Tarihin Jamhuriyar Indiya Tsarin lokaci

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Jamhuriyar Indiya
History of Republic of India ©Anonymous

1947 - 2024

Tarihin Jamhuriyar Indiya



Tarihin JamhuriyarIndiya ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1947, ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Commonwealth na Burtaniya .Gwamnatin Biritaniya, ta fara a 1858, ta haɗa yankin na ƙasa a siyasance da tattalin arziki.A cikin 1947, ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya ya haifar da rabuwar yanki zuwa Indiya da Pakistan , bisa ga kididdigar addini: Indiya tana da rinjaye Hindu , yayin da Pakistan ta kasance Musulmi.Wannan bangare ya haifar da hijirar sama da mutane miliyan 10 da kuma mutuwar kusan miliyan daya.Jawaharlal Nehru, shugaban majalisar dokokin Indiya, ya zama Firayim Minista na farko a Indiya.Mahatma Gandhi, jigo a fafutukar 'yancin kai, bai dauki wani matsayi a hukumance ba.A shekara ta 1950, Indiya ta amince da tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya tare da tsarin majalisa a matakin tarayya da na jihohi.Wannan dimokuradiyya, wacce ba ta bambanta da sabbin jihohi a lokacin, ta dore.Indiya ta fuskanci kalubale kamar tashin hankalin addini, naxalism, ta'addanci, da tashe-tashen hankula na yanki.Ta shiga rikicin yanki dakasar Sin , wanda ya haifar da rikici a 1962 da 1967, da Pakistan, wanda ya haifar da yake-yake a 1947, 1965, 1971, da 1999. A lokacin yakin cacar-baki , Indiya ta kasance tsaka tsaki, kuma ta kasance jagora a cikin wadanda ba su da tushe. Aligned Movement, duk da cewa ta kulla kawance da Tarayyar Soviet a 1971.Indiya, kasa mai mallakar makamin nukiliya, ta gudanar da gwajin makamin nukiliya na farko a shekarar 1974, sannan ta kara yin gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 1998. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1980, tattalin arzikin Indiya ya kasance alama ce ta manufofin gurguzu, da tsari mai yawa, da mallakar jama'a, wanda ya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa da tafiyar hawainiya. .Tun daga 1991, Indiya ta aiwatar da sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki.A yau, ita ce ta uku mafi girma kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a duniya.Da farko dai tana fama, Jamhuriyar Indiya a yanzu ta zama babbar tattalin arzikin G20, wani lokaci ana daukarta a matsayin babbar kasa mai karfin iko, saboda yawan tattalin arzikinta, soja, da yawan jama'arta.
1947 - 1950
Bayan 'Yancin Kai da Kafa Tsarin Mulkiornament
1947 Jan 1 00:01

Gabatarwa

India
TarihinIndiya yana da alaƙa da ɗimbin al'adu da ɗimbin tarihinta, wanda ya tashi sama da shekaru 5,000.Wayewar farko kamar wayewar kwarin Indus na daga cikin na farko da ci gaba a duniya.Tarihin Indiya ya ga dauloli da masarautu daban-daban, kamar Masarautar Maurya, Gupta, da Mughal , kowannensu yana ba da gudummawa ga tarin al'adu, addini, da falsafa.Kamfanin British East India Company ya fara kasuwancinsa a Indiya a cikin karni na 17, yana fadada tasirinsa a hankali.A tsakiyar karni na 19, Indiya ta kasance karkashin ikon Birtaniyya sosai.Wannan lokacin ya ga aiwatar da manufofin da suka amfana da Biritaniya a kuɗin Indiya, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi.Dangane da martani, guguwar kishin ƙasa ta mamaye Indiya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th.Shugabanni irin su Mahatma Gandhi da Jawaharlal Nehru sun fito, suna masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai.Hanyar Gandhi na rashin biyayyar jama'a ba tare da tashin hankali ba ya sami goyon baya sosai, yayin da wasu kamar Subhas Chandra Bose suka yi imani da ƙarin tsayin daka.Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru kamar Maris Salt da Quit India Movement sun mamaye ra'ayin jama'a game da mulkin Burtaniya.Yaƙin neman yancin kai ya ƙare a cikin 1947, amma an lalata shi ta hanyar raba Indiya zuwa ƙasashe biyu: Indiya da Pakistan .Wannan rarrabuwar ta samo asali ne saboda bambance-bambancen addini, inda Pakistan ta zama al'ummar Musulmi mafi rinjaye, Indiya kuma tana da mabiya Hindu.Rarraba ta haifar da ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura mafi girma na ɗan adam a tarihi kuma ya haifar da gagarumin tashin hankali na al'umma, wanda yayi tasiri sosai ga yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙasashen biyu.
Rabe-raben Indiya
Jirgin kasa na musamman na 'yan gudun hijira a tashar Ambala yayin Rarraba Indiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1947 Aug 14 - Aug 15

Rabe-raben Indiya

India
RarrabaIndiya , kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Indiya ta 1947, ta nuna ƙarshen mulkin Burtaniya a Kudancin Asiya kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu, Indiya da Pakistan , a ranar 14 da 15 ga Agusta, 1947, bi da bi.[1] Wannan bangare ya ƙunshi rarrabuwar lardunan Indiyawan Burtaniya na Bengal da Punjab bisa manyan addinai, tare da mafi yawan musulmin da suka zama wani yanki na Pakistan da waɗanda ba musulmi ba suka shiga Indiya.[2] Tare da yanki na yanki, an raba kadarori kamar Sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya, Navy, Sojan Sama, ma'aikatan gwamnati, layin dogo, da baitulmali.Wannan taron ya haifar da ƙaura mai girma da gaggawa, [3] tare da kiyasi da ke nuna mutane miliyan 14 zuwa 18 sun ƙaura, kuma kusan miliyan ɗaya suna mutuwa saboda tashin hankali da tashin hankali.'Yan gudun hijira, musamman mabiya addinin Hindu da Sikh daga yankuna kamar West Punjab da Gabashin Bengal, sun yi ƙaura zuwa Indiya, yayin da Musulmai suka ƙaura zuwa Pakistan, suna neman aminci tsakanin mabiya addinai.[4] Rarraba ya haifar da rikice-rikicen jama'a, musamman a Punjab da Bengal, da kuma a birane kamar Calcutta, Delhi, da Lahore.Kimanin mabiya addinin Hindu, Musulmai, da Sikhs miliyan daya ne suka rasa rayukansu a cikin wadannan rikice-rikice.Kokarin rage tashin hankali da tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira shugabannin Indiya da Pakistan ne suka yi.Musamman ma, Mahatma Gandhi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar azumi a Calcutta da Delhi.[4] Gwamnatocin Indiya da Pakistan sun kafa sansanonin agaji tare da tattara sojoji don agajin jin kai.Duk da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, ɓangarorin ya bar baya da ƙiyayya da rashin yarda tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan, wanda ya yi tasiri ga dangantakarsu har yau.
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948
Sojojin Pakistan a lokacin yakin 1947-1948. ©Army of Pakistan
1947 Oct 22 - 1949 Jan 1

Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948

Jammu and Kashmir
Yaƙin Indo- Pakistan na 1947-1948, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Kashmir na Farko, [5] shine babban rikici na farko tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan bayan sun zama ƙasashe masu cin gashin kai.Ya kasance a tsakiya a kusa da masarautar Jammu da Kashmir.Jammu da Kashmir, kafin 1815, sun ƙunshi ƙananan jihohi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Afganistan kuma daga baya ƙarƙashin ikon Sikh bayan faduwar Mughals .Yaƙin Anglo-Sikh na Farko (1845-46) ya kai ga sayar da yankin zuwa Gulab Singh, wanda ya kafa ƙasa mai sarauta a ƙarƙashin Burtaniya Raj .Rabe-raben Indiya a 1947, wanda ya haifar da Indiya da Pakistan, ya haifar da tashin hankali da ɗimbin motsi na al'umma bisa tushen addini.Yakin dai ya fara ne da dakarun Jammu da Kashmir da kuma dakarun sa-kai na kabilanci.Maharaja na Jammu da Kashmir, Hari Singh, ya fuskanci tayar da kayar baya kuma ya rasa iko da sassan masarautarsa.Mayakan kabilanci na Pakistan sun shiga jihar a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1947, suna ƙoƙarin kama Srinagar.[6] Hari Singh ya nemi taimako daga Indiya, wanda aka bayar bisa yanayin shigar jihar zuwa Indiya.Maharaja Hari Singh da farko ya zaɓi kada ya shiga Indiya ko Pakistan.Babban taron kasa, babbar rundunar siyasa a Kashmir, ta fi son shiga Indiya, yayin da taron musulmi a Jammu ya fifita Pakistan.Maharaja daga ƙarshe ya yarda da Indiya, shawarar da mamayewar kabilanci da tawayen cikin gida suka yi tasiri.Daga nan aka kai sojojin Indiya ta jirgin sama zuwa Srinagar.Bayan da jihar ta shiga Indiya, rikicin ya ga hannun sojojin Indiya da Pakistan kai tsaye.Yankunan rikice-rikice sun karu a kusa da abin da daga baya ya zama Line of Control, tare da ayyana tsagaita wuta a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1949. [7]Ayyukan soji daban-daban kamar Operation Gulmarg na Pakistan da jigilar sojojin Indiya zuwa Srinagar sun nuna yakin.Jami'an Biritaniya da ke ba da umarni a bangarorin biyu sun ci gaba da tsare hanya.Shigar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kai ga tsagaita bude wuta da kuma kudurori na baya-bayan nan da ke da nufin cimma matsaya, wadanda ba su taba faruwa ba.Yakin dai ya kawo karshe cikin rashin jituwar da babu wani bangare da ya samu gagarumar nasara, ko da yake Indiya ta ci gaba da rike mafi yawan yankunan da ake takaddama a kai.Rikicin ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na Jammu da Kashmir, wanda ya kafa harsashin rikice-rikicen Indo-Pakistan na gaba.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa wata kungiya da za ta sanya ido a kan tsagaita bude wuta, kuma yankin ya ci gaba da zama wani batu na takaddama a dangantakar Indo da Pakistan da ta biyo baya.Yakin yana da gagarumin tasiri na siyasa a Pakistan kuma ya kafa fagen juyin mulkin soja da rikice-rikice a nan gaba.Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948 ya kafa misali ga sarƙaƙƙiya kuma sau da yawa dangantaka tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan, musamman game da yankin Kashmir.
Kisan Mahatma Gandhi
Shari'ar mutanen da ake zargi da hannu da hannu a kisan a wata kotu ta musamman da ke Red Fort Delhi a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1948. ©Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India
1948 Jan 30 17:00

Kisan Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Smriti, Raj Ghat, Delhi
An kashe Mahatma Gandhi, fitaccen jigo a gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai a Indiya a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1948, yana da shekaru 78. An kashe shi ne a New Delhi a gidan Birla, wanda yanzu ake kira Gandhi Smriti.Nathuram Godse, Chitpavan Brahmin daga Pune, Maharashtra, an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya kashe shi.Ya kasance dan kishin kasar Hindu [8] kuma memba na duka Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, kungiyar Hindu ta dama, [9] da Hindu Mahasabha.An yi imanin dalilin Godse ya samo asali ne a tunaninsa na cewa Gandhi ya kasance mai yin sulhu da Pakistan a lokacinrabuwar Indiya ta 1947.[10]Kisan ya faru ne da yamma, da misalin karfe 5 na yamma, yayin da Gandhi ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa wani taron addu’a.Godse, yana fitowa daga cikin taron, ya harba harsashi guda uku a wuri-wuri [11] cikin Gandhi, yana dukan ƙirjinsa da cikinsa.Gandhi ya fadi kuma aka mayar da shi dakinsa da ke Birla House, inda daga baya ya mutu.[12]Nan take mutanen suka kama Godse, wadanda suka hada da Herbert Reiner Jr, mataimakin karamin jakadanci a ofishin jakadancin Amurka.An fara shari'ar kisan Gandhi a watan Mayun 1948 a Red Fort a Delhi.Godse, tare da abokin aikinsa Narayan Apte da wasu mutane shida, sune manyan wadanda ake tuhumar.An gaggauta shari'ar, matakin da watakila ministan cikin gida na lokacin Vallabhbhai Patel ya yi tasiri, wanda watakila ya so kaucewa suka kan gazawar da aka yi na hana kisan.[13] Duk da roko na neman afuwa daga 'ya'yan Gandhi, Manilal da Ramdas, fitattun shugabanni kamar Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Vallabhbhai Patel sun amince da hukuncin kisa ga Godse da Apte.An kashe su a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1949. [14]
Haɗin Kan Jihohin Yariman Indiya
Vallabhbhai Patel a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Jihohi yana da alhakin walda lardunan Indiyawan Birtaniyya da kuma manyan jahohin sarauta zuwa Indiyan gamayya. ©Government of India
1949 Jan 1

