Rikicin Rasha na Tsakiyar Asiya

A cikin 1556 Rasha ta ci Astrakhan Khanate a arewacin gabar Tekun Caspian.Nogai Horde ne ke kewaye da yankin. A gabashin Nogais akwai Kazakhs kuma a arewa, tsakanin Volga da Urals, su ne Bashkirs.Kusan wannan lokacin wasu Cossacks kyauta sun kafa kansu akan kogin Ural.A 1602 sun kama Konye-Urgench a yankin Khivan.Dawowa dauke da ganima, Khivans suka kewaye su aka kashe su.Balaguro na biyu ya rasa hanya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, yunwa, kuma ƴan tsira sun kasance bayi a hannun Khivans.Da alama an yi balaguro na uku wanda ba shi da cikakkun bayanai.A lokacin Peter Mai Girma akwai wani babban tura kudu maso gabas.Baya ga balaguron Irtysh da ke sama akwai bala'in 1717 ƙoƙarin cin nasara akan Khiva.Bayan yakin Rasha da Farisa (1722-1723) Rasha ta mamaye yammacin Tekun Caspian a takaice.Kimanin 1734 aka shirya wani yunkuri, wanda ya haifar da yakin Bashkir (1735-1740).Da zarar an daidaita Bashkiria, iyakar kudu maso gabashin Rasha ita ce layin Orenburg tsakanin Urals da Tekun Caspian.Layin Siberian: A ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, Rasha ta riƙe layin garu a kusa da iyakar Kazakhstan na yanzu, wanda shine kusan iyaka tsakanin gandun daji da steppe.Don yin la'akari da waɗannan garu (da kwanakin tushe) sune:Guryev (1645), Uralsk (1613), Orenburg (1743), Orsk (1735).Troitsk (1743), Petropavlovsk (1753), Omsk (1716), Pavlodar (1720), Semipalitinsk (1718) Ust-Kamenogorsk (1720).Uralsk ya kasance tsohon wurin zama na Cossacks kyauta.An kafa Orenburg, Orsk da Troitsk a sakamakon yakin Bashkir game da 1740 kuma ana kiran wannan sashe layin Orenburg.Orenburg ya kasance dogon tushe wanda Rasha ke kallo kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa matakin Kazakh.Garu huɗu na gabas suna gefen kogin Irtysh.Bayan dakasar Sin ta ci Xinjiang a shekara ta 1759, dukkan dauloli biyu suna da ’yan kan iyaka da ke kusa da kan iyakar da ke yanzu.

Tun da Kazakhs makiyaya ne, ba za a iya cinye su a ma'ana ta al'ada ba.A maimakon haka sarrafa Rasha sannu a hankali ya karu.Duk da cewa Kazakhs na musulman Sunni suna da matsuguni da dama a kusa da kan iyakar Kazakh da Rasha, kuma duk da cewa sun kai hare-hare akai-akai kan yankin Rasha, Tsardom na Rasha ne kawai suka fara tuntuɓar su a cikin 1692 lokacin da Peter na gana da Tauke Muhammad Khan.A hankali 'yan kasar Rasha sun fara gina wuraren kasuwanci a kan iyakar Kazakh da Rasha a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, inda a hankali suka kutsa cikin yankin Kazakh tare da raba mazauna yankin.Dangantaka ta kara tsananta a shekara ta 1718 a lokacin mulkin shugaban kasar Kazakhstan Abu'l-Khair Muhammed Khan, wanda da farko ya bukaci Rashawa da su ba da kariya ga Kazakh Khanate daga Dzungar Khanate mai tasowa zuwa gabas.Dan Abu'l-Khair, Nur Ali Khan, ya karya kawancen a shekara ta 1752, kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da yaki a kan kasar Rasha, yayin da ya karbi taimakon shahararren kwamandan Kazakistan Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur.Tawayen da Rasha ta yi ya yi yawa a banza, domin an ci sojojin Kazakhstan a fagen fama sau da yawa.Daga nan Nur Ali Khan ya amince ya sake shiga cikin kariyar Rasha tare da sashinsa na khanate, Junior jüz, ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa.A shekara ta 1781, Abu'l-Mansur Khan, wanda ya mulki yankin jüz na tsakiya na Kazakh Khanate, shi ma ya shiga fagen tasiri da kariyar Rasha.Kamar magabacinsa Abu'l-Khair, Abu'l-Mansur kuma ya nemi kariya daga Qing .Ya hada dukkan juzes guda uku na Kazakhs kuma ya taimaka musu duka su sami kariya a karkashin daular Rasha .A wannan lokacin, Abul-Mansur ya kuma sanya Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur daya daga cikin masu rike da mizani guda uku a cikin sojojin Kazakhstan.Wadannan yunƙurin sun baiwa Rashawa damar kutsawa cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Asiya da kuma yin hulɗa da sauran jihohin tsakiyar Asiya.

