Yakin Russo-Turkiyya (1877-1878)

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1877 - 1878

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya (1877-1878)



Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1877-1878 rikici ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da hadin gwiwar daular Rasha da ta hada da Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia, da Montenegro .[1] An yi yaƙi a cikin Balkans da a cikin Caucasus, ya samo asali ne a farkon karni na 19 na al'ummar Balkan.Ƙarin abubuwan sun haɗa da manufofin Rasha na dawo da asarar yankuna da aka jure a lokacin yakin Crimean na 1853-56, sake kafa kanta a cikin Bahar Black da kuma goyon bayan yunkurin siyasa na yunkurin 'yantar da al'ummomin Balkan daga Daular Ottoman.Kawancen da Rasha ke jagoranta sun yi nasara a yakin, inda suka mayar da Daular Usmaniyya har zuwa kofar Konstantinoful, lamarin da ya kai ga shiga tsakani na manyan kasashen yammacin Turai.A sakamakon haka, Rasha ta yi nasarar da'awar larduna a cikin Caucasus, wato Kars da Batum, sannan kuma ta mamaye yankin Budjak.Mahukuntan Romania, Serbia, da Montenegro, wanda kowannensu ya sami yancin kai na wasu shekaru, a hukumance ya ayyana yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya.Bayan kusan ƙarni biyar na mulkin Ottoman (1396-1878), Mulkin Bulgeriya ya zama wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Bulgaria tare da goyon baya da shiga soja daga Rasha.
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Ziyarci Shago

Gabatarwa
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1856 Feb 1

Gabatarwa

İstanbul, Türkiye
Ko da yake a gefen nasara a yakin Crimean , Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da raguwa a cikin iko da daraja.Tabarbarewar kudi a baitul malin ta tilastawa gwamnatin Ottoman karbar wasu rancen rance daga kasashen waje a irin wannan matsanancin kudin ruwa wanda duk da sauye-sauyen kasafin kudin da suka biyo baya ya jefa ta cikin basussukan da ba za a iya biya ba da kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki.Hakan ya kara dagulewa saboda bukatar daukar nauyin musulmin Circassiyawa fiye da 600,000, wadanda Rashawa suka kora daga yankin Caucasus, zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Black Sea na arewacin Anatoliya da tasoshin Balkan na Constanța da Varna, wadanda suka kashe kudi da yawa a cikin farar hula. rashin gaskiya ga hukumomin Ottoman.[2]An girgiza Concert na Turai a 1814 a cikin 1859 lokacin da Faransa da Austria suka yi yaƙi daItaliya .Ya rabu gaba daya sakamakon yake-yake na hadewar Jamus , lokacin da Masarautar Prussia karkashin jagorancin shugaba Otto von Bismarck ta yi galaba a kan Austria a shekara ta 1866 da Faransa a 1870, inda ta maye gurbin Ostiriya-Hungary a matsayin mai rinjaye a tsakiyar Turai.Bismarck bai yi fatan wargajewar daular Usmaniyya ta haifar da fafatawa da za ta iya haifar da yaki ba, don haka ya dauki shawarar da Tsar ya bayar a baya cewa a yi shiri idan daular Usmaniyya ta wargaje, wanda ya haifar da kungiyar sarakunan Uku da Ostiriya da Rasha. mayar da Faransa saniyar ware a nahiyar.Rasha ta yi aiki don dawo da haƙƙinta na kula da jiragen ruwa a kan Bahar Black kuma ta yi fata tare da Faransanci don samun tasiri a cikin Balkan ta hanyar amfani da sabon ra'ayin Pan-Slavic cewa ya kamata dukan Slavs su kasance da haɗin kai karkashin jagorancin Rasha.Ana iya yin hakan ne kawai ta hanyar lalata dauloli biyu da galibin Slavs ba na Rasha suka rayu ba, wato Habsburg da Daular Ottoman.Buri da kishiyoyin Rasha da Faransawa a yankin Balkan sun bayyana a Serbia, wacce ke fuskantar farfaɗowar al'ummarta kuma tana da burin da ya ci karo da na manyan ƙasashe.[3]Rasha ta kawo karshen yakin Crimea tare da hasarar yankuna kadan, amma an tilasta mata lalata katangar tekun Black Sea da na Sevastopol.An lalata martabar Rasha ta kasa da kasa, kuma an shafe shekaru da yawa daukar fansa kan yakin Crimea ya zama babbar manufar manufofin kasashen waje na Rasha.Wannan ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba ko da yake - Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris ta haɗa da tabbacin tabbatar da yankin Ottoman na Biritaniya, Faransa da Austria;Prussia kawai ta kasance abokantaka da Rasha.A cikin Maris 1871, ta yin amfani da murkushe Faransanci da kuma goyon bayan Jamus mai godiya, Rasha ta sami amincewar kasa da kasa game da la'antarta a baya na Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar farfado da jirgin ruwan Bahar Maliya.
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Rikicin Balkan
"'Yan gudun hijira daga Herzegovina". ©Uroš Predić
1875 Jan 1 - 1874

Rikicin Balkan

Balkans
A cikin 1875, jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Balkan sun kawo Turai zuwa gaɓar yaƙi.Jihar Ottoman a yankin Balkan ta ci gaba da tabarbarewa a cikin karni na 19, inda a wasu lokuta gwamnatin tsakiya ta rasa iko a kan dukkan larduna.Sauye-sauyen da kasashen turai suka yi bai taimaka wajen inganta yanayin al'ummar Kirista ba, yayin da ake gudanar da rashin gamsuwa da wani kaso mai tsoka na al'ummar musulmi.Bosnia da Herzegovina sun sha fama da aƙalla tarzomar tawaye biyu daga al'ummar musulmin yankin, na baya bayan nan a 1850.Ostiriya ta ƙarfafa bayan rugujewar rabin farko na ƙarni kuma ta nemi sake ƙarfafa manufofinta na tsawon ƙarni na faɗaɗawa da kashe daular Ottoman .A halin da ake ciki, masu ikon cin gashin kansu, masu zaman kansu na Serbia da Montenegro suma sun nemi fadada zuwa yankuna da 'yan uwansu ke zaune.Ra'ayin kishin ƙasa da rashin amincewa ya yi ƙarfi kuma Rasha da wakilanta sun ƙarfafa su.A lokaci guda kuma, wani mummunan fari a yankin Anatoliya a shekara ta 1873 da ambaliya a 1874 ya haifar da yunwa da rashin jin daɗi a tsakiyar daular.Karancin aikin noma ya hana tara harajin da ya kamata, wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin Ottoman bayyana fatarar kudi a watan Oktoban 1875 tare da kara haraji kan lardunan da ke kusa da su ciki har da kasashen Balkan.
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Herzegovina tashin hankali
Herzegovinians a Ambush, 1875. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1875 Jun 19 - 1877