Haɗin Kan Jihohin Yariman Indiya

India
Kafin Indiya ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1947, an raba ta zuwa manyan yankuna biyu:Biritaniya Indiya , ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya kai tsaye, da kuma jahohin sarakuna a ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya amma tare da cin gashin kai na cikin gida.Akwai jahohin sarakuna 562 tare da tsarin raba kudaden shiga tare da Burtaniya.Har ila yau, Faransanci da Fotigal sun mallaki wasu yankuna na mulkin mallaka.Majalisar dokokin Indiya ta yi niyya don haɗa waɗannan yankuna cikin ƙungiyar haɗin kan Indiya.Da farko turawan ingila sun musanya tsakanin mallakewa da mulkin kaikaice.Tawayen Indiya na 1857 ya sa Birtaniyya su mutunta ikon mallakar jihohi har zuwa wani lokaci, yayin da suke rike da fifiko.Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar jihohin sarakuna da Indiyawan Burtaniya ya tsananta a cikin ƙarni na 20, amma yakin duniya na biyu ya dakatar da waɗannan ƙoƙarin.Tare da 'yancin kai na Indiya, Birtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa fifiko da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da jahohin sarauta za su ƙare, tare da barin su don yin shawarwari da Indiya ko Pakistan .A lokacin da ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai a Indiya a 1947, manyan shugabannin Indiya sun yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban don haɗa jihohin sarakuna cikin ƙungiyar Indiya.Jawaharlal Nehru, fitaccen shugaba, ya ɗauki matsaya mai ƙarfi.A cikin Yuli 1946, ya yi gargadin cewa babu wata ƙasa mai sarauta da za ta iya yin yaƙi da sojojin Indiya mai cin gashin kanta.[15] A cikin Janairu 1947, Nehru ya bayyana a sarari cewa ra'ayin ikon allahntaka na sarakuna ba za a yarda da shi ba a Indiya mai zaman kanta.[16] Ci gaba da haɓaka tsarinsa mai ƙarfi, a cikin Mayu 1947, Nehru ya bayyana cewa duk wata ƙasa mai sarauta da ta ƙi shiga Majalisar Mulkin Indiya za a ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙasar abokan gaba.[17]Sabanin haka, Vallabhbhai Patel da VP Menon, waɗanda ke da alhakin haɗakar da sarakunan sarakunan, sun ɗauki hanyar sasantawa ga masu mulkin waɗannan jahohin.Dabararsu ita ce tattaunawa da yin aiki da sarakunan maimakon fuskantar su kai tsaye.Wannan tsarin ya kasance mai nasara, domin sun kasance masu tasiri wajen shawo kan yawancin jihohin sarakunan su amince da Tarayyar Indiya.[18]Mahukuntan Jihohin Masarautar sun yi ta mayar da martani iri-iri.Wasu, saboda kishin kasa, sun yarda sun shiga Indiya, yayin da wasu ke tunanin 'yancin kai ko shiga Pakistan.Ba duk jihohin sarauta ba ne suka shiga Indiya cikin hanzari.Tun da farko Junagadh ya koma Pakistan amma ya fuskanci turjiya a cikin gida kuma daga karshe ya koma Indiya bayan amincewa.Jammu da Kashmir sun fuskanci mamayewa daga Pakistan;An yarda da Indiya don taimakon soja, wanda ya haifar da rikici.Hyderabad ya yi tsayayya da shiga amma an haɗa shi bayan shiga tsakani na soja (Operation Polo) da sasantawar siyasa na gaba.Bayan shiga, gwamnatin Indiya ta yi aiki don daidaita tsarin gudanarwa da tsarin mulki na jihohin sarakuna da na tsoffin yankunan Birtaniyya, wanda ya kai ga kafa tsarin tarayya na Indiya a halin yanzu.Tsarin ya ƙunshi tattaunawar diflomasiyya, tsarin shari'a (kamar Instruments of Accession), da kuma wani lokacin aikin soja, wanda ya ƙare a cikin haɗewar Jamhuriyar Indiya.A shekara ta 1956, banbance tsakanin jihohin sarakuna da yankunan Indiyawan Burtaniya ya ragu sosai.
1950 - 1960
Zamanin Ci gaba da Rikiciornament
Tsarin Mulki na Indiya
1950 Taron Majalisar Mazabu ©Anonymous
1950 Jan 26

Tsarin Mulki na Indiya

India
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya, wani muhimmin takarda a cikin tarihin al'umma, Majalisar Zartaswa ta amince da shi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1949, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1950. [19] Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna gagarumin sauyi daga Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya ta 1935. zuwa wani sabon tsarin mulki, mai canzaMulkin Indiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Indiya.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matakai a cikin wannan miƙa mulki shine soke ayyukan da majalisar dokokin Birtaniya ta yi a baya, da tabbatar da 'yancin kai na tsarin mulkin Indiya, wanda aka sani da tsarin mulki autochthony.[20]Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya kafa ƙasar a matsayin mai mulki, gurguzu, mai zaman kanta, [21] da jamhuriyar dimokiradiyya.Ta yi alkawarin tabbatar da adalci, daidaito, da 'yanci, da nufin bunkasa fahimtar 'yan uwantaka a tsakaninsu.[22] Filayen fasali na Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun haɗa da gabatar da zaɓe na duniya, kyale duk manya su yi zabe.Haka kuma ta kafa tsarin majalisa irin na Westminster a matakin tarayya da na jihohi tare da kafa bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa.[23] Ya ba da izinin keɓance keɓaɓɓen ƙididdiga ko kujeru don "'yan ƙasa masu ci baya na zamantakewa da ilimi" a cikin ilimi, aiki, ƙungiyoyin siyasa, da haɓakawa.[24] Tun lokacin da aka zartar da shi, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya yi gyare-gyare sama da 100, yana nuna buƙatu da ƙalubalen al'umma.[25]
Nehru Administration
Nehru yana sanya hannu kan Tsarin Mulkin Indiya c.1950 ©Anonymous
1952 Jan 1 - 1964

Nehru Administration

India
Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda sau da yawa ake gani a matsayin wanda ya kafa jihar Indiya ta zamani, ya ƙera falsafar ƙasa tare da maƙasudai guda bakwai: haɗin kan ƙasa, dimokuradiyyar majalisa, masana'antu, zamantakewa, haɓaka fushin kimiyya, da rashin daidaituwa.Wannan falsafar ta dogara da yawancin manufofinsa, wanda ke amfana da sassa kamar ma'aikatan gwamnati, gidajen masana'antu, da na tsakiya da na manya.Duk da haka, waɗannan manufofin ba su taimaka wa matalauta birane da karkara ba, marasa aikin yi, da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hindu.[26]Bayan mutuwar Vallabhbhai Patel a cikin 1950, Nehru ya zama fitaccen shugaban ƙasa, wanda ya ba shi damar aiwatar da hangen nesa na Indiya cikin 'yanci.Manufofinsa na tattalin arziki sun mayar da hankali ne kan sauya masana'antun shigo da kayayyaki da kuma tattalin arziki mai gauraye.Wannan tsarin ya hada sassan gwamnati da ke karkashin kulawa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[27] Nehru ya ba da fifikon haɓaka masana'antu na asali da nauyi kamar ƙarfe, ƙarfe, kwal, da wutar lantarki, yana tallafawa waɗannan sassan tare da tallafi da manufofin kariya.[28]A karkashin jagorancin Nehru, jam'iyyar Congress ta ci gaba da zabuka a 1957 da 1962. A lokacin mulkinsa, an samar da muhimman sauye-sauye na shari'a don inganta yancin mata a cikin al'ummar Hindu [29] da kuma magance wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi.Nehru ya kuma jajirce akan ilimi, wanda ya kai ga kafa makarantu, kwalejoji, da cibiyoyi da yawa kamar Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya.[30]An tsara hangen nesa na gurguzu na Nehru game da tattalin arzikin Indiya tare da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Tsare-tsare a 1950, wanda ya jagoranci.Wannan hukumar ta ci gaba da Tsare-tsaren Shekaru Biyar bisa tsarin Soviet , yana mai da hankali kan shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki na kasa da kuma haɗaka.[31] Waɗannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da babu haraji ga manoma, mafi ƙarancin albashi da fa'idodi ga ma'aikatan bogi, da ƙaddamar da manyan masana'antu na ƙasa.Bugu da kari, an yi yunkurin kwace filayen gama gari don ayyukan jama'a da masana'antu, wanda ya kai ga gina manyan madatsun ruwa, magudanan ruwa, hanyoyi, da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki.
Dokar Sake Tsara Jihohi
States Reorganisation Act ©Anonymous
1956 Nov 11

Dokar Sake Tsara Jihohi

India
Mutuwar Potti Sreeramulu a cikin 1952, bayan mutuwarsa da sauri don ƙirƙirar jihar Andhra, ya yi tasiri sosai ga ƙungiyar yankin Indiya.Dangane da wannan taron da kuma karuwar bukatar jihohi bisa tushen harshe da kabilanci, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya kafa Hukumar Sake Shirya Jihohi.Shawarwari na hukumar sun haifar da Dokar Sake Tsara Jihohi na 1956, abin tarihi a tarihin gudanarwa na Indiya.Wannan dokar ta sake fasalta iyakokin jihohin Indiya, tare da wargaza tsofaffin jihohi tare da samar da sababbi ta hanyar harshe da kabilanci.Wannan sake fasalin ya kai ga kafa Kerala a matsayin jiha ta daban kuma yankunan da ake magana da harshen Telugu na jihar Madras sun zama wani bangare na sabuwar jihar Andhra.Hakanan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Tamil Nadu a matsayin jihar Tamil kaɗai.An sami ƙarin canje-canje a cikin 1960s.A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1960, Jihar Bombay mai harsuna biyu ta kasu kashi biyu: Maharashtra na masu jin Marathi da Gujarat na masu jin Gujarati.Hakazalika, a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1966, babbar jihar Punjab ta rabu zuwa ƙaramar Punjab mai magana da Punjabi da Haryana mai magana da Haryanvi.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun nuna ƙoƙarin gwamnatin tsakiya na ɗaukar nau'ikan harshe da al'adu daban-daban a cikin Ƙungiyar Indiya.
Indiya da Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa
Firayim Minista Nehru tare da Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser (L) na Masar da Marshal Josip Broz Tito na Yugoslavia.Sun taka rawa wajen kafuwar kungiyar ‘yan ba ruwanmu. ©Anonymous
1961 Sep 1

