Daular Qing

Marigayi tawayen manoman Ming sun kasance jerin tawayen manoma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na daular Ming wanda ya kasance daga 1628-1644.An yi su ne sakamakon bala'o'i a Shaanxi, Shanxi, da Henan.A sa'i daya kuma, 'yan tawayen She-An da kuma hare-haren Jin daga baya sun tilastawa gwamnatin Ming ta rage kudaden da ake ba wa ma'aikatan gidan waya, lamarin da ya haifar da rashin aikin yi na maza a larduna da bala'o'i.Rashin iya jure wa manyan rikice-rikice guda uku a lokaci guda, daular Ming ta rushe a shekara ta 1644.

Mamaya na Qing na Joseon ya faru ne a cikin hunturu na 1636 lokacin da sabuwar daular Qing da aka kafa ta mamaye daular Joseon , wanda ya kafa matsayin tsohon matsayin hegemon a tsarin mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin da kuma yanke dangantakar Joseon da daular Ming.An riga an fara mamayewa daga baya Jin mamayar Joseon a 1627. Ya haifar da cikakkiyar nasara ga Qing akan Joseon.Bayan yakin, Joseon ya zama ma'aikacin daular Qing kuma an tilasta masa yanke dangantaka da daular Ming da ke raguwa.An yi garkuwa da wasu 'yan gidan sarautar Joseon tare da kashe su yayin da Joseon ya amince da daular Qing a matsayin sabon shugabansu.

Sarkin Shunzhi (Fulin; 15 Maris 1638 - 5 ga Fabrairu 1661) shi ne Sarkin daular Qing daga 1644 zuwa 1661, kuma sarkin Qing na farko da ya yi mulkin kasar Sin daidai.Kwamitin sarakunan Manchu ya zaɓe shi ya gaji mahaifinsa, Hong Taiji (1592-1643), a watan Satumba 1643, yana ɗan shekara biyar.Sarakunan sun kuma nada sarakuna biyu: Dorgon (1612 – 1650), dan na 14 na wanda ya kafa daular Qing Nurhaci (1559 – 1626), da Jirgalang (1599 – 1655), daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Nurhaci, wadanda dukkansu ‘yan uwa ne. dangin sarki Qing.Daga 1643 zuwa 1650, ikon siyasa ya kasance mafi yawa a hannun Dorgon.A karkashin jagorancinsa, daular Qing ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan daular Ming da ta mutu (1368-1644), ta kori gwamnatin Ming masu biyayya a cikin lardunan kudu maso yammacin kasar, tare da kafa tushen tsarin mulkin Qing kan kasar Sin daidai duk da manufofin da ba a san su ba kamar su. "umarnin aski" na shekara ta 1645, wanda ya tilastawa al'ummar Qing su aske goshinsu tare da dunƙule gashin da suka rage a cikin jerin gwano mai kama da na Manchus.Bayan mutuwar Dorgon a ranar ƙarshe ta 1650, matashin Sarkin Shunzhi ya fara mulki da kansa.Ya yi ƙoƙari, tare da nasara dabam-dabam, don yaƙar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rage tasirin siyasar Manchu.A cikin 1650s, ya fuskanci farfadowar juriya masu aminci na Ming, amma a shekara ta 1661 sojojinsa sun ci nasara da abokan gaba na Qing Empire, Seafaer Koxinga (1624-1662) da kuma Yariman Gui (1623-1662) na daular Ming ta Kudu, dukansu biyu. wanda zai mutu a shekara mai zuwa.

Yaƙin Shanhai Pass, wanda aka yi a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1644 a Shanhai Pass a gabashin ƙarshen babbar ganuwa, yaƙi ne mai mahimmanci wanda ya kai farkon mulkin daular Qing a kasar Sin daidai.A can ne yarima mai jiran gadon sarautar Qing Dorgon ya yi kawance da tsohon Janar Ming Wu Sangui don kayar da shugaban 'yan tawaye Li Zicheng na daular Shun, wanda ya baiwa Dorgon da sojojin Qing damar mamaye birnin cikin sauri.

Yakin Hutong wani rikici ne na soji wanda ya faru a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1658 tsakanin Tsardom na Rasha da daular Qing da Joseon .Ya haifar da shan kashi a Rasha.

Masarautar Tungning, wacce turawan Ingila suka fi sani da Tywan a lokacin, wata kasa ce mai daular ruwa wacce ta mallaki wani yanki na kudu maso yammacin Formosa ( Taiwan ) da tsibirin Penghu tsakanin 1661 zuwa 1683. Ita ce jihar Han ta farko da aka fi sani da kasar Sin a tarihin Taiwan. .A matsayi mafi girma, ikon tekun masarautar ya mamaye yankuna daban-daban na yankunan bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin kasar Sin, kuma yana sarrafa manyan hanyoyin tekun da ke gabar tekun kasar Sin guda biyu, kuma babbar hanyar cinikayyar ta ta yadu dagaJapan zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) ne ya kafa Masarautar bayan da ta kwace ikon Taiwan, wata kasar waje a lokacin da take wajen iyakokin kasar Sin, daga mulkin kasar Holland.Zheng ya yi fatan sake dawo da daular Ming a babban yankin kasar Sin, lokacin da daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu ta ci gaba da mamaye jihar daular Ming da ke kudancin kasar Sin.Daular Zheng ta yi amfani da tsibirin Taiwan a matsayin sansanin soji don yunkurin kishin addininsu na Ming da ke da nufin kwato babban yankin kasar Sin daga Qing.A karkashin mulkin Zheng, Taiwan ta yi wani tsari na kawar da kai a kokarin da take na karfafa tunga na karshe na tsayin daka na kasar Sin wajen yaki da Manchus mai mamaye.Har zuwa lokacin da daular Qing ta mamaye ta a shekara ta 1683, masarautar Koxinga ta mallaki magada gidan Koxinga, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran lokacin mulki da daular Koxinga ko daular Zheng.

