Tarihin Malaysia Tsarin lokaci

appendices

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Malaysia
History of Malaysia ©HistoryMaps

100 - 2024

Tarihin Malaysia



Malaysia ra'ayi ne na zamani, wanda aka kirkira a rabi na biyu na karni na 20.Koyaya, Malesiya ta zamani tana ɗaukar tarihin Malaya da Borneo gabaɗaya, wanda ya kwashe shekaru dubbai zuwa zamanin da, a matsayin tarihin kansa.Addinin Hindu da addinin Buddah dagaIndiya daChina sun mamaye tarihin yankin farko, inda suka kai kololuwarsu tun daga karni na 7 zuwa na 13 a zamanin mulkin Srivijaya mai tushen Sumatra.Musulunci ya fara kasancewarsa a tsibirin Malay tun a karni na 10, amma a cikin karni na 15 ne addinin ya kafu a kalla a cikin manyan fadan fada, wanda ya samu karuwar sarakuna da dama;Mafi shahara su ne Sarkin Musulmi na Malacca da Sarkin Brunei.[1]Turawan Portugal su ne turawan mulkin mallaka na farko da suka kafa kansu a yankin Malay Peninsula da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda suka kama Malacca a shekara ta 1511. Wannan lamari ya kai ga kafa sarakuna da dama kamar Johor da Perak.Sarautar Dutch akan sarakunan Malay sun ƙaru a lokacin ƙarni na 17 zuwa 18, inda suka kama Malacca a 1641 tare da taimakon Johor.A cikin karni na 19, a ƙarshe turawan Ingila sun sami karɓuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke yanzu Malaysia.Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1824 ta ayyana iyakoki tsakanin Malaya ta Burtaniya da Indies East East (wanda ya zama Indonesiya ), da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Siamese ta 1909 ta ayyana iyakoki tsakanin Malaya na Burtaniya da Siam (wanda ya zama Thailand).Mataki na hudu na tasirin kasashen waje shi ne guguwar shige da fice na ma'aikatan Sinawa da Indiya don biyan bukatun da tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka ya haifar a yankin Malay da Borneo.[2]Yunkurin mamayar da Japan ta yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kawo karshen mulkin Birtaniya a Malaya.Bayan da kawancen kasashen Larabawa suka yi galaba a kan Daular Japan, an kafa kungiyar Malayan a shekara ta 1946 kuma aka sake tsara shi a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya a 1948. A yankin Peninsula, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Malayan (MCP) ta dauki makamai don yakar turawan Burtaniya kuma tashin hankali ya jagoranci. Har zuwa ayyana dokar ta-baci daga 1948 zuwa 1960. Martani mai karfi da soji ga 'yan gurguzu, da Baling Talks a 1955, ya kai ga samun 'yancin kan Malayan a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1957, ta hanyar shawarwarin diflomasiyya da Birtaniya.[3] A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1963, an kafa Tarayyar Malaysia;a watan Agusta 1965, an kori Singapore daga tarayya kuma ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.[4] Rikicin kabilanci a 1969, ya haifar da kafa dokar ta-baci, dakatar da majalisa da kuma shelanta Rukun Negara, falsafar kasa da ke inganta hadin kai tsakanin 'yan kasa.[5] Sabuwar Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (NEP) da aka karɓa a cikin 1971 ya nemi kawar da talauci da sake fasalin al'umma don kawar da gano launin fata tare da aikin tattalin arziki.[6] A karkashin firaminista Mahathir Mohamad, an sami saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da bunkasuwar birane a kasar tun daga shekarun 1980;[7] Manufar tattalin arzikin da ta gabata ta ci nasara ta hanyar manufofin ci gaban ƙasa (NDP) daga 1991 zuwa 2000. [8] Ƙarshen 1990s rikicin kudi na Asiya ya yi tasiri a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya kusan haifar da kudaden su, hannun jari, da kasuwannin kadarorin su;duk da haka, daga baya sun murmure.[9] A farkon 2020, Malaysia ta shiga rikicin siyasa.[10] Wannan lokacin, tare da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da rikicin siyasa, lafiya, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[11] Babban zaben 2022 ya haifar da majalisar dokoki ta farko da aka rataye a tarihin kasar [12] kuma Anwar Ibrahim ya zama Firayim Minista na Malaysia a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2022. [13]
2000 BCE Jan 1

Tarihin Malesiya

Malaysia
Wani bincike da aka yi kan kwayoyin halittar Asiya ya nuna cewa asalin mutanen gabashin Asiya sun fito ne daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[14] Ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke tsibirin za a iya raba su zuwa ƙabilu uku: Negritos, Senoi, da proto-Malay.[15] Mazaunan farko na Malay Peninsula sun kasance mai yiwuwa Negritos.[16] Waɗannan mafarauta na Mesolithic tabbas sune kakannin Semang, ƙungiyar Negrito ta ƙabila.[17] Senoi ya bayyana a matsayin ƙungiya mai haɗaka, tare da kusan rabin layin DNA na mitochondrial na mahaifa suna komawa zuwa kakannin Semang da kusan rabin zuwa ƙaura na kakanni daga Indochina.Masanan sun ba da shawarar cewa su zuriyar masana aikin gona ne na farko da ke magana da harshen Austroasiatic, waɗanda suka kawo yarensu da fasaharsu zuwa yankin kudancin tsibirin kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce.Sun haɗu kuma sun haɗa kai da ƴan asalin ƙasar.[18] Proto Malays suna da asali daban-daban [19] kuma sun zauna a Malaysia ta 1000 KZ sakamakon fadada Austronesia.[20] Ko da yake suna nuna wasu alaƙa tare da wasu mazauna a Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wasu kuma suna da zuriyarsu a Indochina a kusa da lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe game da shekaru 20,000 da suka wuce.Yankunan da suka ƙunshi abin da ke yanzu Malaysia sun shiga cikin hanyar Maritime Jade Road.Cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasance tsawon shekaru 3,000, tsakanin 2000 KZ zuwa 1000 CE.[21]Masana ilimin dan adam sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa Proto-Malay ya samo asali ne daga abin da yake a yau Yunnan,kasar Sin .[22] Wannan ya biyo bayan watsewar farko-Holocene ta cikin Malay Peninsula zuwa cikin tsibiran Malay.[23] A cikin 300 KZ, Deutero-Malays sun tura su cikin ƙasa, zamanin Iron Age ko Bronze Age sun fito ne daga Chams na Cambodia da Vietnam .Rukunin farko a yankin da ke amfani da kayan aikin karfe, Deutero-Malay sune kakannin kakannin Malayyan Malasiya na yau kuma sun kawo dabarun noma na zamani.[17] Malay sun kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance a ko'ina cikin tsibiran Malay, kodayake an raba al'adu da tsarin zamantakewa.[24]
100 BCE
Masarautar Hindu-Budaornament
Ciniki tare da Indiya da China
Trade with India and China ©Anonymous
100 BCE Jan 2

Ciniki tare da Indiya da China

Bujang Valley Archaeological M
An kafa dangantakar kasuwanci daSin daIndiya a karni na farko KZ.[32] An samo shards na tukwane na kasar Sin a Borneo tun daga karni na 1 bayan fadada daular Han a kudu.[33] A farkon ƙarni na ƙarni na farko, mutanen yankin Malay sun karɓi addinan Indiyawan Hindu da Buddha , waɗanda ke da babban tasiri ga harshe da al'adun waɗanda ke zaune a Malaysia.[34] An yi amfani da tsarin rubutun Sanskrit tun farkon karni na 4.[35]Ptolemy, wani masanin kasa na Girka, ya rubuta game da Golden Chersonese, wanda ya nuna cewa kasuwanci da Indiya da China ya wanzu tun karni na 1 AZ.[36 <>] A wannan lokacin, jihohin da ke bakin tekun da suka wanzu suna da hanyar sadarwa wacce ta mamaye kudancin tsibirin Indochina da yammacin tsibirin Malay.Wadannan biranen da ke gabar teku suna da ci gaba da kasuwanci da kuma huldar da ke tsakaninsu da kasar Sin, a sa'i daya kuma suna cudanya da 'yan kasuwar Indiya.Da alama sun yi tarayya da al'adun ƴan asali iri ɗaya.Sannu a hankali, masu mulkin yankin yammacin tsibirin sun rungumi tsarin al'adu da siyasa na Indiya.Rubuce-rubucen guda uku da aka samu a Palembang (South Sumatra) da kuma a tsibirin Bangka, waɗanda aka rubuta da sigar Malay da kuma haruffa waɗanda aka samo daga rubutun Pallava, tabbaci ne cewa tsibiran sun ɗauki nau'ikan Indiyawa yayin da suke kiyaye yarensu na asali da tsarin zamantakewa.Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sun bayyana wanzuwar Dapunta Hyang (ubangiji) na Srivijaya wanda ya jagoranci yaƙi da abokan gabansa kuma ya la'anci waɗanda ba su bi dokarsa ba.Kasancewar a kan hanyar cinikin teku tsakanin Sin da Indiya ta Kudu, yankin Malay ya shiga cikin wannan ciniki.Kwarin Bujang, wanda ke da dabara a arewa maso yammacin kofar mashigin Malacca da kuma fuskantar gabar tekun Bengal, 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin da kudancin Indiya ne suka ci gaba da zuwa.An tabbatar da irin wannan ta hanyar gano tukwane na kasuwanci, sassakaki, rubuce-rubuce da abubuwan tarihi da aka yi kwanan watan daga karni na 5 zuwa na 14.
Masarautar Langkasuka
Cikakkun bayanai daga Hotunan Bayar lokaci-lokaci na Liang yana nuna manzo daga Langkasuka tare da bayanin masarautar.Kwafin Daular Song na daular Liang mai kwanan wata zuwa 526-539. ©Emperor Yuan of Liang
100 Jan 1 - 1400

Masarautar Langkasuka

Pattani, Thailand
Langkasuka tsohuwar daular Malayic Hindu ce - Buddhist da ke cikin yankin Malay.[25] Asalin sunan Sanskrit;ana tunanin haɗakar langkha ce don "ƙasa mai kyan gani" -sukkha don "ni'ima".Masarautar, tare da Tsohuwar Kedah, tana daga cikin masarautu na farko da aka kafa a tsibirin Malay.Matsakaicin wurin da masarautar ta kasance na wasu muhawara ne, amma binciken binciken kayan tarihi a Yarang kusa da Pattani, Tailandia ya nuna wani wuri mai yuwuwa.An ba da shawarar kafa masarautar a ƙarni na farko, wataƙila tsakanin 80 zuwa 100 CE.[26] Daga nan kuma ya sami raguwar lokaci saboda fadada Funan a farkon karni na 3.A cikin karni na 6 ya sake farfadowa kuma ya fara aika jakadu zuwakasar Sin .Sarki Bhagadatta ya fara kulla dangantaka da kasar Sin a shekara ta 515 AZ, inda aka aika da wasu ofisoshin jakadanci a 523 [,] 531 da 568.[28] A cikin 1025 sojojin sarki Rajendra Chola I sun kai hari a yakin da yake yi da Srivijaya.A cikin karni na 12, Langkasuka ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Srivijaya.Masarautar ta ƙi kuma yadda ta ƙare ba a sani ba tare da ƙaddamar da dabaru da yawa.Marigayi Pasai Annals na ƙarni na 13, ya ambata cewa an lalata Langkasuka a shekara ta 1370. Duk da haka, wasu majiyoyin da aka ambata Langkasuka sun kasance ƙarƙashin iko da tasirin daular Srivijaya har zuwa karni na 14 lokacin da Daular Majapahit ta ci ta.Wataƙila Pattani ya ci Langkasuka saboda ya daina wanzuwa a ƙarni na 15.Masana tarihi da yawa sun yi hamayya da wannan kuma sun yi imani cewa Langkasuka ya tsira har zuwa 1470s.Yankunan daular da ba su karkashin mulkin Pattani kai tsaye ana tunanin sun musulunta tare da Kedah a shekara ta 1474. [29]Wataƙila sunan ya samo asali ne daga langkha da Ashoka, fitaccen jarumin Hindu na Mauryan, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama mai son zaman lafiya bayan ya rungumi akidar da aka ɗora a addinin Buddah , kuma waɗanda farkonIndiyawan da suka yi mulkin mallaka na Malayic Isthmus sun sanya masa sarautar Langkasuka don girmama shi.[30] Majiyoyin tarihi na kasar Sin sun ba da wasu bayanai game da masarautar kuma sun rubuta wani sarki Bhagadatta wanda ya aika da wakilai zuwa kotun kasar Sin.Akwai masarautun Malay da yawa a ƙarni na 2 da na 3, waɗanda suka kai 30, galibi sun dogara ne akan gefen gabas na tsibirin Malay.[31] Langkasuka yana daga cikin masarautu na farko.
Srivijaya
Srivijaya ©Aibodi
600 Jan 1 - 1288