Indiya da Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa

India
Haɗin gwiwar Indiya da ra'ayin rashin daidaituwa ya samo asali ne a cikin sha'awarta na gujewa shiga cikin ayyukan soja na duniya mai bipolar, musamman a yanayin mulkin mallaka.Wannan manufar tana da nufin kiyaye matakin 'yancin kai na duniya da 'yancin yin aiki.Duk da haka, babu wata ma'anar da aka yarda da ita na rashin daidaituwa, wanda ya haifar da fassarori daban-daban da aikace-aikace daga 'yan siyasa da gwamnatoci daban-daban.Yayin da ƙungiyoyin da ba sa jituwa (NAM) ke raba manufa da ƙa'idodi guda ɗaya, ƙasashe membobin galibi suna kokawa don cimma matakin da ake so na yanke hukunci mai zaman kansa, musamman a fannoni kamar adalci na zamantakewa da yancin ɗan adam.Yunkurin da Indiya ta yi na rashin daidaito ya fuskanci kalubale a lokacin rikice-rikice daban-daban, ciki har da yake-yaken 1962, 1965, da 1971. Martanin kasashen da ba sa ga maciji da juna a lokacin wadannan rikice-rikice sun bayyana matsayinsu kan batutuwan da suka hada da ballewa da kuma 'yancin fadin kasa.Musamman ma, an takaita tasirin NAM a matsayin dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya a lokacin yakin Indo-China a 1962 da yakin Indo- Pakistan a 1965, duk da kokarin da aka yi.Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971 da yaƙin 'yantar da Bangladesh sun ƙara gwada ƙungiyoyin da ba sa jituwa, tare da yawancin ƙasashe membobin suna ba da fifikon yanki akan yancin ɗan adam.’Yancin da yawa daga cikin waɗannan al’ummomi suka yi tasiri a kan wannan matsayi.A cikin wannan lokacin, matsayin Indiya ba tare da haɗin kai ba yana fuskantar suka da bincike.[32] Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin, ya yi watsi da tsarinsa, kuma kasashe mambobin ba su da alkawurran taimakon juna.[33] Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar ƙasashe kamar China ya rage ƙwarin gwiwa ga ƙasashen da ba su da haɗin kai don tallafawa Indiya.[34]Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, Indiya ta fito a matsayin babban jigo a cikin Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa.Girman girmansa, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da matsayinsa a diflomasiyyar kasa da kasa ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin jagororin kungiyar, musamman a tsakanin kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da kuma sabbin kasashe masu cin gashin kai.[35]
Shigar da Goa
Sojojin Indiya a lokacin 'yantar da Goa a 1961. ©Anonymous
1961 Dec 17 - Dec 19

Shigar da Goa

Goa, India
Haɗin Goa a cikin 1961 wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin Indiya, inda Jamhuriyar Indiya ta mamaye yankunan Indiyawan Portugal na Goa, Daman, da Diu.Wannan mataki, wanda aka fi sani da Indiya a matsayin "Yancin Goa" kuma a Portugal a matsayin "Mamayar Goa," shi ne ƙarshen ƙoƙarin da Firayim Ministan Indiya Jawaharlal Nehru ya yi na kawo ƙarshen mulkin Portuguese a waɗannan yankuna.Nehru da farko ya yi fatan cewa mashahuriyar motsi a Goa da ra'ayin jama'a na duniya zai haifar da 'yancin kai daga ikon Portuguese.Duk da haka, lokacin da waɗannan ƙoƙarin bai yi tasiri ba, ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da ƙarfin soja.[36]Sojojin Indiya ne suka gudanar da aikin soja mai suna Operation Vijay (ma'ana "Nasara" a Sanskrit).Ya haɗa da haɗe-haɗe na iska, teku, da ƙasa a cikin sama da sa'o'i 36.Aikin ya kasance babbar nasara ga Indiya, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Portugal na shekaru 451 a Indiya.Rikicin dai ya dauki kwanaki biyu ana yi, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Indiyawa ashirin da biyu da 'yan Portugal talatin.[37] Haɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban a duniya: ana ganinsa a matsayin 'yantar da yankin Indiya na tarihi a Indiya, yayin da Portugal ta ɗauke ta a matsayin zalunci marar tushe ga ƙasarta da 'yan ƙasa.Bayan kawo karshen mulkin Portuguese, da farko an sanya Goa karkashin gwamnatin soja karkashin jagorancin Kunhiraman Palat Candeth a matsayin laftanal gwamna.A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1962, gwamnatin farar hula ta maye gurbin mulkin soja.Laftanar Gwamna ya kafa Majalisar Tuntuba ta yau da kullun da ta ƙunshi mambobi 29 da aka zaɓa don taimakawa wajen gudanar da mulkin yankin.
Yakin Sino-Indiya
Sojojin Indiya masu bindigu da bindigu suna sintiri a lokacin gajeriyar yakin iyakar Sin da Indiya na 1962. ©Anonymous
1962 Oct 20 - Nov 21

Yakin Sino-Indiya

Aksai Chin
Yakin Sin da Indiya wani rikici ne na makami tsakaninSin da Indiya wanda ya faru daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba na shekarar 1962. Wannan yakin da gaske ya ta'allaka ne kan takaddamar kan iyaka tsakanin kasashen biyu.Yankunan farko na rikici sun kasance a yankunan kan iyaka: a Hukumar Kula da Yankin Arewa maso Gabas ta Indiya zuwa gabashin Bhutan da kuma a Aksai Chin zuwa yammacin Nepal.Tashin hankali tsakanin China da Indiya na kara ta'azzara tun bayan boren Tibet na 1959, bayan haka Indiya ta ba Dalai Lama mafaka.Lamarin ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da Indiya ta ki amincewa da shawarwarin sasantawa da Sin ta yi a tsakanin shekarar 1960 zuwa 1962. Kasar Sin ta mayar da martani ta hanyar ci gaba da yin sintiri na gaba a yankin Ladakh, wanda a baya ta daina.[38 <>] Rikicin ya tsananta a lokacin da duniya ke fama da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba, inda Sin ta yi watsi da duk wani ƙoƙarin da aka yi na warware rikicin cikin lumana a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1962. Wannan ya sa sojojin Sin suka mamaye yankunan da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar da ke da nisan kilomita 3,225 (mil 2,004). Ladakh da ƙetaren layin McMahon a iyakar arewa maso gabas.Sojojin kasar Sin sun kori sojojin Indiya baya, inda suka kwace dukkan yankunan da suka yi ikirarin cewa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yammacin duniya da kuma Tawang Tract a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gabas.Rikicin dai ya kawo karshe ne a lokacin da kasar Sin ta ayyana tsagaita bude wuta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1962, ta kuma sanar da janyewa zuwa wuraren da ta ke tun kafin yakin, wanda ya zama layin da ya dace da shi, wanda ya kasance kan iyakar Sin da Indiya mai inganci.Yakin ya kasance da yakin tsaunuka, wanda aka gudanar a tsawon sama da mita 4,000 (kafa 13,000), kuma an iyakance shi ne ga aikin kasa, ba tare da wani bangare na amfani da kadarorin sojan ruwa ko na sama ba.A cikin wannan lokaci, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi tasiri sosai kan alakar kasa da kasa.Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi bayan Indiya, musamman ta hanyar siyar da jiragen saman yaki na MiG.Akasin haka, Amurka da Birtaniya sun ki sayar da makamai masu linzami ga Indiya, lamarin da ya sa Indiya ta kara dogaro da Tarayyar Soviet don samun tallafin soji.[39]
Yakin Indiya-Pakistan na biyu
Matsayin Sojojin Pakistan, MG1A3 AA, Yaƙin 1965 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1965 Aug 5 - Sep 23

Yakin Indiya-Pakistan na biyu

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Ind
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1965, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Indiya- Pakistan na Biyu, ya buɗe kan matakai da yawa, waɗanda ke da alamun manyan al'amura da sauye-sauyen dabaru.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga takaddamar da aka dade ana yi kan Jammu da Kashmir.Ya ta'azzara bayan Operation Gibraltar na Pakistan a watan Agustan 1965, [40] da aka tsara don kutsawa dakaru zuwa Jammu da Kashmir don tayar da tawaye ga mulkin Indiya.[41 <>] Sakamakon binciken ya haifar da ƙara tashin hankali na soji a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.Yaƙin ya ga manyan haƙƙin soja, gami da yaƙin tanka mafi girma tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.Dukansu Indiya da Pakistan sun yi amfani da ƙasa, da iska, da sojojin ruwa.Fitattun ayyuka a lokacin yakin sun hada da Operation Desert Hawk na Pakistan da kuma farmakin da Indiya ta kai a gaban Lahore.Yakin Asal Uttar ya kasance wani muhimmin wuri inda sojojin Indiya suka yi tafka asara mai yawa a bangaren masu sulke na Pakistan.Sojojin saman Pakistan sun taka rawar gani duk da cewa sun fi karfinsu, musamman wajen kare Lahore da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci.Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Satumba na 1965 tare da tsagaita wuta, bayan shiga tsakani na diflomasiyya da Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka suka yi da kuma amincewa da kuduri mai lamba 211. Sanarwar Tashkent daga baya ta tsara tsagaita wuta.A karshen rikicin, Indiya ta rike wani yanki mafi girma na kasar Pakistan, musamman a yankuna masu albarka kamar Sialkot, Lahore, da Kashmir, yayin da Pakistan ta samu ci gaba a yankunan hamada da ke gaban Sindh da kuma kusa da yankin Chumb a Kashmir.Yakin ya haifar da sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa a cikin yankin, tare da Indiya da Pakistan suna jin cin amana saboda rashin goyon baya daga abokansu na baya, Amurka da Burtaniya .Wannan sauye-sauye ya haifar da Indiya da Pakistan sun haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud da Tarayyar Soviet daChina , bi da bi.Rikicin ya kuma yi tasiri sosai kan dabarun soji da manufofin kasashen waje na kasashen biyu.A Indiya, ana ganin yakin a matsayin nasara mai dabara, wanda ke haifar da sauye-sauye a dabarun soji, tattara bayanan sirri, da manufofin kasashen waje, musamman kusanci da Tarayyar Soviet.A Pakistan ana tunawa da yakin ne saboda kwazon da sojojin saman kasar suka yi kuma ana bikin ranar tsaro.Duk da haka, ya kuma haifar da ƙima mai mahimmanci na shirye-shiryen soja da sakamakon siyasa, da kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da karuwar tashin hankali a gabashin Pakistan.Labarin yakin da tunawa da shi ya kasance batutuwan muhawara a cikin Pakistan.
Indira Gandhi
'Yar Nehru Indira Gandhi ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na wa'adi uku a jere (1966-77) da wa'adi na hudu (1980-84). ©Defense Department, US government
1966 Jan 24

Indira Gandhi

India
Jawaharlal Nehru, Firayim Minista na farko a Indiya, ya rasu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1964. Lal Bahadur Shastri ya gaje shi.A lokacin Shastri, a cikin 1965, Indiya da Pakistan sun sake yin wani yaki a kan yankin Kashmir mai rikici.Wannan rikici, duk da haka, bai haifar da wani gagarumin sauyi a kan iyakar Kashmir ba.Yaƙin ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar Tashkent, wanda gwamnatin Soviet ta shiga tsakani.Abin takaici, Shastri ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a daren bayan sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya.Rashin shugabanci bayan mutuwar Shastri ya haifar da takara a cikin majalisar dokokin Indiya, wanda ya haifar da daukakar Indira Gandhi, 'yar Nehru, zuwa matsayin Firayim Minista.Gandhi, wanda ya taba rike mukamin ministan yada labarai da yada labarai, ya doke shugaban na hannun daman Morarji Desai a wannan takara.Koyaya, babban zaɓe na 1967 ya ga rinjayen Jam'iyyar Congress a Majalisa ya ragu, yana nuna rashin jin daɗin jama'a game da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, rashin aikin yi, tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da kuma matsalar abinci.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, Gandhi ta ƙarfafa matsayinta.Morarji Desai, wacce ta zama mataimakiyar Firayim Minista kuma ministar kudi a gwamnatinta, tare da wasu manyan 'yan siyasa na Majalisar, da farko sun yi kokarin takaita ikon Gandhi.Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai ba ta shawara kan harkokin siyasa PN Haksar, Gandhi ya koma kan manufofin gurguzu don dawo da farin jini.Ta yi nasarar kawar da Privy Purse, wanda aka biya ga tsoffin sarakunan Indiya, kuma ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin yunkuri na mayar da bankunan Indiya kasa.Ko da yake waɗannan manufofin sun fuskanci turjiya daga Desai da ƴan kasuwa, sun shahara a tsakanin jama'a.Hankulan jam’iyyar na cikin gida ya kai wani matsayi a lokacin da ‘yan siyasan Majalisar suka yi kokarin lalata Gandhi ta hanyar dakatar da zama mambobinta.Wannan matakin ya ci tura, wanda ya kai ga gudun hijirar ‘yan majalisar da suka hada kai da Gandhi, wanda ya haifar da kafa wata sabuwar kungiya da aka fi sani da Congress (R).Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Indiya, inda Indira Gandhi ta fito a matsayin mai karfi a tsakiya, ta jagoranci kasar ta wani yanayi na sauye-sauye na siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Yakin Sino-Indiya Na Biyu
Second Sino-Indian War ©Anonymous
1967 Sep 11 - Sep 14