Kudanci daga Layin Siberian mataki na gaba a fili shine layin garu tare da Syr Darya daga gabas daga Tekun Aral.Wannan ya kawo Rasha cikin rikici da Khan na Kokand.A farkon karni na 19 Kokand ya fara fadada arewa maso yamma daga kwarin Ferghana.Kimanin shekara ta 1814 sun dauki Hazrat-Turkestan a kan Syr Darya kuma a shekara ta 1817 suka gina Ak-Mechet ('Farin Masallaci') a gaban kogin, da kuma kananan garu a bangarorin biyu na Ak-Mechet.Beg na Ak Mechet ne ke mulkin yankin wanda ya biya harajin Kazakhs na gida waɗanda suka yi sanyi a bakin kogin kuma kwanan nan suka kori Karakalpaks zuwa kudu.A lokacin zaman lafiya Ak-Mechet yana da sansanin sojoji 50 da Julek 40. Khan na Khiva yana da kagara mai rauni a kasan kogin.

Count VA Perovsky ta mamaye hunturu na Khiva, yunƙuri na farko na aiwatar da ikon Rasha a cikin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na Asiya ta Tsakiya, ya fuskanci babban bala'i.Perovsky ne ya gabatar da balaguron balaguro kuma an amince da shi a St. Petersburg.An yi ƙoƙari sosai don tattara isassun kayayyaki da isassun raƙuma da za a yi jigilar su, kuma a wani lokacin sanyi mafi sanyi a tunawa da mutane da dabbobi, wahala da yawa suka faɗi.Harin ya ci tura inda kusan dukkan rakuman tafiyar suka halaka, lamarin da ya nuna yadda Rasha ta dogara da wadannan dabbobi da Kazakhs masu kiwon su da kiwo.Bugu da ƙari, wulakanci, yawancin bayin Rasha, wanda 'yantar da su ya kasance daya daga cikin manufofin da ake zargi na balaguro, an 'yantar da su tare da kawo su Orenburg ta hannun jami'an Birtaniya.Darasin da Rashawa suka koya daga wannan wulakanci shi ne balaguron nesa bai yi tasiri ba.Maimakon haka, sun juya zuwa gagarawoyi a matsayin hanya mafi kyau na cin nasara da sarrafa filayen ciyawa.Rashawa sun kai wa Khiv hari sau hudu.Kusan 1602, wasu Cossacks kyauta sun kai hari uku akan Khiva.A shekara ta 1717, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky ya kai wa Khiva hari kuma an yi nasara da shi sosai, kawai 'yan maza ne kawai suka tsere don ba da labari.Bayan da Rasha ta sha kashi a 1839-1840, a ƙarshe Rashawa sun ci Khiva a lokacin yaƙin Khivan na 1873.

Ƙarshen gabas na steppe na Kazakhstan ana kiransa Semirechye ta Rasha.Kudancin wannan, tare da iyakar Kyrgyzstan na zamani, tsaunin Tien Shan ya kai kusan kilomita 640 (mil 400) zuwa yamma.Ruwan da ke gangarowa daga tsaunuka yana ba da ban ruwa don layin garuruwa kuma yana tallafawa hanyar ayari ta halitta.Kudancin wannan hasashen dutsen shine kwarin Ferghana mai yawan jama'a wanda Khanate na Kokand ke mulki.Kudancin Ferghana shine Range na Turkestan sannan kuma ƙasar da ake kira Bactria.Yamma na arewa shine babban birnin Tashkent kuma yammacin yankin kudu shine tsohon babban birnin Tamerlane Samarkand.A cikin 1847 aka kafa Kopal kudu maso gabashin tafkin Balkash.A cikin 1852 Rasha ta haye kogin Ili kuma ta gamu da adawar Kazakh kuma a shekara ta gaba ta lalata sansanin Kazakh na Tuchubek.A cikin 1854 sun kafa Fort Vernoye (Almaty) a gaban tsaunuka.Vernoye yana da kusan kilomita 800 (mita 500) kudu da Layin Siberian.Shekaru takwas bayan haka, a 1862, Rasha ta ɗauki Tokmak (Tokmok) da Pishpek (Bishkek).Rasha ta sanya wani karfi a hanyar Kastek don dakile wani hari daga Kokand.Kokandis ya yi amfani da hanyar wucewa daban-daban, ya kai hari kan matsakaicin matsayi, Kolpakovsky ya garzaya daga Kastek kuma ya ci nasara da babbar runduna gaba daya.A 1864 Chernayev ya dauki umurnin gabas, ya jagoranci mutane 2500 daga Siberiya, kuma ya kama Aulie-Ata (Taraz).Yanzu haka Rasha tana kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen dutsen kuma kusan rabin tsakanin Vernoye da Ak-Mechet.A shekara ta 1851 Rasha da China sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kulja don daidaita kasuwanci tare da abin da ke zama sabon kan iyaka.A shekara ta 1864 sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Tarbagatai wadda kusan ta kafa iyakar kasar Sin da Kazakhstan a halin yanzu.Don haka Sinawa sun yi watsi da duk wani iƙirari ga Kazakh steppe, gwargwadon abin da suke da shi.