Herzegovina tashin hankali

Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tashin Herzegovina wani tawaye ne da al'ummar Sabiyawan Kirista suka jagoranta kan Daular Ottoman , da farko kuma galibi a Herzegovina (don haka sunanta), daga inda ya bazu zuwa Bosnia da Raška.Ya barke a lokacin rani na 1875, kuma ya ci gaba a wasu yankuna har zuwa farkon 1878. Ya biyo bayan tawayen Bulgaria na 1876, kuma ya yi daidai da yakin Serbian-Turkish (1876-1878), duk waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance bangare ne. na Babban Rikicin Gabas (1875-1878).[4]Tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne sakamakon mummunar mu'amala a karkashin beys da karfi na lardin Ottoman (vilayet) na Bosnia - sauye-sauyen da Sultan Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I ya sanar, wanda ya hada da sabbin hakkoki na batutuwan Kirista, sabon tushe na shiga aikin soja da kuma kawo karshen. tsarin noman haraji da ake kyama ko dai ya kasance masu adawa da shi ko kuma suka yi watsi da shi daga masu mallakar filaye na Bosnia.Sau da yawa sukan ɗauki matakan ɓata lokaci a kan talakawansu na Kirista.Nauyin haraji a kan manoma Kirista ya ƙaru kullum.An taimaka wa 'yan tawayen da makamai da masu sa kai daga sarakunan Montenegro da Serbia, waɗanda gwamnatocinsu suka yi shelar yaƙi tare da Ottoman a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1876, wanda ya kai ga yakin Serbian-Ottoman (1876-78) da Montenegrin-Ottoman War (1876- 78), wanda hakan ya haifar da yakin Russo-Turkish (1877-78) da Babban Rikicin Gabas.Sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da yaƙe-yaƙe shi ne Majalisar Berlin a shekara ta 1878, wadda ta bai wa Montenegro da Serbia 'yancin kai da ƙarin yanki, yayin da Austro-Hungary ta mamaye Bosnia da Herzegovina tsawon shekaru 30, duk da cewa ta kasance yankin de jure na Ottoman.
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Tashin Bulgaria
©V. Antonoff
1876 Apr 1 - May

Tashin Bulgaria

Bulgaria
Tawayen Bosnia da Herzegovina ya zaburar da masu neman sauyi na Bulgariya mazauna Bucharest cikin aiki.A shekara ta 1875, wani boren Bulgaria ya yi gaggawar shirya don cin gajiyar damuwar Ottoman , amma ya rikice kafin ya fara.A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1876, wani bore ya sake barkewa a kudancin tsakiyar kasar Bulgaria duk da cewa akwai dakaru na yau da kullun na Turkiyya a wadannan yankuna.Dakarun daular Usmaniyya na yau da kullum da na Bashi-bazouk da ba na ka'ida ba sun murkushe 'yan tawayen, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a a Turai, tare da manyan mashahuran masana da suka yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika-wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Muguwar Bulgariya ko ta'asar Bulgariya-da Daular Usmaniyya suka yi tare da tallafa wa al'ummar Bulgariya da ake zalunta.Wannan bacin rai shine mabuɗin don sake kafa Bulgaria a 1878. [5]Tashin hankalin 1876 ya shafi wani yanki ne kawai na yankunan Ottoman wanda 'yan Bulgaria suka fi yawa.Bayyanar ra'ayoyin ƙasar Bulgeriya yana da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar neman cocin Bulgaria mai zaman kanta a cikin shekarun 1850 da 1860 da sake kafa 'yantacciyar Bulgarian Exarchate a 1870.
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Montenegrin-Ottoman War
Montenegrin da aka Rauni ya zana ƴan shekaru bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Montenegrin-Ottoman. ©Paja Jovanović
1876 Jun 18 - 1878 Feb 16

Montenegrin-Ottoman War

Vučji Do, Montenegro
Tawayen da aka yi a kusa da Herzegovina ya haifar da jerin tawaye da bore ga Ottoman a Turai.Montenegro da Serbia sun amince su ayyana yaki a kan Daular Usmaniyya a ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1876. Montenegrin sun hada kai da Herzegovians.Yaƙi ɗaya da ke da mahimmanci ga nasarar Montenegro a yaƙi shine Yaƙin Vučji Do.A cikin 1877, Montenegrins sun yi yaƙi mai tsanani a kan iyakokin Herzegovina da Albania.Yarima Nicholas ya dauki matakin tunkarar dakarun daular Usmaniyya da ke fitowa daga arewa, kudu da yamma.Ya ci Nikšić (24 Satumba 1877), Bar (10 Janairu 1878), Ulcinj (20 Janairu 1878), Grmožur (26 Janairu 1878) da Vranjina da Lesendro (30 Janairu 1878).Yakin ya ƙare lokacin da Ottomans suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Montenegrin a Edirne a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1878. Ci gaban sojojin Rasha zuwa ga Ottoman ya tilasta wa Ottoman sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 3 ga Maris 1878, tare da amincewa da 'yancin kai na Montenegro, da kuma Romania. da Serbia, sannan kuma sun kara yawan yankin Montenegro daga 4,405 km² zuwa 9,475 km².Montenegro kuma ya sami garuruwan Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, da kuma shiga teku.
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Yakin Serbian-Ottoman
Sarki Milan Obrenović ya tafi yaki, 1876. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1876 Jun 30 - 1878 Mar 3

