Anglo-Saxon

Zamanin Anglo-Saxon na farko ya ƙunshi tarihin Birtaniyya ta tsakiya wacce ta fara daga ƙarshen mulkin Romawa.Lokaci ne da aka fi sani da shi a tarihin Turai a matsayin Lokacin Hijira, da kuma Völkerwanderung ("ƙaurawar mutane" a cikin Jamusanci).Wannan lokaci ne na ƙaurawar ɗan adam a Turai daga kusan 375 zuwa 800. Baƙi ƙabilu ne na Jamus kamar Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxon, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii, da Franks;Daga baya Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars, da Alans suka tura su zuwa yamma.Mai yiwuwa bakin hauren zuwa Biritaniya sun hada da Huns da Rugini.Har zuwa AZ 400, Roman Biritaniya , lardin Britannia, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci, wanda ke bunƙasa na Daular Rum ta Yamma, wani lokaci tashe tashen hankula na cikin gida ko hare-haren barasa, waɗanda ɗimbin sojojin daular da aka jibge a lardin suka yi nasara ko kuma suka fatattake su.A shekara ta 410, duk da haka, an janye sojojin daular don magance rikice-rikice a wasu sassa na daular, kuma Romano-Britons sun kasance sun bar kansu a cikin abin da ake kira bayan Roman ko "Sub-Roman" lokacin mulkin Karni na 5.

Ƙarshen mulkin Romawa a Biritaniya shi ne sauye-sauye daga Roman Birtaniyya zuwa Birtaniyya ta Romawa.Mulkin Romawa ya ƙare a sassa daban-daban na Biritaniya a lokuta daban-daban, kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban.A cikin 383, Magnus Maximus mai kwace ya janye sojoji daga arewaci da yammacin Burtaniya, watakila ya bar shugabannin yakin cikin gida.Kusan 410, Romano-British sun kori majistare na mai kwace Constantine III.A baya dai ya kwace sansanin na Romawa daga Biritaniya ya kai Gaul a matsayin mayar da martani ga Ketarawar Rhine a karshen shekara ta 406, wanda ya bar tsibirin a matsayin wanda harin baragurbi ya rutsa da su.Sarkin Roma Honorius ya amsa bukatar taimako tare da Rescript of Honorius, yana gaya wa garuruwan Romawa don kare kansu, yarda da mulkin kai na Burtaniya na wucin gadi.Honorius yana yaki da babban yaki a Italiya da Visigoths karkashin shugabansu Alaric, tare da Roma da kanta.Babu wata runduna da za a keɓe don kare Biritaniya mai nisa.Ko da yake yana yiwuwa Honorius ya sa ran sake samun iko a kan larduna ba da daɗewa ba, a tsakiyar karni na 6 Procopius ya gane cewa ikon Roman na Britanniya ya ɓace gaba ɗaya.

Yanzu an yarda da cewa Anglo-Saxon ba kawai mahara Jamusawa da mazauna daga Nahiyar ba, amma sakamakon mu'amala da canje-canje.Rubuta c.540, Gildas ya ambaci cewa wani lokaci a cikin karni na 5, wata majalisa ta shugabanni a Biritaniya ta amince da cewa za a ba da wasu filaye a gabashin kudancin Birtaniya ga Saxon bisa wata yarjejeniya, foedus, wanda Saxons za su kare mulkin mallaka. 'Yan Birtaniyya na adawa da hare-haren Picts da Scoti don musanya kayan abinci.

Yakin Badon wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Mons Badonicus yaki ne da ake zargin an yi tsakanin Celtic Britons da Anglo-Saxon a Biritaniya a karshen karni na 5 ko farkon karni na 6.An lasafta shi a matsayin babbar nasara ga Birtaniyya, tare da dakatar da mamaye masarautun Anglo-Saxon na wani lokaci.

