da aka sami hanyar samar da kayan aikin soja da kayan aiki a kan titin Dere, Urbicus zai iya kafa tashar samar da kayayyaki a Carriden don samar da hatsi da sauran kayan abinci kafin a ci gaba da fuskantar Damnonii;nasara ta yi sauri.

Katangar Antonine, wacce Romawa suka sani da Vallum Antonini, wani katafaren turf ne akan harsashin dutse, wanda Romawa suka gina a kan abin da ke yanzu Central Belt na Scotland, tsakanin Firth of Forth da Firth na Clyde.An gina shi kimanin shekaru ashirin bayan katangar Hadrian zuwa kudu, kuma an yi nufin maye gurbinta, yayin da aka tsare ta ita ce shingen arewa mafi girma na Daular Rum.Ya kai kusan kilomita 63 (mil 39) kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 3 (kafa 10) da faɗinsa mita 5 (ƙafa 16).An gudanar da binciken Lidar don tabbatar da tsawon bangon da kuma sassan nesa na Romawa da aka yi amfani da su.An karfafa tsaro da wani rami mai zurfi a bangaren arewa.Ana tunanin cewa akwai palisade na katako a saman turf.Shingayen shi ne na biyu na “manyan ganuwar” biyu da Romawa suka yi a Biritaniya a ƙarni na biyu AD.Rushewarta ba ta bayyana ba fiye da na sanannen katangar Hadrian da ta fi tsayi a kudu, da farko saboda katangar turf da bangon itace ya fi tsayi, sabanin wanda ya riga ya gina dutse.Bangon Antonine yana da dalilai iri-iri.Ya ba da layin tsaro a kan Caledonia.Ya yanke Maeatae daga abokansu na Caledonian kuma ya haifar da wani yanki mai shinge a arewacin Hadrian's Wall.Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen zirga-zirgar dakaru tsakanin gabas da yamma, amma babbar manufarsa ba ta kasance ta farko ta soja ba.Ya ba Roma damar sarrafawa da cinikin haraji kuma wataƙila ya hana sabbin batutuwa na mulkin Romawa da za su yi rashin aminci daga yin magana da ’yan’uwansu masu zaman kansu zuwa arewa da kuma daidaita tawaye.Urbicus ya sami nasarori masu ban sha'awa na soja, amma kamar na Agricola sun kasance gajere.An fara ginin a shekara ta 142 CE bisa umarnin Sarkin Roma Antoninus Pius, kuma ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 12 ana kammala shi.Bayan da aka ɗauki shekaru goma sha biyu ana ginin, bangon ya ruguje kuma aka watsar da shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan CE 160. An yi watsi da bangon shekaru takwas ne kawai bayan kammalawa, kuma sojojin sun koma baya zuwa bangon Hadrian.Matsin lamba daga mutanen Caledonia na iya sa Antoninus ya tura sojojin daular zuwa arewa.Katangar Antonine ta sami kariya da garu 16 tare da ƙananan garu a tsakanin su;An gudanar da zirga-zirgar sojoji ne ta hanyar hanyar da ta hada dukkan wuraren da aka fi sani da Titin Soja.Sojojin da suka gina katangar sun yi bikin tunawa da ginin da kuma gwagwarmayar da suka yi da mutanen Caledonia da tulun ado, ashirin daga cikinsu sun tsira.