Sarkin Kangxi shi ne sarki na uku na daular Qing, kuma sarki na biyu na Qing da ya yi mulkin kasar Sin daidai, yana mulki daga 1661 zuwa 1722.Sarautar Sarkin Kangxi na shekaru 61 ya sa ya zama sarki mafi dadewa a tarihin kasar Sin (ko da yake jikansa, Sarkin Qianlong, ya kasance mafi dadewa a kan karagar mulki, ya hau kan karagar mulki, ya kuma ci gaba da rike madafun iko har zuwa rasuwarsa) kuma daya daga cikinsu. masu mulki mafi dadewa a tarihi.Ana daukar Sarkin Kangxi daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan kasar Sin.Ya murkushe Tawayen Feudatories guda uku, ya tilasta wa Masarautar Tungning a Taiwan , da kuma 'yan tawayen Mongol da ke Arewa da Arewa maso Yamma su mika wuya ga mulkin Qing, sannan ya toshe Tsarist Rasha a kan kogin Amur, tare da rike Manchuria na waje da waje da arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin.Mulkin Sarkin Kangxi ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da wadata na dangi bayan shekaru na yaki da hargitsi.Ya qaddamar da lokacin da aka fi sani da "Lokacin Ci Gaban Kangxi da Qianlong" ko "Babban Qing", wanda ya dade har tsawon tsararraki bayan mutuwarsa.Har ila yau kotunsa ta cim ma irin nasarorin adabi kamar harhada ƙamus na Kangxi.

Tawayen Feudatories guda uku tawaye ne a kasar Sin wanda ya kasance daga 1673 zuwa 1681, a lokacin farkon mulkin Sarkin Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) na daular Qing (1644-1912).Tawagar sarakuna uku na lardunan Yunnan da Guangdong da Fujian ne suka jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin tsakiyar Qing.An ba wa manyan 'yan kasar Sin Han da suka taimaka wa Manchu cin nasara a kasar Sin a lokacin da aka mika mulki daga Ming zuwa Qing.Masarautar Tungning ta Taiwan ta Zheng Jing ta ba da goyon bayan ’yan ta’addar, wadda ta tura dakaru don mamaye yankin kasar Sin.Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan sojojin Han, irin su Wang Fuchen da Mongols Chahar, sun yi tawaye ga mulkin Qing.Bayan da aka yi watsi da juriyar Han na ƙarshe, an soke tsoffin sunayen sarauta.

Yakin Penghu yaki ne na ruwa da aka yi a shekara ta 1683 tsakanin daular Qing da daular Tungning.Babban jami'in Qing, Shi Lang, ya jagoranci wata rundunar soji don kai wa dakarun Tungning hari a birnin Penghu.Kowane bangare ya mallaki jiragen ruwan yaki sama da 200.Tungning Admiral Liu Guoxuan Shi Lang ne ya zarce shi, wanda dakarunsa suka zarce shi uku zuwa daya.Liu ya mika wuya lokacin da tutarsa ​​ta kare ya gudu zuwa Taiwan .Rashin Penghu ya haifar da mika wuya na Zheng Keshuang, sarkin Tungning na karshe, ga daular Qing.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Dzungar-Qing sun kasance jerin rikice-rikice na tsawon shekaru da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da Dzungar Khanate da daular Qing ta China da 'yan tawayen Mongolian.An gwabza fada a fadin Asiya ta tsakiya, daga tsakiya da gabashin Mongoliya ta yau zuwa yankunan Tibet, Qinghai, da Xinjiang na kasar Sin ta yau.Nasarar da Qing ta samu daga karshe ta kai ga shigar da kasashen Mongoliya, Tibet da Xinjiang a cikin daular Qing wanda zai dawwama har zuwa faduwar daular a shekarar 1911-1912, da kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa yawancin mutanen Dzungar a yankunan da aka mamaye.