Srivijaya

Palembang, Palembang City, Sou
Tsakanin karni na 7 zuwa na 13, yawancin tsibirin Malay sun kasance karkashin daular Buddhist Srivijaya.Wurin Prasasti Hujung Langit, wanda ke tsakiyar daular Srivijaya, ana tunanin yana bakin kogi a gabashin Sumatra, wanda ke kusa da yankin Palembang na Indonesia a yanzu.A cikin karni na 7, an ambaci wani sabon tashar jiragen ruwa mai suna Shilifoshi, wanda aka yi imani da cewa fassarar Sinanci ce ta Srivijaya.Sama da ƙarni shida Maharajahs na Srivijaya suna mulkin daular teku wadda ta zama babban iko a cikin tsibirai.Daular ta dogara ne akan kasuwanci, tare da sarakunan gida (dhatus ko shugabannin al'umma) waɗanda suka yi mubaya'a ga ubangiji don riba.[37]Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Srivijaya dadaular Chola ta kudu ta Indiya ta kasance abokantaka ne a zamanin mulkin Raja Raja Chola I amma a zamanin Rajendra Chola I Daular Chola ta mamaye garuruwan Srivijaya.[38] A cikin 1025 da 1026, Gangga Negara Rajendra Chola I na Daular Chola ya kai wa Gangga Negara hari, Sarkin Tamil wanda yanzu ake tunanin ya lalata Kota Gelanggi.Cholas ne suka mamaye Kedah (wanda aka fi sani da Kadaram a Tamil) a cikin 1025. Mamaya na biyu ya jagoranci Virarajendra Chola na daular Chola wanda ya ci Kedah a ƙarshen karni na 11.[39] Babban magajin Chola, Vira Rajendra Chola, dole ne ya kawar da tawayen Kedah don kifar da sauran mahara.Zuwan Chola ya rage girman Srivijaya, wanda ya yi tasiri a kan Kedah, Pattani da kuma har zuwa Ligor.A karshen karni na 12 Srivijaya ya zama masarauta, tare da mai mulki na ƙarshe a 1288, Sarauniya Sekerummong, wanda aka ci da kuma kifar da shi.A wasu lokuta, Masarautar Khmer , Masarautar Siamese , da ma masarautar Cholas sun yi ƙoƙarin yin iko a kan ƙananan jihohin Malay.[40] Ƙarfin Srivijaya ya ragu daga karni na 12 yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin babban birnin da vassals ta rushe.Yaƙe-yaƙe da Javanese ya sa ta nemi taimako dagaChina , kuma ana zargin yaƙe-yaƙe da jihohin Indiya.Karfin addinin Buddah Maharajas ya kara dagulewa saboda yaduwar Musulunci.Yankunan da aka musulunta da wuri, kamar Aceh, sun balle daga ikon Srivijaya.A ƙarshen karni na 13, sarakunan Siamese na Sukhothai sun kawo yawancin Malaya ƙarƙashin mulkinsu.A cikin karni na 14, daular Hindu Majapahit ta mamaye yankin.
Majapahit Empire
Majapahit Empire ©Aibodi
1293 Jan 1 - 1527

Majapahit Empire

Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesi
Masarautar Majapahit wata daular thalassocratic ce ta Hindu-Buddha ta Javanese a kudu maso gabashin Asiya wacce aka kafa a ƙarshen karni na 13 a gabashin Java.Ya girma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan daulolin kudu maso gabashin Asiya a karkashin mulkin Hayam Wuruk da firaministansa, Gajah Mada, a cikin karni na 14.Ya kai kololuwar ikonsa, yana miƙe tasirinsa daga Indonesiya ta zamani zuwa sassan Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, da ƙari.Majapahit sananne ne don mamaye teku, hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci, da haɗakar al'adu masu arziƙi, wanda ke tattare da tasirin Hindu-Buddha, fasaha mai rikitarwa, da gine-gine.Rikicin cikin gida, rikicin maye gurbi, da matsin lamba na waje ne suka haifar da raguwar daular a karni na 15.Yayin da manyan kasashen musulmi suka fara hawan, musamman masarautar Malacca, tasirin Majapahit ya fara raguwa.Ikon yankin daular ya ragu, akasari ya keɓe ga Gabashin Java, tare da yankuna da dama da ke shelar 'yancin kai ko kuma canja mubaya'a.
Masarautar Singapore
Kingdom of Singapura ©HistoryMaps
1299 Jan 1 - 1398

Masarautar Singapore

Singapore
Masarautar Singapura ita ce masarautar Malay Hindu - daular Buddhist da ake tunanin an kafa ta ne a farkon tarihin Singapore a kan babban tsibirinta Pulau Ujong, sannan kuma aka fi sani da Temasek, daga 1299 har zuwa faduwarta wani lokaci tsakanin 1396 da 1398. [41] Na al'ada. duba alamar c.1299 a matsayin shekarar kafuwar masarautar Sang Nila Utama (wanda kuma aka sani da "Sri Tri Buana"), wanda mahaifinsa Sang Sapurba, wani mutum ne na allahntaka wanda bisa ga almara shi ne kakan sarakunan Malay da yawa a duniyar Malay.Tarihin wannan masarauta bisa lissafin da aka bayar a cikin Malay Annals ba shi da tabbas, kuma masana tarihi da yawa sun ɗauki shugabanta na ƙarshe Parameswara (ko Sri Iskandar Shah) a matsayin mutum mai tarihi.[42] Shaidar archaeological daga Fort Canning Hill da kusa da bankunan Kogin Singapore duk da haka sun nuna wanzuwar matsuguni mai fa'ida da tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin karni na 14.[43]Matsugunin ya bunƙasa a cikin ƙarni na 13 ko na 14 kuma ya rikiɗe daga ƙaramin wurin kasuwanci zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana sauƙaƙe hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci waɗanda suka haɗa tsibiran Malay,Indiya , dadaular Yuan .Duk da haka wasu yankuna biyu ne suka yi ikirarin cewa a wancan lokacin, Ayuthaya daga arewa da Majapahit daga kudu.Sakamakon haka, akalla manyan mamayar kasashen waje guda biyu ne suka kai wa babban birnin kasar hari kafin daga karshe Majapahit ya kore shi a shekara ta 1398 a cewar Malay Annals, ko kuma Siamese a cewar majiyoyin Portugal.[44] Sarki na ƙarshe, Parameswara, ya gudu zuwa gabar tekun yamma na Malay Peninsula don kafa Masarautar Malacca a 1400.
1300
Tashin Jihohin Musulmiornament
Masarautar Patani
Patani Kingdom ©Aibodi
1350 Jan 1

Masarautar Patani

Pattani, Thailand
An ba da shawarar kafa Patani na ɗan lokaci tsakanin 1350 zuwa 1450, kodayake tarihinsa kafin 1500 ba a bayyana ba.[74] A cewar Sejarah Melayu, Chau Sri Wangsa, dan sarki Siamese, ya kafa Patani ta hanyar cin nasara da Kota Mahligai.Ya musulunta ya kuma dauki sunan Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah a karshen karni na 15 zuwa farkon karni na 16.[75] Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa da Hikayat Patani sun tabbatar da manufar zumunta tsakanin Ayutthaya, Kedah, da Pattani, inda suka bayyana cewa sun fito ne daga daular farko.Wataƙila Patani ya musulunta wani lokaci a tsakiyar ƙarni na 15, wata majiya ta ba da kwanan wata 1470, amma an ba da shawarar kwanakin farko.[74 <>] Wani labari ya ba da labarin wani shehi mai suna Sa'id ko Shafi'uddin daga Kampong Pasai (wataƙila ƴan kasuwa ne daga Pasai waɗanda ke zaune a wajen birnin Patani) sun warkar da sarkin wata cuta mai wuyar fata.Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa (da sake bullowa cutar), sarkin ya amince ya musulunta, inda ya karvi sunan Sultan Ismail Shah.Haka kuma dukkan jami’an sarkin sun amince su tuba.Duk da haka, akwai ɓangarorin shaida cewa wasu mutanen yankin sun fara musulunta kafin wannan.Kasancewar al'ummar Pasai 'yan kasashen waje kusa da Patani ya nuna cewa mazauna yankin suna hulda da Musulmai akai-akai.Har ila yau, akwai rahotannin balaguro, irin na Ibn Battuta, da kuma na farkon asusun Portuguese da suka yi iƙirarin cewa Patani yana da kafaffen al'ummar musulmi tun kafin Melaka (wanda ya tuba a karni na 15), wanda zai nuna cewa 'yan kasuwa da suka yi hulɗa da sauran cibiyoyin Musulmai masu tasowa. sune farkon wadanda suka koma yankin.Patani ya zama mafi mahimmanci bayan da Portuguese suka kama Malacca a 1511 yayin da 'yan kasuwa musulmi suka nemi madadin tashar jiragen ruwa.Wata majiyar Holland ta nuna cewa yawancin 'yan kasuwan Sinawa ne, amma 'yan kasuwan Portugal 300 su ma 'yan kasuwan Portugal sun zauna a Patani a shekarun 1540.[74]
Malacca Sultanate
Malacca Sultanate ©Aibodi
1400 Jan 1 - 1528

Malacca Sultanate

Malacca, Malaysia
Masarautar Malacca Sultanate ta Malay sultanate ce da ke cikin jihar Malacca ta Malaysia ta zamani.Alamar rubutun tarihi na al'ada c.1400 a matsayin shekarar kafa sultanate ta Sarkin Singapura, Parameswara, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Iskandar Shah, [45] ko da yake an gabatar da kwanakin farko na kafuwarta.[46] A tsayin daular sultan a karni na 15, babban birninta ya girma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tashar jiragen ruwa na lokacinsa, tare da yanki wanda ya mamaye yawancin tsibirin Malay, tsibiran Riau da wani muhimmin yanki na gabar tekun arewa. na Sumatra a Indonesia a yau.[47]A matsayinta na tashar kasuwanci ta duniya mai cike da cunkoson jama'a, Malacca ta zama cibiyar ilmantarwa da yada addinin musulunci, ta kuma karfafa gwiwar ci gaban harshen Malay, adabi da fasaha.Ya sanar da zamanin zinare na sarakunan Malay a cikin tsibirai, inda Malay na gargajiya ya zama yare na Maritime Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma rubutun Jawi ya zama cibiyar farko ta musayar al'adu, addini da ilimi.Ta hanyar waɗannan ci gaban ilimi, ruhaniya da al'adu ne, zamanin Malaccan ya shaida kafa asalin Malay, [48] Malayisation na yankin da kuma samuwar Alam Melayu daga baya.[49]A cikin shekara ta 1511, babban birnin Malacca ya fada hannun daular Portuguese , wanda ya tilasta Sultan na karshe, Mahmud Shah (r. 1488-1511), ya koma kudu, inda zuriyarsa suka kafa sabbin daular mulki, Johor da Perak.Rikicin siyasa da al'adu na Sarkin Musulmi yana nan har yau.Shekaru aru-aru ana rike Malacca a matsayin abin koyi na wayewar Malay-Musulmi.Ya kafa tsarin kasuwanci, diflomasiyya, da mulki wanda ya dore har cikin karni na 19, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi irin su daulat - ra'ayin Malay na musamman na ikon mallaka - wanda ke ci gaba da haifar da fahimtar mulkin Malay na zamani.[50]
Sultanate na Bruneiya (1368-1888)
Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) ©Aibodi
1408 Jan 1 - 1888

Sultanate na Bruneiya (1368-1888)