A shekara ta 175, wani babban runduna na sojan doki na Sarmatiya, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 5,500, sun isa Biritaniya, mai yiwuwa don ƙarfafa sojojin da ke yaƙi da tashe-tashen hankula.A cikin 180, Picts sun keta katangar Hadrian kuma an kashe kwamanda ko gwamna a can a cikin abin da Cassius Dio ya bayyana a matsayin yaƙi mafi tsanani na mulkin Commodus.An aika Ulpius Marcellus a matsayin gwamna mai maye gurbin kuma a shekara ta 184 ya sami sabon zaman lafiya, amma ya fuskanci rikici daga sojojinsa.Ba su ji daɗin tsantsar Marcellus ba, sai suka yi ƙoƙarin zaɓe wani ɗan majalisa mai suna Priscus a matsayin gwamna mai cin riba;ya ki, amma Marcellus ya yi sa'a ya bar lardin da rai.Sojojin Roma da ke Biritaniya sun ci gaba da rashin biyayyarsu: sun aika da tawaga 1,500 zuwa Roma don su nemi a kashe Tigidius Perennis, wani shugaban Masarautar da suka ji cewa ya yi musu laifi tun da farko ta wajen aika masu tawakkali a Biritaniya.Commodus ya sadu da jam'iyyar a wajen Rome kuma ya amince a kashe Perennis, amma wannan kawai ya sa su sami kwanciyar hankali a cikin kisan su.An aika da sarki Pertinax na gaba zuwa Britaniya don kwantar da tarzoma kuma da farko ya yi nasarar sake samun iko, amma tarzoma ta barke tsakanin sojojin.An kai wa Pertinax hari kuma an bar shi ya mutu, kuma ya nemi a tuna da shi zuwa Roma, inda ya gaje Commodus a matsayin sarki a 192.

Ƙasar Romawa ta sake zama bangon Hadrian, ko da yake Romawa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin Scotland.Da farko, an shagaltar da sansani a kudu maso yamma kuma Trimontium ya kasance ana amfani da su amma kuma an yi watsi da su bayan tsakiyar 180s.Sojojin Roma, duk da haka, sun sake shiga arewacin Scotland na zamani sau da yawa.Lallai, akwai tarin sansanonin maci na Romawa a Scotland fiye da ko'ina a Turai, sakamakon aƙalla manyan yunƙuri huɗu na mamaye yankin.An sake mamaye bangon Antonine na ɗan lokaci kaɗan bayan CE 197. Babban mamayewa mafi shahara shi ne a shekara ta 209 lokacin da sarki Septimius Severus, wanda ke da'awar yaƙar Maeatae ya tsokane shi, ya yi yaƙi da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Caledonia.Severus ya mamaye Caledonia tare da sojoji watakila sama da 40,000 masu ƙarfi.A cewar Dio Cassius, ya yi wa ‘yan kasar kisan kiyashi, ya kuma yi asarar mutanensa 50,000 bisa dabarar ‘yan daba, duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar wadannan alkaluman karin gishiri ne.A shekara ta 210, yakin neman zaben Severus ya samu gagarumar nasara, amma yakin neman zabensa ya ragu a lokacin da ya yi rashin lafiya, ya mutu a Eboracum a shekara ta 211. Ko da yake dansa Caracalla ya ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a shekara ta gaba, ba da da ewa ba ya zauna lafiya.Romawa ba su sake yin yakin neman zabe mai zurfi cikin Caledonia ba: ba da daɗewa ba suka janye kudu zuwa bangon Hadrian.Tun daga lokacin Caracalla, ba a sake yin wani yunƙuri na mamaye yanki na dindindin a Scotland ba.

Mutuwar Commodus ta haifar da jerin abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin basasa.Bayan ɗan gajeren mulkin Pertinax, wasu abokan hamayyar daular sun fito, ciki har da Septimius Severus da Clodius Albinus.Na karshen shi ne sabon gwamnan Britaniya, kuma da alama ya yi nasara a kan 'yan kasar bayan tawayensu na farko;ya kuma mallaki runduna uku, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mai da'awar gaske.Abokin hamayyarsa na wani lokaci Severus ya yi masa alkawarin sarautar Kaisar don samun goyon bayan Albinus a kan Pescennius Nijar a gabas.Da zarar Nijar ta yi sulhu, Severus ya juya kan abokinsa a Biritaniya - da alama Albinus ya ga cewa shi ne hari na gaba kuma ya riga ya shirya yaki.Albinus ya tsallaka zuwa Gaul a cikin 195, inda lardunan ma suka tausaya masa, ya kafa a Lugdunum.Severus ya isa Fabrairu 196, kuma yakin da ya biyo baya ya kasance mai mahimmanci.Albinus ya zo kusa da nasara, amma ƙarfafawar Severus ya ci nasara a ranar, kuma gwamnan Birtaniya ya kashe kansa.Ba da daɗewa ba Severus ya kawar da masu goyon bayan Albinus kuma watakila ya kwace manyan filaye a Biritaniya a matsayin hukunci.Albinus ya nuna babbar matsalar da Roman Birtaniyya ta kawo.Domin tabbatar da tsaro, lardin ya bukaci halartar runduna uku;amma umarnin waɗannan runduna ya samar da ingantaccen tushe mai ƙarfi ga abokan hamayya.Aiwatar da waɗancan runduna a wani wuri zai kwace tsibirin daga sansaninsa, tare da barin lardin ba shi da kariya daga tayar da kayar baya daga kabilun Celtic na asali da kuma mamayewa daga Picts da Scots.

