Viking Invasions na Ingila

A cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na ƙarni na takwas, maharan Viking sun kai hari kan jerin gidajen ibada na Kirista a Tsibirin Biritaniya .A nan, an sanya waɗannan wuraren ibada sau da yawa a kan ƙananan tsibirai da kuma wasu wurare masu nisa na bakin teku domin sufaye su zauna a keɓe, suna ba da kansu ga bauta ba tare da tsangwama na sauran al'umma ba.A lokaci guda, ya mayar da su saniyar ware kuma ba tare da kariya ba don kai hari.Sanannen labarin farko na harin Viking a Anglo-Saxon Ingila ya fito ne daga 789, lokacin da jiragen ruwa uku daga Hordaland (a Norway na zamani) suka sauka a tsibirin Portland a kudancin gabar tekun Wessex.Beaduheard, mai sarautar Dorchester ne ya zo wurinsu, wanda aikinsa shi ne gano duk wani baƙon da ke shiga masarautar, kuma suka ci gaba da kashe shi.Kusan tabbas an kai hare-haren da ba a yi rikodi ba a baya.A cikin wata takarda mai dangantaka da 792, King Offa na Mercia ya ba da damar da aka ba wa gidajen ibada da majami'u a Kent, amma ya keɓe aikin soja "a kan 'yan fashin teku tare da jiragen ruwa masu ƙaura", yana nuna cewa hare-haren Viking ya riga ya zama matsala.A cikin wasiƙar 790-92 zuwa ga Sarki Æthelred na farko na Northumbria, Alcuin ya caccaki mutanen Ingilishi don kwafin salon arna waɗanda suka tsoratar da su.Wannan ya nuna cewa an riga an sami kusanci tsakanin mutanen biyu, kuma da Vikings sun sami labarin abubuwan da suke so.Harin na gaba da aka yi rikodin kan Anglo-Saxon ya zo ne a shekara mai zuwa, a cikin 793, lokacin da wata ƙungiya ta Viking ta kori gidan sufi a Lindisfarne, tsibiri daga gabar tekun Gabashin Ingila, a ranar 8 ga Yuni.A shekara ta gaba, sun kori Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey da ke kusa. A cikin 795, sun sake kai hari, a wannan karon sun kai farmaki kan Iona Abbey da ke gabar yammacin Scotland. An sake kai hari ga wannan gidan ibada a cikin 802 da 806, lokacin da aka kashe mutane 68 da ke zaune a wurin.Bayan wannan barnar, al'ummar zuhudu a Iona sun watsar da wurin kuma suka gudu zuwa Kells a Ireland.A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na tara, maharan Viking sun fara kai hari a gundumomin bakin teku na Ireland.A cikin 835, babban hari na farko na Viking a kudancin Ingila ya faru kuma an kai shi a kan tsibirin Sheppey.

A cikin 793, wani hari na Viking akan Lindisfarne ya haifar da firgita da yawa a ko'ina cikin yammacin Kiristanci kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon zamanin Viking.A lokacin harin an kashe da yawa daga cikin sufaye, ko kama su kuma aka bautar da su.Wadannan hare-haren na share fage, wadanda ba su daidaita ba, ba a bi su ba.Babban jigon maharan ya ratsa arewacin yankin Scotland.Mamayewar ƙarni na 9 ba daga Norway ba ne, amma daga Danes daga kewayen ƙofar Baltic.

A cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:"A cikin wannan shekara Ealdorman Ceorl tare da tawagar mutanen Devon sun yi yaƙi da sojojin arna a Wicganbeorg, kuma turawa sun yi kisa sosai a can kuma sun yi nasara. Kuma a karon farko, arna sun zauna a cikin hunturu a Thanet. A wannan shekarar kuma jiragen ruwa 350 ne suka shiga bakin Tekun Thames suka afkawa Canterbury da Landan suka kori Brihtwulf, Sarkin Mercians tare da sojojinsa, suka haye kudancin Thames zuwa Surrey, Sarki, Æthelwulf da ɗansa Æthelbald. ya yi yaƙi da su a Aclea tare da sojojin Yammacin Saxon, kuma a can aka yi kisan gilla mafi girma (a kan rundunar arna) da muka taɓa ji har zuwa yau, kuma muka sami nasara a can.""Kuma a wannan shekarar ne Sarki Athelstan da Ealdorman Ealhhere suka yi yaki a cikin jiragen ruwa kuma suka kashe wata babbar runduna a Sandwich da ke Kent, suka kama jiragen ruwa tara suka kori sauran."