Yakin Serbian-Ottoman

Serbia
A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1876, Serbia, wanda Montenegro ya biyo baya, ya ayyana yaki a kan Daular Usmaniyya .A cikin watan Yuli da Agusta, sojojin Serbia da ba su da shiri kuma ba su da kayan aiki da masu sa kai na Rasha ke taimaka wa sun kasa cimma munanan manufofin amma sun yi nasarar dakile harin da Ottoman ya kai a Serbia.A halin da ake ciki kuma, Alexander II na Rasha da Yarima Gorchakov sun gana da Franz Joseph I na Austria-Hungary da Count Andrássy a fadar Reichstadt da ke Bohemia.Ba a yi wata yarjejeniya a rubuce ba, amma a yayin tattaunawar, Rasha ta amince da tallafa wa Ostiriya mamayar Bosnia da Herzegovina, da Ostiriya- Hungary , a musayar, sun amince da goyon bayan dawowar Kudancin Bessarabia - da Rasha ta rasa a lokacin yakin Crimean - da kuma mamaye Rasha. na tashar jiragen ruwa na Batum a gabashin bakin tekun Black Sea.Bulgaria ta zama mai cin gashin kanta (mai zaman kanta, bisa ga bayanan Rasha).[11]Yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabza fada a Bosnia da Herzegovina, Serbia ta fuskanci koma baya da dama kuma ta nemi kasashen Turai su shiga tsakani don kawo karshen yakin.Wani wa'adi na hadin gwiwa da manyan kasashen Turai suka yi ya tilastawa Porte baiwa Serbia sulhu na wata daya da fara shawarwarin zaman lafiya.Duk da haka kasashen Turai sun ki amincewa da yanayin zaman lafiyar Turkiyya saboda tsananin zafi.A farkon watan Oktoba, bayan kare yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta, sojojin Turkiyya sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare, inda nan da nan kuma matsayin Sabiya ya yi katutu.A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, Rasha ta ba da wa'adin da ke buƙatar daular Ottoman ta dakatar da tashin hankalin tare da sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Serbia cikin sa'o'i 48.An goyi bayan wannan ta hanyar haɗin kai na sojojin Rasha (har zuwa sassan 20).Sarkin Musulmi ya yarda da sharuddan wa'adin.
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Ra'ayin Kasashen Duniya game da Ta'addanci a Bulgeriya
Gladstone a shekara ta 1879 ©John Everett Millais
1876 Jul 1

Ra'ayin Kasashen Duniya game da Ta'addanci a Bulgeriya

England, UK
Maganar ta'addancin da bashi-bazouks ya yi ya taso daga waje ta hanyar Kwalejin Robert Robert da ke birnin Constantinople na Amurka.Yawancin ɗaliban 'yan Bulgaria ne, kuma da yawa sun sami labarin abubuwan da suka faru daga danginsu na gida.Ba da daɗewa ba jama'ar diflomasiyya na Yammacin Turai a Constantinople sun yi taɗi da jita-jita, waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sami shiga cikin jaridu a Yammacin Turai.A Biritaniya , inda gwamnatin Disraeli ta himmatu wajen tallafa wa daular Ottoman a rikicin yankin Balkan, jaridar Liberal Liberal jaridar Daily News ta dauki hayar dan jarida Ba’amurke Januarius A. MacGahan don ya ba da labarin kisan gillar da aka yi.MacGahan ya zagaya yankunan da ake fama da tashe tashen hankula na Bulgariya, kuma rahoton nasa ya bazu a shafuffukan farko na jaridar Daily News, inda ya zagaya da ra'ayin al'ummar Birtaniyya kan manufofin Disraeli na goyon bayan Ottoman.[6] A watan Satumba, shugaban 'yan adawa William Gladstone ya buga Bulgarian Horrors da Tambayar Gabas [7] yana kira ga Birtaniya da ta janye goyon bayanta ga Turkiyya tare da ba da shawarar cewa Turai ta bukaci 'yancin kai ga Bulgaria da Bosnia da Herzegovina.[8] Kamar yadda cikakkun bayanai suka zama sananne a duk faɗin Turai, manyan manyan mutane, da suka haɗa da Charles Darwin, Oscar Wilde, Victor Hugo da Giuseppe Garibaldi, sun fito fili sun yi Allah wadai da cin zarafin Ottoman a Bulgaria.[9]Mafi karfi dauki ya zo daga Rasha .Yaɗuwar juyayi ga al'amuran Bulgaria ya haifar da karuwar kishin ƙasa a cikin ma'auni mai kama da wanda aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Kishin ƙasa na 1812. Tun daga kaka na shekara ta 1875, ƙungiyoyin goyon bayan boren Bulgeriya ya haɗa da kowane nau'in al'ummar Rasha.Wannan ya kasance tare da tattaunawa mai kaifi na jama'a game da manufofin Rasha a cikin wannan rikici: Slavophiles, ciki har da Dostoevsky, sun ga yakin da ke gabatowa da damar da za su haɗu da dukan al'ummomin Orthodox a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rasha, ta haka ne suka cika abin da suka yi imani da shi shine aikin tarihi na Rasha, yayin da abokan hamayyarsu. , Westernizers, wahayi zuwa gare ta Turgenev, sun ƙaryata game da muhimmancin addini da kuma yi imani da cewa Rasha burin kada ya zama kare Orthodoxy amma 'yantar da Bulgaria.[10]
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Taron Constantinople
Wakilan taro. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1876 Dec 23 - 1877 Jan 20

Taron Constantinople

İstanbul, Türkiye
An gudanar da taron 1876-77 Constantinople na manyan masu iko (Austria- Hungary , Birtaniya , Faransa , Jamus ,Italiya da Rasha ) a Constantinople [12] daga 23 Disamba 1876 har zuwa 20 Janairu 1877. Bayan farkon tashin hankalin Herzegovin a 1875 da Tashe-tashen hankula na Afrilu a cikin Afrilu 1876, Manyan Mahukunta sun amince da wani aiki na sake fasalin siyasa a Bosnia da kuma a yankunan Ottoman tare da mafi yawan al'ummar Bulgaria .[13] Daular Ottoman ta ki amincewa da sauye-sauyen da aka tsara, wanda ya kai ga yakin Rasha-Turkiyya bayan 'yan watanni.A zaman taron da ya biyo baya, daular Usmaniyya ta gabatar da korafe-korafe da wasu shawarwarin sake fasalin da manyan kasashen duniya suka yi watsi da su, kuma yunkurin dinke wannan gibin bai yi nasara ba.[14] A ƙarshe, a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1877 Grand Vizier Midhat Pasha ya ba da sanarwar ƙi amincewa da Daular Usmaniyya ta yarda da shawarar taron.[15] Kin amincewa da gwamnatin Ottoman na yanke shawara na Constantinople Constantinople ya haifar da yakin 1877-1878 na Rasha-Turkish, wanda ya hana daular Ottoman a lokaci guda - sabanin yakin Crimean da ya gabata na 1853-1856 - na goyon bayan Yamma.[15]
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1877
Barkewar da Ayyukan Farkoornament
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Caucasian
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Apr 1