Yarjejeniyar Nerchinsk ta 1689 ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Tsardom na Rasha da daular Qing ta kasar Sin.'Yan Rasha sun ba da yankin arewacin kogin Amur har zuwa Stanovoy Range kuma sun kiyaye yankin tsakanin kogin Argun da tafkin Baikal.Wannan iyakar da ke kusa da kogin Argun da Stanovoy Range ta dade har zuwa lokacin da Amur ya hade ta hanyar yerjejeniyar Aigun a 1858 da yarjejeniyar Peking a 1860. Ya bude kasuwannin kayayyakin Rasha a kasar Sin, kuma ya baiwa Rashawa damar samun kayayyaki da kayan alatu na kasar Sin.An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Nerchinsk a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1689. Wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun kasance Songgotu a madadin Sarkin Kangxi da Fyodor Golovin a madadin tsarurruka na Rasha Peter I da Ivan V. Sigar mai iko ta kasance cikin Latin, tare da fassara zuwa Rashanci da Manchu , amma waɗannan sigogin sun bambanta sosai.Babu wani rubutu a hukumance na kasar Sin na tsawon karni biyu, amma an rubuta alamomin kan iyaka da Sinanci tare da Manchu, Rashanci da Latin. Daga baya, a cikin 1727, yarjejeniyar Kiakhta ta daidaita iyakar Mongoliya a yammacin Argun kuma ta bude. sama cinikin ayari.A cikin 1858 (yarjejeniyar Aigun) Rasha ta mamaye ƙasar arewacin Amur kuma a cikin 1860 (yarjejeniyar Beijing) ta ɗauki bakin teku zuwa Vladivostok.Iyakar da ke yanzu tana tafiya tare da kogin Argun, Amur da Ussuri.

Tibet a karkashin mulkin Qing yana nufin dangantakar daular Qing da Tibet daga 1720 zuwa 1912. A wannan lokacin, Qing Sin ta dauki Tibet a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta.Tibet ta dauki kanta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta wacce ke da alakar "firist da majiɓinci" kawai tare da daular Qing.Masana irin su Melvyn Goldstein sun dauki Tibet a matsayin mai kare Qing.A shekara ta 1642, Güshri Khan na Khoshut Khanate ya sake hade Tibet karkashin ikon ruhaniya da na zahiri na Dalai Lama na 5 na makarantar Gelug.A shekara ta 1653, Dalai Lama ya kai ziyarar gani da ido zuwa kotun Qing, kuma an karbe shi a birnin Beijing kuma "an amince da shi a matsayin ikon ruhaniya na daular Qing".Dzungar Khanate sun mamaye Tibet a shekara ta 1717, daga baya Qing ya kore shi a shekara ta 1720. Sannan sarakunan Qing sun nada mazauna daular da aka fi sani da jakadan Tibet, yawancinsu 'yan kabilar Manchus ne da suka kai rahoto ga Lifan Yuan, wata hukumar gwamnatin Qing da ke kula da daular. iyaka.A zamanin Qing, Lhasa ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a siyasance karkashin Dalai Lamas.Hukumomin Qing a wasu lokuta sun tsunduma cikin ayyukan siyasa na tsoma baki a cikin Tibet, suna tattara haraji, da tura sojoji, da kuma rinjayar zabar reincarnation ta hanyar Golden Urn.Kimanin rabin yankunan Tibet an kebe su daga mulkin gwamnatin Lhasa, an kuma shigar da su cikin lardunan da ke makwabtaka da kasar Sin, ko da yake galibin suna karkashin sunan birnin Beijing ne kawai.A cikin shekarun 1860, "mulkin Qing" a Tibet ya zama mafi ka'ida fiye da gaskiya, idan aka yi la'akari da nauyin nauyin Qing na cikin gida da na waje.

Sarkin Yongzheng (Yinzhen; 13 Disamba 1678 - 8 Oktoba 1735) shi ne sarki na hudu na daular Qing, kuma sarki na Qing na uku da ya yi mulkin kasar Sin daidai.Ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1722 zuwa 1735. Wani mai mulki mai himma, babban burin Sarkin Yongzheng shi ne samar da gwamnati mai inganci da kudi kadan.Kamar mahaifinsa, Sarkin Kangxi, Sarkin Yongzheng ya yi amfani da karfin soja don kiyaye matsayin daular.Duk da cewa mulkin Yongzheng ya fi na mahaifinsa duka (Sarkin Kangxi) da dansa (Sarkin Qianlong), zamanin Yongzheng lokaci ne na zaman lafiya da wadata.Sarkin Yongzheng ya dakile cin hanci da rashawa tare da gyara ma'aikata da harkokin kudi.Mulkinsa ya ga kafa babbar majalisa, cibiyar da ke da tasiri mai yawa kan makomar daular Qing.

Yarjejeniyar Kyakhta (ko Kiakhta), tare da yarjejeniyar Nerchinsk (1689), ta tsara dangantakar da ke tsakanin Daular Rasha da Daular Qing ta kasar Sin har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19.Tulišen da Count Sava Lukich Raguzinskii-Vladislavich ne suka sanya hannu a kan iyakar Kyakhta a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1727.

Manyan Gangamin Goma (Sinanci: 十全武功; pinyin: Shíquán Wǔgōng) jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na soja da Daular Qing ta kasar Sin ta kaddamar a tsakiyar karni na 18 a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Qianlong (r. 1735-96). .Sun haɗa da uku don faɗaɗa yankin kula da Qing a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya: biyu a kan Dzungars (1755-57) da "kwanciyar hankali" na Xinjiang (1758-59).Sauran yakin basasa guda bakwai sun kasance cikin yanayin ayyukan 'yan sanda a kan iyakokin da aka riga aka kafa: yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu don murkushe Gyalrong na Jinchuan, Sichuan, wani don murkushe Aboriginal na Taiwan (1787-88), da balaguro huɗu a ƙasashen waje da Burma (1765-) 69), Vietnamese (1788-89), da Gurkhas a kan iyakar Tibet da Nepal (1790-92), tare da ƙidaya na ƙarshe a matsayin biyu.