Brunei
Sultanate na Brunei, wanda ke bakin tekun arewacin Borneo, ya fito a matsayin babban sultan Malay a karni na 15.Ya faɗaɗa yankunanta bayan faduwar Malacca [58] zuwa Portuguese , a wani lokaci yana shimfiɗa tasirinsa zuwa sassan Philippines da Borneo na bakin teku.Sarkin Brunei na farko musulmi ne, kuma ana danganta ci gaban sultan ne saboda dabarun kasuwanci da kuma karfin teku.Koyaya, Brunei ta fuskanci ƙalubale daga ikon yanki kuma ta sha fama da rikice-rikice na cikin gida.Bayanan tarihi na farkon Brunei ba su da yawa, kuma yawancin tarihin farkonsa an samo su ne daga tushen kasar Sin.Litattafan tarihin kasar Sin sun yi nuni da tasirin ciniki da yankin Brunei, tare da lura da alakar ta da Daular Majapahit ta Javanese.A cikin karni na 14, Brunei ta fuskanci mulkin Javanese, amma bayan da Majapahit ya ragu, Brunei ta fadada yankunanta.Tana sarrafa yankuna a arewa maso yammacin Borneo, sassan Mindanao, da Sulu Archipelago .A karni na 16, daular Brunei ta kasance wata hukuma ce mai karfi, tare da kafuwar babban birnin kuma ana jin tasirin sa a cikin sultan Malay na kusa.Duk da kasancewarsa na farko, Brunei ya fara raguwa a cikin karni na 17 [59] saboda rikice-rikicen sarauta na cikin gida, fadada mulkin mallaka na Turai, da kalubale daga makwabciyar Sultanate na Sulu.A karni na 19, Brunei ta yi hasarar manyan yankuna ga ikon yammacin Turai kuma ta fuskanci barazanar ciki.Don kare ikonta, Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin ya nemi kariyar Birtaniyya , wanda hakan ya sa Brunei ta zama kariyar Burtaniya a 1888. Wannan matsayin na kare ya ci gaba har zuwa 1984 lokacin da Brunei ta sami 'yancin kai.
Pahang Sultanate
Pahang Sultanate ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1470 Jan 1 - 1623

Pahang Sultanate

Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
Masarautar Pahang, wacce kuma ake kiranta da Tsohon Sultanate Pahang, sabanin daular Pahang Sultanate na zamani, kasa ce ta musulmin Malay da aka kafa a yankin gabashin Malay a karni na 15.A tsawon tasirinsa, Sarkin Musulmi ya kasance muhimmiyar iko a tarihin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma yana iko da dukkanin rafin Pahang, yana iyaka da arewa, da Sultanate Pattani, kuma yana hade da na Johor Sultanate zuwa kudu.A yamma, ya kuma ƙara ikon wani yanki na Selangor na zamani da Negeri Sembilan.[60]Masarautar ta samo asali ne a matsayin vassal ga Melaka, tare da Sarkinta na farko shi ne basaraken Melakan, Muhammad Shah, shi kansa jikan Dewa Sura, sarkin Melakan na ƙarshe na Pahang.[61 <>] A cikin shekaru da yawa, Pahang ya sami 'yancin kai daga ikon Melakan kuma a wani lokaci ma ya kafa kansa a matsayin kishiya ga Melaka [62] har zuwa mutuwar karshen a 1511. A cikin wannan lokacin, Pahang ya shiga cikin yunkurin kawar da tsibirin Peninsula. na daular kasashen waje daban-daban;Portugal , Holland da kuma Aceh.[63] Bayan wani lokaci na hare-haren Acehnese a farkon karni na 17, Pahang ya shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da magajin Melaka, Johor, lokacin da Sultan na 14th, Abdul Jalil Shah III, ya zama Sarkin Johor na 7.[64] Bayan wani lokaci na haɗin gwiwa tare da Johor, a ƙarshe an sake farfado da ita a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi na zamani a ƙarshen karni na 19 ta daular Bendahara.[65]
Kedah Sultanate
Sultanate of Kedah. ©HistoryMaps
1474 Jan 1 - 1821

Kedah Sultanate

Kedah, Malaysia
Dangane da asusun da aka bayar a Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (wanda kuma aka sani da Kedah Annals), an kafa Masarautar Kedah lokacin da sarki Phra Ong Mahawangsa ya musulunta kuma ya karɓi sunan Sultan Mudzafar Shah.At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah ya bayyana musuluntar da addinin musulunci tun daga shekara ta 1136 miladiyya.Duk da haka, ɗan tarihi Richard Winstedt, wanda ya ɗauko labarin Acehnese, ya ba da kwanan wata 1474 na shekarar da sarkin Kedah ya musulunta.Wannan kwanan wata ya yi daidai da wani rahoto a cikin Malay Annals, wanda ke bayyana raja na Kedah da ya ziyarci Malacca a lokacin mulkin sarkinta na ƙarshe yana neman girmamawa ga ƙungiyar masarautar da ke nuna ikon mallakar wani shugaban musulmi na Malay.Buƙatun da Kedah ya yi ya kasance a mayar da martani ga zama vassal Malacca, mai yiwuwa saboda tsoron zaluncin Ayutthyan.[76] Jirgin ruwan Burtaniya na farko ya isa Kedah a cikin 1592. [77] A cikin 1770, Kamfanin British East India Company (BEIC) ya umurce Francis Light ya dauki Penang daga Kedah.Ya cimma hakan ne ta hanyar tabbatar wa Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin na biyu cewa sojojinsa za su kare Kedah daga duk wani hari na Siyama.A sakamakon haka, Sarkin ya amince ya mika Penang ga Birtaniya.
Kama Malacca
Yaƙin Malacca, 1511. ©Ernesto Condeixa
1511 Aug 15

Kama Malacca

Malacca, Malaysia
A cikin 1511, a karkashin jagorancin gwamnanPortuguese Indiya , Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese sun nemi kama tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci na Malacca, wanda ke kula da mashigin Malacca mai mahimmanci, muhimmin batu don cinikin teku tsakaninSin da Indiya.Manufar Albuquerque abu biyu ne: don aiwatar da shirin Sarki Manuel I na Portugal don zarce Castilians wajen kaiwa ga Gabas mai Nisa da kuma kafa tushe mai karfi ga mamayar Portuguese a cikin Tekun Indiya ta hanyar sarrafa mahimman abubuwa kamar Hormuz, Goa, Aden, da Malacca.Bayan isowarsu Malacca a ranar 1 ga Yuli, Albuquerque ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari tare da Sultan Mahmud Shah don dawo da fursunonin Portugal lafiya kuma ya buƙaci a biya su diyya daban-daban.Duk da haka, gudun hijirar Sultan ya haifar da harin bam daga Portuguese da kuma harin da ya biyo baya.Dakarun tsaron birnin duk da kasancewar sun fi na adadi kuma suna da manyan bindigogi iri-iri, amma sojojin Portugal sun mamaye birnin a wasu manyan hare-hare guda biyu.Nan da nan suka kwace muhimman wurare a cikin birnin, suka fuskanci giwayen yaki, suka kuma dakile hare-hare.Tattaunawar da ta yi nasara tare da al'ummomin 'yan kasuwa daban-daban na birnin, musamman Sinawa, sun kara karfafa matsayin Portuguese.[51]A watan Agusta, bayan gwagwarmayar tituna da dabarun dabarun, Portuguese sun mamaye Malacca yadda ya kamata.ganimar da aka yi a birnin ya yi yawa, sojoji da hafsoshin suka sami kaso mai tsoka.Ko da yake Sultan ya ja da baya kuma yana fatan tashi daga Portuguese bayan ganimar su, Portuguese suna da ƙarin tsare-tsaren dindindin.Don haka ya ba da umarnin gina katanga kusa da bakin tekun, wanda aka fi sani da A Famosa, saboda tsayin da ba a saba gani ba, tsayin ƙafa 59 (m18).Kame Malacca ya nuna gagarumin nasara a yankuna, yana fadada tasirin Portuguese a yankin da kuma tabbatar da ikon su akan hanyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci.Ɗan Sarkin Malacca na ƙarshe, Alauddin Riayat Shah II ya gudu zuwa iyakar kudancin tsibirin, inda ya kafa jihar da ta zama Sarkin Musulmi na Johor a 1528. Wani dan kuma ya kafa Perak Sultanate zuwa arewa.Tasirin Portuguese yana da ƙarfi, yayin da suke ƙoƙari su mai da jama'ar Malacca zuwa Katolika .[52]
Perak Sultanate
Perak Sultanate ©Aibodi
1528 Jan 1

Perak Sultanate

Perak, Malaysia
An kafa masarautar Perak Sultanate a farkon karni na 16 a bakin kogin Perak ta hannun Muzaffar Shah I, babban dan Mahmud Shah, Sultan na 8 na Malacca.Bayan kama Malacca da Portuguese a 1511, Muzaffar Shah ya nemi mafaka a Siak, Sumatra, kafin ya hau kan karaga a Perak.Shugabannin yankin sun taimaka masa wajen kafa daular Perak Sultanate, ciki har da Tun Saban.A karkashin sabuwar sultan, gwamnatin Perak ta girma cikin tsari, ta zana daga tsarin feudal da ake yi a Malacca na dimokuradiyya.Yayin da karni na 16 ya ci gaba, Perak ya zama muhimmin tushen tin tama, yana jan hankalin 'yan kasuwa na yanki da na duniya.Duk da haka, hawan sultan ya jawo hankalin masarautar Aceh mai iko, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da mu'amala.A cikin shekarun 1570, Aceh ya ci gaba da tursasa sassan yankin Malay Peninsula.A ƙarshen 1570s, tasirin Aceh ya bayyana lokacin da Sultan Mansur Shah na Perak na Perak ya ɓace a asirce, wanda ya haifar da hasashe na sace shi da sojojin Acehnese suka yi.Hakan ya sa aka kai dangin Sarkin bauta zuwa Sumatra.Sakamakon haka, Perak ya kasance a ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Acehnese lokacin da wani yariman Acehnese ya hau gadon sarautar Perak a matsayin Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah.Duk da haka, duk da tasirin Aceh, Perak ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, yana tsayayya da iko daga Acehnese da Siamese.Rikon Aceh akan Perak ya fara raguwa tare da isowar Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya (VOC) a tsakiyar karni na 17.Aceh da VOC sun nemi iko akan cinikin tin mai riba na Perak.A shekara ta 1653, sun cimma matsaya, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa Dutch haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na Perak.A karshen karni na 17, tare da raguwar Johor Sultanate, Perak ya fito a matsayin magajin karshe ga zuriyar Malaccan, amma ya fuskanci rikici na cikin gida, ciki har da yakin basasa na shekaru 40 a karni na 18 akan kudaden shiga na tin.Wannan tashin hankalin ya ƙare a cikin 1747 yarjejeniya da Dutch, sun amince da su kadai a kan cinikin tin.
Johor Sultanate
Portuguese vs. Johor Sultanate ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1528 Jan 1

Johor Sultanate

Johor, Malaysia
A shekara ta 1511 Malacca ya fada hannun Turawan Portugal kuma Sultan Mahmud Shah ya tilastawa barin Malacca.Sarkin ya yi yunkurin kwato babban birnin kasar da dama amma kokarinsa ya ci tura.Turawan Portugal sun rama, suka tilasta wa sarkin ya gudu zuwa Pahang.Daga baya Sarkin Musulmi ya tashi zuwa Bintan ya kafa sabon babban birni a can.Tare da kafa tushe, sarkin ya tattara sojojin Malay da suka ruguje tare da shirya hare-hare da dama da shinge kan matsayin Portuguese.An kafa shi a Pekan Tua, Sungai Telur, Johor, Raja Ali Ibni Sultan Mahmud Melaka, wanda aka sani da Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528-1564), ya kafa Johor Sultanate, a cikin 1528. [53] Ko da yake Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah da magajinsa. sun yi fama da hare-haren da Turawan Portugal suka kai a Malacca da kuma na Acehnese a Sumatra, sun yi nasarar ci gaba da rike daular Johor Sultanate.Kai hare-hare akai-akai kan Malacca ya haifar da wahala mai tsanani ga Portuguese kuma ya taimaka wajen shawo kan Portuguese don halakar da sojojin Sarkin da aka kora.An yi yunƙuri da dama don murkushe Malay amma sai a shekara ta 1526 a ƙarshe Turawan Portugal suka fatattaki Bintan a ƙasa.Sarkin ya koma Kampar a Sumatra kuma ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu.Ya bar ‘ya’ya biyu maza masu suna Muzaffar Shah da Alauddin Riayat Shah II.[53] Muzaffar Shah ya ci gaba da kafa Perak yayin da Alauddin Riayat Shah ya zama sarkin Johor na farko.[53]
1528 Jan 1 - 1615

Yakin Triangular

Johor, Malaysia
Sabon sarkin ya kafa sabon babban birni ta kogin Johor kuma, daga nan, ya ci gaba da tursasa Portuguese a arewa.Ya ci gaba da yin aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa a Perak da Sultan na Pahang don kwato Malacca, wanda a wannan lokacin ya sami kariya daga katangar A Famosa.A arewacin Sumatra a kusa da wannan lokacin, Aceh Sultanate ya fara samun tasiri mai mahimmanci akan mashigin Malacca.Da faduwar Malacca ga hannun Kirista, 'yan kasuwa musulmi sukan tsallake Malacca don goyon bayan Aceh ko kuma babban birnin Johor na Johor Lama (Kota Batu).Saboda haka, Malacca da Aceh sun zama masu fafatawa kai tsaye.Tare da Portuguese da Johor akai-akai suna kulle ƙaho, Aceh ya ƙaddamar da hare-hare da yawa a kan sassan biyu don ƙarfafa ƙarfinsa.Yunƙurin da faɗaɗawar Aceh ya ƙarfafa Portuguese da Johor don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhu da karkatar da hankalinsu zuwa Aceh.Tsagaitawar, duk da haka, ta kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma tare da Aceh ya raunana sosai, Johor da Portuguese sun sake ganin juna.A lokacin mulkin Sultan Iskandar Muda, Aceh ya kai hari Johor a shekara ta 1613 da kuma a 1615. [54]
Golden Age na Patani
Koren Sarkin. ©Legend of the Tsunami Warrior (2010)
1584 Jan 1 - 1688