Yakin Sino-Indiya Na Biyu

Nathu La, Sikkim
Yakin Sino-Indiya na biyu ya kasance jerin gaggarumin fadan kan iyaka tsakanin Indiya daChina kusa da daular Himalayan ta Sikkim, sannan wata mamaya ta Indiya.Wadannan al'amura sun fara ne a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1967, a Nathu La kuma sun kasance har zuwa ranar 15 ga Satumba. An yi wani alkawari na gaba a Cho La a watan Oktoba 1967, wanda ya ƙare a wannan rana.A cikin wadannan fadace-fadacen, Indiya ta sami damar cimma wata muhimmiyar dabara, ta yadda za ta mayar da martani ga sojojin kasar Sin da ke kai hari.Sojojin Indiya sun yi nasarar lalata da yawa daga cikin sansanonin PLA da ke Nathu La, an kuma lura da wadannan fadace-fadacen musamman don nuna sauyin yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Sin da Indiya, lamarin da ke nuna raguwar 'karfin da'awar kasar Sin ke da shi, da kuma nuna yadda Indiya ta inganta aikin soja. tun bayan shan kashi a yakin Sino-Indiya a shekarar 1962.
1970
Rikicin Siyasa da Kalubalen Tattalin Arzikiornament
Green &amp; Farar Juyin Juya Hali a Indiya
Jihar Punjab ta jagoranci juyin juya halin koren Indiya kuma ta sami bambanci na kasancewa &quot;kwandon gurasa na Indiya.&quot; ©Sanyam Bahga
1970 Jan 1

Green & Farar Juyin Juya Hali a Indiya

India
A farkon shekarun 1970, yawan mutanen Indiya ya zarce miliyan 500.A waje daya kuma, kasar ta yi nasarar magance matsalar karancin abinci da ta dade tana fama da ita ta hanyar juyin juya halin koren na kasar.Wannan sauye-sauyen noma ya hada da tallafin gwamnati na kayan aikin noma na zamani, bullo da sabbin iri iri iri, da kara tallafin kudi ga manoma.Wadannan tsare-tsare sun inganta noman abinci kamar alkama, shinkafa, da masara, da kuma amfanin gona na kasuwanci kamar su auduga, shayi, taba, da kofi.Haɓaka aikin noma ya kasance sananne musamman a duk faɗin Indo-Gangetic Plain da Punjab.Bugu da kari, a karkashin Operation Ambaliyar, gwamnati ta mayar da hankali wajen inganta samar da madara.Wannan yunƙurin ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin samar da madara da kuma inganta ayyukan kiwon dabbobi a duk faɗin Indiya.Sakamakon wannan hadaka da aka yi, Indiya ta samu wadatuwa wajen ciyar da al’ummarta, sannan ta kawo karshen dogaro da shigo da abinci daga kasashen waje, wanda ya dawwama tsawon shekaru ashirin.
1970 Jan 1 00:01

Samuwar Jihohin Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya

Nagaland, India
A cikin shekarun 1960, jihar Assam da ke arewa maso gabashin Indiya ta yi wani gagarumin gyare-gyare domin kafa sabbin jahohi da dama, tare da amincewa da bambancin kabilanci da al'adu na yankin.An fara tsarin ne a cikin 1963 tare da ƙirƙirar Nagaland, wanda aka zana daga gundumar Naga Hills na Assam da wasu sassan Tuensang, ya zama jiha ta 16 a Indiya.Wannan matakin ya gane asalin al'adun mutanen Naga na musamman.Bayan haka, buƙatun mutanen Khasi, Jaintia, da Garo sun haifar da kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Assam a cikin 1970, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunin Khasi, Jaintia, da Garo Hills.A shekara ta 1972, wannan yanki mai cin gashin kansa ya sami cikakken matsayin jiha, ya zama Meghalaya.A wannan shekarar, Arunachal Pradesh, wanda a da ake kira North-East Frontier Agency, da Mizoram, wanda ya hada da tsaunin Mizo a kudu, an raba su da Assam a matsayin yankunan kungiyar.A cikin 1986, waɗannan yankuna biyu sun sami cikakkiyar ƙasa.[44]
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971
Tankokin Indiya T-55 sun ratsa kan iyakar Indo da Gabashin Pakistan zuwa Dacca. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1971 Dec 3 - Dec 16

Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971

Bangladesh-India Border, Meher
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971, na uku cikin yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan , ya faru a cikin Disamba 1971 kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Bangladesh .Wannan rikici dai ya kasance ne kan batun ‘yancin kai na Bangladesh.Rikicin dai ya faro ne lokacin da sojojin Pakistan da ke karkashin ikon Punjabi suka ki mika mulki ga kungiyar ta Bengalawami wadda akasarinsu ke karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.Sanarwar da Rahman ya yi na 'yancin kai na Bangladesh a watan Maris na 1971 ya gamu da matsananciyar danniya daga sojojin Pakistan da mayakan Islama masu goyon bayan Pakistan, wanda ya haifar da cin zarafi da yawa.Daga Maris 1971, an kiyasta cewa an kashe fararen hula tsakanin 300,000 zuwa 3,000,000 a Bangladesh.[42] Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin 200,000 zuwa 400,000 mata da 'yan matan Bangladesh an yi musu fyade bisa tsari a wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na kisan kare dangi.[43] Wadannan al'amura sun haifar da mummunar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, inda kimanin mutane miliyan takwas zuwa goma suka gudu zuwa Indiya don mafaka.Yaƙin a hukumance ya fara ne da Operation Chengiz Khan na Pakistan, wanda ya haɗa da hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan tashoshin jiragen saman Indiya 11.Waɗannan hare-haren sun haifar da ƙananan lalacewa da kuma kawo cikas na ɗan lokaci da ayyukan jiragen saman Indiya.A martanin da ta mayar, Indiya ta shelanta yaki a kan Pakistan, tare da hada kai da dakarun 'yan kishin kasa na Bengali.Rikicin ya fadada zuwa gabas da yamma gabas da sojojin Indiya da Pakistan.Bayan kwanaki 13 ana gwabza kazamin fada, Indiya ta samu galaba a gabas da isasshiyar fifiko a bangaren yamma.Rikicin ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1971, tare da tsaron Gabashin Pakistan ya sanya hannu kan kayan aikin mika wuya a Dhaka.Wannan aiki a hukumance ya kawo karshen rikicin kuma ya kai ga kafa Bangladesh.Kimanin jami'an Pakistan 93,000 da suka hada da sojoji da fararen hula, sojojin Indiya sun kama su a matsayin fursuna.
Buddha mai murmushi: Gwajin Nukiliya ta Farko Indiya
Firayim Minista na lokacin Smt Indira Gandhi a wurin da Indiya ta fara gwajin makamin nukiliya a Pokhran, 1974. ©Anonymous
1974 May 18

Buddha mai murmushi: Gwajin Nukiliya ta Farko Indiya

Pokhran, Rajasthan, India
Tafiya ta Indiya zuwa ci gaban nukiliya ta fara ne a cikin 1944 lokacin da masanin kimiyya Homi Jehangir Bhabha ya kafa Cibiyar Bincike ta Tata.Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Daular Biritaniya a 1947, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya ba da izinin haɓaka shirin nukiliya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bhabha, yana mai da hankali a farko kan ci gaban zaman lafiya kamar yadda dokar makamashin nukiliya ta 1948. Indiya ta taka rawa sosai wajen samar da makaman Nukiliya. Yarjejeniyar Yaɗuwa amma a ƙarshe ta zaɓi rashin sanya hannu akan ta.A cikin 1954, Bhabha ya canza shirin nukiliya zuwa ƙirar makamai da kera, ya kafa manyan ayyuka kamar Trombay Atomic Energy Establishment da Sashen Makamashi Atom.A shekara ta 1958, wannan shirin ya sami wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kasafin tsaro.Indiya ta kuma shiga yarjejeniya da Kanada da Amurka a ƙarƙashin shirin Atoms for Peace, suna karɓar injin binciken CIRUS don dalilai na lumana.Duk da haka, Indiya ta zaɓi haɓaka tsarin mai na nukiliya na asali.Karkashin Project Phoenix, Indiya ta gina shukar sake sarrafawa ta 1964 don dacewa da ƙarfin samar da CIRUS.Shekarun 1960 sun nuna gagarumin sauyi ga samar da makaman nukiliya a karkashin Bhabha kuma, bayan mutuwarsa, Raja Ramanna.Shirin nukiliyar ya fuskanci kalubale a lokacin yakin Sino da Indiya a shekarar 1962, lamarin da ya sa Indiya ta dauki Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin abokiyar kawance da ba za ta iya dogaro da ita ba, tare da karfafa kudurin ta na samar da kariya daga makaman nukiliya.An haɓaka haɓakar makaman nukiliya a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Indira Gandhi a ƙarshen 1960s, tare da gudummawa mai mahimmanci daga masana kimiyya kamar Homi Sethna da PK Iyengar.Shirin ya mayar da hankali ne kan plutonium maimakon uranium don kera makamai.A cikin 1974, Indiya ta gudanar da gwajin makamin nukiliya na farko, mai suna "Buddha murmushi", a cikin matsanancin sirri kuma tare da iyakacin shigar jami'an soja.Gwajin, da aka bayyana da farko a matsayin fashewar makamin nukiliya cikin lumana, ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin gida da kuma na kasashen duniya.Ya ƙarfafa shaharar Indira Gandhi a Indiya kuma ya haifar da karramawar farar hula ga manyan membobin aikin.To sai dai kuma a kasashen duniya, hakan ya sa aka kafa kungiyar masu samar da makamashin nukiliya domin shawo kan yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma shafar huldar nukiliyar Indiya da kasashe kamar Canada da Amurka.Har ila yau, gwajin ya yi tasiri sosai ga alakar Indiya da Pakistan , wanda ya kara dagula rikicin nukiliyar yankin.
Gaggawa a Indiya
Bisa shawarar Firayim Minista Indira Gandhi, Shugaba Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kasa a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975. ©Anonymous
1975 Jan 1 -