The Great Heathen Army wanda aka fi sani da Viking Great Army, wani haɗin gwiwa ne na mayaƙan Scandinavia, waɗanda suka mamaye Ingila a 865 CE.Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 8, Vikings sun kasance suna kai hare-hare kan cibiyoyin dukiya kamar gidajen ibada.The Great Heathen Army ya fi girma da nufin mamayewa da cinye masarautun Ingila huɗu na Gabashin Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia da Wessex.

Masarautar Northumbria tana tsakiyar yakin basasa tare da Ælla da Osberht duk suna da'awar kambi.Vikings karkashin jagorancin Ubba da Ivar sun sami damar ɗaukar birnin da ɗan wahala.

An yi yakin York tsakanin Vikings na Babban Heathen Army da Masarautar Northumbria a ranar 21 ga Maris 867. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 867 Ælla da Osberht sun ajiye bambance-bambancen su a gefe tare da haɗin kai a ƙoƙarin korar mahara daga Northumbria.An fara gwabzawa da sojojin na Northumbrian da kyau, inda suka yi nasarar kutsawa cikin kariyar birnin.A wannan lokacin ne gwanintar mayaƙan Viking ya iya nunawa ta hanyar, yayin da ƙananan tituna suka rushe duk wata fa'ida ta lambobi da 'yan Northumbrian suka samu.Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da kashe sojojin Northumbrian, da mutuwar Ælla da Osberht.

Yaƙin Ashdown, a kusan 8 ga Janairu 871, ya yi alamar gagarumar nasara ta Yammacin Saxon akan rundunar Viking ta Danish a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba, mai yiwuwa Hillstanding Hill a Berkshire ko kusa da Starveall kusa da Aldworth.Sarki Æthelred da ɗan'uwansa, Alfred Mai girma, suka jagoranta, a kan shugabannin Viking Bagsecg da Halfdan, yaƙin ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin tarihin Anglo-Saxon da Rayuwar Asser na Sarki Alfred.Prelude zuwa yakin ya ga Vikings, sun riga sun ci Northumbria da East Anglia da 870, suna zuwa Wessex, suna zuwa Karatu a kusa da 28 Disamba 870. Duk da nasarar West Saxon a Englefield karkashin jagorancin Æthelwulf na Berkshire, rashin nasara a Reading ya kafa mataki. domin arangama a Ashdown.A lokacin yaƙin, sojojin Viking, waɗanda ke da fa'ida a matsayi a saman wani tudu, sun sadu da West Saxons waɗanda suka yi kama da tsarinsu na rarrabuwa.Shigowar Sarki Æthelred a makare cikin yaƙi, bin Mass ɗinsa, da harin riga-kafi na Alfred yana da mahimmanci.Samuwar Yammacin Saxons a kusa da wani ɗan ƙaramin bishiyar ƙaya a ƙarshe ya kai ga nasararsu, inda suka yi hasarar rayuka ga Vikings, gami da mutuwar King Bagsecg da kunnuwa biyar.Duk da wannan nasara, nasarar ba ta daɗe ba tare da cin nasara a Basing da Meretun, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar Sarki Æthelred da maye gurbin Alfred bayan Easter a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 871.Haɗin kai na Yaƙin Ashdown an daidaita shi zuwa mutuwar Bishop Heahmund a Meretun a ranar 22 ga Maris 871, inda ya sanya Ashdown a ranar 8 ga Janairu, bayan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙungiyoyin Viking waɗanda suka fara daga isowarsu Karatu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 870. Duk da haka, Madaidaicin waɗannan kwanakin ya kasance kusan kusan saboda yuwuwar rashin daidaito a cikin lissafin lokaci.

