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56 BCE - 50 BCE

Yakin Gallic



An yi Yaƙin Gallic tsakanin 58 KZ da 50 KZ ta Babban Janar na Roma Julius Kaisar akan mutanen Gaul ( Faransa na yanzu, Belgium, tare da wasu sassan Jamus da Ingila).Gallic, Jamusanci, da kabilun Biritaniya sun yi yaƙi don kare ƙasashensu daga ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin Romawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare a ƙaƙƙarfan Yaƙin Alesia a shekara ta 52 KZ, wanda cikakken nasarar Romawa ya haifar da faɗaɗa Jamhuriyar Romawa a kan dukan Gaul.Kodayake sojojin Gallic suna da ƙarfi kamar na Romawa, ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na Gallic sun sauƙaƙe nasara ga Kaisar.Ƙoƙarin jigon Gallic Vercingetorix na haɗin kan Gauls a ƙarƙashin tuta ɗaya ya zo da latti.Kaisar ya kwatanta mamayewa a matsayin matakin kariya da kariya, amma masana tarihi sun yarda cewa ya yi yaƙi da Wars da farko don haɓaka aikinsa na siyasa da kuma biyan bashinsa.Duk da haka, Gaul yana da muhimmancin soja ga Romawa.Ƙabilun asali a yankin, duka Gallic da Jamusanci, sun kai hari Roma sau da yawa.Nasara Gaul ya ƙyale Roma ta tsare iyakar kogin Rhine.
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Ziyarci Shago

Gabatarwa
©Angus McBride
63 BCE Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom
Romawa suna mutunta kuma suna tsoron ƙabilun Gallic.A cikin 390 KZ, Gauls sun kori Roma, wanda ya bar tsoron wanzuwar cin nasara da Romawa ba su manta ba.A cikin 121 KZ, Roma ta ci gungun kudancin Gauls, kuma ta kafa lardin Transalpine Gaul a cikin ƙasashen da aka ci nasara.Shekaru 50 ne kawai kafin Yaƙin Gallic, a cikin 109 KZ, Italiya ta mamaye ƙasar daga arewa kuma Gaius Marius ya cece shi bayan yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa na jini da tsada.Kusan 63 KZ, lokacin da wata ƙasa abokin ciniki na Romawa, Gallic Arverni, ya haɗa kai da Gallic Sequani da al'ummar Suebi na Jamus gabas da Rhine don kai hari ga Gallic Aedui, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawancin Romawa, Roma ta rufe ido.Sequani da Arverni sun ci Aedui a shekara ta 63 KZ a yakin Magetobriga.Dan siyasa mai tasowa kuma Janar Julius Kaisar shine kwamandan Romawa kuma agonist na yakin.Sakamakon nauyin kuɗi na zama ɗan jakada (mafi girma a Jamhuriyar Roma) a shekara ta 59 K.Z., Kaisar ya ci bashi mai yawa.Don ƙarfafa matsayin Roma a cikin Gauls, ya biya kudi mai yawa ga Ariovistus, sarkin Suebi, don kulla kawance.Kaisar yana da rundunonin soja guda huɗu a ƙarƙashin umarninsa kai tsaye da farko: Legio VII, Legio VIII, Legio IX Hispana, da Legio X. Kamar yadda ya kasance gwamnan Hispania Ulterior a 61 KZ kuma ya yi nasara tare da su a kan Lusitanians, Kaisar ya fi sani. watakila ma duka, na runduna da kaina.Burinsa shi ne ya yi nasara da wawashe wasu yankuna don ya fita daga bashi.Mai yiyuwa ne cewa Gaul ba shine farkon burinsa ba, watakila yana shirin yaƙi da Masarautar Dacia a yankin Balkan maimakon haka.Duk da haka, ƙaura na ƙabilun Gallic a shekara ta 58 K.Z. ya ba da yanayi mai dacewa, kuma Kaisar ya shirya don yaƙi.
58 BCE - 57 BCE
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Yakin Helvetii
Helvetians suna tilasta wa Romawa su wuce ƙarƙashin karkiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
58 BCE Mar 1

Yakin Helvetii

Saône, France
Helvetii ƙungiya ce ta kusan ƙabilu biyar masu alaƙa da Gallic waɗanda ke zaune a tudun Swiss, tsaunuka da kogunan Rhine da Rhône suka mamaye.Sun sami ƙarin matsin lamba daga ƙabilun Jamus zuwa arewa da gabas kuma sun fara shirin yin hijira a kusan 61 KZ.Sun yi niyya su bi ta Gaul zuwa gaɓar yamma, hanyar da za ta bi su zagayawa Alps da ƙasashen Aedui (abokiyar Romawa) zuwa lardin Romawa na Transalpine Gaul.Yayin da maganar ƙaura ta yaɗu, ƙabilun maƙwabta sun damu, kuma Roma ta aika jakadu zuwa kabilu da yawa don shawo kan su kada su shiga Helvetii.Damuwar ta karu a Roma cewa kabilun Jamus za su cika wuraren da Helvetii suka bari.Romawa sun fi son Gauls fiye da kabilun Jamus a matsayin makwabta.Ministocin 60 (Metellus) da 59 KZ (Kaisar) duka sun so su jagoranci yaƙin yaƙi da Gauls, ko da yake ba su da casus belli a lokacin.A ranar 28 ga Maris a shekara ta 58 KZ, Helvetii suka fara ƙaura, suna kawo dukan jama'arsu da dabbobinsu.Sun kona kauyuka da shagunansu don tabbatar da cewa ba a samu koma baya ba.Da suka isa Transalpine Gaul, inda Kaisar yake gwamna, sai suka nemi izini su ketare ƙasashen Romawa.Kaisar ya ji daɗin buƙatar amma a ƙarshe ya ƙi ta.Gauls sun juya arewa a maimakon haka, suna guje wa ƙasashen Romawa gaba ɗaya.Barazanar da aka yi wa Roma kamar ta ƙare, amma Kaisar ya jagoranci sojojinsa a kan iyakar kuma ya kai hari ga Helvetii ba tare da damuwa ba.Don haka ne aka fara abin da ƴan tarihi Kate Gilliver ta bayyana a matsayin "yaƙin faɗaɗawa da wani janar ɗin da ke neman ci gaban aikinsa ya jagoranta".La'akarin Kaisar game da bukatar Gallic don shiga Roma ba rashin yanke hukunci ba ne, amma wasa ne na lokaci.Yana Roma sa’ad da labarin ƙaura ya iso, sai ya garzaya zuwa Transalpine Gaul, ya ɗaga runduna biyu da wasu mataimaka a hanya.Ya kai wa Gauls kin amincewarsa, sannan ya koma Italiya da sauri don ya tara rundunan da ya tashe a tafiyarsa ta baya da kuma runduna uku na soja.Kaisar yanzu yana da sojoji tsakanin 24,000 zuwa 30,000 na runduna, da kuma wasu adadin mataimaka, waɗanda yawancinsu kansu Gauls ne.Ya yi tafiya arewa zuwa kogin Saône, inda ya kama Helvetii a tsakiyar tsallakawa.Wasu kashi uku cikin hudu sun haye;Ya karkashe waɗanda ba su yi ba.Sai Kaisar ya ketare kogin a rana ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da gadar pontoon.Ya bi Helvetii, amma ya zaɓi kada ya shiga yaƙi, yana jiran yanayi mai kyau.Gauls sun yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari, amma sharuɗɗan Kaisar sun kasance masu banƙyama (wataƙila bisa manufa, kamar yadda ya iya amfani da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta jinkirta).Kayayyakin Kaisar sun yi kasala a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, wanda ya tilasta masa tafiya zuwa yankin da ke da alaƙa a Bibracte.Yayin da sojojinsa suka ketare Saône cikin sauƙi, jirgin kasan nasa bai samu ba.Helvetii yanzu zai iya wuce Romawa kuma yana da lokaci don ɗaukar abokan Boii da Tulingi.Sun yi amfani da wannan lokacin don kai hari ga masu tsaron Kaisar.
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58 BCE Apr 1

Yaƙin Bibract

Saône-et-Loire, France
An sanar da masu gudun hijira daga mayaƙan mayaƙan Lucius Aemilius (kwamandan sojojin dawakai), Helvetii ya yanke shawarar tursasa masu tsaron baya na Kaisar.Sa'ad da Kaisar ya ga haka, sai ya aiki sojojin dawakansa su jinkirta harin.Sannan ya sanya na bakwai (Legio VII Claudia), na takwas (Legio VIII Augusta), na tara (Legio IX Hispana), da runduna ta goma (Legio X Equestris), wanda aka tsara a cikin salon Roman (triplex acies, ko “tsarin yaƙi sau uku”), a gindin wani tudu da ke kusa, saman wanda ya mamaye kansa, tare da na sha ɗaya (Legio XI Claudia) da na goma sha biyu (Legio XII Fulminata) Legions da dukan mataimakansa.Jirgin nasa ya taru ne a kusa da babban taron, inda dakarun da ke wurin za su iya tsaronsa.Bayan sun kori dokin Kaisar tare da nasu jirgin kaya, Helvetii ya tsunduma cikin "A cikin awa na bakwai", kamar tsakar rana ko karfe daya.A cewar Kaisar, layin yaƙin nasa na kan tudu cikin sauƙi ya mayar da harin ta hanyar amfani da pila (javelins/jifa mashi).Sojojin Romawa sai suka zare takuba suka hau kan tudu suna shiga cikin abokan hamayyarsu.Yawancin mayaƙan Helvetii suna da pila suna tsayawa daga garkuwar su kuma suka jefar da su gefe don yin yaƙi ba tare da wata matsala ba, amma wannan kuma ya sa su zama masu rauni.Sojojin sun koro Helvetii baya zuwa tsaunin inda jirgin kayansu ya zauna.Yayin da runduna suka bi Helvetii a fadin filin tsakanin tsaunuka, Boii da Tulingi sun isa tare da mutane dubu goma sha biyar don taimakawa Helvetii, suna gefen Romawa a gefe guda.A wannan lokacin, Helvetii ya koma yakin da gaske.Lokacin da Tulingi da Boii suka fara zagaye na Romawa, Kaisar ya tattara layinsa na uku don tsayayya da harin Boii da Tuligni, yana mai da fifikon firamare da sakandare don bin Helvetii.Yaƙin ya ɗauki sa'o'i da yawa a cikin dare, har zuwa ƙarshe Romawa sun ɗauki jirgin ruwan Helvetic, suka kama 'ya'ya da ɗan Orgetorix.A cewar Kaisar, abokan gaba 130,000 ne suka tsere, daga cikinsu 110,000 ne suka tsira daga ja da baya.Rashin iya bi saboda raunukan yaƙi da kuma lokacin da aka ɗauka don binne matattu, Kaisar ya huta kwana uku kafin ya bi Helvetii mai gudu.Su kuma wadannan sun yi nasarar isa yankin Lingones cikin kwanaki hudu da yakin.Kaisar ya gargadi Lingones da kada su taimake su, abin da ya sa Helvetii da abokansu suka mika wuya.
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58 BCE Sep 1