Gaggawa a Indiya

India
A farkon rabin shekarun 1970, Indiya ta fuskanci kalubalen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kasance wani babban al'amari, wanda rikicin mai na 1973 ya ta'azzara wanda ya haifar da tashin gwauron zabi na shigo da mai.Bugu da kari, nauyin kudi na yakin Bangladesh da sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira, tare da karancin abinci sakamakon fari a sassan kasar, ya kara dagula tattalin arzikin kasar.Wannan lokacin ya ga karuwar tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa a duk fadin Indiya, sakamakon hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, matsalolin tattalin arziki, da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa Firayim Minista Indira Gandhi da gwamnatinta.Manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da Railway Strike na 1974, ƙungiyar Maoist Naxalite, hargitsin ɗalibai a Bihar, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Mata ta Haɗa a Maharashtra, da ƙungiyar Nav Nirman a Gujarat.[45]A fagen siyasa, Raj Narain, dan takara daga Samyukta Socialist Party, ya fafata da Indira Gandhi a zaben Lok Sabha na 1971 daga Rai Bareli.Bayan da ya sha kaye, ya zargi Gandhi da cin hanci da rashawa kuma ya shigar da kara a gabanta a zabe.A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1975, Kotun Koli ta Allahabad ta sami Gandhi da laifin yin amfani da na'urorin gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba don dalilai na zabe.[46] Wannan hukunci ya haifar da yajin aiki a fadin kasar da zanga-zangar da jam'iyyun adawa daban-daban suka jagoranta, suna neman Gandhi ya yi murabus.Fitaccen shugaba Jaya Prakash Narayan ya hada kan wadannan jam'iyyu don adawa da mulkin Gandhi, wanda ya kira mulkin kama-karya, har ma ya yi kira ga Sojoji da su shiga tsakani.Dangane da rikicin siyasa da ke kara ta'azzara, a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1975, Gandhi ya shawarci shugaba Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed da ya ayyana dokar ta baci a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki.Wannan matakin ya baiwa gwamnatin tsakiya iko mai yawa, wanda ake zargin na tabbatar da doka da oda da tsaron kasa.Wannan ta-bacin ya kai ga dakatar da ‘yancin jama’a, dage zabe, [47] korar gwamnatocin jahohin da ba na Majalisa ba, da kuma daure jagororin adawa da ‘yan fafutuka kusan 1,000 a gidan yari.[48] ​​Gwamnatin Gandhi kuma ta tilasta tsarin hana haihuwa na tilas mai rikitarwa.A lokacin gaggawa, tattalin arzikin Indiya ya fara samun fa'ida, tare da dakatar da yajin aiki da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa wanda ya haifar da karuwar ayyukan noma da masana'antu, haɓakar ƙasa, haɓaka aiki, da haɓaka ayyukan yi.Duk da haka, an kuma nuna lokacin da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa, da mulkin kama karya, da kuma take hakin bil Adama.An zargi ‘yan sanda da kamawa da azabtar da mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba.Sanjay Gandhi, ɗan Indira Gandhi kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa da ba na hukuma ba, ya fuskanci suka mai tsanani game da rawar da ya taka wajen aiwatar da ɓarkewar tilastawa da kuma rusa guraren marasa galihu a Delhi, wanda ya haifar da hasarar rayuka, raunuka, da ƙaura na mutane da yawa.[49]
Haɗin Sikkim
Sarki da Sarauniyar Sikkim da 'yarsu suna kallon bikin ranar haihuwa, Gangtok, Sikkim a watan Mayu 1971 ©Alice S. Kandell
1975 Apr 1

Haɗin Sikkim

Sikkim, India
A cikin 1973, Masarautar Sikkim ta fuskanci tarzomar adawa da sarautu, wanda ke nuna mafarin gagarumin sauyi na siyasa.A shekara ta 1975, Firayim Minista na Sikkim ya yi kira ga Majalisar Indiya don Sikkim ta zama jiha a cikin Indiya.A watan Afrilun 1975, sojojin Indiya sun shiga Gangtok, babban birnin kasar, kuma suka kwance damarar masu gadin fadar Chogyal, sarkin Sikkim.Wannan kasancewar sojan ya yi fice, inda rahotanni ke nuni da cewa Indiya ta jibge dakaru tsakanin 20,000 zuwa 40,000 a kasar mai mutane 200,000 kawai a lokacin zaben raba gardama.Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da ta biyo baya ta nuna goyon bayanta ga kawo karshen mulkin kama karya da shiga Indiya, inda kashi 97.5 na masu kada kuri'a suka amince.A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1975, Sikkim a hukumance ya zama jiha ta 22 na Tarayyar Indiya, kuma an soke daular.Don sauƙaƙe wannan haɗin gwiwa, Tsarin Mulkin Indiya ya sami gyare-gyare.Da farko, an zartar da gyare-gyare na 35, wanda ya sa Sikkim ya zama "jahar tarayya" ta Indiya, matsayi na musamman da ba a ba wa kowace jiha ba.Duk da haka, a cikin wata guda, an kafa 36th Amendment, wanda ya soke gyaran 35th kuma ya haɗa Sikkim gaba daya a matsayin jihar Indiya, tare da sunansa a cikin Jadawalin Farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.Waɗannan abubuwan sun nuna gagarumin sauyi a matsayin Sikkim na siyasa, daga masarauta zuwa wata jiha a cikin Tarayyar Indiya.
Janata Interlude
Desai da Carter a cikin Ofishin Oval a watan Yuni 1978. ©Anonymous
1977 Mar 16

Janata Interlude

India
A cikin Janairu 1977, Indira Gandhi ya rushe Lok Sabha kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a gudanar da zaɓe a cikin watan Maris na 1977. An kuma saki shugabannin 'yan adawa kuma nan da nan suka kafa ƙungiyar Janata don yaƙar zaɓe.Kawancen ya yi nasarar samun gagarumin rinjaye a zaben.Dangane da bukatar Jayaprakash Narayan, kawancen Janata sun zabi Desai a matsayin shugaban majalisarsu kuma ta haka ne Firayim Minista.Morarji Desai ya zama Firayim Ministan Indiya na farko wanda ba na Majalisa ba.Gwamnatin Desai ta kafa kotuna don bincikar cin zarafi na lokacin gaggawa, kuma an kama Indira da Sanjay Gandhi bayan wani rahoto daga Hukumar Shah.A cikin 1979, haɗin gwiwar ya rushe kuma Charan Singh ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi.Jam'iyyar Janata ta zama ba ta da farin jini sosai saboda yakin da take yi tsakaninta da juna, da kuma rashin jagoranci kan warware matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Indiya.
1980 - 1990
Gyaran Tattalin Arziki da Ƙalubalen Haɓakaornament
Operation Blue Star
Hoton Akal Takht da aka sake ginawa a cikin 2013. Bhindranwale da mabiyansa sun mamaye Akal Takht a cikin Disamba 1983. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1984 Jun 1 - Jun 10

Operation Blue Star

Harmandir Sahib, Golden Temple
A cikin Janairu 1980, Indira Gandhi da bangarenta na Majalisar Indiya, wanda aka sani da "Majalisar (I)", sun dawo kan karagar mulki da gagarumin rinjaye.Duk da haka, wa'adin nata ya sami gagarumin kalubale ga tsaron cikin gida na Indiya, musamman daga tashe-tashen hankula a Punjab da Assam.A Punjab, tashin hankalin ya haifar da babbar barazana.Mayakan da ke matsa lamba ga Khalistan, wata kasa ce mai ikon mallakar Sikh, ta kara kaimi.Lamarin ya ta'azzara sosai tare da Operation Blue Star a shekarar 1984. Wannan farmakin na soja na da nufin kawar da 'yan ta'adda dauke da makamai wadanda suka fake a Temple na Zinare a Amritsar, wurin ibada mafi tsarki na Sikhism.Harin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar fararen hula tare da haifar da barna mai yawa ga haikalin, wanda ya haifar da fushi da bacin rai a cikin al'ummar Sikh a duk fadin Indiya.Bayan aikin ‘Operation Blue Star’ ya ga yadda ‘yan sanda suka dauki tsauraran matakai da nufin murkushe ayyukan ‘yan ta’adda, amma wadannan yunƙurin sun ci karo da zarge-zarge da dama na take haƙƙin bil’adama da kuma take haƙƙin jama’a.
Kisan Indira Gandhi
Jana'izar PM Indira Gandhi. ©Anonymous
1984 Oct 31 09:30

Kisan Indira Gandhi

7, Lok Kalyan Marg, Teen Murti
A safiyar ranar 31 ga Oktoban 1984 ne aka kashe firaministan Indiya Indira Gandhi a wani lamari mai ban mamaki wanda ya baiwa al'ummar kasar da ma duniya mamaki.Da misalin karfe 9:20 na safe agogon Indiya, Gandhi na kan hanyarta ta yi hira da wani jarumin dan wasan Burtaniya Peter Ustinov, wanda ke daukar wani fim din talabijin na Irish.Tana cikin tafiya ta cikin lambun gidanta da ke New Delhi, ba tare da rakiyar jami'an tsaronta da ta saba ba, ba kuma tare da rigar rigar harsashi ba, wanda aka shawarce ta da ta rika sanyawa a kullum bayan Operation Blue Star.Yayin da ta wuce wata kofa, biyu daga cikin masu tsaronta, Constable Satwant Singh da Sub-Inspector Beant Singh, suka bude wuta.Beant Singh ya harba harsashi uku daga cikin revolver zuwa cikin Gandhi, kuma bayan ta fadi, Satwant Singh ya harbe ta da harbi 30 daga bindigar na'urarsa.Daga nan ne maharan suka mika makamansu, inda Beant Singh ya bayyana cewa ya yi abin da ya kamata ya yi.A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, wasu jami'an tsaro sun kashe Beant Singh, yayin da Satwant Singh ya samu munanan raunuka kuma daga baya aka kama shi.Salma Sultan ce ta watsa labarin kisan Gandhi a kan labaran maraice na Doordarshan, fiye da sa'o'i goma bayan taron.Rikici ya dabaibaye lamarin, yayin da ake zargin sakataren Gandhi, RK Dhawan, ya yi fatali da jami'an leken asiri da na tsaro wadanda suka ba da shawarar a cire wasu 'yan sanda a matsayin barazana ta tsaro, ciki har da wadanda suka yi kisan gilla.Kisan dai ya samo asali ne bayan wani farmakin da Operation Blue Star ya kai, wani farmakin soja da Gandhi ya bayar a kan mayakan Sikh a cikin Temple na Golden, wanda ya fusata al'ummar Sikh matuka.Beant Singh, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi kisan gilla, 'yar Sikh ce da aka cire daga jami'an tsaron Gandhi bayan aikin amma an maido da ita bisa nacewa.An garzaya da Gandhi zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ta All India da ke New Delhi, inda aka yi mata tiyata amma aka ce ta mutu da karfe 2:20 na rana Wani bincike da aka yi bayan mutuwarsa ya nuna cewa harsashi 30 ne suka same ta.Bayan kashe ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta ayyana zaman makoki na kasa.Kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Pakistan da Bulgaria , suma sun ayyana ranakun makoki don girmama Gandhi.Kisan nata ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Indiya, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin tashin hankali na siyasa da na al'umma a kasar.
1984 Anti-Sikh Tarzoma
Hoton mutumin Sikh da aka yi masa duka har ya mutu ©Outlook
1984 Oct 31 10:00 - Nov 3