Yakin Basing, wanda ya faru a kusa da 22 ga Janairu 871 a Basing a Hampshire, ya haifar da sojojin Viking na Danish sun fatattaki West Saxons, karkashin jagorancin King Æthelred da ɗan'uwansa Alfred the Great.Wannan arangama ta biyo bayan jerin fadace-fadacen da Viking ya mamaye Wessex a karshen watan Disamba na 870, wanda ya fara da aikin Karatu.Jerin ya haɗa da nasarar West Saxon a Englefield, nasarar Viking a Karatu, da kuma wata nasara ta West Saxon a Ashdown a kusan 8 ga Janairu.Rashin nasarar da aka yi a Basing ya fara tsayawa na watanni biyu kafin shiga na gaba a Meretun, inda Vikings suka sake yin nasara.Bayan waɗannan abubuwan, Sarki Æthelred ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan Ista, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 871, wanda ya kai ga hawan Alfred kan karaga.Matsayin lokaci na Yaƙin Basing yana goyan bayan mutuwar Bishop Heahmund a Meretun a ranar 22 ga Maris 871, tare da Anglo-Saxon Chronicle da aka rubuta Basing kamar watanni biyu kafin, don haka a ranar 22 ga Janairu.Wannan soyayyar wani bangare ne na jerin fadace-fadace da motsi, wanda ya fara da zuwan Viking a Karatu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 870, ko da yake ana la'akari da daidaitattun kwanakin nan a matsayin kima saboda yuwuwar rashin daidaito a tarihin tarihi.

Wani mamayar Viking ya baiwa Sarki Alfred mamaki.Lokacin da yawancin Wessex ya mamaye Alfred an kori shi cikin buya a Athelney, a cikin yankunan tsakiyar Somerset.Ya gina kagara a wurin, yana ƙarfafa kariyar da ake da ita na wani katafaren Ƙarfe na baya.A Athelney ne Alfred ya shirya yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Vikings.Labarin shi ne, a cikin ɓarna, Alfred ya nemi mafaka daga wani gida mai ƙauye, inda aka umarce shi da ya gudanar da ayyuka, ciki har da kallon abincin da ake dafawa a kan wuta.Cike da shagaltuwa, kuma bai saba yin aikin girki ba, ya bar waina ya ƙone ya lalata abincin gidan.Matar gidan ta zage shi sosai.

Wessex da Norse-masarauta, gwamnatocin Anglian ta Gabas sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Wedmore, wadda ta kafa iyaka tsakanin masarautun biyu.Yankin arewa da gabas na wannan iyaka ya zama sananne da Danelalaw saboda yana ƙarƙashin tasirin siyasar Norse, yayin da waɗannan yankunan kudanci da yammacinsa suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Anglo-Saxon .Gwamnatin Alfred ta shirya gina jerin garuruwan da aka karewa ko burhs, ta fara gina sojojin ruwa, ta kuma tsara tsarin tsageru (fyrd) wanda rabin sojojin sa na manoma suka ci gaba da aiki a kowane lokaci.Don kula da burbushi, da kuma sojojin da ke tsaye, ya kafa tsarin haraji da aikin shiga da aka sani da Burghal Hidage.

Wani sabon sojojin Viking, tare da jiragen ruwa 250, ya kafa kansa a Appledore, Kent da kuma wani sojojin jiragen ruwa 80 ba da daɗewa ba a Milton Regis.Daga nan ne sojojin suka ci gaba da kai hare-hare a Wessex.To sai dai kuma a wani bangare na kokarin Alfred da sojojinsa, sabbin tsare-tsare na masarautar sun yi nasara, kuma mahara na Viking sun fuskanci tsayin daka kuma ba su da wani tasiri fiye da yadda suke fata.A shekara ta 896, maharan sun watse - a maimakon haka sun zauna a Gabashin Anglia da Northumbria, tare da wasu a maimakon haka suna tafiya zuwa Normandy.