A shekara ta 208 ne Sarkin Roma Septimius Severus ya kaddamar da mamayar Romawa a Caledonia.An ci gaba da mamayewa har zuwa ƙarshen 210 lokacin da sarki ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a Eboracum (York) a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 211. Yaƙin ya fara da kyau ga Romawa tare da Severus ya sami nasarar isa ga bangon Antonine da sauri, amma lokacin da Severus ya tura arewa zuwa tsaunuka ya zama. ya faɗo cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma bai taɓa samun cikakken murkushe Caledonia ba.Ya sake mamaye da yawa daga cikin garu da Agricola ya gina sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata, bayan yakin Mons Graupius, kuma ya gurgunta ikon Caledonia na kai hari a Burtaniya.Dan Severus Caracalla ya watsar da mamayewa kuma sojojin Roman sun sake komawa bangon Hadrian.Ko da yake Caracalla ya janye daga duk yankin da aka ɗauka a lokacin yaƙin, na ƙarshe ya sami wasu fa'idodi masu amfani ga Romawa.Waɗannan sun haɗa da sake gina bangon Hadrian wanda ya sake zama iyakar Roman Biritaniya.Har ila yau yakin ya haifar da karfafa iyakar Birtaniya, wanda ya kasance mai tsananin bukatar ƙarfafawa, da kuma raunana daga kabilun Caledonia daban-daban.Zai ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kafin su dawo da ƙarfinsu kuma su fara kai farmaki cikin ƙarfi.

Tawayen Carauusian (CE 286-296) wani lamari ne a tarihin Romawa, lokacin da wani kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Roma, Carausius, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki bisa Biritaniya da arewacin Gaul.Yammacin Kaisar Constantius Chlorus ya sake kwace yankunansa na Gallic a cikin 293, bayan haka Allectus ya kashe Carausius.Constantius da Asclepiodotus na karkashinsa sun dawo da Biritaniya a cikin 296.

Britannia Prima ko Britannia I (Latin don "Birtaniya ta Farko") ɗaya ce daga cikin lardunan Diocese na "Birtaniya" waɗanda aka ƙirƙira a lokacin sauye-sauyen Diocletian a ƙarshen karni na 3.Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne bayan cin nasara da Constantius Chlorus ya yi wa Alectus a shekara ta 296 kuma an ambaci shi a cikin c.312 Verona Jerin lardunan Romawa.Matsayinsa da babban birninsa ba su da tabbas, kodayake yana yiwuwa yana kusa da Rome fiye da Britannia II.A halin yanzu, yawancin malamai suna sanya Britannia I a Wales, Cornwall, da kuma ƙasashen da ke haɗa su.Dangane da rubutun da aka kwato, babban birninta yanzu ana sanya shi a Corinium na Dobunni (Cirencester) amma wasu gyare-gyare na jerin bishop da ke halartar Majalisar Arles ta 315 za su sanya babban birnin lardin Isca (Caerleon) ko Deva (Chester). ), waɗanda aka san su ne tushen runduna.