1984 Anti-Sikh Tarzoma

Delhi, India
Rikicin anti-Sikh na 1984, wanda kuma aka sani da kisan kiyashin Sikh na 1984, jerin pogroms ne da aka shirya akan Sikhs a Indiya.Wadannan tarzoma sun kasance martani ne ga kisan da jami'an tsaronta na Sikh suka yi wa Firai Minista Indira Gandhi, wanda shi kansa ya kasance barna na Operation Blue Star.Harin sojan, wanda Gandhi ya ba da umarnin a watan Yuni 1984, an yi shi ne don fatattakar 'yan bindigar Sikh masu dauke da makamai masu neman karin hakki da 'yancin cin gashin kai ga Punjab daga rukunin haikalin Harmandir Sahib Sikh a Amritsar.Wannan farmakin ya kai ga kazamin yaki da kuma mutuwar mahajjata da dama, wanda ya haifar da tofin Allah tsine ga mabiya addinin Sikh a duniya.Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Gandhi, tashe-tashen hankula sun barke musamman a Delhi da sauran sassan Indiya.Kididdigar gwamnati ta nuna kusan Sikhs 2,800 aka kashe a Delhi [50] da 3,3500 a duk faɗin ƙasar.[51] Duk da haka, wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu zai iya kai 8,000-17,000.[52] Rikicin ya haifar da gudun hijirar dubban mutane, [53] tare da yankunan Sikh na Delhi sun fi shafa.Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam, jaridu, da masu lura da yawa sun yi imanin cewa an shirya kisan kiyashin, [50] tare da jami'an siyasa masu alaka da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya da ke da hannu a tashin hankalin.Rashin hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifin ya kara mayar da al’ummar Sikh saniyar ware tare da karfafa goyon bayan kungiyar Khalistan, kungiyar ‘yan awaren Sikh.Kungiyar Akal Takht, hukumar gudanarwar mabiya addinin Sikhism, ta bayyana kisan a matsayin kisan kare dangi.Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoto a shekara ta 2011 cewa har yanzu gwamnatin Indiya ba ta gurfanar da wadanda ke da alhakin kisan gilla ba.Tashar yanar gizo ta WikiLeaks ta nuna cewa Amurka ta yi imanin cewa majalisar dokokin Indiya ce ke da hannu a tarzomar.Yayin da Amurka ba ta sanya abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin kisan kiyashi ba, ta yarda cewa "mummunan take hakkin dan Adam" ya faru.Bincike ya nuna cewa an shirya tashin hankalin tare da goyon bayan 'yan sandan Delhi da wasu jami'an gwamnatin tsakiya.Gano wuraren da aka gano a Haryana, inda aka yi kashe-kashen Sikh da yawa a cikin 1984, ya kara nuna girman da tsarin tashin hankalin.Duk da tsananin girman abubuwan da suka faru, an samu tsaiko wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin gaban kuliya.Sai a watan Disambar 2018, shekaru 34 bayan tarzomar, aka samu wani babban hukunci.Kotun kolin Delhi ta yanke wa shugaban majalisar Sajjan Kumar hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda rawar da ya taka a tarzomar.Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun hukunci da suka danganci tarzomar anti-Sikh na 1984, tare da yawancin lokuta har yanzu suna jiran kuma 'yan kaɗan ne kawai ke haifar da manyan jumla.
Gwamnatin Rajiv Gandhi
Haɗu da masu bautar Hare Krishna na Rasha a 1989. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1984 Oct 31 12:00

Gwamnatin Rajiv Gandhi

India
Bayan kashe Indira Gandhi, jam'iyyar Congress ta zabi babban danta Rajiv Gandhi a matsayin Firayim Minista na Indiya.Duk da kasancewarsa sabon shiga siyasa, kasancewar an zabe shi a majalisar dokoki a 1982, matasan Rajiv Gandhi da rashin gogewar siyasa sun kasance suna kallon gaskiya ta hanyar jama'a da suka gaji da rashin aiki da cin hanci da rashawa da ake dangantawa da gogaggun 'yan siyasa.Ana ganin sabon hangen nesansa a matsayin yuwuwar mafita ga kalubalen da Indiya ta dade tana fuskanta.A zabubbukan ‘yan majalisar dokokin da suka biyo baya, tare da nuna juyayi da kisan mahaifiyarsa, Rajiv Gandhi ya jagoranci jam’iyyar Congress zuwa ga nasara mai cike da tarihi, inda ya samu sama da kujeru 415 daga cikin 545.Rajiv Gandhi a matsayin Firayim Minista ya sami gagarumin gyare-gyare.Ya sassauta lasisin Raj, tsarin hadadden tsarin lasisi, ka'idoji, da jajayen aikin da ake buƙata don kafawa da gudanar da kasuwanci a Indiya.Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun rage takunkumin gwamnati kan kudaden kasashen waje, tafiye-tafiye, zuba jari na kasashen waje, da shigo da kaya, don haka ba da damar samun 'yanci ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma jawo hankalin masu zuba jarurruka na waje, wanda, bi da bi, ya karfafa asusun ajiyar Indiya.A karkashin jagorancinsa, dangantakar Indiya da Amurka ta inganta, wanda ya haifar da karuwar taimakon tattalin arziki da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya.Rajiv Gandhi ya kasance mai goyon bayan kimiyya da fasaha, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba sosai a masana'antar sadarwar Indiya da shirin sararin samaniya, kuma ya kafa harsashin bunkasa masana'antar software da bangaren fasahar bayanai.A shekara ta 1987, gwamnatin Rajiv Gandhi ta kulla yarjejeniya da Sri Lanka don tura sojojin Indiya a matsayin dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya a rikicin kabilanci da ya shafi LTTE.Sai dai kuma rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya (IPKF) ta shiga wani kazamin artabu, inda daga karshe suka gwabza da ’yan tawayen Tamil da suke so su kwance damara, lamarin da ya yi sanadin jikkatar sojojin Indiya da dama.Firayim Minista VP Singh ya janye IPKF a cikin 1990, amma ba kafin dubban sojojin Indiya suka rasa rayukansu ba.Duk da haka, Rajiv Gandhi ya yi suna a matsayin dan siyasa mai gaskiya, wanda ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Mr. Clean" daga 'yan jarida, ya fuskanci mummunan rauni saboda abin kunya na Bofors.Wannan badakalar ta shafi zargin karbar cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa a kwangilar tsaro da wani kamfanin kera makamai na kasar Sweden, wanda hakan ke bata masa suna da kuma tada tambayoyi kan amincin gwamnati a karkashin gwamnatinsa.
Bala&#39;in Bhopal
Wadanda bala'in Bhopal ya shafa sun yi tattaki a watan Satumba na 2006 suna neman a fitar da Warren Anderson daga Amurka. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1984 Dec 2 - Dec 3

Bala'in Bhopal

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Bala'in Bhopal, wanda kuma aka sani da bala'in iskar gas na Bhopal, wani mummunan hatsarin sinadari ne wanda ya faru a daren 2-3 ga Disamba, 1984, a masana'antar kashe kwari ta Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) a Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Indiya.Ana ɗaukarsa bala'in masana'antu mafi muni a duniya.Sama da mutane rabin miliyan a garuruwan da ke kewaye sun fuskanci iskar gas na methyl isocyanate (MIC), wani abu mai guba sosai.Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 2,259, amma ana kyautata zaton adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce haka.A cikin 2008, gwamnatin Madhya Pradesh ta amince da mutuwar mutane 3,787 dangane da sakin iskar gas kuma ta biya sama da mutane 574,000 da suka jikkata.[54] Wata takardar shaidar gwamnati a cikin 2006 ta ambaci raunuka 558,125, [55] ciki har da raunuka masu tsanani da na dindindin.Wasu alkaluma sun nuna cewa mutane 8,000 ne suka mutu a cikin makonni biyun farko, sannan wasu dubbai kuma suka kamu da cututtuka masu alaka da iskar gas daga baya.Kamfanin Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) na Amurka , wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan hannun jari a UCIL, ya fuskanci manyan fadace-fadacen shari'a bayan bala'in.A cikin 1989, UCC ta amince da yin sulhu na dala miliyan 470 (daidai da dala miliyan 970 a cikin 2022) don magance da'awar daga bala'in.UCC ta sayar da hannun jarin ta na UCIL a shekarar 1994 ga Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), wacce daga baya ta hade da McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. kokarin tsaftace wurin ya kare a shekarar 1998, kuma aka mika ragamar kula da wurin ga jihar Madhya Pradesh. gwamnati.A cikin 2001, Kamfanin Dow Chemical ya sayi UCC, shekaru 17 bayan bala'in.Shari'ar shari'a a Amurka, wanda ya shafi UCC da babban jami'in zartarwa na lokacin Warren Anderson, an sallame su kuma aka tura su kotunan Indiya tsakanin 1986 zuwa 2012. Kotunan Amurka sun tabbatar da UCIL wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta a Indiya.A Indiya, an shigar da kararrakin farar hula da na laifuka a Kotun Lardi na Bhopal a kan UCC, UCIL, da Anderson.A watan Yunin 2010, an samu wasu ‘yan kasar Indiya bakwai, tsoffin ma’aikatan UCIL ciki har da tsohon shugaban kungiyar Keshub Mahindra, da laifin haddasa kisa ta hanyar sakaci.An yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru biyu da tara, mafi girman hukuncin da dokar Indiya ta yanke.An bayar da belin dukkansu jim kadan bayan yanke hukuncin.Mutum na takwas da ake tuhuma ya mutu a gaban yanke hukunci.Bala'in na Bhopal ba wai kawai ya nuna tsananin aminci da damuwa na muhalli a cikin ayyukan masana'antu ba amma kuma ya tada muhimman batutuwa game da alhakin kamfanoni da ƙalubalen gyaran shari'a na ƙasashen waje a cikin manyan hadurran masana'antu.
1989 Jul 13

Rikicin Jammu da Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir
Rikicin Jammu da Kashmir da aka fi sani da rikicin Kashmir, rikici ne na 'yan aware da aka dade ana yi da gwamnatin Indiya a yankin Jammu da Kashmir.Wannan yanki ya kasance jigon takaddamar yanki tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan tun bayan rabuwarsu a shekara ta 1947. Tashin hankalin da ya faro tun a shekarar 1989, yana da bangarori na ciki da waje.A cikin gida, tushen tayar da kayar baya ya ta'allaka ne a cikin hadakar gazawar siyasa da mulkin dimokradiyya a Jammu da Kashmir.Iyakantaccen ci gaban dimokraɗiyya har zuwa ƙarshen 1970s da koma bayan gyare-gyaren dimokuradiyya a ƙarshen 1980 ya haifar da ƙara rashin gamsuwa a cikin gida.Lamarin dai ya ta’azzara ne sakamakon zabukan da aka gudanar a shekarar 1987 mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, da ake yi wa kallon shi ne ya haddasa tada kayar baya.Wannan zaben dai ya ga zargin tafka magudi da rashin adalci, wanda ya kai ga kafa kungiyoyin ‘yan tada kayar baya da wasu ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar suka yi.A waje daya kuma, Pakistan ta taka rawar gani wajen tayar da kayar baya.Yayin da Pakistan ke ikirarin ba da goyon bayan ɗabi'a da diflomasiyya kawai ga ƙungiyar 'yan aware, Indiya da ƙasashen duniya suna zarginta da ba da makamai, horo, da tallafi ga masu fafutuka a yankin.Tsohon shugaban Pakistan Pervez Musharraf ya yarda a shekarar 2015 cewa gwamnatin Pakistan ta tallafa da horar da kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a Kashmir a shekarun 1990.Haka nan kuma wannan shigar ta waje ta mayar da hankalin 'yan tawayen daga rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci, wani bangare na kwararar mayakan jihadi bayan yakin Soviet da Afghanistan.Rikicin dai ya janyo asarar rayuka da dama da suka hada da fararen hula da jami'an tsaro da kuma 'yan bindiga.Dangane da bayanan gwamnati, kusan mutane 41,000 ne suka mutu saboda tashe tashen hankula tun daga watan Maris na 2017, wanda akasarin mace-macen ya faru ne a shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000.[56] Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar karuwar adadin masu mutuwa.Rikicin ya kuma haifar da gudun hijirar mabiya addinin Hindu na Kashmir daga kwarin Kashmir, lamarin da ya sauya fasalin al'umma da al'adun yankin.Tun bayan soke matsayi na musamman na Jammu da Kashmir a watan Agustan 2019, sojojin Indiya sun zafafa kai hare-haren ta'addanci a yankin.Wannan rikici mai sarkakkiya, wanda ya samo asali daga harkokin siyasa, tarihi, da yanki, yana ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin batutuwan tsaro da kare hakkin bil'adama mafi kalubale a Indiya.
Liberalization Tattalin Arziki a Indiya
WAP-1 locomotive ya haɓaka a cikin 1980 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1991 Jan 1