An yi yakin Brunanburh a shekara ta 937 tsakanin Æthelstan, Sarkin Ingila, da kawancen Olaf Guthfrithson, Sarkin Dublin;Constantine II, Sarkin Scotland, da Owain, Sarkin Strathclyde.Yawancin lokaci ana ambaton yakin a matsayin tushen asalin Ingilishi na kishin kasa: masana tarihi irin su Michael Livingston suna jayayya cewa "mazajen da suka yi yaƙi kuma suka mutu a wannan filin sun ƙirƙira taswirar siyasa na makomar da ta rage [a cikin zamani], wanda za'a iya yin yakin. Brunanburh daya daga cikin manyan fadace-fadace a cikin dogon tarihi ba Ingila kadai ba, har ma da daukacin tsibiran Burtaniya. "

Northumbrians sun ƙi Eadred a matsayin sarkin Ingilishi kuma suka mai da ɗan Norway Eric Bloodaxe (Eirik Haraldsson) sarkinsu.Eadred ya mayar da martani ta hanyar mamayewa da lalata Northumbria.Lokacin da Saxon suka koma kudu, sojojin Eric Bloodaxe sun kama wasu a Castleford kuma suka yi babban kisa.Eadred ya yi barazanar halaka Northumbria don ramuwar gayya, don haka mutanen Northumbria suka juya wa Eric baya suka amince Eadred a matsayin sarkinsu.

Gwamnatin Ingila ta yanke shawarar cewa hanya daya tilo ta magance wadannan maharan ita ce biyansu kudaden kariya, don haka a shekarar 991 ta ba su fam 10,000.Wannan kuɗin bai isa ya isa ba, kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an tilasta wa masarautar Ingila biyan mahara Viking kudade masu yawa.

Kisan kiyashin ranar St. Brice shi ne kisan da aka yi wa 'yan Denmark a Masarautar Ingila a ranar Juma'a, 13 ga Nuwamba, 1002, wanda Sarki Æthelred Unready ya ba da umarnin.Dangane da hare-haren da Danish ke kai wa akai-akai, Sarki Æthelred ya ba da umarnin a kashe duk dan kasar Denmark da ke zaune a Ingila.

Sarki Æthelred ya aika da 'ya'yansa Edward da Alfred zuwa Normandy, kuma da kansa ya koma tsibirin Wight, sannan ya bi su zuwa gudun hijira.A ranar Kirsimeti 1013 aka ayyana Sweyn Sarkin Ingila.Sweyn ya fara tsara sabuwar masarautarsa, amma ya mutu a can a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1014, yana mulkin Ingila na makonni biyar kacal.Sarki Æthelred ya dawo.

Yaƙin Assandun ya ƙare da nasara ga Danes, karkashin jagorancin Cnut Great, wanda ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Ingila karkashin jagorancin sarki Edmund Ironside.Yaƙin shine ƙarshen sake mamaye Danish na Ingila .Cnut da 'ya'yansa, Harold Harefoot da Harthacnut, sun yi mulkin Ingila a tsawon shekaru 26 (1016-1042).Bayan mutuwar Harthacnut, kursiyin Ingilishi ya koma gidan Wessex a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin ɗan Æthelred Edward the Confessor (ya yi sarauta 1042–1066).Daga baya Cnut ya hau gadon sarautar Danish a cikin 1018 ya kawo rawanin Ingila da Denmark tare.Cnut ya nemi ci gaba da wannan tushe mai karfi ta hanyar hada Danes da Ingilishi a karkashin aladun al'adu na dukiya da al'ada, da kuma ta hanyar rashin tausayi.Cnut ya mulki Ingila kusan shekaru ashirin.Kariyar da ya ba da rance ga maharan Viking-da yawa daga cikinsu a karkashin umarninsa-ya dawo da wadatar da ta kara tabarbarewa tun bayan sake barkewar hare-haren Viking a cikin 980s.Bi da bi turawan sun taimaka masa ya kafa iko a kan yawancin Scandinavia, suma

Harald Hardrada ya jagoranci mamaye Ingila a shekara ta 1066, yana ƙoƙari ya karbe gadon sarautar Ingila a lokacin rigimar maye bayan mutuwar Edward the Confessor.An kori mamayar a yakin Stamford Bridge , kuma an kashe Hardrada tare da yawancin mutanensa.Yayin da yunkurin Viking bai yi nasara ba, mamayewar Norman na lokaci guda ya yi nasara a kudu a yakin Hastings .An bayyana mamayewar Hardrada a matsayin ƙarshen zamanin Viking a Biritaniya.