Yakin Suebi

Alsace, France
A shekara ta 61 BC, Ariovistus, jigon kabilar Suebi kuma sarki daga al'ummar Jamus, ya dawo da ƙaura daga gabashin Jamus zuwa yankunan Marne da Rhine.Duk da wannan ƙaura ta mamaye ƙasar Sequani, sun nemi amincewar Ariovistus akan Aedui.A cikin 61 BC, Sequani ya saka wa Ariovistus da ƙasa bayan nasararsa a yakin Magetobriga.Ariovistus ya zaunar da ƙasar tare da mutanensa 120,000.Lokacin da Harudes 24,000 suka shiga harkarsa, sai ya bukaci Sequani ya ba shi fili da zai yi musu masauki.Wannan bukata ta shafi Roma domin idan Sequani ya yarda, Ariovistus zai iya ɗaukar dukan ƙasarsu kuma ya kai hari ga sauran Gaul.Bayan nasarar Kaisar a kan Helvetii, yawancin kabilun Gallic sun taya shi murna kuma suka nemi haɗuwa a babban taro.Divicacus, shugaban gwamnatin Aeduan kuma mai magana da yawun tawagar Gallic, ya nuna damuwa game da cin nasarar da Ariovistus ya yi da kuma garkuwar da ya yi.Diviciacus ya bukaci Kaisar ya ci Ariovistus kuma ya kawar da barazanar mamaye Jamus idan ba haka ba za su nemi mafaka a sabuwar ƙasa.Ba wai kawai Kaisar yana da alhakin kare amincin Aedui na dogon lokaci ba, amma wannan shawara ya ba da damar fadada iyakokin Roma, ƙarfafa aminci a cikin sojojin Kaisar da kuma kafa shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin Roma a kasashen waje.Majalisar dattijai ta ayyana Ariovistus a matsayin “sarki kuma aminin mutanen Romawa” a shekara ta 59 K.Z., don haka Kaisar ba zai iya shelanta yaƙi da kabilar Suebi cikin sauƙi ba.Kaisar ya ce ba zai iya yin watsi da radadin da Aedui ya sha ba kuma ya ba da wa'adi ga Ariovistus yana neman kada wani dan kabilar Jamus ya haye kogin Rhine, dawo da wadanda aka yi garkuwa da Aedui da kuma kare Aedui da sauran abokanan Roma.Ko da yake Ariovistus ya tabbatar wa Kaisar cewa mutanen Aedui da aka yi garkuwa da su za su kasance cikin aminci idan dai sun ci gaba da biyan harajinsu na shekara, ya ɗauki matsayin cewa shi da Romawa duka sun yi nasara kuma Roma ba ta da ikon yin abin da ya yi.Tare da harin Harudes a kan Aedui da rahoton cewa dangi ɗari na Suebi suna ƙoƙarin haye Rhine zuwa Gaul, Kaisar yana da hujjar da ya buƙaci ya yi yaƙi da Ariovistus a 58 BC.
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58 BCE Sep 14

Yaƙin Vosges

Alsace, France
Kafin yaƙin, Kaisar da Ariovistus sun gudanar da zanga-zangar.Sojojin dawakan Ariovistus sun jefa duwatsu da makamai a kan sojojin dawakai na Romawa.Kaisar ya fasa tattaunawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da kada su rama domin su hana Suebi ikirarin cewa an shigar da su cikin tarko ta hanyar karbar damar yin magana.Washegari Kaisar ya tara sojojinsa a gaban sansani na biyu ya ci gaba da rundunansa cikin ruɗani (layi uku na runduna) zuwa Ariovistus.Kowanne daga cikin wakilai biyar na Kaisar da quaestor aka ba su umurnin runduna.Kaisar ya yi layi a gefen dama.Ariovistus ya amsa ta hanyar jera tsarinsa na kabilanci guda bakwai.Kaisar ya yi nasara a yakin da ya biyo baya saboda babban laifin da Publius Crassus ya yi.Yayin da 'yan kabilar Jamus suka fara korar gefen hagu na Roman, Crassus ya jagoranci sojan doki a cikin wani cajin don mayar da ma'auni kuma ya ba da umurni ga ƙungiyoyi na layi na uku.Sakamakon haka, duk layin Jamus ya karye ya fara gudu.Kaisar ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe yawancin mutanen Ariovistus dubu ɗari da ashirin.Shi da sauran sojojinsa sun tsere suka haye kogin Rhin, ba su sake yin yaƙi da Roma ba.Zangon Suebi kusa da Rhine ya koma gida.Kaisar ya yi nasara.Yakin Vosges shine babban yakin na uku na yakin Gallic.Kabilun Jamusawa sun haye rafin Rhine, suna neman gida a Gaul.
Yakin Belgae
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
57 BCE Jan 1

Yakin Belgae

Saint-Thomas, Aisne, France
Nasarar da Kaisar ya yi a shekara ta 58 K.Z., ya sa ƙabilun Gallic su daidaita.Mutane da yawa sun annabta daidai cewa Kaisar zai nemi ya ci dukan Gaul, kuma wasu sun nemi haɗin gwiwa da Roma.Sa’ad da lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara ta 57 K.Z., ya waye, ɓangarorin biyu sun shagaltu da ɗaukar sabbin sojoji.Kaisar ya tashi tare da wasu runduna biyu fiye da na shekarar da ta gabata, tare da mutane 32,000 zuwa 40,000, tare da tawagar mataimaka.Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen da Gauls suka ɗaga ba, amma Kaisar ya yi iƙirarin zai yi yaƙi da 200,000.Sake shiga tsakani a cikin rikici tsakanin Gallic, Kaisar ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar ƙabilun Belgae, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin da Belgium ta zamani ke da iyaka.Ba da daɗewa ba sun kai wa wata ƙabila da ke da alaƙa da Roma hari kuma kafin su yi tafiya tare da sojojinsa don su tarye su, Kaisar ya umurci Remi da sauran Gauls maƙwabta su bincika abin da Belgae ya yi.Belgae da Romawa sun ci karo da juna a kusa da Bibrax.Belgae sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗauki katafaren oppidum (babban mazaunin) daga Remi amma ba su yi nasara ba kuma suka zaɓi maimakon su kai farmaki a karkarar da ke kusa.Kowane bangare ya yi ƙoƙari ya guje wa yaƙi, saboda dukansu sun kasance gajere a kan kayayyaki (jigon ci gaba na Kaisar, wanda ya yi caca kuma ya bar jirgin sa na kaya a baya sau da yawa).Kaisar ya ba da umarnin gina garu, wanda Belgae ya fahimci zai ba su hasara.Maimakon yin yaƙi, sojojin Beljik sun watse kawai, saboda ana iya sake haɗa su cikin sauƙi.
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57 BCE Jan 2

Yakin Axona

Aisne, France
Bayan Belgae sun daina yaƙi da garin Bibrax na ƙabilar Remi, sai suka kafa sansaninsu da ke tsakanin mil biyu na Romawa daga sansanin Kaisar.Ko da yake bai so ya yi yaƙi da farko ba, wasu ƴan ƙaramar fadace-fadacen dawakai da aka yi tsakanin sansanonin sun baiwa Kaisar ra’ayin cewa mutanensa ba su yi ƙasa da Belgae ba, don haka suka yanke shawarar yin yaƙi.Yayin da sojojin Kaisar suka fi yawa kuma don haka suna fuskantar kasadar zama a waje, ya sa sojojinsa suka gina ramuka biyu, kowannensu tsayin taki 400, ɗaya a kowane gefen filin da ke gaban sansanin Romawa.A ƙarshen waɗannan ramuka, Kaisar ya gina ƙananan garu inda ya ajiye makamansa.Sa'an nan, ya bar runduna biyu a matsayin mafaka a cikin sansani, ya shirya sauran shidansa don yaƙi, maƙiyan kuma suka yi.Jigon yakin ya kasance a cikin dan karamin lungu da sako da ke tsakanin rundunonin biyu, kuma dukkanin rundunonin biyu cikin zumudi sun yi tsammanin tsallakawa dayan na wannan cikas, domin kuwa tabbas zai hargitsa sojojin da suka yi haka.Rikicin sojojin dawakai ne suka fara yakin, ko da yake babu wani karfi da ya tsallake rijiya da baya.Kaisar ya yi iƙirarin cewa sojojinsa sun fito da kyau a cikin waɗannan ayyukan farko, don haka ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa sansaninsa.Bayan yunkurin Kaisar sojojin Belgique sun kewaye sansanin kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su tunkare shi daga baya.A baya na sansanin yana da iyaka da kogin Axona (a yau ana kiransa Kogin Aisne), kuma Belgae sun nemi su kai hari sansanin ta wurin matsewa guda ɗaya a cikin kogin.Kaisar ya yi iƙirarin nufinsu shine su jagoranci wani ɓangare na ƙarfinsu akan gadar, ko dai su ɗauki sansanin da hadari, ko kuma su yanke Romawa daga ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin.Wannan dabarar za ta hana Romawa ƙasa don yin kiwo, kuma ta hana su zuwa taimakon ƙabilar Remi waɗanda ƙasashen Belgae ke da niyyar yin fashi (kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Prelude, a sama).Don magance wannan yunkuri, Kaisar ya aika da dukan sojojinsa masu haske da na dawakai don gudanar da yanayi mai wuya (kamar yadda zai yi wuya ga sojojin da yawa su yi haka).Da suka firgita da harin ƙarfin hali da mutanen Kaisar suka kai, da kuma rashin iya ko dai su ɗauki sansanin da guguwa ko kuma hana Romawa tsallakawa kogin, sojojin Belgique suka koma sansaninsu.Sa’an nan, da suka kira taron yaƙi, nan da nan suka yi murabus don komawa yankunansu, inda za su fi iya haɗa kai da sojojin Kaisar.Don haka ficewar Belgique daga sansaninsu cikin gaggawa da rashin tsari, wanda ya zama kamar ja da baya a firgice ga sojojin Romawa.Sai dai kuma da yake Kaisar bai san dalilinsu na tashi ba, sai ya yanke shawarar cewa ba zai bi sojojin nan da nan ba, saboda tsoron kwanton bauna.Kashegari, bayan koyo daga masu bincikensa na ja da baya na sojojin Belgic, Kaisar ya aika da runduna uku da dukan sojojin dawakansa su kai farmaki a bayan ginshiƙin maƙiyan Belgic.A cikin labarinsa na wannan mataki, Kaisar ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan sojojin Romawa sun kashe mutane da yawa kamar yadda hasken rana ya ba da izini, ba tare da wani haɗari ga kansu ba (kamar yadda sojojin Belgique suka yi mamaki da karya daraja, sun nemi mafaka a cikin jirgin).
Yakin Sabis
Yaƙi tsakanin rundunonin Romawa da mayaƙan Gaullic ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
57 BCE Feb 1