Ganin gazawar Perovsky a cikin 1839 Rasha ta yanke shawarar a hankali amma tabbatacce.A 1847 Kyaftin Schultz ya gina Raimsk a cikin Syr delta.Ba da da ewa ba ya tashi zuwa Kazalinsk.Dukansu wurare kuma ana kiransu Fort Aralsk.Mahara daga Khiva da Kokand sun kai hari kan Kazakhs na yankin kusa da katangar kuma Rashawa suka kore su.An gina jiragen ruwa guda uku a Orenburg, an wargaza su, an ɗauke su zuwa ƙetare kuma an sake gina su.An yi amfani da su wajen tsara taswirar tafkin.A cikin 1852/3 an ɗauki jiragen ruwa guda biyu daga Sweden kuma an harba su a kan Tekun Aral.Saxaul na gida yana tabbatar da rashin amfani, dole ne a hura su da anthracite da aka kawo daga Don.A wani lokaci mai tuƙi yakan ja jirgin ruwa na saxaul kuma ya tsaya lokaci-lokaci don sake loda mai.Syr ya zama marar zurfi, cike da sandunan yashi kuma yana da wahalar kewayawa a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa.

A shekara ta 1837, tashin hankali ya sake tashi a cikin Kazakh steppe.A wannan karon, an fara tada jijiyoyin wuya tsakanin Kazakhstan da suka hada da Ğubaidullah Khan, Sher Ghazi Khan, da Kenesary Khan, wadanda dukkansu ‘ya’yan Qasim Sultan ne kuma jikokin Abu’l-Mansur Khan.Sun kaddamar da tawaye ga Rasha.Sarakunan guda uku sun so su maido da ‘yancin kai na dangi da ake da su a zamanin sarakunan Kazakhstan da suka gabata irin su Abul-Mansur, kuma sun nemi su hana Rashawa haraji.A shekara ta 1841, khans uku sun sami taimakon wani ɗan uwansa Aziz id-Din Bahadur, ɗan kwamandan Kazakhstan Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur kuma suka tattara babban runduna na ƙwararrun Kazakhs don tsayayya da sojojin Rasha.Kazakhs sun kwace wasu sansanonin Kokand a Kazakhstan, ciki har da tsohon babban birninsu na Hazrat-e-Turkistan.Sun yanke shawarar buya ne a yankin tsaunuka da ke kusa da tafkin Balkhash, amma abin ya ba su mamaki yayin da wani dan kasar Kyrgyzstan mai suna Ormon Khan ya bayyanawa sojojin Rasha inda suke.Gubaidullah, Sher Ghazi, da Kenesary duk ‘yan gudun hijirar Kirgistan da ke taimakon Rashawa ne suka kama su kuma suka kashe su.A karshen shekara ta 1847, sojojin Rasha sun kwace babban birnin Kazakhstan na Hazrat-e-Turkistan da Syghanaq, inda suka kawar da Kazakh Khanate baki daya.

A cikin shekarun 1840 zuwa 1850, 'yan kasar Rasha sun fadada ikonsu zuwa cikin tsaunuka, inda bayan da suka kwace sansanin Khokandi na Aq Masjid a shekara ta 1853, suka nemi kafa wata sabuwar iyaka da ke gabar kogin Syr Darya, a gabashin Tekun Aral.Sabbin sandunan Raim, Kazalinsk, Karmakchi da Perovsk sun kasance tsibiran ikon mallakar Rasha a cikin kufai shimfidar wuri na gishiri, fadama da sahara da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi da zafi.Bayar da garrison ya kasance mai wahala da tsada, kuma Rashawa sun dogara ga masu sayar da hatsin Bukhara da masu kiwon shanu na Kazakhstan kuma suka gudu zuwa sansanin a Kokand.Iyakar Syr Darya ta kasance tushe mai inganci don satar bayanan leken asirin Rasha, tare da dakile hare-haren Khokand, amma Cossacks ko manoma ba su gamsu da zama a can ba, kuma farashin mamaya ya wuce kudin shiga.A ƙarshen shekarun 1850, an yi kira ga janyewa zuwa gaban Orenburg, amma muhawarar da aka saba - gardamar daraja - ta ci nasara, kuma a maimakon haka hanya mafi kyau daga wannan "wuri na musamman" shine harin Tashkent.