Sarkin Qianlong shi ne sarki na biyar na daular Qing, kuma shi ne sarki na hudu na Qing da ya yi mulkin kasar Sin daidai, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1735 zuwa 1796.A matsayinsa na shugaba mai ƙwazo da al'ada wanda ya gaji daula mai bunƙasa, a tsawon mulkinsa, daular Qing ta kai mafi kyawun zamaninta da wadata, tana alfahari da yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki.A matsayinsa na shugaban soji, ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe na faɗaɗa yankin daular zuwa mafi girma ta hanyar cin nasara a wasu lokutan kuma yana lalata masarautun Asiya ta Tsakiya.Wannan ya juya a ƙarshen shekarunsa: daular Qing ta fara raguwa tare da cin hanci da rashawa da almubazzaranci a cikin kotunsa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula da suka tsaya cik.

Gangamin Jinchuan ( Sinanci: 大小金川之役), wanda kuma aka sani da murkushe mutanen tsaunin Jinchuan (Sin: 平定兩金川), yaƙe-yaƙe ne guda biyu tsakanin Daular Qing da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Gyalrong sarakunan ("T"). yankin Jinchuan.Yaƙin farko na yaƙi da masarautar Chuchen (Da Jinchuan ko Greater Jinchuan a Sinanci) ya faru ne a cikin 1747 lokacin da Tusi na Greater Jinchuan Slob Dpon ya kai hari kan masarautar Chakla (Mingzheng).Sarkin Qianlong ya yanke shawarar tattara sojoji tare da murkushe Slob Dpon, wanda ya mika wuya ga gwamnatin tsakiyaYaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu na adawa da sarautar Tsanlha (Xiao Jinchuan ko ƙaramar Jinchuan) ya faru a shekara ta 1771, lokacin da Jinchuan Tusi Sonom ya kashe Gebushiza Tusi na gundumar Ngawa a lardin Sichuan.Bayan da Sonom ya kashe Gebushiza Tusi, ya taimaki Tusi na karamar Jinchuan, Senge Sang, ya mamaye filayen sauran Tusi a yankin.Gwamnatin lardin ta umurci Sonom da ya dawo da filaye kuma ya karbi shari’ar a ma’aikatar shari’a nan take.Sonom ya ƙi ya ja da baya.Sarkin Qianlong ya fusata ya tattara sojoji 80,000 ya shiga birnin Jinchuan.A cikin 1776, sojojin Qing sun kewaye gidan Sonom don tilasta masa mika wuya. Yakin Jinchuan ya kasance biyu daga cikin manyan yakin basasa goma na Qianlong.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kamfen ɗinsa guda takwas, farashin yaƙin Jinchuan ya kasance na ban mamaki.

Kisan kare dangi na Dzungar shi ne kisan gillar da daular Qing ta yi wa al'ummar Mongol Dzungar.Sarkin Qianlong ya ba da umarnin kisan gillar da aka yi saboda tawaye a 1755 da shugaban Dzungar Amursana ya yi wa mulkin Qing, bayan daular ta fara cin nasara kan Dzungar Khanate tare da goyon bayan Amursana.Janar Manchu na sojojin Qing ne suka yi kisan kiyashin da aka aika domin murkushe 'yan kabilar Dzungar, wadanda ke samun goyon bayan kawayen Uygur da 'yan adawa saboda tawayen Uyghur da gwamnatin Dzungar suka yi.Dzungar Khanate wata ƙungiya ce ta kabilun kabilar Mongol na Buddhist Oirat na Tibet waɗanda suka fito a farkon ƙarni na 17, kuma babbar daular makiyaya ta ƙarshe a Asiya.Wasu malaman sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80% na al'ummar Dzungar, ko kuma kusan mutane 500,000 zuwa 800,000, an kashe su ta hanyar yaƙi da cututtuka a lokacin ko bayan cin nasarar Qing a 1755-1757.Bayan shafe al'ummar Dzungaria, gwamnatin Qing ta sake tsugunar da mutanen Han, Hui, Uyghur, da Xibe a gonakin gwamnati a Dzungaria tare da Manchu Bannermen don sake mamaye yankin.

Tsarin Canton ya kasance wata hanya ce ga kasar Sin ta Qing don sarrafa harkokin kasuwanci da kasashen yamma a cikin kasarta ta hanyar mai da hankali kan dukkan harkokin kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa ta kudancin Canton (yanzu Guangzhou).Manufar ba da kariya ta taso ne a shekara ta 1757 a matsayin mayar da martani ga barazanar siyasa da kasuwanci daga ketare daga bangaren sarakunan kasar Sin masu zuwa.Tun daga karshen karni na sha bakwai zuwa gaba, 'yan kasuwan kasar Sin, wadanda aka fi sani da Hongs, suna gudanar da dukkan harkokin kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa.Yin aiki daga masana'antu goma sha uku da ke gefen kogin Pearl a wajen Canton, a cikin 1760, bisa umarnin Sarkin Qing Qianlong, an ba su izini a hukumance a matsayin wani yanki da aka sani da Cohong.Bayan haka, 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin masu hulda da cinikayyar waje sun yi aiki ta hanyar Cohong karkashin kulawar mai kula da kwastam na Guangdong, wanda aka fi sani da "Hoppo", da kuma babban gwamnan Guangzhou da Guangxi.