A cikin rabin karshe na karni na 6, sifofi hudu sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'umma:matsayi da 'yancin ɗan adamƘananan yankunan ƙabilanci suna haɗuwa zuwa manyan masarautumanyan masu tasowa daga mayaka zuwa sarakunaIrland monasticism na tasowa a ƙarƙashin Finnian (wanda ya tuntubi Gildas) da almajirinsa Columba.Gonakin Anglo-Saxon na wannan zamani galibi ana yin ƙaryar cewa su zama “gonanan manoma”.Duk da haka, wani ceorl, wanda ya kasance mafi ƙasƙanci mai 'yanci a farkon al'ummar Anglo-Saxon, ba ƙwaƙƙwal ba ne amma namiji ne mai mallakar makamai tare da goyon bayan dangi, samun damar yin doka da kuma wergild;zaune a kololuwar babban gida mai aiki aƙalla buya na fili.Manomin yana da 'yanci da haƙƙi akan filaye, tare da ba da hayar hayar ko haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ha?Mafi yawan wannan ƙasa ta kasance filin noma na kowa a waje (na tsarin filin waje) wanda ya ba wa daidaikun mutane hanyoyin gina tushen dangi da alaƙar al'adu na rukuni.

Augustine ya sauka a tsibirin Thanet kuma ya wuce zuwa babban garin King Æthelberht na Canterbury.Ya kasance farkon gidan sufi a Rome lokacin da Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma ya zabe shi a cikin 595 don jagorantar aikin Gregorian zuwa Biritaniya zuwa Kiristanci da Mulkin Kent daga arna na Anglo-Saxon na asali.Wataƙila an zaɓi Kent ne domin Æthelberht ya auri wata gimbiya Kirista, Bertha, ’yar Charibert I sarkin Paris, wadda ake tsammanin za ta yi tasiri a kan mijinta.An canza Æthelberht zuwa Kiristanci , an kafa majami'u, kuma an fara babban juzu'i zuwa Kiristanci a masarautar.

An kafa Northumbria ne daga haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe biyu na asali masu cin gashin kansu-Bernicia, wanda ya kasance mazaunin Bamburgh a bakin tekun Northumberland, da Deira, yana kwance a kudancinta.Aethelfrith, mai mulkin Bernicia (593-616), ya sami ikon Deira, wanda hakan ya haifar da mulkin Northumbria.

Sarkar Mercian shine lokacin tarihin Anglo-Saxon tsakanin c.626 da c.825, lokacin da mulkin Mercia ya mamaye Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.Yayin da ainihin lokacin da Mulkin Mercian ya kasance bai tabbata ba, ƙarshen zamanin an yarda da shi ya kasance a kusa da 825, bayan shan kashi na Sarki Beornwulf a yakin Ellandun (kusa da Swindon na yanzu).

Taswirar siyasa na Lowland Biritaniya ta haɓaka tare da ƙananan yankuna suna haɗa kai zuwa masarautu, kuma daga wannan lokacin manyan masarautu sun fara mamaye ƙananan masarautu.A shekara ta 600, sabon tsari ya fara tasowa, na masarautu da ƙananan masarautu.Masanin tarihin zamanin da Henry na Huntingdon ya ɗauki ra'ayin Heptarchy, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masarautun Anglo-Saxon guda bakwai.Manyan masarautu hudu a Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune: Gabashin Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria (Bernicia da Deira), Wessex.Ƙananan masarautu sune: Essex, Kent, Sussex

Anglo-Saxon monasticism ya ci gaba da sabon tsarin na "gidan sufi biyu", gidan sufaye da gidan nuns, suna zaune kusa da juna, suna raba coci amma ba tare da haɗuwa ba, kuma suna rayuwa daban-daban na rashin aure.Waɗannan gidajen zuhudu biyu sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin abbesses, waɗanda suka zama wasu mata masu ƙarfi da tasiri a Turai.Gidajen zuhudu biyu waɗanda aka gina a kan dabarun dabarun kusa da koguna da bakin teku, sun tara dukiya mai yawa da iko akan tsararraki da yawa (ba a raba gadon su) kuma suka zama cibiyoyin fasaha da koyo.Yayin da Aldhelm ke yin aikinsa a Malmesbury, nesa da shi, a Arewacin Ingila, Bede yana rubuta littattafai masu yawa, yana samun suna a Turai kuma yana nuna cewa Ingilishi zai iya rubuta tarihi da tiyoloji, kuma yana yin lissafin ilmin taurari (astronomical computation). ga kwanakin Easter, da sauransu).