Yakin Sabis

Belgium
Bayan yakin Axona, Kaisar ya ci gaba da gaba kuma kabilu suka mika wuya daya bayan daya.Koyaya, ƙabilu huɗu, Nervii, Atrebates, Aduatuci, da Viromandui sun ƙi yin biyayya.Ambiani ya gaya wa Kaisar cewa Nervii ne suka fi adawa da Belgae ga mulkin Romawa.Ƙabila mai ƙarfi da jajircewa, ba su ƙyale shigo da kayan alatu ba kamar yadda suka yi imani cewa waɗannan suna da lahani kuma wataƙila suna tsoron tasirin Romawa.Ba su da niyyar shiga tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Romawa.Kaisar zai matsa musu gaba.An yi yaƙin Sabis a shekara ta 57 KZ kusa da Saulzoir na zamani a Arewacin Faransa, tsakanin rundunonin Kaisar da ƙungiyar kabilun Belgae, musamman Nervii.Julius Kaisar, wanda ke jagorantar sojojin Romawa, ya yi mamaki kuma ya kusa ci nasara.A cewar rahoton Kaisar, haɗe-haɗe na ƙayyadaddun tsaro, ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da zuwan ƙarfafawa akan lokaci ya ba Romawa damar juyar da nasara ta dabara zuwa nasara ta dabara.Kaɗan daga tushe na farko sun bayyana yaƙin dalla-dalla, tare da mafi yawan bayanai sun fito ne daga rahoton Kaisar kan yaƙin daga littafinsa, Commentarii de Bello Gallico.Don haka an san kadan game da hangen nesa na Nervii akan yaƙin.Veneti, da Unelli, da Osismii, da Curiosolitae, da Sesuvii, da Aulerci da kuma Rhedones duk sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa bayan yaƙin.
56 BCE - 55 BCE
Ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa Arewaornament
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56 BCE Jan 1

Yakin Veneti

Rennes, France
Gauls sun ji haushi don tilasta musu ciyar da sojojin Romawa a lokacin sanyi.Romawa sun aika da jami'ai don neman hatsi daga Veneti, rukuni na kabilu a arewa maso yammacin Gaul, amma Veneti yana da wasu ra'ayoyi kuma suka kama jami'an.Wannan yunƙurin ƙididdigewa ne: sun san wannan zai fusata Roma kuma sun shirya ta hanyar haɗa kai da kabilun Armorica, ƙarfafa ƙauyukansu na tuddai, da shirya jirgin ruwa.Veneti da sauran mutanen da ke bakin tekun Atlantika sun ƙware a cikin jirgin ruwa kuma suna da tasoshin da suka dace da m ruwan Tekun Atlantika.Idan aka kwatanta, Romawa ba su da shiri don yaƙin sojan ruwa a buɗaɗɗen teku.Veneti suma suna da jirgin ruwa, yayin da Romawa suka dogara ga masu tuƙi.Roma wani sojan ruwa ne da ake jin tsoro a Tekun Bahar Rum, amma a wurin ruwan ya kwanta, kuma ana iya amfani da jiragen ruwa marasa ƙarfi.Ko da kuwa, Romawa sun fahimci cewa don kayar da Veneti za su buƙaci jirgin ruwa: da yawa daga cikin matsugunan Venetic sun keɓe kuma mafi kyawun shiga ta teku.An nada Decimus Brutus shugaban rundunar jiragen ruwa.Kaisar ya so ya yi tafiya da zaran yanayi ya ba da izini kuma ya ba da umarnin sabbin jiragen ruwa kuma ya ɗauki ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa daga yankunan Gaul da aka riga aka ci domin tabbatar da cewa rundunar za ta shirya da wuri.An tura runduna ta ƙasa, amma ba a matsayin raka'a ɗaya ba.Gilliver ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin shaida cewa iƙirarin Kaisar a shekarar da ta gabata cewa Gaul yana zaman lafiya ba gaskiya ba ne, domin da alama an tura runduna don hana ko magance tawaye.An aika da sojojin dawakai domin su kakkabe kabilun Jamus da Belgique.An aika da sojoji karkashin Publius Crassus zuwa Aquitania, kuma Quintus Titurius Sabinus ya dauki sojoji zuwa Normandy.Kaisar ya jagoranci sauran runduna huɗu zuwa ƙasa don saduwa da rundunarsa da ya taso a kusa da bakin kogin Loire.Veneti ta rike babban hannun don yawancin yakin.Jiragen ruwansu sun dace da yankin sosai, kuma sa’ad da aka kewaye katangarsu na tuddai, suna iya kwashe su ta teku kawai.Ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Romawa sun makale a tashar jiragen ruwa don yawancin yakin.Duk da cewa suna da manyan sojoji da manyan kayan yaƙi, Romawa ba su sami ci gaba kaɗan ba.Kaisar ya fahimci cewa ba za a iya cin nasara a yaƙin ba a ƙasa kuma ya dakatar da yaƙin har sai tekun ya natsu sosai don jiragen ruwa na Romawa sun fi amfani.
Yaƙin Morbihan
Yaƙin Morbihan ©Angus McBride
56 BCE Feb 1

Yaƙin Morbihan

Gulf of Morbihan, France
A ƙarshe, jiragen ruwa na Romawa sun yi tafiya, kuma sun ci karo da jiragen ruwa na Venetic a bakin tekun Brittany a Gulf of Morbihan.Sun gwabza da yaƙin tun da sassafe har rana ta faɗi.A kan takarda, Veneti ya bayyana yana da manyan jiragen ruwa.Ƙarfin ginin katakon itacen oak mai ƙarfi na jiragen ruwa yana nufin ba su da ƙarfi sosai don yin tsalle, kuma manyan bayanansu sun kare mazaunan su daga majigi.Veneti yana da wasu jiragen ruwa 220, kodayake Gilliver ya lura da yawa ba su wuce jiragen kamun kifi ba.Kaisar bai ba da rahoton adadin jiragen ruwa na Roma ba.Romawa suna da fa'ida ɗaya—ƙugiya.Wadannan sun ba su damar tarwatsa magudanar ruwa da na jiragen ruwa na Venetic da suka kusanci isashen abin da ya sa ba za su iya aiki ba.Har ila yau, ƙugiya sun ba su damar jawo jiragen ruwa kusa da isarsu.Veneti ta fahimci ƙugiya masu ƙugiya barazana ce ta wanzuwa kuma ta ja da baya.Duk da haka, iska ta faɗi, kuma rundunar sojojin Roma (waɗanda ba su dogara da jiragen ruwa ba) sun iya kamawa.Romawa za su iya amfani da manyan sojojinsu don shiga jirgi gaba ɗaya kuma su mamaye Gauls a lokacin hutu.Kamar dai yadda Romawa suka buge manyan sojojin Carthage a cikin Yaƙin Farko na Farko ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hawan corvus, fa'idar fasaha mai sauƙi - ƙugiya mai wuya - ya ba su damar cin nasara da manyan jiragen ruwa na Venetic.Veneti, yanzu ba tare da sojan ruwa ba, an yi nasara.Sun ba da kansu, Kaisar ya ba da misalin dattawan ƙabilu ta wajen kashe su.Ya sayar da sauran Veneti zuwa bauta.Kaisar yanzu ya mai da hankalinsa ga Morini da Menapii da ke bakin teku.
Gudanar da Kudu maso Yamma Gaul
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
56 BCE Mar 1

Gudanar da Kudu maso Yamma Gaul

Aquitaine, France
A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Venetic, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Kaisar sun shagaltu da daidaita Normandy da Aquitania.Haɗin gwiwar Lexovii, Coriosolites, da Venelli sun tuhumi Sabinus yayin da yake dafe a kan wani tudu.Wannan mummunar dabara ce ta ƙabilun.Har suka kai kololuwa suka gaji, sai Sabinus ya ci su da sauki.Sakamakon haka kabilun sun mika wuya, suna ba da dukkan Normandy ga Romawa.Crassus bai sami irin wannan sauƙin lokacin fuskantar Aquitania ba.Da runduna daya kacal da maharba, ya fi shi yawa.Ya tara ƙarin sojoji daga Provence kuma ya zarce kudu zuwa iyakarSpain da Faransa ta zamani.A kan hanyar, ya yi yaƙi da Sotiates, waɗanda suka kai hari yayin da Romawa ke tafiya.Kayar da Vocates da Tarusates ya tabbatar da aiki mai wuyar gaske.Bayan sun yi tarayya da ɗan tawaye Janar Quintus Sertorius na Romawa a lokacin tawayensa a shekara ta 70 K.Z., waɗannan ƙabilun sun ƙware a yaƙin Romawa, kuma sun koyi dabarun yaƙi daga yaƙi.Sun guje wa yaƙin gaba da cin zarafin layin samar da kayayyaki da na Romawa masu tafiya.Crassus ya gane cewa dole ne ya tilasta yaƙi kuma ya gano sansanin Gallic na kusan 50,000.Koyaya, kawai sun ƙarfafa gaban sansanin, kuma Crassus kawai ya kewaye shi kuma ya kai hari a baya.Abin mamaki, Gauls sun yi ƙoƙari su gudu.Duk da haka, sojojin dawakai na Crassus sun bi su.A cewar Crassus, 12,000 ne kawai suka tsira daga babban nasarar Romawa.Ƙabilun sun mika wuya, kuma Roma yanzu tana iko da yawancin kudu maso yammacin Gaul.
Kamfen na Crassus akan Sotiates
Kamfen na Crassus akan Sotiates ©Angus McBride
56 BCE Mar 2