Yakin Sino da Burma, wanda kuma aka fi sani da mamayewar Qing na Burma ko yakin Myanmar na daular Qing, yaki ne da aka yi tsakanin daular Qing takasar Sin da daular Konbaung ta Burma (Myanmar).Kasar Sin karkashin Sarkin Qianlong ta kaddamar da hare-hare hudu a kasar Burma tsakanin shekarun 1765 zuwa 1769, wadanda aka dauke su daya daga cikin manyan yakin neman zabensa guda goma.Duk da haka, yakin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar sojojin kasar Sin sama da 70,000 da kwamandoji hudu, wani lokaci ana bayyana shi a matsayin "yakin kan iyaka mafi muni da daular Qing ta taba yi", kuma wanda ya tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Burma.Nasarar tsaron da Burma ta samu ya kafa harsashin iyaka a yau tsakanin kasashen biyu.

Tawayen White Lotus, wanda ya faru daga 1794 zuwa 1804 a tsakiyarkasar Sin , ya fara ne a matsayin zanga-zangar haraji.Ƙungiyar White Lotus Society ce ta jagoranta, ƙungiyar addini na sirri tare da tushen tarihi tun daga daular Jin (265-420 CE).Ana danganta al'umma da tashe-tashen hankula da dama, wadanda suka hada da tawayen Red Turban a shekara ta 1352, wanda ya taimaka wajen faduwar daular Yuan da hawan daular Ming a karkashin Zhu Yuanzhang, Sarkin Hongwu.Duk da haka, masana kamar Barend Joannes Ter Haar sun ba da shawarar cewa, Ming da jami'an Qing sun yi amfani da lakabin farin Lotus ga ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban da ba su da alaƙa, sau da yawa ba tare da tsarin haɗin gwiwa ba.Su kansu 'yan tawayen ba su ci gaba da kasancewa da sunan White Lotus ba, wanda galibi ana danganta su da su yayin manyan tambayoyi da gwamnati ke yi.Tawayen Farin Lotus na nan take shine Tashin Wang Lun na 1774 a lardin Shandong, wanda Wang Lun, mai zane-zane da kayan lambu ya jagoranta.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu na farko, gazawar Wang Lun na gina babban goyon bayan jama'a da raba albarkatu ya haifar da rugujewar tafiyarsa cikin sauri.Ita kanta tawayen White Lotus ta bulla a yankin Sichuan, Hubei, da Shaanxi dake kan iyaka da tsaunuka.Da farko zanga-zangar haraji, da sauri ta girma ta zama cikakkiyar tawaye, ta yi alkawarin ceto na kai ga mabiyanta.Tawayen ya samu goyon baya sosai, wanda ya zama babban kalubale ga daular Qing.Ƙoƙarin farko na Sarkin Qianlong na murkushe tawayen bai yi tasiri ba, domin 'yan tawayen sun yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi da kuma shiga cikin rayuwar farar hula cikin sauƙi.Sojojin Qing, wadanda aka san su da zalunci, ana yi musu lakabi da "Red Lotus."Sai a farkon shekarun 1800 ne gwamnatin Qing ta yi nasarar murkushe 'yan tawayen ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan soja da manufofin zamantakewa, gami da kafa kungiyoyin sa kai na cikin gida da kuma shirye-shiryen sake tsugunar da su.Tawayen ya nuna gazawa a cikin sojojin Qing da mulki, wanda ya taimaka wajen karuwar yawan tawaye a karni na 19.Hanyoyin murkushewa da Qing ke amfani da su, musamman samar da mayaka na gida, daga baya sun yi tasiri kan dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin Tawayen Taiping.

Yakin Anglo-China, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Opium ko Yakin Opium na Farko, wani jerin ayyukan soji ne da aka yi tsakanin Biritaniya da daular Qing tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1842. Batun nan da nan shi ne kwace hannun jarin opium masu zaman kansu na kasar Sin a Canton. dakatar da cinikin opium da aka haramta, da yin barazanar hukuncin kisa ga masu laifi a nan gaba.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dage kan ka'idojin ciniki cikin 'yanci da amincewar diflomasiyya daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe, tare da goyan bayan bukatun 'yan kasuwa.Sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun fatattaki Sinawa ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa da makamai masu karfin fasaha, sannan Birtaniyya ta kafa wata yerjejeniya wadda ta bai wa Biritaniya yankin tare da bude harkokin kasuwanci da kasar Sin.Masu kishin kasa na karni na 20 sun dauki shekarar 1839 farkon karni na wulakanci, kuma masana tarihi da yawa sun dauke shi a matsayin farkon tarihin kasar Sin na zamani. A karni na 18, bukatar kayayyakin alatu na kasar Sin (musamman siliki, siliki, da shayi) ya haifar da rashin daidaiton ciniki tsakanin kasashen biyu. China da Birtaniya.Azurfa ta Turai ta shiga cikin kasar Sin ta hanyar Canton System, wanda ya kebe kasuwancin waje mai shigowa zuwa birnin Canton mai tashar jiragen ruwa na kudancin kasar.Don magance wannan rashin daidaituwa, Kamfanin British East India Company ya fara noman opium a Bengal kuma ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu damar sayar da opium ga masu fasa-kwauri na kasar Sin don sayarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a China.Yaduwar ta'ammali da miyagun kwayoyi ya mayar da rarar kudin cinikayyar kasar Sin, da kawar da tattalin arzikin azurfa, da kuma kara yawan masu shaye-shaye a cikin kasar, sakamakon da ya sanya jami'an kasar Sin matukar damuwa.A cikin 1839, Sarkin Daoguang, ya ki amincewa da shawarwarin halattawa da harajin opium, ya nada Viceroy Lin Zexu ya je Canton don dakatar da cinikin opium gaba daya.Lin ta rubuta budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Sarauniya Victoria, wacce ba ta taba gani ba, tana mai kira ga hakkinta na da'a na dakatar da cinikin opium.