A halin da ake ciki, Rasha na ci gaba zuwa kudu maso gabashin Syr Darya daga Ak-Mechet.A cikin 1859, an ɗauke Julek daga Kokand.A cikin 1861 an gina katanga na Rasha a Julek da Yani Kurgan (Zhanakorgan) mai nisan kilomita 80 (mita 50).A shekara ta 1862 Chernyaev ya sake duba kogin har zuwa Hazrat-i-Turkestan kuma ya kama karamar gabar Suzak mai tazarar kilomita 105 (65 mi) gabas da kogin.A cikin watan Yuni 1864 Veryovkin ya ɗauki Hazrat-Turkestan daga Kokand.Ya gaggauta mika wuya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a cikin sanannen mausoleum.Rukunin Rasha guda biyu sun haɗu a cikin tazarar kilomita 240 (mita 150) tsakanin Hazrat da Aulie-Ata, ta haka suka kammala layin Syr-Darya.

Ga wasu masana tarihi an fara mamaye tsakiyar Asiya a cikin 1865 tare da faduwar Tashkent ga Janar Chernyaev.A gaskiya wannan shi ne ƙarshen jerin kamfen ɗin steppe da aka fara a cikin 1840s, amma ya nuna alamar lokacin da daular Rasha ta tashi daga mataki zuwa yankin da aka daidaita na Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya.Tashkent shi ne birni mafi girma a Asiya ta Tsakiya kuma babban cibiyar kasuwanci, amma an daɗe ana jayayya cewa Chernyaev ya ƙi bin umarni lokacin da ya kama birnin.Rashin biyayyar da Chernyaev ya yi ya kasance ainihin samfurin rashin fahimta na umarninsa, kuma sama da dukkanin jahilcin Rasha game da labarin kasa na yankin, wanda ke nufin Ma'aikatar War ya gamsu da 'yanayin yanayi' ko ta yaya zai gabatar da kansa lokacin da ake bukata.Bayan Aulie-Ata, Chimkent da Turkestan sun fada hannun sojojin Rasha, an umurci Chernyaev da ya ware Tashkent daga tasirin Khoqand.Duk da yake ba wai juyin mulkin da ke da tsoro ba ne, harin Chernyaev yana da haɗari, kuma ya haifar da faɗar kwana biyu a tituna kafin ya isa masauki tare da Tashkent 'ulama.

Bayan faduwar Tashkent Janar MG Chernyaev ya zama gwamna na farko a sabon lardin Turkestan, kuma nan take ya fara fafutukar ganin birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin mulkin Rasha da kuma ci gaba da mamaye yankunan.Wata barazana da ke fitowa daga Sayyid Muzaffar, Amirul Bukhara, ta ba shi hujjar ci gaba da daukar matakin soja.A cikin Fabrairu 1866 Chernayev ya haye Steppe Yunwar zuwa Bokharan Fort Jizzakh.Ganin cewa aikin ba zai yiwu ba, sai ya janye zuwa Tashkent da Bokharans waɗanda ba da daɗewa ba Kokandis suka shiga.A wannan lokaci Chernayev aka tuno domin rashin biyayya da kuma maye gurbinsu da Romanovsky.Romanovsky ya shirya don kai hari Bohkara, Amir ya fara tafiya, runduna biyu sun hadu a filin Irjar.Bukharyawa sun watse, inda suka yi asarar mafi yawan makaman makamansu, kayayyaki da dukiyoyinsu, sannan sama da 1,000 suka mutu, yayin da Rashawa suka samu raunuka 12.Maimakon bin shi, Romanovsky ya juya gabas ya dauki Khujand, don haka ya rufe bakin kwarin Fergana.Sannan ya koma yamma ya kaddamar da hare-hare ba tare da izini ba a Ura-Tepe da Jizzakh daga Bukhara.Rikici ya tilastawa Bukhara fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya.

A cikin Yuli 1867 an ƙirƙiri sabon lardin Turkestan kuma aka sanya shi ƙarƙashin Janar von Kaufmann tare da hedkwatarsa ​​a Tashkent.Amir Bokharan bai yi cikakken iko da mutanensa ba, an yi ta kai hare-hare da tawaye, don haka Kaufmann ya yanke shawarar hanzarta al'amura ta hanyar kai wa Samarkand hari.Bayan ya tarwatsa rundunar bokharan Samarkand ya rufe kofofinsa ga sojojin Bokharan ya mika wuya (Mayu 1868).Ya bar wani sansanin soja a Samarkand kuma ya tafi don magance wasu wuraren da ba su da kyau.An kewaye sansanin kuma cikin wahala sosai har sai da Kaufmann ya dawo.A ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1868, a wani gagarumin yakin da aka gwabza a kan tudun Zerabulak, Rasha ta yi galaba a kan manyan sojojin sarkin Bukhara, inda suka yi asarar mutane kasa da 100, yayin da sojojin Bukhara suka yi asarar daga 3.5 zuwa 10,000.A ranar 5 ga Yuli 1868 aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Khanate na Bokhara ya rasa Samarkand kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa har zuwa juyin juya hali.Khanate na Kokand ya yi hasarar yankin yammacinta, an tsare shi a cikin kwarin Ferghana da tsaunukan da ke kewaye kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa na kusan shekaru 10.A cewar Bregel's Atlas, idan babu wani wuri, a cikin 1870 yanzu vassal Khanate na Bokhara ya faɗaɗa gabas kuma ya haɗa wani ɓangare na Bactria wanda ke kewaye da Turkestan Range, Pamir Plateau da iyakar Afghanistan.