Kamfen na Crassus akan Sotiates

Aquitaine, France
A shekara ta 56 K.Z., shugabansu Adiatuanos ne ya jagoranci Sotiates don kāre oppidum daga hafsan Roma P. Licinius Crassus.Bayan wani yunƙuri na rashin nasara tare da 600 na sojan sa, Adiatuanos dole ne ya koma ga Romawa.Daga nan sai Cassius ya zarce sojojinsa zuwa cikin iyakokin Sotiates.Da jin yadda ya zo, sai Sotiates suka tara runduna masu yawa, tare da mahayan doki, inda suka sa babban ƙarfinsu, suka kai wa ginshiƙinmu hari.Da farko dai sun yi artabu da sojojin dawakai;Sa'an nan, a lokacin da aka buge dawakai nasu, kuma namu suka bi, ba zato ba tsammani, suka kwance mayafin sojojinsu, da suka jibge a cikin wani kwari.Sojojin sun kai wa mahayan dawakanmu da suka tarwatse kuma suka sake faɗa.Yaƙin ya yi tsayi da ƙarfi.Sotiates, tare da amincewar nasarorin da suka gabata, sun ji cewa bisa ƙarfin kansu ya dogara da amincin dukan Aquitania: Romawa sun yi marmarin ganin abin da za su iya cim ma a karkashin matashin shugaba ba tare da babban kwamandan da sauran ba. runduna.Daga karshe dai, bayan da aka samu munanan raunuka makiya sun gudu daga filin.An kashe adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu;sannan Crassus ya juya kai tsaye daga tafiyarsa ya fara kai hari ga kagara na Sotiates.Lokacin da suka ba da tsayin daka, sai ya taso da tudu da hasumiya.A wani lokaci makiya sun yi yunƙurin kai hari, wani lokaci kuma suka tura nakiyoyi har zuwa ramp da gyale-kuma wajen haƙar ma'adinan Aquitani sun fi kowa gogayya a cikin maza, domin a cikin yankuna da yawa a cikinsu akwai ma'adinan tagulla da tono.Lokacin da suka fahimci cewa saboda ingancin sojojinmu babu wata fa'ida da waɗannan abubuwan za su samu, sai suka aika wakilai zuwa Crassus kuma suka roƙe shi ya karɓi mika wuya.Bukatarsu ta samu, suka ci gaba da mika makamansu kamar yadda aka umarce su.Sa'an nan, yayin da hankalin dukan sojojinmu ya tashi a kan wannan kasuwancin, Adiatunnus, babban kwamandan, ya dauki mataki daga wani kwata na garin tare da masu bautar ɗari shida, waɗanda suke kira vassals.Ka’idar wadannan mazaje ita ce, a rayuwa suna cin moriyar kowane irin fa’ida tare da ’yan uwan ​​da suka kulla abota da su, yayin da idan wani tashin hankali ya sami ‘yan uwansu, ko dai su jure irin wannan bala’i tare da su ko kuma su kashe nasu;kuma har yanzu ba a samu wanda ya ki mutuwa ba, bayan da aka kashe abokinsa wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga abokinsa.Tare da waɗannan mutanen Adiatunnus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin gyare-gyare;amma sai aka daga wani bangare na makami, sojojin suka ruga da makamai, aka yi artabu mai kaifi a can.Adiatunnus aka mayar da shi cikin garin;amma, saboda duk wannan, ya roƙi kuma ya samu daga Crassus sharuɗɗan mika wuya kamar na farko.- Julius Kaisar.Bellum Gallicum.3, 20-22.Loeb Classical Library.HJ Edwards ne ya fassara, 1917.
Yaƙin Crassus akan Vocates da Tarusates
Ƙabilun Celtic ©Angus McBride
56 BCE Apr 1

Yaƙin Crassus akan Vocates da Tarusates

Aquitaine, France
Kayar da Vocates da Tarusates ya tabbatar da aiki mai wuyar gaske.Bayan sun yi tarayya da ɗan tawaye Janar Quintus Sertorius na Romawa a lokacin tawayensa a shekara ta 70 K.Z., waɗannan ƙabilun sun ƙware a yaƙin Romawa, kuma sun koyi dabarun yaƙi daga yaƙi.Sun guje wa yaƙin gaba da cin zarafin layin samar da kayayyaki da na Romawa masu tafiya.Crassus ya gane cewa dole ne ya tilasta yaƙi kuma ya gano sansanin Gallic na kusan 50,000.Koyaya, kawai sun ƙarfafa gaban sansanin, kuma Crassus kawai ya kewaye shi kuma ya kai hari a baya.Abin mamaki, Gauls sun yi ƙoƙari su gudu.Duk da haka, sojojin dawakai na Crassus sun bi su.A cewar Crassus, 12,000 ne kawai suka tsira daga babban nasarar Romawa.Ƙabilun sun mika wuya, kuma Roma yanzu tana iko da yawancin kudu maso yammacin Gaul.
Rhine Campaign
Kaisar Rhine Bridge, na John Soane (1814) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
55 BCE Jan 1

Rhine Campaign

Rhine River
Bukatar daraja fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi dabara mai yiwuwa ta ƙayyade kamfen na Kaisar a 55 KZ, saboda shawarwarin Pompey da Crassus.A gefe guda, sun kasance abokan siyasa na Kaisar, kuma ɗan Crassus ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashinsa a shekarar da ta gabata.Amma kuma sun kasance abokan hamayyarsa, kuma suna da manyan suna (Pompey babban janar ne, kuma Crassus ya kasance mai arziki sosai).Tun da ƙananan jakadu na iya yin sauƙi da siyan ra'ayin jama'a, Kaisar ya buƙaci ya tsaya a idon jama'a.Maganinsa shine ya haye gawawwakin ruwa guda biyu babu sojojin Romawa da suka yi ƙoƙari a baya: Rhine da Tashar Turanci.Ketare kogin Rhine ya faru ne sakamakon tashin hankalin Jamusanci/Celtic.Suebi kwanan nan sun tilasta wa Celtic Usipetes da Tencteri daga ƙasashensu, wanda sakamakon haka ya ketare Rhine don neman sabon gida.Kaisar, duk da haka, ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu ta farko ta zama a Gaul, kuma batun ya koma yaki.Ƙabilun Celtic sun aika da sojojin dawakai na 800 a kan sojojin taimakon 5,000 na Romawa na Gauls, kuma sun sami nasara mai ban mamaki.Kaisar ya rama ta hanyar kai hari sansanin Celtic mara tsaro, kuma ya kashe maza, mata, da yara.Kaisar ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kashe mutane 430,000 a sansanin.Masana tarihi na zamani suna ganin wannan lambar ba ta da yuwuwa (duba tarihin tarihi a ƙasa), amma a bayyane yake cewa Kaisar ya kashe Celts da yawa.Don haka munanan ayyukansa ne, makiyansa a Majalisar Dattawa sun so su tuhume shi da aikata laifukan yaki da zarar wa’adinsa na Gwamna ya kare kuma ya daina fuskantar tuhuma.Bayan kisan kiyashin, Kaisar ya jagoranci sojojin Roma na farko a kan rafin Rhine a yaƙin walƙiya wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki 18 kawai.Masanin tarihi Kate Gilliver yayi la'akari da duk ayyukan Kaisar a shekara ta 55 KZ a matsayin "launi na jama'a" kuma ya nuna cewa tushen ci gaba da yakin Celtic / Jamus shine sha'awar samun daraja.Wannan kuma yana bayyana ɗan gajeren lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe.Kaisar ya so ya burge Romawa kuma ya tsoratar da ’yan kabilar Jamus, kuma ya yi hakan ne ta hanyar tsallaka rafin Rhin a salo.Maimakon yin amfani da kwale-kwale ko kwale-kwale kamar yadda ya yi a yakin neman zabe na farko, ya gina gadar katako a cikin kwanaki goma kacal.Ya zarce, ya kai hari a cikin karkarar Suebic, kuma ya ja da baya a kan gadar kafin sojojin Seubic su yi gangami.Sai ya kona gadar kuma ya mai da hankalinsa ga wani aikin da sojojin Romawa ba su yi ba a da, wato sauka a Biritaniya.Babban dalilin da ya sa a kai wa Biritaniya hari shi ne ƙabilun Birtaniyya sun kasance suna taimaka wa Gauls, amma kamar yawancin casus belli na Kaisar kawai uzuri ne don samun girma a idanun mutanen Romawa.
Bincike da Tsara
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
55 BCE Jun 1

Bincike da Tsara

Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
A ƙarshen lokacin rani, 55 KZ, ko da yake an makara a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Kaisar ya yanke shawarar yin balaguro zuwa Biritaniya.Ya kirawo ’yan kasuwa da suke kasuwanci da tsibirin, amma ba su iya ko ba su yarda su ba shi wani bayani mai amfani game da mazauna da dabarunsu na soja, ko kuma game da tashar jiragen ruwa da zai iya amfani da su, mai yiwuwa ba sa son su rasa ikonsu na cinikin tashoshi.Ya aika da jirgin ruwa, Gaius Volusenus, don ya leko bakin tekun a cikin jirgin ruwa guda daya.Wataƙila ya bincika bakin tekun Kent tsakanin Hythe da Sandwich, amma ya kasa sauka, tun da “bai kuskura ya bar jirginsa ya ba da kansa ga barasa ba”, bayan kwana biyar ya dawo ya ba Kaisar irin bayanan da ya samu ya tattara.A lokacin, jakadun wasu daga cikin jihohin Birtaniya, wadanda 'yan kasuwa suka yi musu gargadi game da mamayewar da ke tafe, sun isa inda suka yi alkawarin mika wuya.Kaisar ya mayar da su, tare da abokinsa Commius, sarkin Belgae Atrebates, don amfani da tasirin su don cin nasara a kan sauran jihohi da yawa.Ya tattara rundunar jiragen ruwa da ke kunshe da jiragen ruwa tamanin na jigilar kayayyaki, wadanda suka isa daukar runduna biyu (Legio VII da Legio X), da wasu jiragen yaki da ba a san adadinsu ba a karkashin wani jirgin ruwa da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, a wani tashar jiragen ruwa da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a yankin Morini, kusan Portus Itius (Boulogne). ).Wasu motocin dawakai goma sha takwas za su tashi daga wata tashar ruwa ta daban, mai yiwuwa Ambleteuse.Waɗannan jiragen ruwa na iya zama triremes ko biremes, ko wataƙila an daidaita su daga ƙirar Venetic da Kaisar ya gani a baya, ko ma an buƙaci su daga Veneti da sauran kabilun bakin teku.A bayyane yake cikin gaggawa, Kaisar da kansa ya bar sansanin soja a tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya tashi "a agogo na uku" - da kyau bayan tsakar dare - a ranar 23 ga Agusta tare da runduna, ya bar mayaƙan doki don tafiya zuwa jiragen ruwa, hau, tare da shi da sauri. kamar yadda zai yiwu.Dangane da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, wannan ko dai kuskure ne na dabara ko kuma (tare da cewa rundunonin sun zo ba tare da kaya ko kayan yaƙi masu nauyi ba) ya tabbatar da mamayewar ba a yi niyya don cikakken nasara ba.
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55 BCE Aug 23