Sarkin sarakuna Constantius ya koma Biritaniya a shekara ta 306, duk da rashin lafiyarsa, tare da sojoji da nufin mamaye arewacin Biritaniya, an sake gina kariyar larduna a shekarun da suka gabata.Ba a san kamfen ɗinsa ba tare da ƙaƙƙarfan shaidar archaeological, amma ɓangarorin majiyoyin tarihi sun nuna cewa ya isa arewa mai nisa na Biritaniya kuma ya ci babban yaƙi a farkon bazara kafin ya dawo kudu.Ɗansa Constantine (daga baya Constantine Mai Girma ) ya shafe shekara guda a arewacin Birtaniya a gefen mahaifinsa, yana yaƙi da Hotunan da ke bayan bangon Hadrian a lokacin rani da kaka.Constantius ya mutu a York a watan Yuli 306 tare da dansa a gefensa.Daga nan sai Constantine ya yi nasarar amfani da Biritaniya a matsayin mafarin tattakinsa zuwa ga karagar mulkin daular, sabanin wanda ya yi amfani da shi a baya, Albinus.

Britannia Secunda ko Britannia II (Latin don "Birtaniya ta Biyu") na ɗaya daga cikin lardunan Diocese na "Birtaniya" da aka ƙirƙira a lokacin sauye-sauyen Diocletian a ƙarshen karni na 3.Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne bayan cin nasara da Constantius Chlorus ya yi wa Alectus a shekara ta 296 kuma an ambaci shi a cikin c.312 Verona Jerin lardunan Romawa.Matsayinsa da babban birninsa ba su da tabbas, kodayake yana iya yin nesa da Roma fiye da Britaniya I. A halin yanzu, yawancin malamai suna sanya Britannia II a Yorkshire da arewacin Ingila.Idan haka ne, da babban birninta ya zama Eboracum (York).

A cikin hunturu na 367, sojojin Roma a kan bangon Hadrian sun yi tawaye, kuma sun yarda Picts daga Caledonia su shiga Britannia.A lokaci guda, Attacotti, Scotti daga Hibernia, da Saxons daga Germania sun sauka a cikin abin da wataƙila an daidaita shi da kuma shirya raƙuman ruwa a kan iyakokin tsibirin tsakiyar yamma da kudu maso gabas, bi da bi.Franks da Saxon suma sun sauka a arewacin Gaul.Waɗannan rundunan yaƙi sun yi nasarar mamaye kusan dukkan matsugunan Romawa masu aminci da ƙauyuka.Gaba dayan yankunan yammaci da arewacin Britaniya sun mamaye, an kori garuruwan da kuma farar hula Romano-British an kashe, fyade, ko bautar da su.Nectaridus, mai zuwa traktus na teku (babban kwamandan yankin bakin tekun), an kashe shi kuma an kewaye Dux Britanniarum, Fullofaudes, ko dai an kewaye shi ko kuma an kama shi kuma sauran rundunonin sojoji masu aminci sun kasance a tsare a cikin biranen kudu maso gabas.Wuraren mil ko kuma jami'an Romawa na gida waɗanda ke ba da bayanan sirri game da motsi na barbariya da alama sun ci amanar masu biyansu don cin hanci, wanda ya sa harin ba zato ba tsammani.Sojoji da suka tsere da bayi da suka tsere sun yi ta yawo a cikin karkara suka koma fashi don tallafa wa kansu.Ko da yake hargitsin ya yaɗu kuma da farko an haɗa kai, manufar ƴan tawayen sun kasance kawai arzuta kansu kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi maimakon manyan sojoji.