Yakin da ke kan tudun Zerabulak shi ne gagarumin yakin da sojojin Rasha karkashin jagorancin Janar Kaufman suka yi tare da sojojin Sarkin Bukhara Muzaffar, wanda ya faru a watan Yunin 1868, a kan gangaren tudun Zera-tau, tsakanin Samarkand da Bukhari.Ya ƙare tare da shan kashin da sojojin Bukhara suka yi, da kuma juyin mulkin da Masarautar Bukhara ta yi zuwa ga dogara ga daular Rasha.

Sau biyu da suka gabata, Rasha ta kasa cin galaba a kan Khiva.A 1717, Prince Bekovitch-Cherkassky tafiya daga Caspian kuma ya yi yaƙi da Khivan sojojin.Khivans sun ruɗe shi ta hanyar diflomasiyya, sannan suka karkashe dukan sojojinsa, kusan babu wanda ya tsira.A cikin yakin Khivan na 1839, Count Perovsky ya yi tafiya zuwa kudu daga Orenburg.Da sanyin sanyi da ba a saba gani ba ya kashe yawancin raƙuma na Rasha, wanda ya tilasta musu komawa baya.A shekara ta 1868, mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Turkestan ya kame Tashkent da Samarkand, kuma ya sami iko da Khanate na Kokand a tsaunukan gabas da Bukhara a gefen kogin Oxus.Wannan ya bar wani yanki mai nisa sosai a gabas da Caspian, kudu da arewa da iyakar Farisa .Khanate na Khiva ya kasance a ƙarshen ƙarshen wannan triangle.A cikin Disamba 1872, Sarkin sarakuna ya yanke shawara ta ƙarshe don kai hari Khiva.Rundunar za ta kasance kamfanonin jiragen sama 61, 26 na Cossack dawakai, bindigogi 54, turmi 4 da makaman roka 5.Za a tunkari Khiva daga wurare biyar:Janar von Kaufmann, a babban kwamandan, zai yi tafiya zuwa yamma daga Tashkent kuma ya sadu da wani runduna ta biyu da ta taso daga kudu.Fort Aralsk.Su biyun za su hadu ne a tsakiyar hamadar Kyzylkum a Min Bulak kuma su matsa kudu maso yamma zuwa kan Oxus delta.A halin yanzu,Veryovkin zai tafi kudu daga Orenburg tare da yammacin Tekun Aral kuma ya haduLomakin yana zuwa gabas kai tsaye daga Tekun Caspian yayinMarkozov zai yi tafiya arewa maso gabas daga Krasnovodsk (daga baya ya canza zuwa Chikishlyar).Dalilin wannan mummunan shirin ƙila ya kasance kishiya ce ta hukuma.Gwamnan Orenburg ya kasance yana da alhakin farko na Asiya ta Tsakiya.Sabon Lardin Kaufmann da ya mamaye Turkestan yana da hafsoshi da yawa, yayin da mataimakin na Caucasus ke da mafi yawan sojoji.Veryovkin ya kasance a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na delta da Kaufmann a kusurwar kudu, amma sai a ranar 4 da 5 ga Yuni ne manzanni suka kawo su.Veryovkin ya dauki kwamandan sojojin Lomakin kuma ya bar Kungard a ranar 27 ga Mayu, inda ya dauki Khojali (mil 55 kudu) da Mangit (mil 35 kudu maso gabas daga wancan).Saboda wasu harbe-harbe da aka yi a kauyen, an kona Mangit tare da yanka mutanen.Khivans sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa don hana su.A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni ya kasance a wajen Khiva.Kwanaki biyu kafin ya sami labarin cewa Kaufmann ya ketare Oxus.A ranar 9 ga watan Yuni ne wata jam’iyya mai ci gaba ta yi ta luguden wuta inda ta gano cewa ba da gangan suka isa kofar Arewa na birnin ba.Sun dauki katanga kuma sun kira tsani masu zazzagewa, amma Veryovkin ya kira su baya, da nufin tashin bam kawai.A lokacin alkawari, Veryovkin ya ji rauni a idon dama.An fara tashin bama-bamai, wani manzo ya iso da karfe 4 na yamma yana bada capitulation.Domin harbin da aka yi daga katangar bai hana a ci gaba da kai hare-haren ba kuma nan da nan wasu sassan birnin suka ci wuta.Bam ya sake tsayawa da karfe 11 na dare lokacin da sako ya iso daga Kaufmann yana cewa Khan ya mika wuya.Washegari wasu Turkman suka fara harbi daga bangon, bindigogi suka bude, wasu harbe-harbe na sa'a suka farfasa kofar.Skobelev da maza 1,000 ne suka ruga a guje kuma suna kusa da wurin Khan lokacin da suka sami labarin cewa Kaufmann yana shiga ta Ƙofar Yamma cikin lumana.Ya ja da baya ya jira Kaufmann.