Kaisar Farko na Kaisar na Biritaniya

Pegwell Bay, Cliffsend, UK
Tafiya ta farko ta Kaisar zuwa Biritaniya ba ta kasance mamayewa ba fiye da balaguro.Ya ɗauki runduna biyu kawai;Sojojin dawakinsa da ke taimaka masa sun kasa tsallakewa duk da kokarin da suka yi.Kaisar ya ketare a ƙarshen kakar wasa, kuma cikin sauri, yana barin da kyau bayan tsakar dare a ranar 23 ga Agusta.Da farko, ya yi niyyar sauka a wani wuri a Kent, amma mutanen Birtaniyya suna jiransa.Ya tashi zuwa bakin tekun kuma ya sauka - abubuwan da aka gano na kayan tarihi na zamani sun nuna a Pegwell Bay - amma 'yan Birtaniyya sun ci gaba da tafiya kuma sun ba da karfi mai ban sha'awa, ciki har da dawakai da karusai.Sojojin sun yi shakkar tafiya bakin teku.Daga ƙarshe, ma'aunin ma'aunin rundunar X legion ya yi tsalle ya shiga cikin tekun ya nufi bakin teku.Don samun faɗuwar ma'aunin ƙungiyar a cikin yaƙi shine babban wulakanci, kuma mutanen sun sauka don kare ma'auni.Bayan dan jinkiri, daga karshe aka kafa layin yaki, kuma Britaniya sun janye.Domin sojojin dawakan Romawa ba su tsallaka ba, Kaisar ba zai iya korar ’yan Birtaniyya ba.Sa'ar Rumawa bai inganta ba, kuma aka yi wa wata liyafa ta cin abinci kwanton bauna.'Yan Birtaniyya sun dauki wannan a matsayin alamar rauni na Romawa kuma suka tattara babban karfi don kai musu hari.An ɗan ɗanɗana yaƙi, kodayake Kaisar bai ba da cikakkun bayanai ba fiye da nuna cewa Romawa sun yi nasara.Bugu da kari, rashin sojojin dawakai don fatattakar 'yan Birtaniyyan da ke gudun hijira ya hana samun gagarumar nasara.Lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe yanzu ya kusa ƙarewa, kuma runduna ba su da wani yanayi don hunturu a bakin tekun Kent.Kaisar ya ja baya a fadin Channel.Gilliver ya lura cewa Kaisar ya sake tsere wa bala'i.Ɗaukar sojojin da ba su da ƙarfi tare da ƴan tanadi zuwa ƙasa mai nisa ba yanke shawara mara kyau ba ne, wanda cikin sauƙi zai iya haifar da shan kashi Kaisar - duk da haka ya tsira.Duk da yake bai samu wani gagarumin nasara ba a Biritaniya, ya yi wani gagarumin abin alfahari ta hanyar sauka a can.Babban nasara ce ta farfaganda kuma, wacce aka rubuta a cikin sharhin Kaisar da ke ci gaba da yi de Bello Gallico.Rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin Commentarii sun ciyar da Roma ci gaba da sabunta ayyukan Kaisar (tare da nasa juzu'i akan abubuwan da suka faru).Burin Kaisar na daraja da tallata shi ya yi nasara sosai: bayan ya koma Roma, an yaba masa a matsayin jarumi kuma an yi masa godiya ta kwanaki 20 da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.Yanzu ya fara shirin mamaye Birtaniya da ya dace.
54 BCE - 53 BCE
Lokacin Tashe-tashen hankula da karkatar da suornament
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54 BCE Apr 1

Mamaye na Biyu na Biritaniya

Kent, UK
Hanyar Kaisar zuwa Biritaniya a shekara ta 54 KZ ta kasance mafi fa'ida da nasara fiye da balaguron farko.An gina sababbin jiragen ruwa a lokacin sanyi, kuma Kaisar ya ɗauki runduna biyar da na doki 2,000.Ya bar sauran sojojinsa a Gaul don su kiyaye.Gilliver ya lura cewa Kaisar ya ɗauki babban adadin sarakunan Gallic waɗanda ya ɗauka ba su da aminci don ya sa ido a kansu, ƙarin alamar cewa bai yi nasara da Gaul gaba ɗaya ba.Ya ƙudurta cewa ba zai yi kuskure iri ɗaya kamar na shekarar da ta gabata ba, Kaisar ya tara ƙarfin da ya fi na balaguron da ya yi a baya tare da runduna biyar sabanin biyu, da mayaƙan doki dubu biyu, waɗanda ke ɗauke da su cikin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ya kera, tare da ƙwarewar fasahar ginin jirgin ruwa ta Venetic don haka don zama mafi dacewa da saukowar rairayin bakin teku fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin 55 KZ, kasancewa mai faɗi da ƙasa don sauƙin rairayin bakin teku.A wannan karon ya kira Portus Itius a matsayin wurin tashi.An bar Titus Labienus a Portus Itius don kula da jigilar abinci na yau da kullun daga can zuwa bakin tekun Burtaniya.Jiragen ruwan sojan sun kasance tare da ɗimbin jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci waɗanda Rumawa da lardunan daular Romawa ke jagoranta daga ko'ina cikin daular, da Gauls na gida, suna fatan samun kuɗi a kan damar ciniki.Da alama mafi kusantar adadin da Kaisar ya ambata na jiragen ruwa (jirgin ruwa 800) ya haɗa da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa da jigilar sojoji, maimakon jigilar sojoji kaɗai.Kaisar ya sauka ba tare da juriya ba kuma nan da nan ya tafi ya nemo sojojin Britaniya.'Yan Birtaniyya sun yi amfani da dabarun yaki don gujewa wata arangama kai tsaye.Wannan ya ba su damar tara runduna mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin Cassivellaunus, sarkin Catuvellauni.Sojojin Britaniya suna da motsi mafi girma saboda mahaya da karusansu, wanda cikin sauƙi ya ba su damar gujewa da cin zarafin Romawa.'Yan Birtaniyya sun kai hari kan wata jam'iyyar neman abinci, da fatan za su kawar da kungiyar da suka kebance, amma jam'iyyar ta yi yaki da 'yan Birtaniyya sosai kuma ta yi galaba a kansu.Yawancinsu sun daina juriya a wannan lokacin, kuma kabilu da yawa sun mika wuya sun ba da haraji.
Gangamin Kent
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
54 BCE May 1

Gangamin Kent

Bigbury Wood, Harbledown, Cant
Da ya sauka, Kaisar ya bar Quintus Atrius mai kula da bakin tekun kuma ya yi tafiya cikin dare kai tsaye mai nisan mil 12 (kilomita 19) a cikin ƙasa, inda ya ci karo da sojojin Burtaniya a mashigar kogi, wataƙila wani wuri a kan Kogin Stour.'Yan Birtaniyya sun kai hari amma aka fatattake su, kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin sake taruwa a wani kagara a cikin dazuzzuka, mai yiwuwa tudun da ke Bigbury Wood, Kent, amma an sake cin nasara kuma aka watse.Da gari ya waye kuma Kaisar bai san yankin ba, sai ya daina binsa ya kafa sansani.Duk da haka, da safe, sa'ad da yake shirin ci gaba, Kaisar ya sami labari daga Atrius cewa, kuma, jiragen ruwansa da ke anka sun yi karo da juna a cikin guguwa kuma sun sami lahani mai yawa.Kimanin arba'in, yace an bata.Ba a yi amfani da Romawa zuwa tekun Atlantika da tashoshi da guguwa ba, amma duk da haka, idan aka yi la’akari da barnar da ya yi a shekarar da ta gabata, wannan shiri mara kyau ne daga bangaren Kaisar.Duk da haka, Kaisar mai yiwuwa ya yi karin gishiri yawan jiragen ruwa da suka rushe don ya ɗaukaka nasarar da ya samu wajen ceto lamarin.Ya koma gaɓar teku, ya tuna da rundunan da suka yi gaba, nan da nan ya yi shirin gyara rundunarsa.Mutanensa sun yi aiki dare da rana na kusan kwanaki goma, suna tafiya bakin teku suna gyara jiragen, suna gina kagara a kewayensu.An aika kalma zuwa Labienus don aika ƙarin jiragen ruwa.Kaisar ya kasance a bakin teku a ranar 1 ga Satumba, daga inda ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Cicero.Dole ne labari ya kai Kaisar a wannan lokaci na mutuwar 'yarsa Julia, yayin da Cicero ya dena amsawa "saboda baƙin cikinsa".
Yakin da Cassivellaunus
Ƙungiyoyin Roman a Biritaniya, Yaƙin Gallic ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
54 BCE Jun 1

Yakin da Cassivellaunus

Wheathampstead, St Albans, UK
Turawan Birtaniyya sun nada Cassivellaunus, wani sarkin yaki daga arewacin Thames, don ya jagoranci rundunarsu ta hade.Cassivellaunus ya gane cewa ba zai iya kayar da Kaisar a wani fage na yaƙi ba.Ya wargaza yawancin ƙarfinsa kuma ya dogara ga motsin karusansa 4,000 da kuma saninsa mafi girma na filin, ya yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi don rage ci gaban Romawa.A lokacin da Kaisar ya isa Thames, wuri ɗaya da ya dace da shi ya kasance an ƙarfafa shi da gungumen azaba, duka a bakin teku da kuma ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma an kare bankin mai nisa.Trinovantes, waɗanda Kaisar ya kwatanta a matsayin mafi girman ƙabila a yankin, kuma waɗanda kwanan nan suka sha wahala a hannun Cassivellaunus, sun aika da jakadu, suna yi masa alkawarin taimako da tanadi.Mandubracius, wanda ya raka Kaisar, an mayar da shi a matsayin sarkinsu, kuma Trinovantes sun ba da hatsi da garkuwa.Sauran kabilu biyar, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci da Cassi, sun mika wuya ga Kaisar, suka bayyana masa wurin da kagara Cassivellaunus yake, mai yiwuwa katangar tudu a Wheathampstead, wanda ya ci gaba da sanyawa a kewaye.Cassivellaunus ya aika sako zuwa ga abokansa a Kent, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus da Segovax, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "sarakuna huɗu na Cantium", don gudanar da wani hari na karkatar da kai kan bakin tekun Roman don jawo Kaisar, amma wannan harin ya ci tura, Cassivellaunus ya aika da jakadu don tattaunawa kan mika wuya.Kaisar yana ɗokin komawa Gaul don lokacin sanyi saboda tashin hankali a can, kuma Commius ya shiga tsakani yarjejeniya.Cassivellaunus ya ba da garkuwa, ya amince da harajin shekara-shekara, kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai yi yaƙi da Mandubracius ko Trinovantes ba.Kaisar ya rubuta wa Cicero a ranar 26 ga Satumba, yana mai tabbatar da sakamakon yaƙin neman zaɓe, tare da yin garkuwa da mutane amma ba a kama ganima ba, kuma sojojinsa na gab da komawa Gaul.Daga nan ya tafi, bai bar sojan Roma ko ɗaya ba a Biritaniya da zai tilasta masa zama.Ko an taba biyan harajin ba a sani ba.
Tawayen Ambiorix
'Yan hauren giwaye sun yi wa sojojin Rum kwanton bauna ©Angus McBride
54 BCE Jul 1 - 53 BCE