Yarjejeniyar Nanking (Nanjing) ita ce yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya wadda ta kawo karshen yakin Opium na farko (1839-1842) tsakanin Birtaniya da daular Qing na kasar Sin a ranar 29 ga Agustan 1842.A ci gaba da shan kayen da sojojin kasar Sin suka yi, yayin da jiragen yakin Burtaniya ke shirin kai wa birnin Nanjing hari, jami'an Birtaniya da na Sin sun yi shawarwari kan jirgin HMS Cornwallis a birnin.A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, wakilin Burtaniya Sir Henry Pottinger da wakilan Qing Qiying, Yilibu, da Niu Jian suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, wadda ta kunshi abubuwa goma sha uku.Sarkin Daoguang ne ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba da Sarauniya Victoria a ranar 28 ga Disamba.An yi musayar ra'ayi a Hong Kong a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1843. Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci Sinawa su biya diyya, don mika tsibirin Hong Kong ga Birtaniya a matsayin mulkin mallaka, don kawo karshen tsarin Canton wanda ke da iyakacin ciniki zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya ba da izini. kasuwanci a Five Treaty Ports.An bi shi a cikin 1843 ta Yarjejeniyar Bogue, wacce ta ba da ƙetare ƙasa da mafi fifikon matsayin ƙasa.Shi ne na farko na abin da daga baya 'yan kishin kasar Sin suka kira yarjejeniyar rashin daidaito.

Tawayen Taiping, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Basasa na Taiping ko juyin juya halin Taiping, wani gagarumin tawaye ne da yakin basasa da aka yi a kasar Sin tsakanin daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu da masarautar Taiping Heavenly ta Hakka karkashin jagorancin Hakka.Ya kasance daga 1850 zuwa 1864, ko da yake bayan faduwar Tianjing (yanzu Nanjing) ba a kawar da sojojin 'yan tawaye na karshe ba sai Agusta 1871. Bayan yakin basasar da ya fi zubar da jini a tarihin duniya, tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da miliyan 20, gwamnatin Qing da aka kafa ta yi nasara. yanke hukunci, ko da yake yana da babban farashi ga tsarin kasafin kuɗi da na siyasa.

Yakin Opium na Biyu yaki ne, wanda ya dau tsakanin shekarar 1856 zuwa 1860, wanda ya hada daular Burtaniya da daular Faransa da daular Qing ta kasar Sin.Wannan dai shi ne babban rikici na biyu a yakin Opium, wanda aka gwabza kan 'yancin shigo da opium zuwa kasar Sin, wanda ya haifar da shan kashi na biyu ga daular Qing.Hakan ya sa jami'an kasar Sin da dama suka yi imanin cewa, rikice-rikice da kasashen yamma ba yakin gargajiya ba ne, amma wani bangare ne na rikicin kasa da ke kunno kai.A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin Opium na biyu, an tilastawa gwamnatin Qing ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da Rasha, irin su Yarjejeniyar Aigun da Yarjejeniyar Peking (Beijing).Sakamakon haka, kasar Sin ta mika wa Rashan yankin arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin kasarta fiye da murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.5.Bayan kammala yakin, gwamnatin Qing ta iya mai da hankali wajen tinkarar 'yan tawayen Taiping da kuma kiyaye mulkinta.Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Yarjejeniyar Peking ta mika yankin Kowloon ga Birtaniya a matsayin wani bangare na Hong Kong.

Empress Dowager Cixi na dangin Manchu Yehe Nara, mace ce mai daraja ta kasar Sin, ƙwarƙwara kuma daga baya kuma ta mallaki gwamnatin kasar Sin a zamanin daular Qing na tsawon shekaru 47, daga 1861 har zuwa rasuwarta a 1908. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ƙwarƙwarar Sarkin Xianfeng. A lokacin kuruciyarta, ta haifi ɗa, Zaichun, a shekara ta 1856. Bayan rasuwar Sarkin Xianfeng a shekara ta 1861, yaron ya zama sarkin Tongzhi, kuma ta ɗauki matsayin mai ba da kyauta, tare da bazawar sarki, Sarauniya Dowager. Ci'an.Cixi ya kori gungun masu rike da mukamai da marigayi sarki ya nada kuma ya karbi mulki tare da Ci'an, wanda daga baya ya mutu a asirce.Daga nan Cixi ya karfafa ikon daular lokacin da ta nada dan uwanta a matsayin Sarkin Guangxu a lokacin mutuwar danta, Sarkin Tongzhi, a 1875.Cixi ta kula da Restoration na Tongzhi, jerin gyare-gyare masu tsaka-tsaki da suka taimaka wa gwamnatin ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1911. Ko da yake Cixi ta ki amincewa da tsarin mulkin yammacin Turai, ta goyi bayan sauye-sauyen fasaha da na soja da kuma yunkurin karfafa kai.Ta goyi bayan ka'idodin gyare-gyaren kwanaki ɗari na 1898, amma tana tsoron cewa aiwatarwa ba zato ba tsammani, ba tare da goyon bayan hukuma ba, zai kawo cikas kuma Japan da sauran ƙasashen waje za su yi amfani da duk wani rauni.Bayan tawayen Boxer, ta zama abokantaka da baƙi a babban birnin kasar kuma ta fara aiwatar da sauye-sauye na kasafin kudi da na hukumomi da nufin mayar da kasar Sin a matsayin mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki.