A 1875 Kokand Khanate ya yi tawaye ga mulkin Rasha.Kwamandojin Kokand Abdurakhman da Pulat bey sun kwace mulki a cikin Khanate suka fara farmakin soji kan Rashawa.A watan Yulin 1875 yawancin sojojin Khan da yawancin iyalinsa sun gudu zuwa ga 'yan tawaye, don haka ya gudu zuwa Rasha a Kojent tare da fam miliyan na Birtaniya.Kaufmann ya mamaye Khanate a ranar 1 ga Satumba, ya yi fadace-fadace da dama kuma ya shiga babban birnin kasar a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1875. A watan Oktoba ya mika mukaminsa ga Mikhail Skobelev.Dakarun Rasha karkashin jagorancin Skobelev da Kaufmann sun fatattaki 'yan tawaye a yakin Makhram.A cikin 1876, 'yan Rasha sun shiga Kokand da yardar kaina, an kashe shugabannin 'yan tawaye, kuma an kawar da Khanate.Fergana Oblast an halicce shi a wurinsa.

Yakin farko na Geok Tepe (1879) ya faru ne a lokacin da Rasha ta mamaye Turkestan, wanda ke nuna gagarumin rikici da Akhal Tekke Turkmens.Bayan nasarar da Rasha ta samu kan Masarautar Bukhara (1868) da kuma Khanate of Khiva (1873), makiyayan hamadar Turkoman sun kasance masu zaman kansu, suna zaune a wani yanki da ke kusa da Tekun Caspian, Kogin Oxus, da iyakar Farisa.Tekke Turkomans, musamman masu aikin gona, suna kusa da tsaunin Kopet Dagh, wanda ya ba da kariya ta dabi'a tare da bakin teku.A ja-gorancin yakin, Janar Lazerev ya maye gurbin Nikolai Lomakin wanda bai yi nasara ba a baya, inda ya hada dakaru 18,000 da rakuma 6,000 a Chikishlyar.Shirin ya kunshi tafiya cikin hamada zuwa Akhal Oasis, da nufin kafa sansanin samar da kayayyaki a Khoja Kale kafin kai hari Geok Tepe.Kalubalen kayan aiki sun kasance masu mahimmanci, gami da jinkirin sauka a Chikishlyar da wahalhalun tafiye-tafiyen hamada a lokacin rashin kyau.Duk da shirye-shiryen da aka yi, yakin ya fuskanci koma baya da wuri tare da mutuwar Lazerev a watan Agusta, wanda ya jagoranci Lomakin ya jagoranci.Ci gaban Lomakin ya fara ne da tsallaka tsaunukan Kopet Dagh da tafiya zuwa Geok Tepe, wanda aka fi sani da Denghil Tepe.Bayan isa ga sansanin sojan da ke da yawan jama'a tare da masu karewa da farar hula, Lomakin ya fara kai harin bam.Harin da aka yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba bai yi kyau ba, ba tare da shiri ba kamar tsani da isassun sojoji, wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama daga bangarorin biyu.Turkmen karkashin jagorancin Berdi Murad Khan da aka kashe a yakin, sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Rasha duk da gagarumar hasarar da suka yi.Komawar da Rasha ta yi ya nuna gazawar yunkurin cin galaba a kan Geok Tepe, inda aka soki dabarun Lomakin saboda gaggawar da suka yi da rashin tsara dabarunsu, wanda ya haifar da zubar da jini da ba dole ba.'Yan Rasha sun sami raunuka 445, yayin da Tekkes sun sami raunuka kusan 4,000 (an kashe su da rauni).Bayan haka, Janar Tergukasov ya maye gurbin Lazarev da Lomakin, tare da yawancin sojojin Rasha sun janye zuwa yammacin Caspian a karshen shekara.Wannan yaƙin ya misalta ƙalubalen da masu mulkin mallaka suka fuskanta wajen mamaye yankunan tsakiyar Asiya, yana mai nuni da matsalolin kayan aiki, tsananin tsayin daka na al'ummar yankin, da sakamakon rashin gudanar da ayyukan soji.