Harin Viking akan Lindisfarne ya haifar da firgici a ko'ina cikin yammacin Kiristanci kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon zamanin Viking.An yi wasu hare-hare na Viking, amma bisa ga Heritage na Ingilishi wannan ya kasance mai mahimmanci musamman, domin "ya kai hari ga zuciya mai tsarki na masarautar Northumbrian, wanda ya ɓata" ainihin wurin da addinin Kirista ya fara a cikin al'ummarmu".

An yi yakin Ellendun ko yakin Wroughton tsakanin Ecgberht na Wessex da Beornwulf na Mercia a watan Satumba na 825. Sir Frank Stenton ya bayyana shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi mahimmanci na tarihin Ingila".Ya kawo karshen Mulkin Mercian a kan masarautun kudancin Anglo-Saxon Ingila da kafa ikon West Saxon a kudancin Ingila.

Babban runduna ya isa wanda Anglo-Saxon ya kwatanta da Babban Sojojin Heathen .An ƙarfafa wannan a cikin 871 ta Babban Sojojin bazara.A cikin shekaru goma kusan dukkanin masarautun Anglo-Saxon sun fada hannun mahara: Northumbria a cikin 867, Gabashin Anglia a cikin 869, da kusan dukkanin Mercia a cikin 874–77.Masarautu, cibiyoyin koyo, wuraren adana bayanai, da majami'u duk sun faɗi kafin harin daga Danemai masu mamaye.Mulkin Wessex ne kawai ya iya tsira.

Mafi mahimmanci ga Alfred fiye da nasararsa na soja da na siyasa shine addininsa, son ilmantarwa, da yada rubuce-rubucensa a cikin Ingila.Keynes ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin Alfred ya kafa tushen abin da ya sa Ingila ta zama ta musamman a cikin dukan Turai na tsakiyar zamani daga kusan 800 har zuwa 1066. Wannan ya fara girma a cikin sharuɗɗa, doka, tiyoloji da koyo.Ta haka Alfred ya kafa ginshiƙan manyan nasarorin da aka samu a ƙarni na goma kuma ya yi da yawa don sa yaren ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da Latin a al’adun Anglo-Saxon.

Da farko, Alfred ya amsa tayin maimaita biyan haraji ga Vikings.Duk da haka, bayan nasara mai mahimmanci a Editon a 878, Alfred ya ba da babbar adawa.Ya kafa jerin kagara a kudancin Ingila, ya sake tsara sojoji, "domin ko da yaushe rabin mutanensa suna gida, rabi kuma suna hidima, sai dai wadanda za su yi garkuwa da burhs", kuma a cikin 896 ya ba da umarnin sabon nau'in sana'a da za a gina wanda zai iya adawa da dogon jirgin Viking a cikin ruwa mai zurfi.Lokacin da Vikings suka dawo daga Nahiyar a shekara ta 892, sun tarar ba za su iya yawo a cikin ƙasar yadda suke so ba, domin duk inda suka je sojojin ƙasar suna adawa da su.Bayan shekaru hudu, Scandinavia saboda haka suka rabu, wasu sun zauna a Northumbria da East Anglia, saura don sake gwada sa'ar su a Nahiyar.