Golden Age na Patani

Pattani, Thailand
Raja Hijau, Sarauniyar Green, ta hau gadon sarautar Patani a shekara ta 1584 saboda rashin magada maza.Ta yarda da ikon Siamese kuma ta karɓi taken peracau.A karkashin mulkinta, wanda ya kwashe shekaru 32, Patani ya ci gaba, ya zama cibiyar al'adu da kuma fitacciyar cibiyar kasuwanci.Sinawa, Malay, Siamese, Fotigal, Jafananci, Dutch, da kuma ƴan kasuwa na Ingilishi sun ziyarci Patani, suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar tattalin arzikinta.'Yan kasuwan kasar Sin, musamman ma sun taka rawar gani wajen bunkasar Patani a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma 'yan kasuwan Turai na kallon Patani a matsayin wata hanyar shiga kasuwar kasar Sin.Bayan sarautar Raja Hijau, wasu sarauniya sun yi sarautar Patani, waɗanda suka haɗa da Raja Biru (Sarauniya Blue), Raja Ungu (Sarauniya Purple), da Raja Kuning (Sarauniyar Rawaya).Raja Biru ya shigar da Kelantan Sultanate cikin Patani, yayin da Raja Ungu ya kulla kawance tare da adawa da mamayar Siamese, wanda ya haifar da rikici da Siam.Mulkin Raja Kuning ya nuna raguwar iko da tasirin Patani.Ta nemi sulhu da Siamese, amma mulkinta ya nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raguwar ciniki.A tsakiyar karni na 17, ikon sarakunan Patani ya ragu, kuma rikicin siyasa ya addabi yankin.Raja Kuning an yi zargin cewa Raja na Kelantan ya sauke shi a cikin 1651, wanda ya haifar da daular Kelantanese a Patani.Yankin ya fuskanci tawaye da mamayewa, musamman daga Ayutthaya.Ya zuwa karshen karni na 17, tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da rashin bin doka sun hana 'yan kasuwan kasashen waje yin ciniki da Patani, lamarin da ya kai ga koma baya kamar yadda aka bayyana a majiyoyin kasar Sin.
1599 Jan 1 - 1641

Sultanate of Sarawak

Sarawak, Malaysia
An kafa Sultanate na Sarawak a sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da aka samu a cikin daular Bruneiya.Lokacin da Sultan Muhammad Hassan na Brunei ya rasu, an nada babban dansa Abdul Jalilul Akbar a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi.Sai dai kuma Pengiran Muda Tengah, wani basarake, ya yi hamayya da Abdul Jalilul ya hau gadon sarautar, yana mai cewa yana da wani fifiko a kan karagar mulki bisa ga lokacin da aka haife shi dangane da mulkin mahaifinsu.Don magance wannan takaddama, Abdul Jalilul Akbar ya nada Pengiran Muda Tengah a matsayin Sarkin Sarawak, yanki mai iyaka.Tare da rakiyar sojoji daga kabilu daban-daban na Bornea da kuma manyan mutanen Brune, Pengiran Muda Tengah ya kafa sabuwar masarauta a Sarawak.Ya kafa babban birnin gudanarwa a Sungai Bedil, Santubong, kuma, bayan gina tsarin mulki, ya dauki lakabin Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah.Kafa Sultanate na Sarawak ya zama farkon sabon zamani ga yankin, wanda ya bambanta da tsakiyar daular Bruneiya.
Siege na Malacca (1641)
Kamfanin Dutch East India ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1640 Aug 3 - 1641 Jan 14

Siege na Malacca (1641)

Malacca, Malaysia
Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don samun iko a kan Gabashin Indies, musamman Malacca, daga Portuguese .Daga 1606 zuwa 1627, 'yan Holland sun yi yunƙurin da ba su yi nasara ba, tare da Cornelis Matelief da Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff a cikin wadanda suka jagoranci yakin basasa.A shekara ta 1639, mutanen Holland sun tara karfi sosai a Batavia kuma sun kulla kawance da sarakunan gida, ciki har da Aceh da Johor.Ziyarar da aka shirya zuwa Malacca ta fuskanci tsaiko saboda rikice-rikice a Ceylon da tashin hankali tsakanin Aceh da Johor.Duk da koma baya, a watan Mayu 1640, sun yanke shawarar kama Malacca, tare da Sajan Major Adriaen Antonisz ya jagoranci balaguro bayan mutuwar kwamandan da ya gabata, Cornelis Symonz van der Veer.Yaƙin Malacca ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1640 lokacin da Yaren mutanen Holland, tare da abokansu, suka sauka kusa da babban katangar Fotigal.Duk da kariyar kariyar, wanda ya haɗa da bango mai tsayi ƙafa 32 da kuma bindigogi sama da ɗari, Dutch da abokansu sun yi nasarar korar Portuguese baya, kafa matsayi, da kuma kula da kewaye.A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, 'yan Holland sun fuskanci kalubale kamar mutuwar kwamandoji da dama, ciki har da Adriaen Antonisz, Jacob Cooper, da Pieter van den Broeke.Duk da haka, kudurin nasu ya tsaya tsayin daka, kuma a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1641, karkashin jagorancin Sajan Major Johannes Lamotius, sun yi nasarar kwace kagara.'Yan kasar Holland sun ba da rahoton asarar dakaru dubu kadan, yayin da 'yan Portugal suka yi ikirarin adadin wadanda suka jikkata.Bayan da aka yi wa kawanya, 'yan Holland sun mamaye Malacca, amma hankalinsu ya kasance a kan yankinsu na farko, Batavia.Fursunonin Portuguese da aka kama sun fuskanci rashin jin daɗi da fargaba saboda raguwar tasirinsu a Gabashin Indiya.Yayin da aka ba wa wasu ƴan ƙasar Portugal masu arziƙi damar ficewa da kadarorinsu, jita-jita na cin amanar ɗan ƙasar Holland da kuma kashe gwamnan na Portugal an yi watsi da rahotannin mutuwarsa ta asali daga rashin lafiya.Sarkin Aceh, Iskandar Thani, wanda ya yi adawa da shigar Johor a cikin mamayar, ya mutu a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin Janairu.Ko da yake Johor ya taka rawa a cikin cin nasara, ba su nemi ayyukan gudanarwa a Malacca ba, sun bar shi ƙarƙashin ikon Holland.Daga baya za a sayar da birnin ga Birtaniyya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1824 don musanya da Bencoolen na Burtaniya.
Yaren mutanen Holland Malacca
Yaren mutanen Holland Malacca, ca.1665 ©Johannes Vingboons
1641 Jan 1 - 1825

Yaren mutanen Holland Malacca

Malacca, Malaysia
Yaren mutanen Holland Malacca (1641-1825) shine mafi tsayi lokacin da Malacca ke ƙarƙashin ikon kasashen waje.Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi mulki kusan shekaru 183 tare da mamayewar Birtaniyya a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon (1795-1815).Wannan zamanin ya sami kwanciyar hankali tare da ɗan katsewa mai tsanani daga sarakunan Malay saboda fahimtar da aka kulla tsakanin Dutch da Sultanate na Johor a 1606. Wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna raguwar mahimmancin Malacca.Yaren mutanen Holland sun fi son Batavia (Jakarta ta yau) a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a yankin kuma abin da suka yi a Malacca shine don hana hasarar birnin ga sauran kasashen Turai, daga baya kuma, gasar da za ta zo da shi.Don haka, a cikin karni na 17, tare da Malacca ya daina zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci, Johor Sultanate ya zama babban ikon yanki a yankin saboda bude tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma kawance da Dutch.
Johor-Jambi War
Johor-Jambi War ©Aibodi
1666 Jan 1 - 1679

Johor-Jambi War

Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia
Tare da faduwar Malacca na Portuguese a cikin 1641 da kuma raguwar Aceh saboda karuwar ikon Dutch, Johor ya fara sake kafa kansa a matsayin iko tare da mashigin Malacca a lokacin mulkin Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623-1677). ).[55] Tasirinsa ya kai Pahang, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Klang da Riau Archipelago.[56] A lokacin yakin uku, Jambi kuma ya fito a matsayin ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa na yanki a Sumatra.Da farko an yi yunkurin kulla alaka tsakanin Johor da Jambi tare da alkawarin aure tsakanin magaji Raja Muda da diyar Pengeran Jambi.Duk da haka, Raja Muda ya auri 'yar Laksamana Abdul Jamil, wanda ya damu da rushewar mulki daga irin wannan kawance, ya ba da 'yarsa aure maimakon.[57] Saboda haka kawancen ya wargaje, sannan aka yi yaki na shekaru 13 tsakanin Johor da kasar Sumatran tun daga shekarar 1666. Yakin ya yi wa Johor bala'i yayin da Jambi ta kori Batu Sawar babban birnin Johor a 1673. Sarkin Musulmi ya tsere. zuwa Pahang kuma ya mutu bayan shekaru hudu.Sarkin da ya gaje shi, Sultan Ibrahim (1677-1685), sannan ya shagaltu da taimakon Bugis wajen yakar Jambi.[56] A ƙarshe Johor zai yi nasara a cikin 1679, amma kuma ya ƙare a cikin raunin rauni yayin da Bugis ya ƙi komawa gida, kuma Minangkabaus na Sumatra suma sun fara tabbatar da tasirin su.[57]
Golden Age na Johor
Golden Age of Johor ©Enoch
1680 Jan 1

Golden Age na Johor

Johor, Malaysia
A cikin karni na 17 tare da Malacca ya daina zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci, Johor ya zama babban ikon yanki.Manufar mutanen Holland a Malacca sun kori 'yan kasuwa zuwa Riau, tashar jiragen ruwa da Johor ke sarrafawa.Kasuwancin da ke can ya zarce na Malacca.VOC ba ta ji daɗin hakan ba amma ta ci gaba da kiyaye ƙawancen saboda zaman lafiyar Johor yana da mahimmanci don kasuwanci a yankin.Sarkin Musulmi ya samar da dukkan kayan aikin da ‘yan kasuwa ke bukata.Karkashin kulawar jiga-jigan Johor, 'yan kasuwa sun sami kariya da wadata.[66] Tare da kewayon kayayyaki da yawa da kuma farashi masu kyau, Riau ya haɓaka.Jiragen ruwa daga wurare daban-daban kamar Cambodia , Siam , Vietnam da kuma ko'ina cikin tsibiran Malay sun zo kasuwanci.Jiragen ruwan Bugis sun sanya Riau cibiyar kayan yaji.Abubuwan da aka samo a kasar Sin ko misali, zane da opium an yi ciniki da su tare da kayayyakin teku da gandun daji da aka samu a gida, kwano, barkono da gambier da aka noma a cikin gida.Ayyuka sun yi ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ana iya sauke kaya ko adanawa cikin sauƙi.'Yan kasuwa sun gano cewa ba sa buƙatar ƙara bashi, saboda kasuwancin yana da kyau.[67]Kamar Malacca a gabansa, Riau kuma ita ce cibiyar karantarwa da koyarwar Musulunci.Da yawa daga cikin malaman addinin Islama kamar yankin Indiya da Larabawa sun kasance a dakunan kwanan dalibai na addini, yayin da masu bautar Sufanci za su iya neman shiga cikin ɗayan Tariqah ('Yan'uwan Sufi) da yawa waɗanda suka bunƙasa a Riau.[68 <>] Ta hanyoyi da yawa, Riau ya sami nasarar kwato wasu daga cikin tsohuwar ɗaukakar Malacca.Dukansu sun sami wadata saboda ciniki amma akwai babban bambanci;Malacca kuma ya kasance mai girma saboda mamaye yankinsa.
1760 Jan 1 - 1784