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Caucasian

Doğubayazıt, Ağrı, Türkiye
Rundunar Caucasus na Rasha ta kasance a Jojiya da Armeniya, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane kusan 50,000 da bindigogi 202 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich, Gwamna Janar na Caucasus.[29] Dakarun na Rasha sun yi adawa da sojojin Ottoman na mutane 100,000 karkashin jagorancin Janar Ahmed Muhtar Pasha.Yayin da sojojin Rasha suka fi yin shiri don fada a yankin, amma sun koma baya a fannin fasaha a wasu wurare kamar manyan bindigogi kuma an yi musu luguden wuta, alal misali, manyan bindigogin Krupp na dogon zango da Jamus ta ba wa Daular Usmaniyya.[30]Dakarun da ke karkashin Laftanar-Janar Ter-Gukasov, da ke kusa da Yerevan, sun fara farmakin farko a yankin Ottoman ta hanyar kwace garin Bayazid a ranar 27 [ga] Afrilu 1877. Ardahan ranar 17 ga Mayu;Har ila yau sojojin na Rasha sun yi wa birnin Kars kawanya a makon karshe na watan Mayu, duk da cewa dakarun daular Usmaniyya sun dage harin tare da mayar da su baya.An ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, a cikin Nuwamba 1877 Janar Lazarev ya kaddamar da wani sabon hari a kan Kars, yana murkushe katangar kudancin da ke kaiwa birnin tare da kama Kars kanta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba.[32] A ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 1878, Rashawa sun kwace babban birnin Erzurum bayan wani dogon lokaci da suka mamaye.Duk da cewa sun yi watsi da ikon Erzerum ga Daular Usmaniyya a karshen yakin, Rasha ta mallaki yankunan Batum, Ardahan, Kars, Olti, da Sarikamish inda suka mayar da su yankin Kars.[33]
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Buɗe Maneuvers
Matsakaicin Rasha na Danube, Yuni 1877. ©Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
1877 Apr 12

Buɗe Maneuvers

Romania
A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1877, Romania ta ba da izini ga sojojin Rasha su wuce ta cikin yankinta don kai farmaki ga Turkawa.A ranar 24 ga Afrilun 1877 Rasha ta shelanta yaki da Daular Usmaniyya , kuma sojojinta sun shiga kasar Romania ta sabuwar gadar Eiffel da aka gina kusa da Ungheni, a kan kogin Prut, lamarin da ya haifar da tashin bama-bamai da Turkiyya ta yi a garuruwan Romania a kan Danube.A ranar 10 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1877, Masarautar Romania, wadda ke karkashin mulkin Turkiyya, ta ayyana 'yancin kai.[23]A farkon yakin, sakamakon bai fito fili ba.Rashawa za su iya aika dakaru mai girma zuwa cikin Balkans: kusan dakaru 300,000 suna iya isa.Dakarun Daular Usmaniyya na da dakaru kusan 200,000 a yankin Balkan, inda kusan dubu 100 daga cikinsu aka sanya su ga wasu gagarabadau, inda aka bar kusan 100,000 ga sojojin da ke aiki.Daular Ottoman sun sami fa'idar kasancewa da ƙarfi, cikakken umarnin Tekun Bahar Rum, da kwale-kwale na sintiri a gefen kogin Danube.[24] Sun kuma mallaki manyan makamai, da suka hada da sabbin bindigogin Biritaniya da na Amurka da makaman atilare na Jamus .Duk da haka, a cikin taron, Ottomans sukan yi amfani da tsaro na tsaro, suna barin tsarin dabarun ga Rashawa, wanda bayan sun yi wasu kurakurai, sun sami dabarun nasara don yakin.Rundunar sojojin Ottoman a Konstantinoful sun yi mummunan zato game da manufar Rasha.Sun yanke shawarar cewa Rashawa za su yi kasala su yi tafiya tare da Danube kuma su ketare shi daga bakin tekun, kuma za su gwammace gajeriyar hanya ta bakin tekun Black Sea.Wannan zai zama yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa bakin tekun yana da mafi ƙarfi, mafi kyawun wadata da tsaro na Turkiyya.Akwai kagara ɗaya mai kyau wanda ke gefen cikin kogin Danube, Vidin.An yi garkuwa da shi ne kawai saboda dakarun da Osman Pasha ya jagoranta, sun jima sun shiga cin galaba a kan Sabiyawan a yakin da suka yi da Daular Usmaniyya.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Rasha an tsara shi sosai, amma ya dogara kacokan akan ƙetare na Turkiyya.Wani muhimmin kuskuren Rasha shine tura dakaru kadan da farko;Dakaru kimanin 185,000 ne suka tsallaka tekun Danube a watan Yuni, kasa da na sojojin Turkiyya da ke yankin Balkan (kimanin 200,000).Bayan koma baya a watan Yuli (a Pleven da Stara Zagora), rundunar sojan Rasha ta gane cewa ba ta da ajiyar kuɗi don ci gaba da cin zarafi kuma ta canza zuwa matsayi na tsaro.Rashawa ba su ma da isassun sojojin da za su killace Pleven yadda ya kamata har zuwa karshen watan Agusta, wanda hakan ya kawo tsaiko ga yakin na tsawon watanni biyu.
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1877 Apr 24

Rasha ta shelanta yaki akan Daular Usmaniyya

Russia
A ranar 15 ga Janairun 1877, Rasha da Ostiriya-Hungary suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a rubuce da ke tabbatar da sakamakon yarjejeniyar Reichstadt a baya a watan Yulin 1876. Wannan ya tabbatar wa Rasha rashin tsaka mai wuya na Austria- Hungary a yakin da ke gabatowa.Waɗannan sharuɗɗan suna nufin cewa idan akwai yaƙi Rasha za ta yi yaƙin kuma Austria za ta sami mafi yawan fa'ida.Don haka Rasha ta yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don yin sulhu cikin lumana.Bayan cimma yarjejeniya da babban abokin hamayyarta na yankin Balkan da kuma nuna juyayin da Ottoman ke yi a ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai saboda zaluncin Bulgaria da kin amincewa da yarjejeniyoyin Konstantinoful, daga karshe Rasha ta samu 'yancin shelanta yaki.
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1877
Farkon Ci gaban Rashaornament
Balkan Theatre
Harin da aka kashe a Măcin 1877. ©Dimitrie Știubei
1877 May 25