Tawayen Dungan wani yaki ne da aka yi a yammacin kasar Sin a karni na 19, akasari a zamanin Sarkin Tongzhi (r. 1861-1875) na daular Qing.Kalmar wani lokaci ya haɗa da Tawayen Panthay a Yunnan, wanda ya faru a lokaci guda.Sai dai wannan labarin ya yi ishara ne da tashe tashen hankula guda biyu na Musulman kasar Sin daban-daban, galibinsu 'yan kabilar Hui, a lardunan Shaanxi da Gansu da kuma Ningxia a farkon ruwan sama, sannan a karo na biyu a Xinjiang, tsakanin shekarar 1862 zuwa 1877. Tashin hankalin dai ya kasance daga karshe. sojojin Qing karkashin jagorancin Zuo Zongtang sun murkushe su.

Yaƙin Sino-Faransa, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tonkin War da Tonquin War, wani ƙayyadadden rikici ne da aka gwabza daga Agusta 1884 zuwa Afrilu 1885. Babu sanarwar yaƙi.A soja ya kasance mai taurin kai.Sojojin kasar Sin sun taka rawar gani fiye da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarni na goma sha tara, kuma yaƙin ya ƙare tare da ja da baya a ƙasar Faransa.Duk da haka, sakamako ɗaya shine Faransa ta maye gurbin ikon China na Tonkin (arewacin Vietnam).Yakin ya karfafa ikon da Empress Dowager Cixi ta yi a kan gwamnatin kasar Sin, amma ya durkusar da gwamnatin firaminista Jules Ferry a birnin Paris.Bangarorin biyu sun amince da yarjejeniyar Tientsin.

Yakin farko na Sin da Japan rikici ne tsakanin daular Qing ta kasar Sin da daularJapan musamman kan tasiri aKoriya ta Joseon .Bayan fiye da watanni shida na nasarorin da sojojin ruwa na Japan da na ruwa suka yi ba tare da karyewa ba, da kuma asarar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Weihaiwei, gwamnatin Qing ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya a watan Fabrairun 1895.Yakin ya nuna gazawar daular Qing na kokarin zamanantar da sojojinta da kuma kawar da barazana ga ikonta, musamman idan aka kwatanta da nasarar dawo da Meiji na kasar Japan.A karon farko, ikon yanki a gabashin Asiya ya tashi daga kasar Sin zuwa Japan;martabar daular Qing, tare da al'adar gargajiya ta kasar Sin, sun fuskanci babbar matsala.Rashin wulakanci da Koriya ta yi a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta ya haifar da kukan da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.A cikin kasar Sin, shan kayen da aka yi ya haifar da rudani na siyasa da Sun Yat-sen da Kang Youwei suka jagoranta, wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Xinhai na shekarar 1911.

Tawayen dambe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tashe-tashen hankula, Tashin Damben dambe, ko kuma kungiyar Yihetuan, wani boren adawa ne na kasashen waje, da mulkin mallaka, da na kirista akasar Sin tsakanin 1899 da 1901, zuwa karshen daular Qing. Kungiyar masu adalci da masu jituwa (Yìhéquán), wadda aka fi sani da "Boxers" a turance saboda yawancin mambobinta sun yi wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin, wanda a lokacin ake kira "Boxing na kasar Sin".Bayan Yaƙin Sino-Japan na 1895, mazauna ƙauye a Arewacin China sun ji tsoron faɗaɗa fagagen tasiri na ƙasashen waje kuma sun ji haushin faɗaɗa gata ga Kiristoci masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don kāre mabiyansu.A cikin 1898 Arewacin kasar Sin ya fuskanci bala'o'i da dama, ciki har da ambaliya da kogin Yellow River, da fari, wanda 'yan dambe suka zarga da tasirin waje da Kirista.Tun daga shekara ta 1899, 'yan damben sun yada tashin hankali a fadin Shandong da kuma yankin Arewacin kasar Sin, suna lalata kadarori na kasashen waje kamar layin dogo da kai hari ko kashe 'yan mishan Kirista da Kiristocin kasar Sin.Abubuwan da suka faru sun zo kan gaba a cikin watan Yuni na 1900 lokacin da 'yan wasan dambe, suka gamsu cewa ba za su iya yin amfani da makamai na kasashen waje ba, suka taru a birnin Beijing tare da taken "Goyi bayan gwamnatin Qing da kuma kawar da baki."Jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan mishan, sojoji da wasu Kiristocin kasar Sin sun fake a cikin Rukunin Diflomasiyya.Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Takwas ta Amirka , Austro- Hungary , Birtaniya , Faransanci , Jamusanci ,Italiyanci ,Jafananci da Rasha sun shiga cikin kasar Sin don kawar da kewayen kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni sun kai hari a sansanin Dagu, a Tianjin.The Empress Dowager Cixi, wanda da farko ya yi jinkiri, yanzu ya goyi bayan 'yan dambe kuma a ranar 21 ga Yuni, ya ba da Dokar Imperial ta ayyana yaki a kan ikon mamayewa.An raba mulkin kasar Sin tsakanin wadanda ke goyon bayan 'yan dambe da wadanda ke son sulhu, karkashin jagorancin Yarima Qing.Babban kwamandan sojojin kasar Sin, Manchu Janar Ronglu (Junglu), daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa ya dauki matakin ne domin kare 'yan kasashen waje.Jami'ai a lardunan kudanci sun yi biris da umarnin masarautar na yakar baki.