Bugis Dominance a Johor

Johor, Malaysia
Sarkin Musulmi na karshe na daular Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Shah II, ya yi suna da halin rashin gaskiya, wanda ba a kula da shi ba bayan rasuwar Bendehara Habib da kuma nadin Bendahara Abdul Jalil.Wannan dabi'a ta kai har Sarkin Musulmi ya ba da umarnin a kashe matar wani mutum mai ciki saboda karamin laifi.A cikin ramuwar gayya, an kashe Sarkin da aka yi wa mai martaba, inda ya bar gadon sarauta a sarari a cikin 1699. Orang Kayas, mashawartan sarkin, ya juya zuwa Sa Akar DiRaja, Raja Temenggong na Muar, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Bendahara Abdul Jalil ya gaji sarauta.Koyaya, magajin ya gamu da wasu rashin gamsuwa, musamman daga Orang Laut.A cikin wannan lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, ƙungiyoyi biyu masu rinjaye a Johor - Bugis da Minangkabau - sun ga damar yin amfani da mulki.Minangkabau ya gabatar da Raja Kecil, wani basarake da ke iƙirarin cewa shi ɗan Sultan Mahmud na biyu ne bayan mutuwarsa.Tare da alƙawarin wadata da iko, Bugis ya fara tallafawa Raja Kecil.Sai dai Raja Kecil ya ci amanar su, ya nada kansa Sarkin Johor ba tare da amincewar su ba, wanda hakan ya sa tsohon Sarkin Musulmi Abdul Jalil IV ya gudu daga karshe aka kashe shi.A matsayin ramuwar gayya, sai Bugis suka haɗu tare da Raja Sulaiman ɗan Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, wanda ya kai ga tsige Raja Kecil a 1722. Yayin da Raja Sulaiman ya hau Sarkin Musulmi, Bugis ya rinjaye shi, wanda, a zahiri, yana mulkin Johor.A tsawon lokacin mulkin Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah a tsakiyar karni na 18, Bugis ya ba da iko sosai kan gwamnatin Johor.Tasirinsu ya karu sosai har zuwa 1760, iyalai daban-daban na Bugis sun yi aure cikin zuriyar sarautar Johor, suna ƙara ƙarfafa ikonsu.A karkashin jagorancinsu, Johor ya sami bunkasuwar tattalin arziki, da hadin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin.Sai dai kuma, a karshen karni na 18, Engkau Muda na bangaren Temenggong ya fara kwato madafun iko, inda ya kafa harsashin samar da ci gaban masarautar a nan gaba karkashin jagorancin Temenggong Abdul Rahman da zuriyarsa.
1766 Jan 1

Selangor Sultanate

Selangor, Malaysia
Sarakunan Selangor sun samo asali ne daga zuriyarsu zuwa daular Bugis, wadda ta samo asali daga sarakunan Luwu a Sulawesi na yau.Wannan daular ta taka rawar gani sosai a rikicin da aka yi a karni na 18 kan masarautar Johor-Riau, inda daga karshe ta hada kai da Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah na Johor a kan Raja Kechil na zuriyar Malaccan.Saboda wannan amincewa, sarakunan Bendahara na Johor-Riau sun ba wa manyan Bugis iko a kan yankuna daban-daban, ciki har da Selangor.Daeng Chelak, sanannen jarumin Bugis, ya auri 'yar'uwar Sulaiman kuma ya ga dansa, Raja Lumu, wanda aka san shi da Yamtuan Selangor a 1743 kuma daga baya a matsayin Sultan na farko na Selangor, Sultan Salehuddin Shah, a 1766.Mulkin Raja Lumu ya nuna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Selangor daga daular Johor.Bukatarsa ​​ta neman karramawa daga Sultan Mahmud Shah na Perak ya kai ga hawansa a matsayin Sultan Salehuddin Shah na Selangor a 1766. Mulkinsa ya kare da rasuwarsa a 1778, ya jagoranci dansa Raja Ibrahim Marhum Saleh, ya zama Sultan Ibrahim Shah.Sultan Ibrahim ya fuskanci kalubale, ciki har da wani dan takaitaccen lokaci da kasar Holland ta mamaye birnin Kuala Selangor, amma ya samu nasarar kwato shi da taimakon masarautar Pahang.Dangantaka ta tabarbare tare da Perak Sultanate kan rashin jituwar kudi a lokacin mulkinsa.Sarautar Sultan Muhammad Shah, magajin Sultan Ibrahim, ta yi fama da rikicin cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da raba Selangor zuwa yankuna biyar.Duk da haka, mulkinsa ya kuma shaida ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da bullar ma'adinan tin a Ampang.Bayan mutuwar Sultan Muhammad a shekara ta 1857 ba tare da nada magajinsa ba, an sami sabani mai girma na gado.Daga karshe, dan uwansa, Raja Abdul Samad Raja Abdullah, ya hau karagar mulki a matsayin Sultan Abdul Samad, inda ya ba da iko a kan Klang da Langat ga surukansa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Kafa Penang
Sojojin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya 1750-1850 ©Osprey Publishing
1786 Aug 11

Kafa Penang

Penang, Malaysia
Jirgin ruwan Burtaniya na farko ya isa Penang a watan Yuni 1592. Wannan jirgin, Edward Bonadventure, James Lancaster ne ke jagorantar jirgin.[69] Duk da haka, sai a karni na 18 ne Birtaniyya ta kafa kasancewar dindindin a tsibirin.A cikin 1770s, Kamfanin British East India Company ya umurci Francis Light da ya kulla dangantakar kasuwanci a yankin Malay.[70] Daga baya haske ya sauka a Kedah, wanda a lokacin ya kasance jihar vassal ta Siamese .A cikin 1786, Kamfanin British East India Company ya ba da umarnin Haske don samun tsibirin daga Kedah.[70] Haske ya yi shawarwari tare da Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah, game da dakatar da tsibirin zuwa Kamfanin British East India Company don musayar taimakon soja na Birtaniya.[70] Bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin haske da Sultan aka amince da shi, Light da tawagarsa sun yi tafiya zuwa tsibirin Penang, inda suka isa a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1786 [71] kuma suka mallaki tsibirin a ranar 11 ga Agusta.[70] Sultan Abdullah ba tare da sani ba, Haske yana aiki ba tare da izini ko izinin manyansa ba a Indiya.[72] Lokacin da Haske ya yi watsi da alkawarin da ya yi na ba da kariya ta soja, Sarkin Kedah ya kaddamar da yunkurin sake kwato tsibirin a 1791;KamfaninBritish East India Company ya ci nasara kan sojojin Kedah daga baya.[70] Sultan ya kai kara don zaman lafiya kuma an amince da biyan dalar Spain 6000 na shekara-shekara ga Sultan.[73]
1821 Nov 1

Mamaya na Siamese na Kedah

Kedah, Malaysia
Mamayewar Siamese na Kedah a 1821 wani gagarumin farmakin soji ne da Masarautar Siam ta kaddamar a kan Sarkin Musulmin Kedah, wanda ke a yankin arewacin kasar Malaysia a yau.A tarihi, Kedah ya kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayar Siamese, musamman a lokacin Ayutthaya.Koyaya, bayan faduwar Ayutthaya a cikin 1767, wannan ya canza na ɗan lokaci.Halin ya sake komawa lokacin da, a cikin 1786, Burtaniya ta sami hayar tsibirin Penang daga Sarkin Kedah don neman tallafin soja.A shekara ta 1820, tashin hankali ya karu lokacin da rahotanni suka nuna cewa Sarkin Kedah yana kulla kawance da Burma a kan Siam.Wannan ya jagoranci Sarki Rama II na Siam don ba da umarnin mamaye Kedah a 1821.An aiwatar da yakin Siamese kan Kedah da dabara.Da farko dai ba su da tabbas game da ainihin aniyar Kedah, Siamese sun tara manyan jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin Phraya Nakhon Noi, suna ɓarna ainihin manufarsu ta hanyar kai hari a wasu wurare.Lokacin da suka isa Alor Setar, sojojin Kedahan, wadanda ba su san da farmakin da ke tafe ba, suka yi mamaki.Wani gagarumin hari da aka kai ya kai ga kama wasu manyan mutanen Kedahan, yayin da sarkin ya yi nasarar tserewa zuwa Penang karkashin ikon Birtaniyya.Abin da ya biyo baya ya ga Siam ya tilasta wa Kedah mulki kai tsaye, yana nada ma'aikatan Siamese zuwa manyan mukamai da kuma kawo karshen wanzuwar sultan na wani lokaci.Sakamakon mamayewar yana da fa'ida mai fa'ida ta geopolitical.Birtaniya, sun damu da kasancewar Siamese da ke kusa da yankunansu, sun shiga tattaunawar diplomasiyya, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar Burney a 1826. Wannan yarjejeniya ta amince da tasirin Siamese akan Kedah amma kuma ya gindaya wasu sharuɗɗa don tabbatar da bukatun Birtaniya.Duk da yarjejeniyar, adawa da mulkin Siamese ya ci gaba a Kedah.Sai bayan mutuwar Chao Phraya Nakhon Noi a shekara ta 1838 ne aka maido da mulkin Malay, inda daga karshe Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin ya sake samun karagar mulki a shekara ta 1842, duk da cewa karkashin kulawar Siamese.
1824 Mar 17

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1824

London, UK
Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1824 yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Burtaniya da Netherlands a ranar 17 ga Maris 1824 don warware takaddama daga yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1814. Yarjejeniyar da nufin magance tashe-tashen hankulan da suka taso saboda kafuwar Burtaniya na Singapore a cikin 1819 da da'awar Dutch akan Sultanate na Johor.Tattaunawar ta fara ne a cikin 1820 kuma an fara tattaunawa kan batutuwan da ba su da sabani.Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1823, tattaunawar ta koma ga kafa fayyace fagagen tasiri a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Yaren mutanen Holland, sun amince da ci gaban Singapore, sun yi shawarwari don musayar yankuna, inda Birtaniya ta ba da Bencoolen, kuma Holland sun bar Malacca.Kasashen biyu sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya a shekara ta 1824.Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar sun kasance cikakke, tabbatar da haƙƙin kasuwanci ga al'ummomin ƙasashen biyu a yankuna kamarBirtaniya Indiya , Ceylon, da Indonesia na zamani, Singapore, da Malaysia.Har ila yau, ta shafi ka'idoji game da satar fasaha, tanade-tanade game da rashin yin yarjejeniya ta musamman da jihohin Gabas, da kuma kafa ƙa'idojin kafa sabbin ofisoshi a Gabashin Indiya.An yi musanyar musaya ta musamman: Yaren mutanen Holland sun ba da kafuwarsu a yankin Indiya da birni da kagara na Malacca, yayin da Burtaniya ta ba da Fort Marlborough a Bencoolen da kayanta akan Sumatra.Kazalika kasashen biyu sun janye adawa da mamaya da juna ke yi a wasu tsibirai.Abubuwan da suka shafi Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1824 sun daɗe.Ya keɓance yankuna biyu: Malaya, ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya, da Indies Gabas ta Holland.Wadannan yankuna daga baya sun samo asali zuwa Malaysia na zamani, Singapore, da Indonesia.Yarjejeniyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara iyakokin kasashen.Bugu da ƙari, tasirin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da bambance-bambancen yaren Malay zuwa bambance-bambancen Malaysian da Indonesian.Yarjejeniyar ta kuma nuna wani sauyi ga manufofin Birtaniyya a yankin, inda ta jaddada cinikayya cikin 'yanci da kuma tasirin kowane dan kasuwa a kan yankuna da bangarori masu tasiri, wanda hakan ya share fagen bunkasa Singapore a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mai 'yanci.
1826
Zamanin Mulkiornament
British Malaya
British Malaya ©Anonymous
1826 Jan 2 - 1957

British Malaya

Singapore
Kalmar "British Malaya" a sako-sako tana siffanta jerin jahohi a tsibirin Malay da tsibirin Singapore waɗanda aka kawo ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya ko iko tsakanin ƙarshen 18th da tsakiyar 20th.Ba kamar kalmar "Birtaniya Indiya ", wacce ta keɓance ƙasashen sarakunan Indiya, ana amfani da Malaya ta Burtaniya sau da yawa don nufin Tarayyar Tarayya da Jihohin Malay waɗanda ba su da haɗin kai, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya tare da nasu sarakunan, da kuma Matsugunan Matsugunai, waɗanda suka kasance. karkashin ikon mallaka da mulkin kai tsaye na masarautar Burtaniya, bayan wani lokaci na sarrafawa ta Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.Kafin kafa kungiyar Malayan a shekarar 1946, ba a sanya yankunan karkashin gwamnati guda daya ba, in ban da lokacin bayan yakin da wani jami'in sojan Birtaniya ya zama mai kula da Malaya na wucin gadi.Madadin haka, Malaya ta Birtaniyya ta ƙunshi Matsugunan Matsaloli, Ƙasar Malayyar Tarayya, da Jihohin Malay ɗin da ba su da tarayya.Karkashin mulkin Birtaniyya, Malaya na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi samun riba a Daular, kasancewar ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya wajen kera kwano da kuma roba.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ,Japan ta mallaki wani yanki na Malaya a matsayin raka'a daya daga Singapore.[78] Ƙungiyar Malayan ba ta da farin ciki kuma a cikin 1948 ta rushe kuma ta maye gurbinsa da Tarayyar Malaya, wadda ta zama cikakkiyar 'yanci a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1957. A ranar 16 Satumba 1963, tarayya, tare da Arewacin Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak, da Singapore , ta kafa babbar tarayyar Malaysia.[79]
Kafa Kuala Lumpur
Wani ɓangare na ra'ayi na panoramic na Kuala Lumpur c.1884. A hagun Padang ne.An gina gine-ginen da itace da atap kafin ka'idojin da Swettenham ta kafa a 1884 da ake buƙatar gine-gine don amfani da bulo da fale-falen buraka. ©G.R.Lambert & Co.
1857 Jan 1