Balkan Theatre

Măcin, Romania
A farkon yakin, Rasha da Romania sun lalata dukkan jiragen ruwa da ke gabar Danube tare da hako kogin, ta yadda sojojin Rasha za su iya tsallakawa Danube a kowane lokaci ba tare da turjiya daga sojojin ruwa na Ottoman ba.Umurnin Ottoman bai gamsu da mahimmancin ayyukan na Rasha ba.A watan Yuni, wani ƙaramin rukunin Rasha ya ketare Danube kusa da delta, a Galați, kuma ya yi tattaki zuwa Ruschuk (Ruse yau).Hakan ya kara tabbatar wa daular Usmaniyya cewa babbar runduna ta Rasha za ta zo daidai tsakiyar daular Ottoman.A ranakun 25-26 ga Mayu, wani jirgin ruwan Romaniya tare da gauraya ma'aikatan Rumaniya da Rasha sun kai hari tare da nutsar da wani mai lura da Ottoman a kan Danube.A karkashin jagorancin Manjo-Janar Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov kai tsaye, a daren 27/28 ga watan Yuni 1877 (NS) 'yan kasar Rasha suka gina wata gada ta ponton a kan Danube a Svishtov.Bayan wani ɗan gajeren yaƙin da Rashawa suka yi wa kisan kiyashi da raunata 812, [25] Rashawa sun tsare bankin da ke gaba da juna suka kori birged sojojin Ottoman da ke kare Svishtov.A wannan lokaci an raba sojojin Rasha zuwa sassa uku: Rundunar Gabas karkashin jagorancin Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich, Tsar Alexander III na Rasha na gaba, wanda aka ba da izini don kama sansanin Ruschuk da kuma rufe gefen gabas na sojojin;Ƙungiyar Yammacin Turai, don kama sansanin Nikopol, Bulgaria da kuma rufe gefen yammacin sojojin;da Ci gaban Detachment karkashin Count Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, wanda aka ba da izinin tafiya da sauri ta hanyar Veliko Tarnovo kuma ya shiga cikin Balkan Mountains, mafi mahimmancin shinge tsakanin Danube da Konstantinoful.Da yake mayar da martani ga mashigin Danube na Rasha, babban kwamandan Ottoman a Konstantinoful ya umarci Osman Nuri Paşa da ya ci gaba da gabas daga Vidin kuma ya mamaye kagara na Nikopol, kusa da mashigar Rasha.A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Nikopol, Osman Pasha ya sami labarin cewa Rashawa sun riga sun kama sansanin don haka suka koma garin mararraba na Plevna (yanzu da ake kira Pleven), wanda ya shagaltar da dakaru kimanin 15,000 a ranar 19 ga Yuli.[26] Rashawa, kusan 9,000 karkashin jagorancin Janar Schilder-Schuldner, sun isa Plevna da sassafe.Ta haka ne aka fara Siege na Plevna.
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Yaƙin Stara Zagora
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Jun 22

Yaƙin Stara Zagora

Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Sojojin Turkiyya 48,000 ne suka mamaye garin, wanda wasu 'yan tsiraru na Rasha da kuma wasu 'yan sa kai na Bulgaria suka kare.Bayan an kwashe sa'o'i shida ana gwabzawa da Stara Zagora, sojojin Rasha da 'yan sa kai na Bulgaria sun mika wuya ga matsin lambar manyan sojojin abokan gaba.Daga nan ne garin ya gamu da babban bala'i a lokacin da sojojin Turkiyya suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi kan fararen hula da ba su da makami.An kona garin tare da kone kurmus a cikin kwanaki uku da aka shafe ana kashe-kashe.'Yan Bulgaria 14,500 daga garin da kauyukan kudancin garin ne suka rasa rayukansu.An sayar da wasu mata da 'yan mata 10,000 a kasuwannin bayi na Daular Usmaniyya .An kai wa dukkan majami'un kiristoci hari da bindigogi da kuma kona su.
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Yaƙin Svistov
Yaƙin Svistov. ©Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
1877 Jun 26

Yaƙin Svistov

Svishtov, Bulgaria
Yakin Svistov yaki ne da aka gwabza tsakanin Daular Ottoman da daular Rasha a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 1877. Ya faru ne a lokacin da Janar din Rasha Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov ya ketare kogin Danube a cikin wasu kananan jiragen ruwa ya kai hari ga sansanin sojan Turkiyya.Washegari Mikhail Skobelev ya kai hari, wanda ya tilasta wa sojojin Turkiyya mika wuya.A sakamakon haka, sojojin Rasha sun kasance a shirye don kai hari ga Nikopol.
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Yaƙin Nikopol
Ottoman capitulation a Nikopol. ©Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
1877 Jul 16

Yaƙin Nikopol

Nikopol, Bulgaria
Sa’ad da sojojin Rasha suka ketare kogin Danube, sai suka tunkari birnin Nikopol (Nicopolis) mai kagara.Babban kwamandan Turkiyya ya aika Osman Pasha tare da sojojin Vidin don adawa da tsallakawa da Rashawa na Danube.Burin Osman shine don ƙarfafawa da kare Nikopol.Duk da haka, Rundunar IX na Rasha karkashin Janar Nikolai Kridener sun isa birnin kuma suka kai hari kan sansanin don mika wuya kafin Osman ya isa.A maimakon haka ya koma Plevna.Tare da kawar da sansanin Nikopol, 'yan Rasha sun sami 'yanci don tafiya zuwa Plevna.
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Yakin Shipka Pass
Rashin nasarar Shipka Peak, Yaƙin Independence na Bulgaria. ©Alexey Popov
1877 Jul 17 - 1878 Jan 9