A cikin karni na 10, sarakunan yammacin Saxon sun ba da ikon su na farko a kan Mercia, sannan zuwa kudancin Danelaw, kuma a karshe a kan Northumbria, ta haka ne suka sanya kamannin hadin kai na siyasa a kan al'ummomi, wadanda duk da haka za su kasance masu sane da al'adun su da kuma al'adun su. pastes daban-daban.Sarki Æthelstan, wanda Keynes ya kira "mai girma a cikin shimfidar wuri na karni na goma".Nasarar da ya yi a kan haɗin gwiwar abokan gaba - Constantine, Sarkin Scots;Owain ap Dyfnwal, Sarkin Cumbrians;da Olaf Guthfrithson, Sarkin Dublin - a yakin Brunanburh, wanda aka yi bikin da waka a cikin Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ya bude hanyar da za a yaba masa a matsayin sarkin Ingila na farko.

Rikicin Viking ya sake komawa kan Ingila , wanda ya sanya kasar da shugabancinta cikin mawuyacin hali kamar yadda aka dade ana daurewa.An fara kai hare-hare a kan karamin sikeli a cikin 980s amma ya zama mai tsanani a cikin 990s, kuma ya durkusar da mutane a cikin 1009-12, lokacin da wani babban yanki na kasar ya lalata da sojojin Thorkell the Tall.Ya rage ga Sweyn Forkbeard, Sarkin Denmark, don cin nasarar mulkin Ingila a cikin 1013 – 14, kuma (bayan an gyara Æthelred) don ɗansa Cnut ya cimma irin wannan a cikin 1015–16.

Yaƙin Maldon ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga Agusta 991 CE kusa da Maldon kusa da Kogin Blackwater a Essex, Ingila, lokacin mulkin Æthelred the Unready.Earl Byrhtnoth da 'yan rajinsa sun jagoranci turawan Ingila yaƙi da mamayar Viking .Yaƙin ya ƙare da cin nasara a Anglo-Saxon.Bayan yaƙin Archbishop Sigeric na Canterbury da dattawan lardunan kudu maso yamma sun shawarci Sarki Æthelred da ya sayi Vikings maimakon ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makami.Sakamakon ya kasance biyan fam 10,000 na azurfa (kilogram 3,300) na azurfa, misali na farko na Danegeld a Ingila.

Yaƙin Assandun ya ƙare da nasara ga Danes, karkashin jagorancin Cnut Great, wanda ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Ingila karkashin jagorancin sarki Edmund Ironside.Yaƙin shine ƙarshen sake mamaye Danish na Ingila .Cnut ya mulki Ingila kusan shekaru ashirin.Kariyar da ya ba da rance ga maharan Viking-da yawa daga cikinsu a karkashin umarninsa-ya dawo da wadatar da ta kara tabarbarewa tun bayan sake barkewar hare-haren Viking a cikin 980s.Bi da bi turawan sun taimaka masa ya kafa iko a kan yawancin Scandinavia, suma.

Bayan cin nasarar Norman, yawancin sarakunan Anglo-Saxon ko dai an yi gudun hijira ko kuma sun shiga sahun manoma.An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 8 cikin 100 ne kawai na ƙasar ke ƙarƙashin ikon Anglo-Saxon ta hanyar 1087. A cikin 1086, manyan masu mallakin Anglo-Saxon huɗu ne kawai ke riƙe da filayensu.Koyaya, rayuwar magadan Anglo-Saxon ya fi girma sosai.Yawancin na gaba tsara na nobility da Turanci uwaye da kuma koyi magana Turanci a gida.Wasu sarakunan Anglo-Saxon sun gudu zuwa Scotland, Ireland, da Scandinavia.Daular Byzantine ta zama sanannen wuri ga yawancin sojojin Anglo-Saxon, saboda yana buƙatar sojojin haya.Anglo-Saxon ya zama babban jigo a cikin ƙwararrun Guard Varangian Guard, har ya zuwa yanzu wani yanki na Arewacin Jamus, wanda daga cikinsa ne aka zana mai tsaron sarki kuma ya ci gaba da bautar daular har zuwa farkon karni na 15.Duk da haka, yawan jama'ar Ingila a gida ya kasance Anglo-Saxon;a gare su, kadan ya canza nan da nan sai dai an maye gurbin Ubangijinsu na Anglo-Saxon da Ubangijin Norman.