Tawayen Ambiorix

Tongeren, Belgium
Rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin Gauls da aka yi wa kawanya ya haifar da wani babban bore a tsakanin Belgae da Julius Kaisar a cikin hunturu na 54-53 KZ, lokacin da Eburones na arewa maso gabashin Gaul suka tashi cikin tawaye a ƙarƙashin shugabansu Ambiorix.Eburones, waɗanda har sai da Kaisar ya halaka Atuatuci ya kasance ƴan ƙabilar Belgic, Ambiorix da Catuvolcus ne suka mulki.A shekara ta 54 K.Z., an sami girbi marar kyau, kuma Kaisar, wanda aikinsa shi ne ya ba da umarni ga wani ɓangare na abinci daga ƙabilu na yankin, ya raba rundunansa zuwa ƙabilu da yawa.Zuwa ga Eburons ya aika Quintus Titurius Sabinus da Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta tare da kwamandan runduna ta 14 da aka ɗora kwanan nan daga arewacin Po, da rukunin ƙungiyoyi biyar, jimlar mutane 9,000.Ambiorix da ’yan kabilarsa sun kai hari suka kashe sojojin Roma da yawa da suke neman itace a kusa da wajen.Wata safiya, Romawa suka fita daga sansaninsu.Abokan gaba sun ji kambun da ke cikin kagara suka shirya kwanton bauna.Lokacin da gari ya waye, Romawa, cikin tsari na tafiya (dogayen ginshiƙan sojoji tare da kowane rukunin da ke biye da ɗayan), sun fi nauyi fiye da yadda aka saba suka bar Fort.Lokacin da mafi girma na ginshiƙi ya shiga wani rafi, Gauls sun far musu daga kowane bangare kuma suka nemi su yi garkuwa da masu gadin baya tare da hana masu gadin barin kwarin.Saboda tsayin ginshiƙi, kwamandojin ba za su iya ba da umarni da kyau ba don haka sun ba da kalma tare da layin zuwa raka'a don zama cikin murabba'i.Sojojin sun fafata da jarumtaka ko da yake cikin tsoro kuma a fafatawar sun yi nasara.Don haka, Ambiorix ya umurci mutanensa da su fitar da mashinsu cikin sojoji, su ja da baya idan gungun Romawa suka kai musu hari kuma su kori Romawa sa’ad da suka yi ƙoƙari su faɗi cikin matsayi.Sabinus ya aika sako zuwa ga Ambiorix don ya yi magani don mika wuya, shawarar da aka amince da ita.Cotta ya ki amincewa ya tsaya tsayin daka kan kin mika wuya, yayin da Sabinus ya bi da shirinsa na mika wuya.Duk da haka, Ambiorix, bayan ya yi wa Sabinus alkawarin rayuwarsa da lafiyar sojojinsa, ya shagala da dogon jawabi, duk a hankali ya kewaye shi da mutanensa yana yanka su.Daga nan sai Gauls suka tuhumi jama'a a kan Romawa masu jiran gado inda suka kashe Cotta, har yanzu suna fada, da kuma yawancin sojojin.Ragowar ta koma katangar inda suka fidda rai, suka kashe juna.Wasu maza ne kawai suka zame don sanar da Titus Labienus game da bala'in.Gabaɗaya, runduna ɗaya da ƙungiyoyi 5, kusan 7500 na Romawa, an kashe su a yaƙin.Sauran 53 KZ sun shagaltu da yaƙin hukunta Eburon da abokansu, waɗanda aka ce Romawa sun halaka su duka.
Murkushe Tawayen Gallic
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
53 BCE Jan 1

Murkushe Tawayen Gallic

Sens, France
Tashin sanyi na shekara ta 54 K.Z. ya kasance abin ban tsoro ga Romawa.An yi hasarar runduna ɗaya gaba ɗaya, wata kuma ta kusa halaka.Tawayen da aka yi sun nuna cewa Romawa ba su da iko da Gaul da gaske.Kaisar ya tashi a kan yaƙin neman zaɓe ga Gauls gabaɗaya kuma ya hana juriya na gaba.Har zuwa runduna bakwai, yana buƙatar ƙarin maza.An ɗauki ƙarin runduna biyu, kuma an aro ɗaya daga Pompey.Romawa yanzu suna da maza 40,000-50,000.Kaisar ya fara kamfen na zalunci da wuri, kafin yanayin ya yi zafi.Ya mayar da hankali kan yakin da ba na al'ada ba, yana lalata mutane da kuma kai hari ga fararen hula.Ya kai wa Nervii hari kuma ya mai da hankali kan kai hari, kona ƙauyuka, satar dabbobi, da ɗaure fursunoni.Wannan dabarar ta yi aiki, kuma Nervii ta mika wuya da sauri.Sojojin sun koma wuraren da suke lokacin sanyi har lokacin yakin neman zabe ya fara.Da zarar yanayin ya yi zafi, Kaisar ya ja wani hari mai ban mamaki a kan Senones.Da yake ba su da lokacin yin shiri don kewayewa ko ma janyewa zuwa ga oppidum, Senones kuma sun mika wuya.Hankali ya juya ga Menapii, inda Kaisar ya bi irin wannan dabarun kai hari da ya yi amfani da shi akan Nervii.Ya yi aiki daidai kan Menapii, wanda ya mika wuya da sauri.An raba rundunan Kaisar don a kashe wasu kabilu, kuma Laftanarsa Titus Labienus yana da runduna 25 (kusan mutane 12,000) da kuma mayaƙan doki da yawa a ƙasashen Treveri (wanda Indutiomarus ya jagoranta).Ƙabilun Jamusawa sun yi alkawarin ba da taimako ga Treveri, kuma Labienus ya gane cewa ƙananan ƙarfinsa zai kasance a cikin mummunan rauni.Don haka, ya nemi ya ba Treveri hari a kan sharuɗɗansa.Ya yi haka ta hanyar yin watsi da janyewa, kuma Treveri ya ɗauki koto.Duk da haka, Labienus ya tabbatar da cewa ya haura wani tudu, yana buƙatar Treveri don hawansa, don haka lokacin da suka kai saman, sun gaji.Labienus ya watsar da tunanin janyewa kuma ya ba da yaƙin cin nasara a kan Treveri a cikin mintuna;kabilar sun mika wuya ba da dadewa ba.A sauran kasar Beljiyam, runduna uku sun kai farmaki kan sauran kabilun tare da tilasta wa jama'a mika wuya, ciki har da Eburons karkashin Ambiorix.Kaisar yanzu ya nemi ya hukunta ƙabilun Jamusawa don jajircewa don taimaka wa Gauls.Ya sake ɗaukar sojojinsa bisa Rhine ta hanyar gina gada.Amma kuma, kayan Kaisar sun gaza masa, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa janyewa don gujewa cudanya da babbar Suebi yayin da yake da karancin kayayyaki.Ko da ma dai, Kaisar ya ba da kai ga ko’ina ta wurin mugun yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya mai da hankali kan halaka kan yaƙi.Gaul ta Arewa ta kasance da gaske.A ƙarshen shekara, an yi sanyi runduna shida, biyu kowanne a ƙasashen Senones, da Treveri, da Lingones.Kaisar ya yi niyya don hana sake aukuwar mugunyar sanyin da ta gabata, amma idan aka yi la’akari da zaluncin da Kaisar ya yi a waccan shekarar, ’yan sanda ba za su iya dakatar da zanga-zangar ba.
52 BCE
Babban Tawayen Kabilun Gallicornament
Tawayen Vercingetorix
Tawayen Vercingetorix ©Angus McBride
52 BCE Jan 1 00:01

Tawayen Vercingetorix

France
Abubuwan da ke damun Gallic sun zo kan gaba a shekara ta 52 KZ kuma sun haifar da tarzomar da Romawa suka daɗe suna tsoro.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara ta 53 K.Z. ya kasance mai tsanani sosai, kuma Gauls sun ji tsoron wadatarsu.A da, ba su kasance da haɗin kai ba, wanda ya sa su sami sauƙin nasara.Amma wannan ya canja a shekara ta 53 K.Z., sa’ad da Kaisar ya sanar cewa yanzu ana bi da Gaul a matsayin lardin Roma, kuma yana bin dokokin Romawa da kuma addini.Wannan batu ne mai girma na damuwa ga Gauls, waɗanda suka ji tsoron Romawa za su halakar da ƙasa mai tsarki na Gallic, wanda Carnutes ke kallo.Kowace shekara druids sun hadu a can don yin sulhu a tsakanin kabilu a yankunan da aka yi la'akari da tsakiyar Gaul.Barazana ga ƙasashensu masu tsarki al'amari ne wanda a ƙarshe ya haɗa kan Gauls.A cikin lokacin sanyi sarkin kwarjini na kabilar Arverni, Vercingetorix, ya tara babban kawancen Gauls wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.
Kaisar ya amsa
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
52 BCE Mar 1

Kaisar ya amsa

Provence, France
Kaisar har yanzu yana Roma sa’ad da labarin tawayen ya kai gare shi.Ya garzaya zuwa Gaul a wani yunƙuri na hana tawayen yaɗuwa, inda ya fara zuwa Provence don ganin tsaronsa, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Agedincum don fuskantar sojojin Gallic.Kaisar ya ɗauki hanyar iska zuwa ga sojojin Gallic don kama wasu oppidium don abinci.An tilasta Vercingetorix ya janye daga kewayensa na babban birnin Boii na Gorgobina (Boii yana da alaƙa da Roma tun lokacin da suka sha kashi a hannun Romawa a 58 KZ).Duk da haka, har yanzu lokacin sanyi ne, kuma ya gane dalilin da ya sa Kaisar ya karkata shi ne cewa Romawa ba su da isasshen kayan aiki.Don haka, Vercingetorix ya tsara dabarun kashe Romawa.Ya kaucewa kai musu hari kai tsaye sannan ya kai farmaki wuraren da ake neman abinci da kuma samar da jiragen kasa maimakon.Vercingetorix ya watsar da yawancin oppidum, yana neman kawai don kare mafi ƙarfi, da kuma tabbatar da sauran da kayansu ba za su iya fadawa hannun Romawa ba.Har yanzu, rashin kayayyaki ya tilasta hannun Kaisar, kuma ya kewaye oppidum na Avaricum inda Vercingetorix ya nemi mafaka.
Siege na Avaricum
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
52 BCE May 1