Yakin Shipka Pass

Shipka, Bulgaria
Yakin Shipka Pass ya ƙunshi yaƙe-yaƙe guda huɗu waɗanda aka gwabza tsakanin Daular Rasha , waɗanda masu aikin sa kai na Bulgarian da aka sani da opalchentsi suka taimaka, da Daular Ottoman don iko akan mahimman hanyar Shipka Pass a lokacin Yaƙin Russo-Turkish (1877-1878).Lokacin yanke shawara na yakin Shipka, da kuma yakin, ya zo ne a cikin watan Agustan 1877, lokacin da rukunin masu aikin sa kai na Bulgaria 5,000 da sojojin Rasha 2,500 suka fatattaki wani hari a kan kololuwar da sojojin Ottoman kusan 40,000 suka kai.Nasarar tsaron da aka samu a Shipka Pass yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci don ci gaban yaƙin.Idan da a ce Daular Usmaniyya za ta iya tsallakewa, da sun kasance a cikin wani yanayi na barazana ga layukan samar da kayayyaki na sojojin Rasha da na Romania a Arewacin Bulgeriya, da kuma shirya wani aiki na kwato babban sansanin soja na Pleven da ke karkashin kawanya a lokacin. .Da an yi yakin da ya dace ne kawai a arewacin Bulgaria daga wannan lokacin, wanda zai haifar da rashin daidaituwa, wanda zai haifar da babbar fa'ida ga daular Usmaniyya a cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya.Nasarar da aka yi a Shipka Pass ya tabbatar da faduwar kagara na Pleven a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1877, kuma ya kafa matakin mamaye Thrace.Hakan ya bai wa sojojin Rasha da ke karkashin Gourko damar murkushe sojojin Suleiman Pasha a yakin Philippopolis bayan kwanaki da dama tare da yin barazana ga Konstantinoful.Tare da wannan nasara da cin nasara na Pleven a ƙarshen 1877, an buɗe hanyar zuwa Sofia, kuma tare da ita hanyar samun nasara a cikin yaƙin da kuma damar da Rasha ta sami nasara a cikin "Babban Wasan" ta hanyar kafa Fannin tasiri a Gabashin Balkans.
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Siege na Plevna
Ɗauki na Grivitsa redoubt a Pleven. ©Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
1877 Jul 20 - Dec 10

Siege na Plevna

Pleven, Bulgaria
Daular Pleven, sojojin hadin gwiwa na Daular Rasha da Masarautar Romania sun yi yaki da Daular Usmaniyya .[27] Bayan da sojojin Rasha suka tsallaka Danube a Svishtov, sai suka fara ci gaba zuwa tsakiyar Bulgaria na zamani, da nufin ketare tsaunin Balkan zuwa Konstantinoful, don guje wa kagara ga kagaran Turkawa da ke gabar tekun Black Sea.Sojojin Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Osman Pasha, wadanda suka dawo daga Sabiya bayan rikici da wannan kasa, sun yi cunkoson jama'a a birnin Pleven mai kagara, wani birni mai cike da shakku da yawa, wanda ke a wata muhimmiyar mahadar hanya.Bayan hare-haren biyu da bai yi nasara ba, inda ya yi asarar dakaru masu kima, kwamandan sojojin Rasha a yankin Balkan, Grand Duke Nicholas na Rasha ya dage ta hanyar telegram taimakon taimakon abokinsa na Romanian Sarki Carol I. Sarki Carol I ya ketare Danube tare da Romanian. Sojoji kuma an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin Rasha-Romawa.Ya yanke shawarar kada ya sake yin wani hari, amma ya kewaye birnin, ya yanke hanyoyin samar da abinci da harsasai.A farkon simintin, sojojin Rasha-Romania sun sami nasarar cin galaba a kan Pleven da yawa, suna kiyaye Grivița kawai.Sifen, wanda ya fara a watan Yulin 1877, bai ƙare ba har zuwa Disamba na wannan shekarar, lokacin da Osman Pasha ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta wa shingen ya karya kuma ya ji rauni.Daga karshe Osman Pasha ya karbi tawagar da Janar Mihail Cerchez ya jagoranta kuma ya amince da sharuddan gudanar da taro da ya bayar.Nasarar Rasha-Romania a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1877 ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga sakamakon yakin da 'yantar da Bulgaria .Bayan yakin, sojojin Rasha sun sami damar ci gaba da kuma kai hari da karfi a kan hanyar Shipka, inda suka yi nasarar fatattakar tsaron Ottoman tare da bude hanyar zuwa Konstantinoful.
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Yaƙin Red Hill
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Aug 25

Yaƙin Red Hill

Kızıltepe, Mardin, Türkiye
Rashawa sun yi ƙoƙari su kewaye Kars.Daular Ottoman , masu girman matsayi a adadi, sun yi nasarar ɗaga kewaye.
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Yakin Lovcha
©Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
1877 Sep 1 - Sep 3

Yakin Lovcha

Lovech, Bulgaria
A cikin Yuli 1877, jim kadan bayan harin Plevna, kwamandan sansanin, Osman Pasha, ya karbi bataliyoyin 15 na ƙarfafawa daga Sofia.Ya zaɓi ya yi amfani da waɗannan ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa Lovcha, wanda ya kare layin tallafinsa daga Orchanie (Botevgrad na yanzu) zuwa Plevna.Bayan gazawar yunƙurin da aka yi na yunƙurin kaiwa birnin Plevna biyu na farko, ' yan Rasha sun kawo gagarumin ƙarfafawa, kuma sojojin da suka zuba jari a yanzu sun kai 100,000.Da nufin yanke hanyoyin sadarwa da samar da kayayyaki na Osman, an aika Janar Alexander Imeretinsky tare da sojojin Rasha 22,703 don kwace Lovcha.A ranar 1 ga Satumba Janar Janar Alexander Imerentinsky, Mikhail Skobelev, da Vladimir Dobrovolsky sun isa Lovcha suka kai hari a birnin.An ci gaba da gwabza fada har tsawon kwanaki biyu masu zuwa.Osman ya fita daga Plevna don samun taimako na Lovcha, amma a ranar 3 ga Satumba, kafin ya isa Lovcha, ya fada hannun Rasha.Wadanda suka tsira daga yakin sun janye zuwa Plevna kuma an shirya su zuwa bataliyoyin 3.Bayan asarar Lovcha, waɗannan ƙarin sojojin sun kawo sojojin Osman har zuwa 30,000, mafi girma da zai kasance a lokacin da aka kewaye.Rashawa sun zauna a kan dabarun cikakken saka hannun jari na Plevna, kuma tare da asarar babbar hanyar samar da kayayyaki, faduwar Plevna ya kasance babu makawa.
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Yakin Aladzha
Sojojin dawakin Rasha sun fatattaki Turkawa a lokacin yakin. ©Aleksey Kivshenko
1877 Oct 2 - Oct 15

Yakin Aladzha

Digor, Merkez, Digor/Kars, Tür

Dakarun na Rasha sun kutsa kai cikin kariyar da sojojin Turkiyyan daular Usmaniyya suka yi a kan tudun Aladzin, lamarin da ya basu damar kwace wannan shiri tare da fara yiwa yankin Kars kawanya.