Yakin Geok Tepe a 1881, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Denghil-Tepe ko Dangil Teppe, wani gagarumin rikici ne a yakin 1880/81 na Rasha kan kabilar Teke na Turkmens, wanda ya kai ga ikon Rasha a kan mafi yawan Turkmenistan na zamani da kuma kusa da kammalawa. Yunkurin da Rasha ta yi a tsakiyar Asiya.Kagara na Geok Tepe, tare da katangar laka da kariyarsa, yana cikin Akhal Oasis, yanki ne da aikin noma ke tallafawa saboda ban ruwa daga tsaunin Kopet Dagh.Bayan yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a cikin 1879, Rasha, ƙarƙashin umarnin Mikhail Skobelev, ta shirya don sake kai hari.Skobelev ya zaɓi dabarun kewayewa kan harin kai tsaye, yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka kayan aiki da sannu a hankali, ci gaba mai dabara.A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1880, sojojin Rasha sun kasance a kusa da Geok Tepe, tare da adadi mai yawa na sojoji, sojan doki, bindigogi, da fasahar soja na zamani ciki har da roka da heliographs.Tun a farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 1881 ne dai sojojin Rasha suka kafa matsuguni tare da gudanar da bincike don ware kagara da kuma katse ruwan da suke ciki.Duk da nau'ikan nau'ikan Turkmen da yawa, wadanda suka yi sanadin hasarar rayuka amma kuma suka yi hasara mai yawa ga Tekkes, 'yan Rasha sun ci gaba da samun ci gaba.A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, an sanya nakiyar da ke cike da bama-bamai a karkashin katangar katangar, wanda ya kai ga gallazawa a washegarin.Harin na karshe da aka kai ranar 24 ga watan Janairu ya fara ne da wani katafaren bama-bamai, sannan kuma fashewar nakiya ta biyo baya, wanda ya haifar da kutsawa ta inda sojojin Rasha suka shiga sansanin.Duk da tsayin daka na farko da ɗan ƙaramin kutsawa da aka samu, sojojin na Rasha sun yi nasarar tabbatar da kagara da yamma, tare da tserewa da Tekkes da sojojin na Rasha suka bi su.Sakamakon yakin ya kasance mai muni: Rashawa ta kashe a watan Janairu sun haura dubu, tare da kashe manyan harsasai.An kiyasta asarar Tekke zuwa 20,000.Kame Ashgabat ya biyo baya ne a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, wanda ke nuna wata babbar nasara, amma ta hanyar hasarar rayukan fararen hula, wanda ya kai ga korar Skobelev daga mukaminsa.Yakin da ci gaban Rasha na gaba ya ƙarfafa ikonsu a kan yankin, tare da kafa Transcaspia a matsayin yankin Rasha da kuma daidaita iyakokin da Farisa.An yi bikin tunawa da wannan yakin a Turkmenistan a matsayin ranar makoki na kasa da kuma alamar tsayin daka, wanda ke yin la'akari da irin mummunar tashe-tashen hankula da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da al'ummar Turkmen.

Titin jirgin kasa na Trans-Caspian ya isa Kyzyl Arbat a arewa maso yammacin Kopet Dag a tsakiyar watan Satumba na 1881. Daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba Lessar ya yi bincike a arewacin Kopet Dag kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa ba za a sami matsala wajen gina titin jirgin kasa tare da shi ba.Daga Afrilu 1882 ya bincika ƙasar kusan zuwa Herat kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa babu wani cikas na soja tsakanin Kopet Dag da Afghanistan.Nazirov ko Nazir Beg ya tafi Merv a cikin ɓarna sannan ya tsallaka hamada zuwa Bukhara da Tashkent.Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa tare da Kopet Dag ya ƙare gabas da Ashkebat.Gabas mai nisa akwai hamada, sai kuma karamar kwararowar Tejent, da hamada mai yawa, da kuma babban yankin Merv.Merv yana da babban kagara na Kaushut Khan kuma Merv Tekes ne ke zaune, wanda kuma ya yi yaƙi a Geok Tepe.Da aka kafa Rashawa a Askhabad, 'yan kasuwa, da kuma 'yan leƙen asiri, sun fara motsawa tsakanin Kopet Dag da Merv.Wasu dattawa daga Merv sun je arewa zuwa Petroalexandrovsk kuma sun ba da digiri na biyayya ga ’yan Rasha da ke wurin.Dole ne 'yan Rasha a Askhabad su bayyana cewa duka ƙungiyoyin na daula ɗaya ne.A cikin Fabrairu 1882 Alikhanov ya ziyarci Merv kuma ya tuntubi Makhdum Kuli Khan, wanda ya kasance mai kula da Geok Tepe.A watan Satumba Alikhanov ya rinjayi Makhdum Kuli Khan ya yi mubaya'a ga White Czar.Rohrberg ya maye gurbin Skobelev a cikin bazara na 1881, wanda ya bi Janar Komarov a cikin bazara na 1883. A kusan ƙarshen 1883, Janar Komarov ya jagoranci mutane 1500 don mamaye yankin Tejen.Bayan da Komarov ya mamaye Tejen, Alikhanov da Makhdum Kuli Khan sun je Merv suka kira taron dattawa, daya yana barazana, ɗayan kuma yana lallashi.Ba tare da fatan sake maimaita kisan gilla a Geok Tepe, dattawa 28 sun tafi Askhabad kuma a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu sun yi mubaya'a a gaban Janar Komarov.Wani bangare a Merv ya yi ƙoƙarin yin tsayayya amma ya yi rauni sosai don ya cim ma komai.Maris 16, 1884 Komarov ya mamaye Merv.Batun Khanates na Khiva da Bukhara yanzu sun kewaye yankin Rasha.