Rikicin Wuchang wani tawaye ne dauke da makami ga daular Qing mai mulki da ta faru a Wuchang (yanzu gundumar Wuchang ta Wuhan), Hubei na kasar Sin a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1911, wanda ya fara juyin juya halin Xinhai wanda ya yi nasarar hambarar da daular karshe ta kasar Sin.Sabbin Sojoji ne suka jagorance ta, ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali daga Tongmenghui suka rinjaye shi.Tashe-tashen hankula da juyin juya halin da ya biyo baya kai tsaye sun kai ga rugujewar daular Qing bayan da aka shafe kusan shekaru 30 tana mulkin daular, da kuma kafa jamhuriyar Sin (ROC), wacce ke tunawa da ranar da aka fara boren na ranar 10 ga Oktoba a matsayin kasa ta kasa. Ranar Jamhuriyar China.Tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne daga tarzomar jama'a game da rikicin layin dogo, kuma tsarin tsare-tsare ya yi amfani da yanayin.A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1911, sabuwar Sojoji da ke Wuchang ta kaddamar da farmaki kan gidan mataimakin na Huguang.Mataimakin Ruicheng ya gudu daga gidan da sauri, kuma ba da daɗewa ba masu juyin juya hali suka mamaye birnin gaba ɗaya.

Juyin juya hali na 1911, ko juyin Xinhai, ya kawo karshen daular karshe ta kasar Sin, wato daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu, kuma ya kai ga kafa Jamhuriyar Sin.Juyin juya halin ya kasance ƙarshen shekaru goma na tashin hankali, tawaye, da tada kayar baya.Nasarar da ta samu ita ce rugujewar daular Sinawa, da kawo karshen shekaru 2,132 na mulkin daular, da shekaru 268 na daular Qing, da kuma farkon zamanin jamhuriyar Sinawa.Daular Qing ta dade tana fafutukar kawo sauyi ga gwamnati da kuma bijirewa hare-haren wuce gona da iri na kasashen waje, amma shirin gyare-gyare bayan 1900 da masu ra'ayin rikau a kotun Qing suka nuna adawa da shi a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma masu neman sauyi a tafiyar hawainiya.Bangarorin da dama da suka hada da kungiyoyi masu adawa da Qing na karkashin kasa, da masu neman sauyi a gudun hijira, masu neman sauyi da suke son ceto masarautar ta hanyar zamanantar da ita, da masu fafutuka a duk fadin kasar sun yi muhawara kan yadda za a hambarar da gwamnatin Manchus.Tashin hankali ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1911, tare da Tawayen Wuchang, tawaye masu dauke da makamai tsakanin membobin New Army.Irin wannan bore ya barke kai tsaye a cikin kasar, kuma masu neman sauyi a dukkan lardunan kasar sun yi watsi da daular Qing.A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1911, kotun Qing ta nada Yuan Shikai (shugaban rundunar sojojin Beiyang) a matsayin firaministan kasar, kuma ya fara shawarwari da masu neman sauyi.A Nanjing, dakarun juyin juya hali sun kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta wucin gadi.A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1912, majalisar dokokin kasar Sin ta ayyana kafa Jamhuriyar Sin, inda shugaban kungiyar Tongmenghui (United League) Sun Yat-sen ya zama shugaban kasar.Wani dan takaitaccen yakin basasa tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ya kawo karshe cikin sulhu.Sun za ta yi murabus don goyon bayan Yuan Shikai, wanda zai zama shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin kasar, idan Yuan zai iya tabbatar da murabus din sarkin Qing.A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1912 ne aka ba da sanarwar sauke sarkin kasar Sin na karshe wato Puyi dan shekaru shida da haihuwa. ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa shekaru da yawa da yaƙi, gami da ƙoƙari na maido da masarautu.

Dokar daular Qing ta nada Sarkin Qing, wata doka ce a hukumance da sarki Dowager Longyu ya bayar a madadin Sarkin Xuantong dan shekaru shida, wanda shi ne sarki na karshe na daular Qing, a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1912, a matsayin martani. zuwa juyin juya halin Xinhai.Juyin juya halin ya kai ga ayyana 'yancin kai na wasu larduna 13 na kudancin kasar Sin, da kuma yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya tsakanin sauran kasashen daular Sin tare da hadin gwiwar lardunan kudancin kasar.Fitar da dokar daular ta kawo karshen daular Qing ta kasar Sin, wadda ta shafe shekaru 276, da zamanin mulkin daular a kasar Sin, wanda ya kwashe shekaru 2,132.