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Yaƙin Gorni Dubnik
Sojojin Finnish Guard battalion mai harbi a lokacin Yaƙin Gorni Dubnik. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Oct 24

Yaƙin Gorni Dubnik

Gorni Dabnik, Bulgaria
Yakin Gorni Dubnik yaki ne a yakin Russo-Turkiyya a ranar 24 ga Oktoban 1877. A kokarin rage sansanin Pleven cikin gaggawa, sojojin Rasha sun fara kai hari kan garrison da ke kan hanyar samar da kayayyaki da sadarwa ta Ottoman .An rage wani gagarumin sansanin soja a yakin Lovcha a watan Satumba.An kira Janar Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko daga yankin Shipka Pass don magance ƙarin garrison da ke kare Pleven.A ranar 24 ga Oktoba Gourko ya kai hari ga sansanin Gorni-Dubnik.Harin na Rasha ya gamu da turjiya sosai amma wasu ginshikan Rasha guda biyu sun sami damar mayar da layin Ottoman cikin sauki.Sojojin Finnish sharpshooter bataliyar sun shiga yaƙin kuma suka kutsa cikin katangar.Gourko ya ci gaba da kai hare-hare kuma kwamandan runduna Ahmed Hifzi Pasha ya mika wuya.A cikin watan wasu sojojin Ottoman da dama za su fado ciki har da Orhanie.A ranar 24 ga Oktoba sojojin Rasha sun kewaye Plevna wanda ya mamaye ranar 10 ga Disamba.
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Yakin Kars
Kama Kars. ©Nikolay Karazin
1877 Nov 17

Yakin Kars

Kars, Kars Merkez/Kars, Türkiy
Yakin Kars wani gagarumin nasara ne na Rasha wanda ya sa Rashawa suka kwace birnin tare da wani kaso mai yawa na sojojin daular Usmaniyya da ke kare birnin.Ko da yake an dauki dare guda ainahin yakin da aka yi a birnin, amma a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar ne aka fara gwabzawa birnin.[28] Wasu daga cikin manyan kwamandojin Rasha da sojoji da yawa sun yi la'akari da ra'ayin cewa ba zai yuwu ba, waɗanda ke tunanin hakan zai haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa ba tare da wani fatan samun nasara ba saboda ƙarfin daular Ottoman.Loris Melikov da wasu daga cikin rundunar Rasha, duk da haka, sun tsara wani shiri na kai hari wanda ya ga sojojin Rasha sun mamaye birnin bayan an kwashe tsawon dare ana gwabza kazamin fada.[28]
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1877 Dec 1

Serbia ta shiga yakin

Niš, Serbia
A wannan lokacin Serbia, bayan da ta sami taimakon kuɗi daga Rasha , ta sake shelanta yaƙi da Daular Ottoman .A wannan karon an samu raguwar hafsoshin Rasha a cikin sojojin Serbia amma wannan ya fi dacewa da gogewar da aka samu daga yakin 1876-77.Karkashin umarni na basarake na yarima Milan Obrenović (umarni mai inganci yana hannun janar Kosta Protić, babban hafsan hafsan soji), Sojojin Serbia sun ci gaba da kai farmaki a yankin da ke gabashin Serbia a yanzu.An dakatar da kai farmakin da aka shirya kaiwa Ottoman Sanjak na Novi Pazar saboda tsananin matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga Ostiriya-Hungary, da ke son hana Sabiya da Montenegro cudanya da juna, wanda ke da tsare-tsare na yada tasirin Austria-Hungary ta wannan yanki.Daular Ottoman, ba kamar shekaru biyu da suka gabata ba, galibi sun keɓe kansu ne kawai ga kariyar garu.A ƙarshen yaƙin Sabiyawan sun kama Ak-Palanka (yau Bela Palanka), Pirot, Niš da Vranje.
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Korar Albaniya
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Dec 15 - 1878 Jan 10

Korar Albaniya

İşkodra, Albania
Korar Albaniya 1877-1878 yana nufin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙaura na tilas na al'ummar Albaniya daga yankunan da suka shiga cikin Masarautar Serbia da Mulkin Montenegro a 1878. Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, tare da babban Yaƙin Russo-Ottoman (1877-78) sun ƙare a cikin shan kashi da kuma asarar yankuna masu yawa ga Daular Ottoman wanda aka tsara a Majalisar Berlin.Wannan korar wani bangare ne na fitintinu da ake yi wa musulmi a yankin Balkan a lokacin daular siyasa da ta koma bayan daular Usmaniyya.[16]A jajibirin rikici tsakanin Montenegro da Ottomans (1876-1878), yawan jama'ar Albaniya sun zauna a Sanjak na İşkodra.[17] A yakin Montenegrin-Ottoman da ya gudana, tsayin daka mai karfi a garuruwan Podgorica da Spuž ga sojojin Montenegrin ya biyo bayan korar al'ummar musulmin Albaniya da Slavic da suka sake zama a Shkodër.[18]A jajibirin rikici tsakanin Serbia da Ottomans (1876-1878), mai yawa, a wasu lokuta ƙanƙanta kuma galibin al'ummar Albaniyawan ƙauye tare da wasu Turkawa na birni suna zaune tare da Sabiyawa a cikin Sanjak na Niş.[19] A tsawon lokacin yakin, al'ummar Albaniya sun dogara da yankin sun mayar da martani daban-daban ga sojojin Serbia masu shigowa ta hanyar ba da juriya ko gudu zuwa tsaunukan da ke kusa da Ottoman Kosovo.[20] Ko da yake yawancin waɗannan Albaniyawan sojojin Sabiya sun kori, an ƙyale ƴan tsiraru su kasance a cikin kwarin Jablanica inda zuriyarsu ke zama a yau.[21] Serbs daga Lab sun koma Serbia a lokacin da kuma bayan zagaye na farko na tashin hankali a 1876, yayin da 'yan gudun hijirar Albaniya masu shigowa daga baya 1878 suka sake mamaye kauyukansu.[22]
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Yakin Sofia
©Pavel Kovalevsky
1877 Dec 31 - 1878 Jan 4