Kafa Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur, asalin karamar ƙauye, an kafa shi ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, sakamakon bunƙasa masana'antar hakar gwangwani.Yankin ya jawo hankalin masu hakar ma'adinai na kasar Sin, wadanda suka kafa ma'adinai a kusa da kogin Selangor, da Sumatrans wadanda suka kafa kansu a yankin Ulu Klang.Garin dai ya fara yin kaurin suna a kewayen dandalin Tsohuwar Kasuwa, inda hanyoyi suka kai har zuwa wuraren hakar ma'adinai daban-daban.Kafa Kuala Lumpur a matsayin wani muhimmin gari ya zo ne a shekara ta 1857 lokacin da Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar da dan uwansa, tare da taimakon kudade daga 'yan kasuwan kasar Sin na Malacca, suka dauki ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai na kasar Sin aikin bude sabbin ma'adinai.Wadannan ma'adanai sun zama tushen rayuwar garin, wanda ya zama wurin tattarawa da tarwatsawa ga kwano.A farkon shekarunta, Kuala Lumpur ta fuskanci ƙalubale da yawa.Gine-ginen katako da na 'atap' (tsatsiyar dabino) sun kasance masu iya kamuwa da wuta, kuma garin ya yi fama da cututtuka da ambaliyar ruwa saboda yanayin da yake ciki.Haka kuma, garin ya shiga cikin yakin basasa na Selangor, inda bangarori daban-daban ke fafutukar ganin sun mallaki ma'adinan daloli.Manyan mutane kamar Yap Ah Loy, Kapitan na Kuala Lumpur na uku na kasar Sin, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wadannan lokutan tashin hankali.Jagorancin Yap da haɗin gwiwarsa da jami'an Birtaniya, ciki har da Frank Swettenham, sun ba da gudummawa ga farfadowa da ci gaban garin.Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya yi tasiri wajen tsara yanayin zamani na Kuala Lumpur.Karkashin mazaunin Burtaniya Frank Swettenham, garin ya sami ci gaba sosai.An ba da umarnin yin gine-gine da bulo da tayal don jure gobara, an faɗaɗa titina, da inganta tsafta.Kafa layin dogo tsakanin Kuala Lumpur da Klang a shekarar 1886 ya kara habaka ci gaban garin, inda yawan jama'a ya karu daga 4,500 a 1884 zuwa 20,000 zuwa 1890. A shekarar 1896, shaharar Kuala Lumpur ya girma har aka zabe ta a matsayin babban birnin kasar. sabbin jahohin tarayyar Malay da aka kafa.
Daga Mines zuwa Tsirrai a Malaya na Burtaniya
Ma'aikatan Indiya a cikin gonakin roba. ©Anonymous
1877 Jan 1

Daga Mines zuwa Tsirrai a Malaya na Burtaniya

Malaysia
Turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Malaya da turawan Ingila suka yi ya samo asali ne daga muradun tattalin arziki, inda tun da farko albarkatun dango da zinare da ke yankin suka ja hankalin turawan mulkin mallaka.Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da shukar roba daga Brazil a shekara ta 1877 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin tattalin arzikin Malaya.Roba cikin sauri ya zama farkon fitarwa na Malaya, tare da biyan buƙatu daga masana'antun Turai.Masana'antar roba mai tasowa, tare da sauran kayan amfanin gona kamar tapioca da kofi, sun wajabta yawan ma'aikata.Don cika wannan buƙatu na aiki, ’yan Burtaniya sun kawo mutanen da suka daɗe suna mulkin mallaka a Indiya, galibinsu masu magana da Tamil daga Kudancin Indiya, don yin aiki a matsayin ma’aikata masu ƙwazo a kan waɗannan gonaki.A sa'i daya kuma, hakar ma'adinai da masana'antun da ke da nasaba da haka sun jawo hankulan dimbin 'yan gudun hijira na kasar Sin.Sakamakon haka, yankunan birane kamar Singapore , Penang, Ipoh, da Kuala Lumpur ba da daɗewa ba sun sami rinjayen Sinawa.Ƙaurawar ma'aikata ta kawo ƙalubalensa.Ma'aikatan 'yan gudun hijira na China da Indiya suna fuskantar tsangwama daga 'yan kwangila kuma suna iya kamuwa da cututtuka.Yawancin ma'aikata na kasar Sin sun sami kansu a cikin karuwar basussuka saboda shaye-shaye irin su opium da caca, yayin da bashin ma'aikatan Indiya ya karu saboda shan barasa.Waɗannan abubuwan shaye-shaye ba wai kawai sun ɗaure ma'aikata tsawon kwangilar aikinsu ba har ma sun zama tushen samun kudaden shiga ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.Duk da haka, ba dukkan 'yan gudun hijirar kasar Sin ne ma'aikata ba.Wasu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙungiyoyin taimakon juna, sun ci gaba a sabuwar ƙasar.Musamman ma, Yap Ah Loy, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Kapitan China na Kuala Lumpur a shekarun 1890, ya tara dimbin dukiya da tasiri, ya mallaki nau'o'in kasuwanci da kuma zama masu taimakawa wajen tsara tattalin arzikin Malaya.Kasuwancin kasar Sin, akai-akai tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanonin London, sun mamaye tattalin arzikin Malayan, har ma suna ba da tallafin kudi ga Sultans na Malay, suna samun karfin tattalin arziki da siyasa.Yawan ƙaura na aiki da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya suna da tasirin zamantakewa da siyasa ga Malaya.Al’ummar Malay na gargajiya sun koka da yadda aka rasa ‘yancin cin gashin kai a siyasance, kuma yayin da Sarakunan suka yi hasarar wasu martabar al’adarsu, har yanzu talakawan Malay suna girmama su sosai.Baƙi na kasar Sin sun kafa al'ummomi na dindindin, suna gina makarantu da haikali, yayin da suke aurar da mata 'yan kabilar Malay da farko, wanda ya kai ga al'ummar Sino-Malayan ko "baba".Da shigewar lokaci, sun fara shigo da matan aure daga kasar Sin, lamarin da ya kara karfafa zamansu.Gwamnatin Burtaniya, da nufin sarrafa ilimin Malay da kuma cusa akidun kabilanci da na 'yan mulkin mallaka, ta kafa cibiyoyi na musamman ga Malay.Duk da matsayin da Malaya ta ke a hukumance ta kasance na Malay, gaskiyar Malaya mai bambancin launin fata, mai alaƙa da tattalin arziƙi ta fara ɗaukar hoto, wanda ya haifar da juriya ga mulkin Burtaniya.
1909 Jan 1

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Siamese ta 1909

Bangkok, Thailand
Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Siamese ta 1909, da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Burtaniya da Masarautar Siam , ta kafa iyakar Malaysia-Thailand ta zamani.Tailandia ta ci gaba da iko da yankuna irin su Pattani, Narathiwat, da Yala amma ta ba da ikon mallakar Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, da Terengganu ga Burtaniya, wanda daga baya ya zama wani yanki na Jihohin Malay da ba su da tarayya.A tarihi, sarakunan Siam, waɗanda suka fara daga Rama I, sun yi aiki da dabaru don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na al'umma, sau da yawa ta hanyar yarjejeniya da rangwame tare da kasashen waje.Muhimman yarjejeniyoyin, kamar Yarjejeniyar Burney da Bowring Treaty, sun nuna alamar hulɗar Siam da Birtaniyya, da tabbatar da damar kasuwanci da tabbatar da haƙƙin yanki, duk yayin da ake zamanantar da shuwagabanni kamar Chulalongkorn sun yi gyare-gyare don daidaita al'umma da zamanantar da su.
Aikin Jafananci na Malaya
Japanese Occupation of Malaya ©Anonymous
1942 Feb 15 - 1945 Sep 2

Aikin Jafananci na Malaya

Malaysia
Barkewar yaki a cikin tekun Pacific a watan Disambar 1941 ya sa Birtaniya a Malaya ba su shirya ba.A cikin 1930s, suna tsammanin karuwar barazanar ikon sojojin ruwa na Japan, sun gina babban sansanin sojan ruwa a Singapore , amma ba su taba tsammanin mamaye Malaya daga arewa ba.Kusan babu iskar Birtaniyya a Gabas mai Nisa.Ta haka neJafanawa suka samu damar kai hari daga sansanoninsu na Indo-China na Faransa ba tare da wani hukunci ba, kuma duk da turjiya daga sojojin Birtaniya, Australiya daIndiya , sun mamaye Malaya cikin watanni biyu.An tilasta wa Singapore, ba ta da kariyar ƙasa, ba ta rufe iska, kuma ba ta da ruwa, an tilastawa mika wuya a watan Fabrairun 1942. Arewacin Borneo da Brunei na Biritaniya su ma sun mamaye.Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Japan ta ɗauki Malay daga mahangar Asiya, kuma ta haɓaka ƙayyadadden nau'i na kishin ƙasa na Malay.Kesatuan Melayu Muda dan kishin kasar Malay, mai fafutukar kare Melayu Raya, ya yi hadin gwiwa da Japanawa, bisa fahimtar cewa Japan za ta hada kan Indies Gabas ta Holland, Malaya da Borneo tare da ba su 'yancin kai.[80] Masu mamaya sun daukiSinawa , duk da haka, a matsayin baƙi abokan gaba, kuma sun bi da su da tsananin zafi: a lokacin da ake kira sook ching (tsarkake ta hanyar wahala), an kashe Sinawa 80,000 a Malaya da Singapore.Sinawa karkashin jagorancin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Malayan (MCP), sun zama kashin bayan rundunar sojojin kasar Malayan Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA).Tare da taimakon Birtaniyya, MPAJA ta zama ƙarfin juriya mafi inganci a cikin ƙasashen Asiya da ta mamaye.Ko da yake Jafanawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna goyon bayan kishin ƙasa na Malay, amma sun ɓata kishin ƙasar ta Malay ta hanyar barin ƙawarsu Thailand ta sake haɗa jihohin arewa huɗu, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, da Terengganu waɗanda aka mayar da su Malaya ta Burtaniya a 1909. Asarar Malaya ta Malaya. kasuwannin fitar da kayayyaki ba da jimawa ba sun haifar da rashin aikin yi mai yawa wanda ya shafi kowane jinsi kuma ya sa Jafananci ya ƙara zama maras so.[81]
Gaggawa Malayan
Sojojin Birtaniyya sun harba 'yan tawayen MNLA a cikin dajin Malayan, 1955 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1948 Jun 16 - 1960 Jul 31