Lamarin na Panjdeh (wanda aka sani a tarihin tarihin kasar Rasha da yakin Kushka) wani hadaka ne da makami tsakanin Masarautar Afganistan da daular Rasha a shekara ta 1885 wanda ya haifar da rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin daular Burtaniya da daular Rasha dangane da fadada kasar Rasha zuwa kudu maso gabas. zuwa Masarautar Afghanistan da Birtaniya Raj (Indiya).Bayan da ya kusa kammala mamaye yankin Asiya ta tsakiya (Turkistan ta Rasha) da Rasha ta mamaye, Rashan sun kwace wani katafaren katafaren iyaka na Afganistan, lamarin da ke barazana ga muradun Birtaniya a yankin.Ganin hakan a matsayin barazana ga Indiya, Biritaniya ta shirya yaki amma bangarorin biyu suka ja da baya aka sasanta lamarin ta hanyar diflomasiyya.Lamarin ya dakatar da ci gaba da fadada kasar Rasha a yankin Asiya, in ban da tsaunin Pamir, kuma ya haifar da ma'anar iyakar arewa maso yammacin Afghanistan.

Kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Turkestan na Rasha ita ce manyan Pamirs wanda a yanzu ke zama yankin Gorno-Badakhshan mai cin gashin kansa na Tajikistan.Ana amfani da tuddai masu tsayi a gabas don kiwo na rani.A gefen yamma kwazazzabai masu wahala suna gudu zuwa kogin Panj da Bactria.A cikin 1871 Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko ya sami izinin Khan don bincika kudu.Ya isa kwarin Alay amma rakiyarsa ba ta ba shi izinin tafiya kudu zuwa tudun Pamir ba.A cikin 1876 Skobelev ya kori wani ɗan tawaye kudu zuwa kwarin Alay kuma Kostenko ya haye mashigin Kyzylart kuma ya tsara yankin da ke kusa da tafkin Karakul a arewa maso gabas na tudun.A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa an tsara yawancin yankin.A cikin 1891, 'yan Rasha sun sanar da Francis Younghusband cewa yana kan yankinsu kuma daga bisani suka fitar da Laftanar Davidson daga yankin ('Pamir Incident').A shekara ta 1892 wata bataliya ta 'yan kasar Rasha karkashin Mikhail Ionov ta shiga yankin inda suka yi sansani kusa da Murghab na yanzu, Tajikistan a arewa maso gabas.A shekara ta gaba sun gina kagara mai kyau a can (Pamirskiy Post).A 1895 aka koma sansaninsu yamma zuwa Khorog suna fuskantar Afganistan.A cikin 1893 layin Durand ya kafa hanyar Wakhan tsakanin Pamirs na Rasha da Indiya ta Burtaniya.

Babban Wasan yana nufin ƙoƙarin Burtaniya na toshe faɗaɗa Rasha kudu maso gabas zuwaIndiya ta Burtaniya.Ko da yake an yi magana da yawa game da yiwuwar mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Indiya, kuma da yawa daga cikin jami’an Birtaniya da masu fafutuka sun kutsa cikin tsakiyar Asiya, amma turawan ingila ba su yi wani abu mai tsanani ba don hana Rasha mamaye Turkestan, in banda daya.A duk lokacin da jami'an Rasha suka tunkari Afganistan sukan mayar da martani sosai, suna ganin Afganistan a matsayin wata kasa mai fafutukar kare kasar Indiya.Mamayewar Rasha a Indiya da alama ba zai yuwu ba, amma yawancin marubutan Burtaniya sun yi la'akari da yadda za a yi.Lokacin da ba a san komai game da yanayin ƙasa ba, an yi tunanin za su iya isa Khiva su hau jirgin Oxus zuwa Afghanistan.A zahiri za su iya samun goyon bayan Farisa su tsallaka arewacin Farisa.Da zarar sun isa Afganistan za su busawa sojojinsu da tayin ganima kuma su mamaye Indiya.A madadin, za su iya mamaye Indiya kuma su tayar da tawaye na asali.Manufar bazai zama cin nasara na Indiya ba amma don matsa lamba akan Birtaniya yayin da Rasha ta yi wani abu mafi mahimmanci kamar ɗaukar Constantinople.Babban Wasan ya zo ƙarshe tare da shata iyakar arewacin Afganistan a 1886 da 1893 da Anglo-Rasha Entente na 1907.