Siege na Avaricum

Bourges, France
Da farko, Vercingetorix ya kasance yana adawa da kare Avaricum, amma Bituriges Cubi ya rinjaye shi.Sojojin Gallic sun yi sansani a wajen unguwar.Ko da a lokacin da yake kare, Vercingetorix ya so ya watsar da kewaye kuma ya tsere daga Romawa.Amma mayaƙan Avaricum ba su yarda su bar shi ba.Bayan isowarsa, Kaisar ya fara gina katangar tsaro da sauri.Gauls sun ci gaba da tursasa Romawa da kuma ɓangarorin su na abinci yayin da suke gina sansaninsu kuma suna ƙoƙarin ƙone shi.Amma yanayin sanyi ma ba zai iya hana Romawa ba, kuma sun gina sansani mai ƙarfi a cikin kwanaki 25 kawai.Romawa sun gina injunan kewaye, kuma Kaisar ya jira damar da zai kai hari ga oppidum mai ƙarfi.Ya zaɓi ya kai hari a lokacin da ake ruwan sama lokacin da jami'an tsaro suka shagala.An yi amfani da hasumiya mai kawanya wajen afkawa katangar, kuma bindigogin ballista sun farma bangon.Daga ƙarshe, manyan bindigogi sun fasa rami a bango, kuma Gauls ba za su iya hana Romawa ɗaukar matsugunin ba.Daga nan sai Romawa suka yi wa Avaricum wawashe ganima;Kaisar bai ɗauki fursunoni ba kuma ya ce Romawa sun kashe 40,000.Cewa kawancen Gallic bai wargaje ba bayan wannan shan kaye, shaida ce ga shugabancin Vercingetorix.Ko da bayan rasa Avaricum, Aedui sun yarda su yi tawaye kuma su shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa.Wannan wani sabon koma baya ne ga layin samar da Kaisar, saboda ba zai iya samun kayayyaki ta hanyar Aedui ba (ko da yake ɗaukar Avaricum ya ba da sojoji a yanzu).
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52 BCE Jun 1

Vercingetorix yayi nasara a Yaƙin Gergovia

Auvergne, France
Yanzu Vercingetorix ya koma Gergovia, babban birnin kabilarsa, wanda yake ɗokin kare kansa.Kaisar ya zo yayin da yanayin ya yi zafi, kuma a ƙarshe ya sami abinci, wanda ya ɗan sauƙaƙa matsalolin wadata.Kamar yadda ya saba, Kaisar ya tashi da sauri game da gina kagara ga Romawa.Ya kama yanki kusa da oppidum.Amincin Aedui zuwa Roma bai tsaya gaba ɗaya ba.Kaisar ya nuna a cikin rubuce-rubucensa cewa shugabannin Aeudui duka an ba su cin hancin zinariya kuma sun aika da rashin fahimta ta hanyar jakadun Vercingetorix.Kaisar ya yarda da Aedui cewa maza 10,000 za su kare layinsa.Vercingetorix ya shawo kan shugaban, Convictolitavis, wanda Kaisar ya nada shi shugaban kabilar, ya umurci mazan su shiga tare da shi a lokacin da suka isa oppidum.Sun kai wa Romawa hari da suke tare da jirginsu na samar da kayayyaki, suka bar Kaisar cikin wani wuri mai ban kunya.Abincinsa ya yi barazanar, Kaisar ya ɗauki runduna huɗu daga kewayen, ya kewaye sojojin Aedui, ya ci su.Bangaren masu goyon bayan Romawa sun sake karbe ikon shugabancin Aedui, kuma Kaisar ya koma Gergovia tare da mahayan Aedui na Romawa 10,000.Runduna biyun da ya bari don ci gaba da kewaye sun kasance masu matsananciyar matsananciyar matsananciyar matsaya don kiyaye karfin Vercingetorix mafi girma a bakin teku.Kaisar ya gane cewa kewayensa ba zai yi nasara ba sai dai idan ya iya fitar da Vercingetorix daga babban filin.Ya yi amfani da runduna ɗaya azaman yaudara yayin da sauran suka matsa zuwa ƙasa mafi kyau, suna kama sansanonin Gallic guda uku a cikin wannan tsari.Daga nan sai ya ba da umarnin ja da baya gabaɗaya don jawo Vercingetorix daga babban filin.Duk da haka, yawancin sojojin Kaisar ba su ji umarnin ba.Maimakon haka, saboda sauƙi da suka yi na kame sansanonin, sai suka matsa suka nufi garin suka kai farmaki kai tsaye, suna gajiyar da kansu.Ayyukan Kaisar sun rubuta centurions 46 da runduna 700 a matsayin hasara.Masana tarihi na zamani suna da shakka;kwatanta yaƙin a matsayin cin zarafi, da kuma inda aka tura sojojin ƙawance na Romawa 20,000-40,000, ya haifar da zato cewa Kaisar ya raina alkaluman da aka kashe, ko da alkalumman nasa ba su haɗa da hasarar da ke tsakanin abokan haɗin gwiwa ba.Ganin asarar da ya yi, Kaisar ya ba da umarnin komawa baya.Bayan yaƙin, Kaisar ya ɗaga kewayensa ya ja da baya daga ƙasashen Arverni zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa yankin Aedui.Vercingetorix ya bi rundunar Kaisar, da niyyar halaka ta.A halin yanzu, Labienus ya gama yaƙin neman zaɓe a arewa kuma ya koma Agendicum, tushen Kaisar a tsakiyar Gaul.Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Labienus, Kaisar ya yi tafiya tare da sojojinsa daga Agendicum don fuskantar sojojin nasara na Vercingetorix.Sojojin biyu sun hadu a Vingeanne, Kaisar ya ci nasara a yakin da ya biyo baya.
Yaƙin Lutetia
Yaƙin Lutetia ©Angus McBride
52 BCE Jun 2

Yaƙin Lutetia

Paris, France
Kaisar ya aika Labienus don ya yi yaƙi da mutanen Seine, yayin da Kaisar da kansa ya tafi Gergovia.Ya kama oppidum na Metlosedum (wataƙila Melun na yanzu), kuma ya haye Seine don kai hari ga ƙungiyar Gallic kusa da Lutetia.Barazana daga Bellovaci (ƙabilar Belgae mai ƙarfi), ya yanke shawarar sake haye Seine don komawa rundunar Kaisar a Agedincum (Sens).Da yake ja da baya gabaɗaya, Labienus a zahiri ya haye kogin.Gauls na haɗin gwiwar Seine sun yi ƙoƙari su toshe hanyarsa zuwa Kaisar kuma yaƙi ya shiga.Bayan ɓangarorin biyu sun shiga ƙungiyar ta bakwai, waɗanda aka sanya a reshe na dama, suka fara turawa Gallic hagu.A kan Roman ya bar rukunin pilum na rukuni na goma sha biyu ya karya cajin farko na Gauls, amma sun ƙi ci gaban Romawa, wanda tsohon shugabansu Camulogenus ya ƙarfafa su.Juyayin ya zo ne sa’ad da hafsoshin soja na runduna ta bakwai suka ja-goranci rundunansu don yakar abokan gaba.Bayan ɓangarorin biyu sun shiga ƙungiyar ta bakwai, waɗanda aka sanya a reshe na dama, suka fara turawa Gallic hagu.A kan Roman ya bar rukunin pilum na rukuni na goma sha biyu ya karya cajin farko na Gauls, amma sun ƙi ci gaban Romawa, wanda tsohon shugabansu Camulogenus ya ƙarfafa su.Juyayin ya zo ne sa’ad da hafsoshin soja na runduna ta bakwai suka ja-goranci rundunansu don yakar abokan gaba.Gauls sun aika a cikin ajiyarsu, suka ɗauki wani tudu da ke kusa, amma ba su iya juyar da yakin ba kuma suka tashi.Asararsu ta ƙaru sa’ad da aka aika dawakin Rumawa su bi su.Da haka sojojin Labienus suka koma Agedincum, suka sake kwato jirgin kayansu a hanya.Gauls sun yi ƙoƙarin hana Labienus komawa Agedincum ta hanyar tare shi a kogin Sequana.Labienus ya yi amfani da runduna guda biyar don jan hankalin Gauls yayin da shi da kansa ya ketare kogin Sequana tare da runduna uku.Da Gauls suka gano akwai sojojin Romawa guda biyu a yankin sai suka rabu suka bi su duka.Babban jiki ya hadu da Labienus wanda ya lika su da runduna daya yayin da ya kewaye su da sauran.Sannan ya ruguza dakarunsu da sojojin dawakinsa.Bayan da ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi biyar da ya yi amfani da su a matsayin karkatarwa, Labienus ya sake tafiya da sojojinsa zuwa Agendicum inda ya sadu da Kaisar ya dawo daga shan kashi a Gergovia.
Yaƙin Vingeanne
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
52 BCE Jul 1

Yaƙin Vingeanne

Vingeanne, France
A cikin Yuli 52 KZ, Janar Julius Kaisar na Romawa ya yi yaƙi mai mahimmanci na Yaƙin Gallic da ƙungiyar Gauls karkashin jagorancin Vercingetorix.Kaisar ya mayar da martani ga harin da aka kai wa Gallia Narbonensis ta hanyar jagorantar sojojinsa zuwa gabas ta hanyar yankin Lingones zuwa yankin Sequani, mai yiwuwa yana tafiya a cikin kwarin Vingeanne.Kwanan nan ya ɗauki (ko hayar) sojojin doki na Jamus, kuma za su tabbatar da yanke hukunci.Sojojin Gallic sun riƙe matsayi mai ƙarfi wanda aka tsare shi da tudu mai tsayi, mai sauƙin karewa.An kiyaye ta da Vingeanne a hannun dama, da Badin, wani ƙaramin tributary na Vingeanne, a gabansa.A cikin sararin da ke tsakanin waɗannan rafukan biyu da hanyar daga Dijon zuwa Langres yanki ne mai nisan kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) a fadin, ba daidai ba a wasu sassa, kusan kusa da ko'ina, galibi tsakanin Vingeanne da hilllock na Montsuageon.Kusa da hanya, kuma zuwa yamma, tsaunuka suna tasowa waɗanda suka mamaye ƙasa, da dukan ƙasar, har zuwa Badin da Vingeanne.Gauls sunyi tunanin Romawa suna komawa zuwa Italiya kuma sun yanke shawarar kai hari.Ɗayan rukuni na sojan doki na Gallic sun toshe ci gaban Romawa yayin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na mahayan dawakai suka harri gefuna na Romawa.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe mai tsanani, sojojin na Jamus sun karya mayaƙan Gallic a hannun dama kuma suka kori su zuwa ga babban sojojin Gallic.Sauran sojojin dawakai na Gallic sun gudu, kuma aka tilasta Vercingetorix ya koma Alesia, inda Romawa suka kewaye shi.
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52 BCE Sep 1