Liberalization Tattalin Arziki a Indiya

India
'Yantar da tattalin arziki a Indiya, wanda aka fara a cikin 1991, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi daga tattalin arzikin da gwamnati ke sarrafa a baya zuwa wanda ya fi bude wa sojojin kasuwa da kasuwancin duniya.Wannan sauye-sauyen na da nufin sanya tattalin arzikin Indiya ya kasance mai dogaro da kasuwa da kuma amfani da shi, tare da mai da hankali kan kara zuba jari na masu zaman kansu da na ketare don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya na samun 'yanci a 1966 da farkon shekarun 1980 ba su da fa'ida sosai.Sake fasalin tattalin arziki na 1991, wanda galibi ake magana da shi a matsayin LPG (Liberalisation, Privatization, and Globalisation) gyare-gyare, ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ma'auni na rikicin biyan kuɗi, wanda ke haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki.Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet , wanda ya bar Amurka a matsayin mai iko mai iko, shi ma ya taka rawa, kamar yadda ake buƙatar biyan buƙatun shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin don lamuni daga cibiyoyin kuɗi na duniya kamar IMF da Bankin Duniya.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun yi tasiri sosai kan tattalin arzikin Indiya.Sun haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin saka hannun jari na ketare tare da karkatar da tattalin arziƙin zuwa wani tsari mai dacewa da sabis.An yi la'akari da tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi tare da bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma zamanantar da tattalin arzikin Indiya.Duk da haka, shi ma ya kasance batun muhawara da suka.Masu sukar 'yanci na tattalin arziki a Indiya suna nuna damuwa da yawa.Babban batu ɗaya shine tasirin muhalli, saboda saurin faɗaɗa masana'antu da annashuwa ka'idoji don jawo hannun jari na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli.Wani fannin da ke damun shi shi ne bambancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Yayin da babu shakka sassaucin ra'ayi ya haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziki, ba a rarraba fa'idodin daidai da yawan jama'a ba, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga da kuma ta'azzara rarrabuwar kawuna.Wannan zargi yana nuna muhawarar da ke gudana game da daidaito tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da rarraba daidaitattun fa'idodinsa a cikin tafiyar 'yanci na Indiya.
1991 May 21

Kisan Rajiv Gandhi

Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, Ind
An kashe Rajiv Gandhi, tsohon Firayim Ministan Indiya a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1991, a Sriperumudur, Tamil Nadu, yayin wani taron yakin neman zabe.Kalaivani Rajaratnam, wanda aka fi sani da Thenmozhi Rajaratnam ko Dhanu, mai shekaru 22 mamba na kungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), kungiyar 'yan tawayen Tamil ta Sri Lanka ce ta kashe shi.A lokacin kisan, kwanan nan Indiya ta kammala shigar da ita ta rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya a yakin basasar Sri Lanka.Rajiv Gandhi yana yin kamfen sosai a jihohin kudancin Indiya tare da GK Moopanar.Bayan tsayawa yakin neman zabe a Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, ya tafi Sriperumudur a Tamil Nadu.Da isowarsa wurin gangamin yakin neman zabe, a lokacin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa gabatar da jawabi, ya samu tarba daga magoya bayansa, da suka hada da ma’aikatan Majalisa da ‘yan makaranta.Mai kisan gilla, Kalaivani Rajaratnam, ta tunkari Gandhi, kuma a cikin kamannin ta sunkuyar da kai don taba kafafunsa, ta tayar da bel din da ke dauke da bama-bamai.Fashewar ta kashe Gandhi, wanda ya yi kisan gilla, da wasu 14, yayin da wasu karin mutane 43 suka samu munanan raunuka.
1992 Dec 6 - 1993 Jan 26

Rikicin Bombay

Bombay, Maharashtra, India
Rikicin Bombay, jerin abubuwan tashin hankali a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai), Maharashtra, ya faru tsakanin Disamba 1992 zuwa Janairu 1993, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane 900.[57] Wadannan tarzoma sun fara rura wutar tashe tashen hankula sakamakon rugujewar Masallacin Babri da Hindu Karsevaks suka yi a Ayodhya a cikin Disamba 1992, da kuma zanga-zangar da ta biyo baya da kuma tashe-tashen hankula daga al'ummomin Musulmi da Hindu game da batun Ram Temple.Hukumar Srikrishna, da gwamnati ta kafa don gudanar da bincike kan tarzomar, ta kammala da cewa akwai matakai guda biyu daban-daban a cikin tashin hankalin.Kashi na farko ya fara ne nan da nan bayan rusa masallacin Babri a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1992 wanda akasari musulmi ne suka tunzura su a matsayin martani ga rugujewar masallacin.Kashi na biyu, da farko mayar da martani ga mabiya addinin Hindu, ya faru ne a cikin watan Janairun 1993. Al’amura da dama ne suka tunzura wannan matakin, ciki har da kashe ma’aikatan Hindu Mathadi da wasu musulmi suka yi a Dongri, da caka wa mabiya addinin Hindu wuka a yankunan da musulmi suka fi yawa, da kuma kona mutane shida. 'Yan Hindu, gami da yarinya nakasassu, a Radhabai Chawl.Rahoton na Hukumar ya bayyana irin rawar da kafafen yada labarai ke takawa wajen ta’azzara lamarin, musamman jaridu irin su Saamna da Navaakal, wadanda suka buga labaran zuga da wuce gona da iri kan kisan Mathadi da kuma lamarin Radhabai Chawl.Tun daga ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1993, tarzomar ta tsananta, wanda ya hada da arangama tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu karkashin jagorancin Shiv Sena da musulmi, tare da shigar da jirgin karkashin kasa na Bombay.Rikicin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan musulmi 575 da mabiya addinin Hindu 275.[58] Hukumar ta lura cewa abin da ya faro a matsayin rikicin kabilanci, daga karshe wasu masu aikata laifuka na cikin gida ne suka karbe su, ganin wata dama ce ta amfanin kai.Shiv Sena, wata kungiyar Hindu ta dama, da farko ta goyi bayan "ramuwar gayya" amma daga baya ta ga tashin hankalin ya kaurace masa, lamarin da ya sa shugabanninta suka yi kira da a kawo karshen tarzomar.Rikicin na Bombay yana wakiltar wani babi mai duhu a tarihin Indiya, yana mai nuni da illolin da ke tattare da tashin hankalin al'umma da kuma yuwuwar barna na rikicin addini da na bangaranci.
Gwajin Nukiliya Pokhran-II
Makamin ballistic Agni-II mai karfin nukiliya.Tun daga watan Mayun 1998, Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin cikakkiyar kasa ta nukiliya. ©Antônio Milena
1998 May 1

Gwajin Nukiliya Pokhran-II

Pokhran, Rajasthan, India
Shirin nukiliya na Indiya ya fuskanci kalubale masu mahimmanci bayan gwajin nukiliya na farko na kasar, mai suna Smiling Buddha, a cikin 1974. Ƙungiyar Suppliers Group (NSG), wanda aka kafa a matsayin mayar da martani ga gwajin, ya sanya takunkumin fasaha a Indiya (da Pakistan , wanda ke bin kansa). shirin nukiliya).Wannan takunkumin ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban nukiliyar Indiya saboda rashin albarkatun kasa da kuma dogaro da fasahar da ake shigowa da su daga waje.Firayim Minista Indira Gandhi, a wani yunƙuri na kwantar da tarzoma a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya, ya bayyana wa hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta duniya IAEA cewa, shirin nukiliyar Indiya an yi shi ne da nufin zaman lafiya, duk da ba da izinin fara aikin bam ɗin hydrogen.Sai dai kuma, dokar ta baci a shekarar 1975 da kuma rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa da ya biyo baya ya bar shirin nukiliyar ba tare da cikakken jagoranci da alkibla ba.Duk da wannan koma baya, an ci gaba da aikin bam ɗin hydrogen, ko da a hankali, a ƙarƙashin injiniyan injiniya M. Srinivasan.Firayim Minista Morarji Desai, wanda ya yi fice wajen fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya, da farko bai mai da hankali kan shirin nukiliyar ba.Duk da haka, a cikin 1978, gwamnatin Desai ta mayar da masanin kimiyyar lissafi Raja Ramanna zuwa ma'aikatar tsaron Indiya tare da sake inganta shirin nukiliya.Gano shirin bama-bamai na Pakistan na boye, wanda ya fi tsarin soja idan aka kwatanta da na Indiya, ya kara gaggawar kokarin da Indiya ke yi na nukiliya.A bayyane yake cewa Pakistan na daf da samun nasara a burinta na nukiliya.A shekarar 1980, Indira Gandhi ta koma kan karagar mulki, kuma a karkashin jagorancinta, shirin nukiliyar ya sake samun ci gaba.Duk da ci gaba da takun saka da Pakistan, musamman kan batun Kashmir, da kuma binciken kasa da kasa, Indiya ta ci gaba da inganta karfinta na nukiliya.Shirin ya samu gagarumin ci gaba a karkashin jagorancin Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, injiniyan sararin samaniya, musamman wajen samar da bama-bamai na hydrogen da fasahar makami mai linzami.Yanayin siyasa ya sake canzawa a cikin 1989 tare da jam'iyyar Janata Dal, karkashin jagorancin VP Singh, ta hau kan karagar mulki.Rikicin diflomasiyya da Pakistan ya tsananta, musamman kan rikicin Kashmir, kuma shirin makami mai linzami na Indiya ya samu nasara tare da kera makamai masu linzami na Prithvi.Gwamnatocin Indiya da suka gaji sun yi taka-tsan-tsan game da gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwajen nukiliya saboda fargabar koma bayan kasashen duniya.Duk da haka, goyon bayan jama'a ga shirin nukiliya ya kasance mai ƙarfi, wanda ya jagoranci Firayim Minista Narasimha Rao don yin la'akari da ƙarin gwaje-gwaje a 1995. An dakatar da waɗannan tsare-tsaren lokacin da leken asirin Amurka ya gano shirye-shiryen gwaji a filin gwajin Pokhran a Rajasthan.Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya matsa lamba kan Rao da ya dakatar da gwaje-gwajen, kuma firaminista Benazir Bhutto ta Pakistan ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin na Indiya.A shekara ta 1998, karkashin Firayim Minista Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Indiya ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen makaman nukiliya, Pokhran-II, ta zama kasa ta shida da ta shiga kungiyar nukiliya.An gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da matuƙar asirce don gujewa ganowa, wanda ya haɗa da tsare-tsare na ƙwararrun masana kimiyya, jami'an soja, da 'yan siyasa.Kammala wadannan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi cikin nasara ya nuna wani gagarumin ci gaba a tafiyar ta nukiliyar Indiya, tare da tabbatar da matsayinta na makamashin nukiliya duk da sukar da kasashen duniya ke yi da kuma rikicin yankin.
2000
Haɗin Kan Duniya da Batutuwan Zamaniornament
Girgizar kasa ta Gujarat
Girgizar kasa ta Gujarat ©Anonymous
2001 Jan 26 08:46

Girgizar kasa ta Gujarat

Gujarat, India
Girgizar kasa ta Gujarat ta shekara ta 2001, wacce aka fi sani da girgizar kasa Bhuj, bala'i ne mai ban tsoro da ya faru a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2001, da karfe 08:46 na safe IST.Girgizar kasa ta kasance kusan kilomita 9 kudu maso kudu maso yammacin kauyen Chobari a Bhachau Taluka na gundumar Kutch (Kachchh) a Gujarat, Indiya.Wannan girgizar kasa mai karfin gaske ta auna maki 7.6 akan ma'aunin girman lokacin kuma ta faru a zurfin kilomita 17.4 (10.8 mi).Adadin mutane da na zahiri na girgizar kasar ya yi yawa.Ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane tsakanin 13,805 zuwa 20,023, ciki har da 18 a kudu maso gabashin Pakistan .Bugu da kari, kusan mutane 167,000 sun jikkata.Girgizar kasar ta kuma haddasa asarar dukiya mai yawa, inda aka lalata kusan gine-gine 340,000.[59]
2004 Girgizar Tekun Indiya da Tsunami
Jirgin siminti ya kifar da shi a Lhoknga ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2004 Dec 26 07:58