Wani dan damfara, Magnus Maximus, ya ɗaga ƙa'idar tawaye a Segontium (Caernarfon) a arewacin Wales a cikin 383, kuma ya ketare tashar Turanci.Maximus ya rike da yawa daga cikin daular yamma, kuma ya yi yaƙi da Picts da Scots a kusa da 384. Ayyukansa na nahiyar ya buƙaci sojojin Birtaniya, kuma ya bayyana cewa an yi watsi da garu a Chester da sauran wurare a wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da hare-haren da kuma zama a arewa. Wales ta Irish.An kawo karshen mulkinsa a cikin 388, amma ba duk sojojin Birtaniya ba zasu iya dawowa ba: albarkatun soja na Daular sun kai iyaka tare da Rhine da Danube.Kusan 396 an sami ƙarin kutse a cikin Birtaniyya.Stilicho ya jagoranci balaguron azabtarwa.Da alama an dawo da zaman lafiya da 399, kuma mai yiyuwa ne ba a sake ba da umarnin wani sansanin soja ba;ta 401 an janye karin sojoji, don taimakawa a yakin da ake yi da Alaric I.

A farkon karni na 5, Daular Roma ba za ta iya kare kanta ba daga ko dai tawaye na cikin gida ko kuma barazanar waje da kabilun Jamus ke fadada a Yammacin Turai.Wannan yanayin da sakamakonsa ya jagoranci ficewar Biritaniya na dindindin daga sauran daular.Bayan wani lokaci na mulkin kai na gida Anglo-Saxon sun zo kudancin Ingila a cikin 440s.Ƙarshen mulkin Romawa a Biritaniya shi ne sauye-sauye daga Roman Birtaniyya zuwa Birtaniyya ta Romawa.Mulkin Romawa ya ƙare a sassa daban-daban na Biritaniya a lokuta daban-daban, kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban.A cikin 383, Magnus Maximus mai kwace ya janye sojoji daga arewaci da yammacin Burtaniya, watakila ya bar shugabannin yakin cikin gida.Kusan 410, Romano-British sun kori majistare na mai kwace Constantine III.A baya dai ya kwace sansanin na Romawa daga Biritaniya ya kai Gaul a matsayin mayar da martani ga Ketarawar Rhine a karshen shekara ta 406, wanda ya bar tsibirin a matsayin wanda harin baragurbi ya rutsa da su.Sarkin Roma Honorius ya amsa bukatar taimako tare da Rescript of Honorius, yana gaya wa garuruwan Romawa don kare kansu, yarda da mulkin kai na Burtaniya na wucin gadi.Honorius yana yaki da babban yaki a Italiya da Visigoths karkashin shugabansu Alaric, tare da Roma da kanta.Babu wata runduna da za a keɓe don kare Biritaniya mai nisa.Ko da yake yana yiwuwa Honorius ya sa ran sake samun iko a kan larduna ba da daɗewa ba, a tsakiyar karni na 6 Procopius ya gane cewa ikon Roman na Britanniya ya ɓace gaba ɗaya.

A lokacin da suka mamaye Biritaniya , Romawa sun gina hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa waɗanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a ƙarni na baya kuma da yawa ana bin su a yau.Har ila yau, Romawa sun gina tsarin samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da tsarin ruwa.Da yawa daga cikin manyan biranen Biritaniya, irin su London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium) da York (Eboracum), Romawa ne suka kafa su, amma an yi watsi da matsugunan Romawa na asali ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Romawa suka tafi.Ba kamar sauran yankuna da dama na Daular Rumawa ta Yamma ba, harshen da ke da rinjaye a yanzu ba harshen Romance ba ne, ko kuma yaren da ya fito daga mazaunan zamanin zamanin Romawa.Harshen Birtaniyya a lokacin mamaya shi ne na Biritaniya na gama-gari, kuma ya kasance a haka bayan da Romawa suka janye.Daga baya ya rabu zuwa harsunan yanki, musamman Cumbric, Cornish, Breton da Welsh.Binciken waɗannan harsuna yana nuna wasu kalmomin Latin 800 an haɗa su cikin Brittonic na gama-gari (duba harsunan Brittonic).Yare mafi rinjaye na yanzu, Ingilishi, ya dogara ne akan harsunan kabilun Jamus waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa tsibirin daga nahiyar Turai daga karni na 5 zuwa gaba.