Siege na Alesia

Alise-Sainte-Reine, France
Yakin Alesia ko Siege na Alesia wani yaƙin soji ne a Yaƙin Gallic da ke kewayen Gallic oppidum (matsugunin kagara) na Alesia, babbar cibiyar kabilar Mandubii.Ita ce babbar yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Gauls da Romawa, kuma ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin soja na Kaisar da misali na yaƙi da saka hannun jari;sojojin Romawa sun gina layi biyu na kagara—bangon ciki don kiyaye Gauls da ke kewaye da shi, da kuma bango na waje don kiyaye ƙarfin agaji na Gallic.Yaƙin Alesia ya nuna ƙarshen yancin Gallic a yankin Faransa da Belgium na zamani.Da aka murkushe tawayen, Kaisar ya kafa rundunansa zuwa hunturu a fadin ƙasashen ƙabilun da aka ci nasara don hana ƙarin tawaye.An kuma aika da sojoji zuwa ga Remi, waɗanda suka kasance abokan gaba ga Romawa a duk lokacin yakin.Amma juriya bai ƙare gaba ɗaya ba: har yanzu ba a sasanta Gaul kudu maso yamma ba.Alesia ya tabbatar da zama ƙarshen juriya na gabaɗaya da kuma tsarin juriya ga mamayewar Kaisar na Gaul kuma ya nuna alamar ƙarshen Gallic Wars.A shekara ta gaba (50 KZ) an gudanar da ayyukan share fage.A lokacin yakin basasar Romawa Gallia da gaske an bar ta da kanta.
51 BCE - 50 BCE
Kamfen na ƙarshe da Pacificationornament
Pacification na Gauls na ƙarshe
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
51 BCE Jan 1 00:01

Pacification na Gauls na ƙarshe

France
A bazara na shekara ta 51 K.Z., sojoji sun yi yaƙi tsakanin ƙabilun Belgic don su kawar da duk wani tunanin tashin hankali, kuma Romawa sun sami salama.Amma manyan sarakuna biyu a kudu maso yammacin Gaul, Drappes da Lucterius, sun kasance masu adawa da Romawa a fili kuma sun ƙarfafa Cadurci oppidum na Uxellodunum.Gaius Caninius Rebilus ya kewaye oppidum kuma ya kafa kewayen Uxellodunum, yana mai da hankali kan gina jerin sansanonin, dawafi, da kuma hana Gallic samun ruwa.An haƙa jerin ramuka (waɗanda aka sami shaidar archaeological) zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke ciyar da birnin.Gauls sun yi ƙoƙari su ƙone ayyukan kewayen Romawa, amma abin ya ci tura.Daga ƙarshe, ramukan Romawa sun isa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma suka karkatar da ruwan.Ba tare da sanin aikin Romawa ba, Gauls sun yi imanin cewa bazarar da ke bushewa alama ce daga alloli kuma sun mika wuya.Kaisar ya zaɓi kada ya kashe masu kare, kuma a maimakon haka kawai yanke hannayensu a matsayin misali.
Siege na Uxellodunum
Roman sappers ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
51 BCE Feb 1

Siege na Uxellodunum

Vayrac, France
Lucterius, shugaban Carduci, da Drapes, shugaban Senones, sun yi ritaya zuwa tudun tudun Uxellodunum don ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci na katangar har sai da gwamnan Gaius Julius Kaisar ya ƙare a Gaul.Da alama ƙungiyar ta yi niyyar fara sabuwar tawaye ga mamaya na Romawa.Yayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke gudana, Gaius Julius Kaisar yana cikin yankin Belgae a Gaul.A can aka sanar da shi ta hanyar masinja na tawaye na Carduci da Senones.Da yake yunƙurin tabbatar da cewa ba za a ƙara samun tawaye a Gaul ba bayan karewar wa'adinsa na gwamna, Kaisar ya tashi nan da nan zuwa Uxellodunum tare da sojojin dawakai, ya bar rundunoninsa, duk da cewa 'yan majalisarsa biyu suna da halin da ake ciki.Lalle ne, Kaisar ya yi hanyarsa da sauri zuwa Uxellodunum har ya ba da mamaki ga wakilansa biyu.Kaisar ya yanke shawarar cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar birnin da ƙarfi ba.Kaisar ya lura da wahalar da Gauls ke da shi wajen tattara ruwan, sai da ya sauko wani tudu mai tudu don isa bakin kogi.Yin amfani da wannan kuskuren da ke tattare da tsaro, Kaisar ya ajiye maharba da ballista kusa da kogin don rufe duk wani yunƙuri na tattara ruwa daga wannan babban tushe.Mafi damun Kaisar duk da haka, wata hanyar ruwa ta biyu ta gangaro daga dutsen kai tsaye ƙarƙashin bangon kagara.Da alama kusan ba zai yuwu a toshe hanyar shiga wannan tushe na biyu ba.Ƙasar tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar ƙasa kuma da ba a yi yuwuwar ɗaukar ƙasa da ƙarfi ba.Ba da daɗewa ba, an sanar da Kaisar wurin da tushen ruwan bazara yake.Da wannan ilimin, ya umarci injiniyoyinsa su gina wani tudu na ƙasa da dutsen da zai iya tallafawa hasumiya mai hawa goma, wanda ya yi amfani da shi wajen jefa bam a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.A lokaci guda kuma, ya sa wani rukunin injiniyoyi suka gina tsarin rami wanda ya ƙare a tushen wannan bazara.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, masu sappers sun ratsa ta hanyar ruwa kuma sun gama aikin yanke Gauls daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwansu, wanda ya tilasta wa Gauls su mika wuya ga matsayinsu.
Kaisar ya bar Gaul kuma ya haye Rubicon
Ketare Rubicon ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
50 BCE Dec 17

Kaisar ya bar Gaul kuma ya haye Rubicon

Rubicon River, Italy
Kaisar ya yarda da mika wuya Gallic.Duk da haka ya yanke shawarar tabbatar da cewa wannan zai zama alamar tawayen Gallic na ƙarshe ta wurin kafa misali mai tsanani.Ya yanke shawarar ƙin kashe ko sayar da waɗanda suka tsira zuwa bauta, kamar yadda aka saba a yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani.Maimakon haka, ya yanke hannun dukan waɗanda suka tsira daga shekarun soja, amma ya bar su da rai.Sai ya tarwatsa Gauls da aka ci nasara a ko’ina cikin lardin domin kowa ya ga cewa ba za su ƙara ɗauko makami a kansa ko kuma Jamhuriyar Roma ba.Bayan ya yi hulɗa da ’yan tawayen Gaulish, Kaisar ya ɗauki runduna biyu ya yi tafiya da nufin ya yi bazara a Aquitania wanda a baya bai ziyarta ba.A takaice ya wuce birnin Narbo Martius da ke lardin Gallia Narbonensis na Roma ya zagaya ta Nementocenna.Deeming Gaul ya sami kwanciyar hankali, kamar yadda ba a sake tayar da tawaye ba, Kaisar ya ɗauki Legion na 13 ya tafi Italiya, inda ya ci gaba da haye Rubicon kuma ya fara Babban Yakin Basasa na Roma a ranar 17 ga Disamba 50 KZ.
50 BCE Dec 31

Epilogue

France
A cikin shekaru takwas, Kaisar ya ci dukan Gaul da wani ɓangare na Biritaniya.Ya zama hamshakin attajiri kuma ya sami babban suna.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Gallic sun ba wa Kaisar isasshen gravitas wanda daga baya ya sami damar yin yaƙin basasa kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya, a cikin jerin abubuwan da za su kai ga ƙarshen Jamhuriyar Roma.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Gallic ba su da takamaiman ranar ƙarshe.Ƙungiyoyin runduna sun ci gaba da aiki a Gaul har zuwa 50 KZ, lokacin da Aulus Hirtius ya ɗauki nauyin rubuta rahotannin Kaisar game da yakin.Wataƙila an ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe har cikin ƙasashen Jamus, idan ba don yakin basasar Roma da ke gabatowa ba.An kori runduna a Gaul a shekara ta 50 K.Z., sa’ad da yaƙin basasa ya kusa, domin Kaisar zai bukaci su ci nasara da abokan gabansa a Roma.Gauls ba su kasance sun kasance ƙarƙashin sarauta gaba ɗaya ba kuma har yanzu ba su kasance wani ɓangare na daular ba.Amma wannan aikin ba na Kaisar ba ne, kuma ya bar wa waɗanda suka gaje shi.Ba za a mai da Gaul cikin lardunan Romawa ba har sai lokacin sarautar Augustus a shekara ta 27 K.Z.An yi tawaye da yawa daga baya, kuma an ajiye sojojin Roma a ko'ina cikin Gaul.Masanin tarihi Gilliver yana tsammanin za a iya samun tashin hankali a yankin a ƙarshen 70 AZ, amma ba zuwa matakin tawayen Vercingetorix ba.Cin Gaul ya nuna farkon kusan ƙarni biyar na mulkin Romawa, wanda zai yi tasiri mai zurfi na al'adu da tarihi.Mulkin Romawa ya zo da shi Latin, harshen Romawa.Wannan zai zama tsohon Faransanci, yana ba wa harshen Faransanci na zamani tushen Latin.Cin Gaul ya ba da damar ƙara fadada daular zuwa Arewa maso yammacin Turai.Augustus zai tura zuwa Jamus kuma ya isa Elbe, ko da yake ya zauna a kan Rhine a matsayin iyakar mulkin mallaka bayan mummunan yakin dajin Teutoburg.Bugu da ƙari, don sauƙaƙe mamaye wasu sassan Jamus, mamayewar Romawa na Biritaniya a shekara ta 43 AZ da Claudius ya gina a kan hare-haren Kaisar.Mulkin Romawa zai dawwama, tare da katsewa ɗaya kawai, har zuwa Ketare Rhine a cikin 406 AZ.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

The Genius Supply System of Rome’s Army | Logistics


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APPENDIX 2

The Impressive Training and Recruitment of Rome’s Legions


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APPENDIX 3

The officers and ranking system of the Roman army


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APPENDIX 4

Roman Auxiliaries - The Unsung Heroes of Rome


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APPENDIX 5

The story of Caesar's best Legion


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APPENDIX 6

Rome Fighting with Gauls


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Characters



Ambiorix

Ambiorix

Belgae

Mark Antony

Mark Antony

Roman Politician

Titus Labienus

Titus Labienus

Military Officer

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

Roman General

Indutiomarus

Indutiomarus

Aristocrat of the Treveri

Quintus Tullius Cicero

Quintus Tullius Cicero

Roman Statesman

Ariovistus

Ariovistus

Leader of the Suebi

Commius

Commius

King of the Atrebates

Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix

Gallic King

Gaius Trebonius

Gaius Trebonius

Military Commander

Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus

British Military Leader

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