Gaggawa Malayan

Malaysia
A lokacin mamaya, an tada rikicin kabilanci da kishin kasa.[82] Biritaniya ta yi fatara kuma sabuwar gwamnatin Labour ta yi sha'awar janye sojojinta daga Gabas.Sai dai mafi yawan Malays sun fi damuwa da kare kansu daga MCP fiye da neman 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya.A cikin 1944, Birtaniya ta tsara shirye-shirye don Ƙungiyar Malayan, wanda zai mayar da Tarayyar Tarayya da Ƙasar Malay, da Penang da Malacca (amma ba Singapore ), zuwa wani yanki na Crown guda ɗaya, tare da ra'ayi na 'yancin kai.Wannan yunkuri na neman samun 'yancin kai daga karshe, ya fuskanci turjiya sosai daga kasar Malay, musamman saboda shirin samar da daidaiton dan kasa ga kabilun Sinawa da sauran tsiraru.Birtaniya sun dauki wadannan kungiyoyi a matsayin masu aminci a lokacin yakin fiye da na Malay.Wannan adawar ta kai ga rugujewar kungiyar Malayan a shekara ta 1948, inda ta ba da dama ga Tarayyar Malaya, wacce ta ci gaba da cin gashin kan sarakunan Malay a karkashin kariyar Burtaniya.Daidai da waɗannan sauye-sauyen siyasa, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Malaya (MCP), wadda ke samun goyon bayan 'yan kabilar Sinawa, tana samun ci gaba.MCP, wadda tun farko jam'iyyar doka ce, ta koma yakin neman zabe da burin korar turawan Ingila daga Malaya.A watan Yulin 1948, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ayyana dokar ta baci, wanda ya sa MCP ta koma cikin daji ta kafa rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Malayan.Tushen wannan rikici ya samo asali ne tun daga sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki wanda ya mayar da kabilar Sin saniyar ware zuwa matsugunan manoma don bunkasa shuka.Koyaya, MCP ya sami tallafi kaɗan daga ikon kwaminisanci na duniya.Gaggawa na Malayan, wanda ya kasance daga 1948 zuwa 1960, ya ga Birtaniyya suna amfani da dabarun yaƙi na zamani, wanda Laftanar-Janar Sir Gerald Templer ya shirya, a kan MCP.Yayin da rikicin ya ga kaso na ta'asa, kamar kisan kiyashin Batang Kali, dabarun Birtaniya na ware MCP daga tushe na goyon bayanta, tare da rangwamen tattalin arziki da siyasa, sannu a hankali ya raunana masu tayar da kayar baya.A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, igiyar ruwa ta koma adawa da MCP, wanda ya kafa fagen samun 'yancin kai a cikin Commonwealth a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1957, tare da Tunku Abdul Rahman a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko.
1963
Malaysiaornament
Rikicin Indonesia-Malaysia
Bataliya ta daya ta Queen's Own Highlanders sun gudanar da sintiri don nemo wuraren abokan gaba a cikin dajin Brunei. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1963 Jan 20 - 1966 Aug 11

Rikicin Indonesia-Malaysia

Borneo
Rikicin Indonesiya-Malaysia, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Konfrontasi, rikici ne na makami daga 1963 zuwa 1966 wanda ya taso daga adawar Indonesiya ga samuwar Malaysia, wacce ta hada Tarayyar Malaya, Singapore , da yankin Arewacin Borneo da Sarawak na Burtaniya.Rikicin dai ya samo asali ne daga arangamar da Indonesiya ta yi a baya da kasar Holland New Guinea da kuma goyon bayanta ga tawayen Brunei.Yayin da Malaysia ta sami taimakon soji daga Birtaniya , Australia, da New Zealand, Indonesiya ta sami goyon bayan kai tsaye daga USSR da China , wanda hakan ya zama babi na yakin cacar baki a Asiya.Mafi yawan rikicin ya faru ne a kan iyakar Indonesiya da Gabashin Malesiya akan Borneo.Yankin dazuzzukan ya kai ga dukkan bangarorin biyu suna gudanar da sintiri a kafa, tare da yaki da ya shafi kananan ayyuka.Indonesiya ta nemi yin amfani da bambancin kabilanci da na addini a Sabah da Sarawak don lalata Malaysia.Kasashen biyu sun dogara kacokan kan jiragen ruwa masu sauki da sufurin jiragen sama, inda koguna ke da matukar muhimmanci ga motsi da kutsawa.Birtaniya, tare da taimakon lokaci-lokaci daga sojojin Australia da New Zealand, sun ɗauki nauyin tsaro.Dabarun kutsawa na Indonesiya sun samo asali ne daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, suna rikidewa daga dogaro ga masu aikin sa kai na cikin gida zuwa ingantattun rukunin sojojin Indonesiya.A shekara ta 1964, Burtaniya ta fara gudanar da ayyukan sirri a cikin Kalimantan Indonesiya mai suna Operation Claret.A wannan shekarar, Indonesiya ta zafafa kai hare-hare, har ta kai ga yammacin Malaysia, amma ba tare da wata gagarumar nasara ba.Rikicin ya ragu bayan juyin mulkin Indonesiya a 1965, wanda ya maye gurbin Sukarno da Janar Suharto.Tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta fara ne a shekarar 1966, inda ta kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1966, inda Indonesia ta amince da kasar Malaysia.
Samuwar Malaysia
An kafa mambobin kwamitin Cobbold don gudanar da bincike a yankunan Biritaniya na Borneo na Sarawak da Sabah don ganin ko su biyun suna da sha'awar kafa Tarayyar Malaysia tare da Malaya da Singapore. ©British Government
1963 Sep 16

Samuwar Malaysia

Malaysia
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, burin samun kasa mai dunkulewa da hadin kai ya haifar da kudurin kafa kasar Malaysia.Tunku Abdul Rahman, Firayim Minista na Malaya, ya ba da shawarar farko da shugaban Singapore Lee Kuan Yew, da nufin haɗa Malaya, Singapore , Arewacin Borneo, Sarawak, da Brunei.[83] Tunanin wannan tarayya ya sami goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa za ta rage ayyukan gurguzu a Singapore da kuma kiyaye daidaiton kabilanci, tare da hana Singapore-mafi rinjayen Sinawa mamayewa.[84] Duk da haka, shawarar ta fuskanci juriya: Ƙungiyar Socialist Front ta Singapore ta yi adawa da shi, kamar yadda wakilan al'umma daga Arewacin Borneo da ƙungiyoyin siyasa a Brunei suka yi.Don tantance yuwuwar wannan haɗin gwiwa, an kafa Hukumar Cobbold don fahimtar ra'ayin mazaunan Sarawak da Arewacin Borneo.Yayin da binciken da hukumar ta yi ya nuna goyon baya ga hadewar Arewacin Borneo da Sarawak, 'yan kasar Brunei sun ki amincewa da hakan, wanda ya kai ga fitar da Brunei daga karshe.Dukansu Arewacin Borneo da Sarawak sun ba da shawarar haɗa su, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniya mai maki 20 da maki 18 bi da bi.Duk da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, damuwa ta ci gaba da cewa ana lalata haƙƙin Sarawak da Arewacin Borneo na tsawon lokaci.An tabbatar da shigar Singapore tare da kashi 70% na al'ummarta suna goyon bayan hadewar ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama, amma tare da yanayin yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi.[85]Duk da waɗannan shawarwari na cikin gida, ƙalubalen waje sun ci gaba.Indonesiya da Philippines sun ki amincewa da kafa Malaysia, inda Indonesiya ta dauka a matsayin "necolonialism" da Philippines na da'awar Arewacin Borneo.Wadannan adawar, hade da 'yan adawa na cikin gida, sun jinkirta kafa kasar Malaysia a hukumance.[86] Bayan sake dubawa ta ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Malaysia an kafa shi bisa ƙa'ida akan 16 Satumba 1963, wanda ya ƙunshi Malaya, Arewacin Borneo, Sarawak, da Singapore, wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin babi a tarihin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Sanarwar Singapore
Ji Mr Lee ya shelanta 'yancin kai na Spore (Sai ​​Firayim Minista Lee Kuan Yew yana sanar da rabuwar Singapore da Malaysia yayin wani taron manema labarai a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1965. ©Anonymous
1965 Aug 7

Sanarwar Singapore

Singapore

Sanarwa ta Singapor wata yarjejeniya ce da ta shafi rabuwa da Singapore daga Malaysia a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta kuma mai cin gashin kanta wacce aka kulla ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 1965 tsakanin gwamnatin Malaysia da gwamnatin Singapore, da kuma wani mataki na gyara kundin tsarin mulkin Malaysia da Malaysia. Dokar a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1965 wanda Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong ya sanya wa hannu, kuma ya karanta ranar rabuwa da Malaysia, wanda ya kasance 9 ga Agusta 1965, ta Lee Kuan Yew, Firayim Minista na farko na Singapore.

Rikicin Kwaminisanci a Malaysia
Sarawak Rangers (yanzu na Malesiya Rangers) wanda ya ƙunshi Ibans tsalle daga jirgin sama na Royal Australiya Air Force Bell UH-1 Iroquois helikofta don kare iyakar Malay-Thai daga yuwuwar hare-haren gurguzu a 1965, shekaru uku kafin yaƙin ya fara a 1968 . ©W. Smither
1968 May 17 - 1989 Dec 2

Rikicin Kwaminisanci a Malaysia

Jalan Betong, Pengkalan Hulu,
Rikicin kwaminisanci a Malaysia, wanda aka fi sani da gaggawa na Malayan na biyu, rikici ne na makami wanda ya faru a Malaysia daga 1968 zuwa 1989, tsakanin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan (MCP) da jami'an tsaro na tarayya na Malaysia.Bayan kawo karshen bala'in gaggawa na Malayan a shekarar 1960, rundunar 'yantar da 'yantar da 'yancin Malayan ta kasar Sin, reshen kungiyar MCP mai dauke da makamai, ta koma kan iyakar Malaysia da Thailand, inda ta sake tattarawa tare da ba da horo domin kai farmaki kan gwamnatin Malaysia a nan gaba.Rikici ya sake kunno kai a hukumance lokacin da MCP ta yi wa jami'an tsaro kwanton bauna a Kroh-Betong da ke arewacin tsibirin Malesiya a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 1968. Rikicin ya kuma zo daidai da sabon tashin hankalin cikin gida tsakanin 'yan kabilar Malay da Sinawa a tsibirin Malaysia da kuma rikicin soji na yankin saboda rikicin sojan yankin. zuwa Yaƙin Vietnam .[89]Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Malayan ta samu wasu tallafi daga jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin.Taimakon ya ƙare lokacin da gwamnatocin Malaysia da China suka kulla dangantakar diflomasiyya a watan Yuni na 1974. [90] A cikin 1970, MCP ya fuskanci saɓani wanda ya haifar da ɓarkewar ƙungiyoyi biyu: Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Malaya/Marxist-Leninist (CPM/) ML) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Malaya/Revolutionary Faction (CPM-RF).[91] Duk da ƙoƙarin yin MCP ya yi kira ga 'yan kabilar Malay, Malesiya na kasar Sin sun mamaye kungiyar a duk lokacin yakin.[90] Maimakon ayyana "yanayin gaggawa" kamar yadda Turawan Ingila suka yi a baya, gwamnatin Malaysia ta mayar da martani ga masu tayar da kayar baya ta hanyar gabatar da tsare-tsare da dama da suka hada da Tsaro da Ci Gaban Shirin (KESBAN), Rukun Tetangga (Neighbourhood Watch), da kuma RELA Corps (Kungiyar Sa-kai ta Jama'a).[92]Rikicin ya ƙare a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1989 lokacin da MCP ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Malaysia a Hat Yai a kudancin Thailand.Wannan ya zo daidai da juyin juya halin 1989 da rugujewar wasu fitattun gwamnatocin gurguzu a duniya.[93] Bayan yakin da ake yi a tsibirin Malay, wani rikici na gurguzu kuma ya faru a jihar Sarawak ta Malaysia a tsibirin Borneo, wanda aka shigar da shi cikin Tarayyar Malaysia a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1963. [94.]
13 ga Mayu abin da ya faru
Bayan tarzomar. ©Anonymous
1969 May 13

13 ga Mayu abin da ya faru

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Lamarin da ya faru a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu wani lamari ne na rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Sino-Malay da ya faru a Kuala Lumpur, babban birnin Malaysia, a ranar 13 ga Mayun 1969. Rikicin ya faru ne bayan babban zaben Malaysia na 1969 lokacin da jam'iyyun adawa irin su Democratic Action. Jam'iyyar da Gerakan sun samu nasara a kan jam'iyyar kawance mai mulki, Alliance Party.Rahotannin hukuma da gwamnati ta fitar sun nuna adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon tarzomar ya kai 196, ko da yake majiyoyin diflomasiyya da masu lura da al’amura na kasa da kasa a lokacin sun nuna cewa adadin ya kai kusan 600 yayin da wasu kuma suka ce adadin ya fi haka, inda akasarin wadanda abin ya shafa ‘yan kabilar China ne.[87] Rikicin kabilanci ya haifar da ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kasa ta Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), wanda ya haifar da dakatar da majalisar.An kafa Majalisar Ayyuka ta Kasa (NOC) a matsayin gwamnatin rikon kwarya don gudanar da mulkin kasar na dan lokaci tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1971.Wannan taron dai ya kasance muhimmi a siyasar kasar Malaysia inda ya tilastawa faraministan farko Tunku Abdul Rahman sauka daga mukaminsa tare da mika ragamar mulki ga Tun Abdul Razak.Gwamnatin Razak ta sauya manufofinta na cikin gida don fifita Malaysiya tare da aiwatar da Sabuwar Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (NEP), kuma Jam'iyyar Malay UMNO ta sake fasalin tsarin siyasa don ciyar da mulkin Malay bisa akidar Ketuan Melayu (lit. "Malay Supremacy"). .[88]
Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arzikin Malesiya
Kuala Lumpur 1970s. ©Anonymous
1971 Jan 1 - 1990

Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arzikin Malesiya

Malaysia
A cikin 1970 kashi uku cikin huɗu na 'yan Malaysian da ke ƙasa da kangin talauci Malay ne, mafi yawan Malays har yanzu ma'aikatan karkara ne, kuma har yanzu an cire Malays ɗin daga tattalin arzikin zamani.Martanin da gwamnati ta bayar shi ne sabuwar manufar tattalin arziki ta 1971, wadda za a aiwatar ta hanyar tsare-tsare na shekaru hudu na shekaru biyar daga 1971 zuwa [1990.] kawar da ganewa tsakanin kabilanci da wadata.https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6e/65/42/6e65426bd6f5a09ffea0acc58edce4de.jpg An fahimci wannan manufar ta karshen tana nufin gagarumin sauyi a karfin tattalin arziki daga kasar Sin zuwa Malay. wanda har zuwa lokacin ya kasance kashi 5% na masu sana'a.[96]Don samar da ayyukan yi ga duk waɗannan sabbin waɗanda suka kammala karatun Malay, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri hukumomi da yawa don sa baki a cikin tattalin arzikin.Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne PERNAS (National Corporation Ltd.), PETRONAS (National Petroleum Ltd.), da HICOM (Kamfanin Masana'antu na Malesiya), wanda ba wai kawai ya ɗauki Malay da yawa aiki kai tsaye ba amma kuma ya saka hannun jari a fannonin bunkasar tattalin arziki don ƙirƙirar. sabbin ayyukan fasaha da gudanarwa waɗanda aka fi so ga Malaysiya.Sakamakon haka, rabon daidaiton Malay a cikin tattalin arzikin ya tashi daga 1.5% a cikin 1969 zuwa 20.3% a cikin 1990.
Gwamnatin Mahathir
Mahathir Mohamad shi ne ja-gaba wajen mayar da Malaysia babbar karfin masana'antu. ©Anonymous
1981 Jul 16

Gwamnatin Mahathir

Malaysia
Mahathir Mohamad ya karbi mukamin firaministan kasar Malaysia a shekarar 1981. Daya daga cikin fitattun gudummuwar da ya bayar ita ce shelar Vision 2020 a shekarar 1991, wadda ta gindaya burin Malaysia ta zama kasa mai ci gaba cikin shekaru talatin.Wannan hangen nesa ya bukaci kasar ta samu matsakaicin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kusan kashi bakwai cikin dari a kowace shekara.Tare da hangen nesa na 2020, an gabatar da manufofin ci gaban ƙasa (NDP), wanda ya maye gurbin Sabuwar Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi na Malaysia (NEP).Jam’iyyar NDP ta samu nasarar rage radadin talauci, kuma a karkashin jagorancin Mahathir, gwamnati ta rage harajin kamfanoni da sassauta ka’idojin hada-hadar kudi, lamarin da ya haifar da habakar tattalin arziki.A cikin 1990s, Mahathir ya fara aiwatar da manyan ayyukan more rayuwa da dama.Waɗannan sun haɗa da Multimedia Super Corridor, da nufin kwatanta nasarar Silicon Valley , da ci gaban Putrajaya a matsayin cibiyar hidimar jama'a ta Malaysia.Kasar ta kuma karbi bakuncin gasar Formula One Grand Prix a Sepang.Sai dai wasu ayyuka kamar Dam din Bakun da ke Sarawak, sun fuskanci kalubale musamman a lokacin da ake fama da matsalar kudi a yankin Asiya, wanda ya dakatar da ci gabansa.Rikicin kuɗi na Asiya a cikin 1997 ya yi tasiri sosai ga Malaysia, wanda ya haifar da faɗuwar darajar ringgit da raguwar saka hannun jari na waje.Yayin da da farko ke bin shawarwarin Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Mahathir a ƙarshe ya ɗauki wata hanya ta dabam ta ƙara yawan kashe kuɗin da gwamnati ke kashewa tare da daidaita kuɗin dalar Amurka.Wannan dabarar ta taimaka wa Malaysia murmurewa da sauri fiye da makwabtanta.A cikin gida, Mahathir ya fuskanci kalubale daga kungiyar Reformasi karkashin jagorancin Anwar Ibrahim, wanda daga baya aka daure a gidan yari bisa wasu lamurra.A lokacin da ya sauka daga mulki a watan Oktoban 2003, Mahathir ya shafe fiye da shekaru 22 yana mulki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama zababben shugaban da ya fi dadewa a duniya a lokacin.
Abdullahi Abdullahi
Abdullahi Ahmad Badawi ©Anonymous
2003 Oct 31 - 2009 Apr 2

Abdullahi Abdullahi

Malaysia
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ya zama firaministan Malaysia na biyar da kudurin yakar cin hanci da rashawa, inda ya bullo da matakan karfafawa hukumomin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da inganta fassarar addinin Islama, wanda aka fi sani da Islam Hadhari, wanda ke jaddada daidaito tsakanin Musulunci da ci gaban zamani.Ya kuma ba da fifiko wajen farfado da fannin noma na Malaysia.A karkashin jagorancinsa, jam'iyyar Barisan Nasional ta samu gagarumar nasara a babban zaben shekara ta 2004.Duk da haka, zanga-zangar jama'a kamar na 2007 Bersih Rally, na neman sake fasalin zabe, da gangamin HINDRAF na adawa da manufofin nuna wariya, na nuna rashin amincewa.Duk da cewa an sake zaben Abdullah a shekara ta 2008, Abdullah ya fuskanci suka kan rashin iya aiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya sanar da murabus dinsa a shekarar 2008, inda Najib Razak ya gaje shi a watan Afrilun 2009.
Hukumar Najib
Najib Razak ©Malaysian Government
2009 Apr 3 - 2018 May 9

Hukumar Najib

Malaysia
Najib Razak ya gabatar da kamfen na 1Malaysia a cikin 2009, daga baya ya sanar da soke Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta 1960, ta maye gurbinta da Dokar Laifin Tsaro (Mataki na Musamman) na 2012. Duk da haka, wa'adinsa ya ga manyan kalubale, ciki har da kutsawa a Lahad Datu a 2013 zuwa 2013. 'yan bindigar da wani mai da'awar ya aika zuwa ga Sarautar Sarkin Musulmi.Jami’an tsaron Malaysia sun mayar da martani cikin gaggawa, wanda ya kai ga kafa rundunar tsaro ta Gabashin Sabah.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga bala'o'i tare da jirgin saman Malaysia, yayin da Flight 370 ya bace a 2014, kuma an harbo jirgin 17 a gabashin Ukraine a cikin wannan shekarar.Gwamnatin Najib dai ta fuskanci cece-kuce musamman kan badakalar cin hanci da rashawa ta 1MDB, inda shi da wasu jami’ai ke da hannu wajen almubazzaranci da kudade da suka shafi wani asusun saka hannun jari na gwamnati.Wannan badakalar ta haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi, wanda ya kai ga sanarwar 'yan kasar Malaysia da kuma gangamin kungiyar Bersih na neman a yi sauye-sauye a zabuka, da tsaftataccen shugabanci da kare hakkin bil'adama.Dangane da zargin cin hanci da rashawa, Najib ya yi yunƙurin siyasa da dama, ciki har da tsige mataimakinsa, gabatar da wani kudurin dokar tsaro mai cike da cece-kuce, da kuma rage yawan tallafin da ya shafi tsadar rayuwa da kuma darajar ma'aikatan ringgit na Malaysia.Dangantaka tsakanin Malaysia da Koriya ta Arewa ta yi tsami a shekarar 2017 bayan kashe Kim Jong-nam a kasar Malaysia.Wannan lamari dai ya dauki hankulan kasashen duniya tare da haifar da dambarwar diflomasiya a tsakanin kasashen biyu.
Gwamnatin Mahathir ta biyu
Shugaban Philippines Duterte a wata ganawa da Mahathir a fadar Malacanang a shekarar 2019. ©Anonymous
2018 May 10 - 2020 Feb

Gwamnatin Mahathir ta biyu

Malaysia
An rantsar da Mahathir Mohamad a matsayin Firayim Minista na bakwai a Malaysia a watan Mayun 2018, wanda ya gaji Najib Razak, wanda wa'adinsa ya gurgunta sakamakon badakalar 1MDB, harajin Kayayyaki da Ayyuka na 6% da ba a so, da kuma kara tsadar rayuwa.A karkashin jagorancin Mahathir, an yi alkawarin dawo da bin doka da oda, tare da mai da hankali kan binciken gaskiya kan badakalar 1MDB.Anwar Ibrahim, wani jigo a siyasance, an yi masa afuwar sarauta tare da sake shi daga gidan yari, da nufin ya gaji Mahathir kamar yadda kawancen ya amince.Gwamnatin Mahathir ta dauki muhimman matakan tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya.An soke harajin Kayayyaki da Sabis mai cike da cece-kuce tare da maye gurbinsu da harajin tallace-tallace da harajin hidima a watan Satumba na 2018. Mahathir ya kuma yi nazari kan yadda Malesiya ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan samar da hanyar Belt da na kasar Sin, inda ya bayyana wasu a matsayin "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba" tare da danganta wasu da badakalar 1MDB.An sake yin shawarwari da wasu ayyuka, kamar hanyar layin dogo ta Gabas, yayin da wasu kuma aka ƙare.Bugu da kari, Mahathir ya nuna goyon baya ga shirin zaman lafiya na Koriya ta 2018-19, da niyyar sake bude ofishin jakadancin Malaysia a Koriya ta Arewa.A cikin gida, gwamnatin ta fuskanci kalubale lokacin da take magance matsalolin launin fata, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar yanke shawarar kin amincewa da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata (ICERD) saboda gagarumin adawa.A karshen wa'adinsa, Mahathir ya kaddamar da Ra'ayin Ra'ayin Ci Gaba na 2030, da nufin daukaka kasar Malaysia zuwa kasa mai karfin tattalin arziki nan da shekarar 2030 ta hanyar karfafa kudaden shiga na dukkanin kabilu tare da jaddada fannin fasaha.Yayin da 'yancin 'yan jarida ya ga ingantacciyar ci gaba a lokacin mulkinsa, rikice-rikicen siyasa a cikin kawancen Pakatan Harapan mai mulki, hade da rashin tabbas game da mika mulki ga Anwar Ibrahim, a karshe ya kawo karshen rikicin siyasa na Sheraton Move a watan Fabrairun 2020.
Muhyiddin Administration
Muhyiddin Yassin ©Anonymous
2020 Mar 1 - 2021 Aug 16

Muhyiddin Administration

Malaysia
A watan Maris din shekarar 2020, a cikin rikicin siyasa, an nada Muhyiddin Yassin a matsayin Firayim Minista na takwas a Malaysia bayan murabus din Mahathir Mohamad ba zato ba tsammani.Ya jagoranci sabuwar gwamnatin hadaka ta Perikatan Nasional.Jim kadan bayan hawansa ofis, cutar ta COVID-19 ta afkawa Malaysia, wanda hakan ya sanya Muhyiddin aiwatar da dokar hana zirga-zirgar Malaysian (MCO) a cikin Maris 2020 don dakile yaduwar ta.A wannan lokaci kuma an yanke wa tsohon Firayim Minista Najib Razak hukunci bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa a watan Yulin 2020, wanda ke zama karo na farko da firaministan Malaysia ya fuskanci irin wannan hukunci.Shekarar 2021 ta kawo ƙarin ƙalubale ga gwamnatin Muhyiddin.A cikin watan Janairu, Yang di-Pertuan Agong ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kasa, tare da dakatar da zaman majalisar dokoki da zabuka, tare da baiwa gwamnati damar kafa dokoki ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba, sakamakon barkewar annoba da tabarbarewar siyasa.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da shirin rigakafin COVID-19 na ƙasa a cikin Fabrairu.Sai dai a cikin watan Maris din da ya gabata, an yanke huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin Malesiya da Koriya ta Arewa bayan da babbar kotun Kuala Lumpur ta ki amincewa da daukaka karar da wani dan kasuwan Koriya ta Arewa ya yi ga Amurka.A watan Agustan 2021, rikicin siyasa da na kiwon lafiya ya karu, inda Muhyiddin ke fuskantar suka kan yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da annobar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Hakan ya sa ya rasa rinjayen goyon bayan majalisar.Sakamakon haka, Muhyiddin ya yi murabus daga matsayin firaminista a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2021. Bayan murabus dinsa, Yang di-Pertuan Agong ya nada shi a matsayin firaministan rikon kwarya har sai an zabi wanda ya dace.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Origin and History of the Malaysians


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APPENDIX 2

Malaysia's Geographic Challenge


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Footnotes



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