2004 Girgizar Tekun Indiya da Tsunami

Indian Ocean
A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2004, wata babbar girgizar ƙasa megathrust karkashin teku, da aka sani da Sumatra-Andaman girgizar kasa, ya afku a yammacin gabar tekun arewacin Sumatra, Indonesia , a 07:58:53 lokacin gida (UTC+7).Wannan mummunar girgizar kasa, mai auna tsakanin 9.1 zuwa 9.3 akan ma'aunin lokacin, ta kasance daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihi.Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon tsagewar da ke tsakanin Plate din Burma da Plate din Indiya, wanda ya kai karfin Mercalli har zuwa IX a wasu yankuna.Girgizar kasar ta haifar da mummunar tsunami tare da raƙuman ruwa da suka kai tsayin mita 30 (ƙafa 100), wanda aka fi sani da Tsunami Ranar Dambe.Wannan igiyar ruwa ta tsunami ta abkawa al'ummomin da ke gabar tekun Indiya, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 227,898 a cikin kasashe 14.Bala'in ya shafi yankuna kamar Aceh a Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu a Indiya, da Khao Lak a Thailand , tare da Banda Aceh ya ba da rahoton mafi yawan adadin wadanda suka mutu.Ya kasance mafi munin bala'in halitta na ƙarni na 21.Wannan lamari shi ne girgizar kasa mafi karfi da aka taba samu a Asiya da karni na 21, kuma daya daga cikin mafi karfi a duniya tun lokacin da aka fara aikin girgizar kasa a shekarar 1900. Girgizar kasar ta dauki tsawon lokaci mai tsawo na kuskure, wanda ya dauki tsawon mintuna takwas zuwa goma.Ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai mahimmanci, wanda ya kai mm 10 (0.4 in), har ma ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai nisa har zuwa Alaska.
Hare-haren Ta&#39;addancin Mumbai na 2008
'Yan sanda na neman maharan a wajen Colaba ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2008 Nov 26

Hare-haren Ta'addancin Mumbai na 2008

Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Hare-haren Mumbai na 2008, wanda aka fi sani da hare-haren 26/11, jerin munanan ta'addanci ne da suka faru a watan Nuwamban 2008. Mambobi 10 na Lashkar-e-Taiba, wata kungiya mai fafutukar Islama da ke Pakistan ne suka kashe su.A cikin kwanaki hudu, sun aiwatar da harbe-harbe guda 12 tare da kai hare-haren bama-bamai a duk fadin Mumbai, wanda ya haifar da tofin Allah tsine a duniya.An fara kai hare-haren ne a ranar Laraba, 26 ga watan Nuwamba, inda aka kwashe har zuwa ranar Asabar, 29 ga watan Nuwamba, 2008. An kashe mutane 175, ciki har da tara daga cikin maharan, yayin da fiye da 300 suka jikkata.[60]Hare-haren sun shafi wurare da dama a Kudancin Mumbai, ciki har da Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, da Oberoi Trident, da Taj Palace & Tower, da Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, Nariman House, Metro Cinema, da kuma yankunan da ke bayan ginin Times of India da St. Jami'ar Xavier.Bugu da kari, an samu fashewar wani abu a Mazagaon, a yankin tashar ruwan Mumbai, da kuma wani a cikin tasi a Vile Parle.Ya zuwa safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, dukkan wuraren, ban da otal din Taj, ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro na Mumbai sun tsare.A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba ne dai aka kawo karshen kawanyar da aka yi a Otel din Taj ta hanyar Operation Black Tornado, wanda jami’an tsaron kasar Indiya suka gudanar, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar sauran maharan.Ajmal Kasab, wanda shi ne maharin daya tilo da aka kama da ransa, an kashe shi ne a shekarar 2012. Kafin a zartar da hukuncin kisa, ya bayyana cewa maharan ‘yan kungiyar Lashkar-e-Taiba ne kuma sun fito ne daga Pakistan, lamarin da ya tabbatar da ikirarin da gwamnatin Indiya ta yi a farko.Pakistan ta amince cewa Kasab dan kasar Pakistan ne.Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin babban mai shirya hare-haren, an bayar da belinsa ne a shekara ta 2015, daga bisani kuma aka sake kama shi a shekara ta 2021. Yadda gwamnatin Pakistan ke tafiyar da mutanen da ke da hannu a hare-haren ya kasance batun cece-kuce da suka, ciki har da tsokaci daga baya. Firaministan Pakistan Nawaz Sharif.A shekarar 2022, Sajid Majeed Mir, daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya harin, an same shi da laifi a Pakistan bisa samun kudin gudanar da ayyukan ta'addanci.Hare-haren na Mumbai ya yi tasiri sosai kan alakar Indiya da Pakistan, lamarin da ya haifar da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula da kuma damuwar kasa da kasa kan ta'addancin kan iyaka da tsaron yankin.Lamarin dai ya kasance daya daga cikin ayyukan ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin kasar Indiya, kuma yana da tasiri mai dorewa a yunkurin yaki da ta'addanci a duniya da kuma manufofin tsaron cikin gida na Indiya.
Narendra Modi Administration
Modi ya gana da mahaifiyarsa bayan ya lashe babban zaben Indiya na 2014 ©Anonymous
2014 Jan 1

Narendra Modi Administration

India
Ƙungiyar Hindutva, mai ba da shawara ga kishin Hindu, ta kasance muhimmiyar siyasa a Indiya tun kafuwarta a cikin 1920s.Bharatiya Jana Sangh, wacce aka kafa a shekarun 1950, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da ke wakiltar wannan akida.A shekarar 1977, jam'iyyar Jana Sangh ta hade da wasu jam'iyyu inda suka kafa jam'iyyar Janata Party, amma wannan kawancen ya wargaje a shekarar 1980. Bayan haka ne tsoffin 'yan jam'iyyar Jana Sangh suka sake haduwa suka kafa jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, BJP ta ci gaba da haɓaka tushen tallafinta kuma ta zama mafi rinjayen siyasa a Indiya.A watan Satumba na 2013, Narendra Modi, a lokacin Babban Ministan Gujarat, an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Firayim Minista na BJP don zaɓen Lok Sabha na 2014.Wannan shawarar da farko ta fuskanci adawa a cikin jam'iyyar, ciki har da memba wanda ya kafa BJP LK Advani.Dabarun BJP na zabukan 2014 sun nuna ficewa daga tsarin al'ada, tare da Modi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa.Wannan dabarar ta samu nasara a babban zaben kasa karo na 16 da aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2014. Jam'iyyar BJP da ke jagorantar jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance (NDA), ta samu gagarumar nasara, tare da samun cikakken rinjaye tare da kafa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Modi.Wa'adin da gwamnatin Modi ta samu ya baiwa BJP damar samun gagarumar nasara a zabukan majalisun jihohi da za a gudanar a duk fadin Indiya.Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da ayyuka daban-daban da nufin haɓaka masana'antu, kayan aikin dijital, da tsabta.Sanannu a cikin waɗannan akwai Kamfen ɗin Make a Indiya, Digital India, da Swachh Bharat Mission yaƙin neman zaɓe.Wadannan tsare-tsare na nuni da yadda gwamnatin Modi ta mayar da hankali kan sabuntar zamani, bunkasar tattalin arziki, da inganta ababen more rayuwa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga shahararta da karfin siyasa a kasar.
2019 Aug 1

Sake Mataki na 370

Jammu and Kashmir
A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2019, gwamnatin Indiya ta yi gagarumin sauyi ga kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar soke matsayi na musamman ko 'yancin cin gashin kai da aka baiwa jihar Jammu da Kashmir karkashin sashe na 370 na kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya.Wannan matakin ya kawar da tanadi na musamman da aka yi tun shekara ta 1947, wanda ya shafi yankin da ke fama da rikicin yanki tsakanin Indiya, Pakistan , daChina .Tare da wannan sokewar, gwamnatin Indiya ta aiwatar da matakai da yawa a cikin kwarin Kashmir.An katse layukan sadarwa, matakin da ya dauki tsawon watanni biyar ana yi.An tura karin dubunnan jami'an tsaro yankin domin hana duk wata tarzoma.Ana tsare da manyan jiga-jigan siyasar Kashmir, ciki har da tsoffin manyan ministoci.Jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana wadannan ayyuka a matsayin matakan riga-kafi na kaucewa tashin hankali.Sun kuma ba da hujjar soke soke zaben a matsayin wata hanya ta bai wa al’ummar jihar damar samun cikakkiyar damar gudanar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati daban-daban, kamar su tanadi, ’yancin neman ilimi, da ’yancin samun bayanai.A cikin kwarin Kashmir, mayar da martani ga waɗannan sauye-sauyen an sarrafa shi sosai ta hanyar dakatar da ayyukan sadarwa da kuma sanya dokar ta-baci a karkashin sashe na 144. Yayin da yawancin masu kishin Indiya suka yi bikin matakin a matsayin wani mataki na tabbatar da zaman lafiya da wadata a Kashmir, shawarar ta kasance. ya gana da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa a Indiya.Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata mai mulki da wasu jam'iyyu da dama sun goyi bayan soke zaben.Duk da haka, ta fuskanci adawa daga jam'iyyun da suka hada da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, da sauransu.A cikin Ladakh, wanda ke cikin jihar Jammu da Kashmir, an raba martani ta hanyar layin al'umma.Yayin da jama'ar yankin Kargil da ke da rinjayen 'yan Shi'a suka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da matakin, al'ummar Buda da ke Ladakh sun goyi bayansa.Shugaban Indiya ya ba da umarni a karkashin Mataki na 370 na soke dokar Shugaban kasa ta 1954, ta yadda ta soke tanade-tanaden cin gashin kai da aka baiwa Jammu da Kashmir.Ministan cikin gida na Indiya ya gabatar da wani kudurin dokar sake tsari a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda ya ba da shawarar a raba jihar zuwa yankuna biyu na kungiyar kwadago, wanda za a gudanar a karkashin wani Laftanar Gwamna da kuma na ‘yan majalisar dokoki.An yi muhawara tare da zartar da wannan doka da ƙudurin soke matsayi na musamman na Mataki na 370 kuma an zartar da shi a majalisun biyu na Majalisar Indiya - Rajya Sabha (majalisar koli) da Lok Sabha (majalissar wakilai) - a ranakun 5 da 6 ga Agusta, 2019, bi da bi.Wannan ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a harkokin mulki da gudanar da mulkin Jammu da Kashmir, wanda ke nuni da wani gagarumin sauyi a tsarin Indiya kan wannan yanki mai mahimmanci da siyasa.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

India’s Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX 2

Why Most Indians Live Above This Line


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Characters



Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister of India

C. V. Raman

C. V. Raman

Indian physicist

Vikram Sarabhai

Vikram Sarabhai

Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

President of India

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi

Indian Lawyer

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Deputy Prime Minister of India

Sonia Gandhi

Sonia Gandhi

President of the Indian National Congress

Amartya Sen

Amartya Sen

Indian economist

Homi J. Bhabha

Homi J. Bhabha

Chairperson of the Atomic Energy Commission of India

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Prime Minister of India

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru

Prime Minister of India

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Prime Minister of India

V. K. Krishna Menon

V. K. Krishna Menon

Indian Statesman

Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India

Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore

Bengali polymath

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa

Albanian-Indian Catholic nun

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

President of India

B. R. Ambedkar

B. R. Ambedkar

Member of Parliament

Narendra Modi

Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India

Footnotes



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