Yakin Sofia

Sofia, Bulgaria
A farkon watan Janairun 1877, rundunar sojojin Yamma ta Gurko ta yi nasarar ketare tsaunin Balkan.Sassan kungiyar su mayar da hankali kan kauyen Yana.Sojojin Ottoman Orhaniye bayan yakin Tashkessen sun yi ritaya zuwa yankin Sofia.Kungiyar Gurko ta Yamma ta wuce zuwa Operation Orhaniye don fatattakar sojojin Ottoman, bisa shirin daukar mataki na karshe a yakin.Wani bangare na sojojin kungiyar Gurko ta Yamma dauke da sojoji 20,000 da igwa guda 46 karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Otto Rauch an kai su filin Sofia.An karkasa su zuwa ginshiƙai biyu: ginshiƙin dama na Laftanar Janar Nikolai Velyaminov ya kai hari daga arewa, da kuma ginshiƙin hagu na Manjo Janar Otto Rauch daga gabas.Abokin hamayyar shi ne Sofia na Ottoman rike da karfi, 15,000 sojoji karkashin kwamanda Osman Nuri Pasha, wanda ya mamaye hanyoyin da birnin da kuma garu na kewaye da birnin.Dakarun kungiyar Gurko ta Yamma sun kai hari gaba daya a ranar 22 ga Disamba/Janairu 3. Lieutenant Velyaminov ya kwace kauyukan Kubratovo da Birimirtsi ya tafi kauyen Orlandovtsi.Rukunin Manjo Janar Rauch ya kama gadar a gonar Chardakli (yau, na Tsarigradsko Shose a kan kogin Iskar kusa da Fadar Vrana) kuma ya toshe hanyar komawa daga Sofia zuwa Plovdiv.Rundunar Caucasian Cossack Brigade (wanda Kanar Ivan Tutolmin ya umarta) ya ci gaba a hanyar Dărvenitsa - Boyana.Fuskanci da ainihin barazanar kewaye, Osman Nuri Pasha ya fara gudu da sauri a cikin hanyar Pernik - Radomir, ya bar a kan hanya 6000 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya.Wakilan kasashen waje (Vito Positano da Leander Lege) ne suka shiga tsakani, inda suka hana yunkurin cinna wuta a Sofia.Ranar 23 ga Disamba / Janairu 1878 zuwa Sofia ya shiga rukunin farko na Rasha : Caucasian Cossack brigade da Grodno Hussar Regiment.An kame manya-manyan ma'ajiyar harsashin soji da kayayyaki.A cikin babban cocin, an yi bikin hidima a gaban Laftanar Janar Iosif Gurko da Manjo Janar Otto Rauch.Bayan yakin Sofia rundunar Ottoman Orhaniye ta daina wanzuwa a matsayin rundunar soji mai tsari.Daular Usmaniyya ta yi hasarar mutum da abin duniya mara misaltuwa.Wannan ya bude domin m shugabanci na Sofia - Plovdiv - Edirne.An 'yantar da Plovdiv a ranar 16 ga Janairu kuma an ci Edirne a ranar 20 ga Janairu.
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Yaƙin Tashkessen
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1877 Dec 31

Yaƙin Tashkessen

Sarantsi, Bulgaria
Sojojin Shakir Pasha na kan ja da baya daga kauyen Kamarli zuwa Sofia.Sojojin Shakir Pasha sun fuskanci barazana daga dakarun Rasha daga bangaren hagu, karkashin jagorancin Janar Iosif Gurko, da kuma wani wanda aka ce sojoji 22,000 ne a gaban Kamarli.An bai wa Baker Pasha umarni da ya dakatar da sojojin Rasha da ke gaba domin tabbatar da ja da baya na sauran sojojin Shakir Pasha.Baker Pasha ya kafa sojojinsa a ƙauyen Taşkesen (yanzu Sarantsi, Bulgaria ).Sojojin Rasha mafi girma sun kewaye daular Ottoman , amma sojojinsa sun warwatse a kan wani yanki mai girma, ba za su iya haɗuwa tare ba kuma suna jinkirin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi, guguwa na hunturu da kuma yanayin tsaunuka masu wuyar gaske, ta yadda kawai wani ɓangare na su ya shiga;Da yake da matsayi mai karfi na tsaro da kuma yanayin da suke da shi, daular Usmaniyya ta yi nasarar kakkabe sojojin Rasha da ke gaba har na tsawon sa'o'i goma, inda suka baiwa Shakir Pasha damar janyewa, sannan suka yi gaggawar ja da baya da zarar harbe-harbe ya mutu.A karshen wannan rana sojojin daular Usmaniyya suna fuskantar sojojin Rasha ninki goma kuma daga karshe suka bar matsayinsu.A cikin dare sai firgici ya barke a cikin dakarun Ottoman, bayan da aka yada jita-jita cewa Rashawa sun yi wani yunkuri.Wannan ya sa Daular Usmaniyya suka tsere daga kauyen, inda suka kashe mazauna.
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1878
Yakin Ottoman da Stalemateornament
Yaƙin Plovdiv
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1878 Jan 14 - Jan 16

Yaƙin Plovdiv

Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Bayan murkushe nasarar Rasha a yakin karshe na Shipka Pass, kwamandan Rasha Janar Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko ya fara tafiya kudu maso gabas zuwa Konstantinoful.Dakatar da hanyar shine sansanin Ottoman a Plovdiv karkashin Suleiman Pasha.A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1878, wata tawagar dawaki na Rasha karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Alexander Burago, sun kai farmaki cikin birnin.Kariyar ta tana da ƙarfi amma manyan lambobin Rasha sun mamaye su kuma sojojin Ottoman sun ja da baya kusan zuwa Konstantinoful.A wannan lokaci kasashen waje sun shiga tsakani kuma Rasha ta amince da yarjejeniyar San Stefano.
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1878 Jan 31

Tsangwama daga Manyan Mahukunta

San Stefano, Bulgaria
Karkashin matsin lamba daga Birtaniya , Rasha ta amince da yarjejeniyar da Daular Ottoman ta bayar a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1878, amma ta ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Constantinople.Birtaniya ta aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa na yaki don tsoratar da Rasha daga shiga birnin, kuma sojojin Rasha sun tsaya a San Stefano.
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1878
Nasarar Rasha Masu Mahimmanciornament
Yarjejeniyar San Stefano
Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar San Stefano. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1878 Mar 3

Yarjejeniyar San Stefano

San Stefano, Bulgaria
Daga karshe Rasha ta shiga yarjejeniya a karkashin yarjejeniyar San Stefano a ranar 3 ga Maris, wanda Daular Ottoman za ta amince da 'yancin kai na Romania , Serbia, da Montenegro , da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na Bulgaria .An firgita da tsawaita ikon Rasha zuwa yankin Balkan, Manyan Mahukunta daga baya sun tilasta gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar a Majalisar Berlin.Babban canji a nan shi ne cewa Bulgaria za ta rabu, bisa ga yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a baya tsakanin Manyan Mahukunta waɗanda suka hana ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙasar Slavic: yankunan arewa da gabas su zama mulkoki kamar da (Bulgaria da Eastern Rumelia), ko da yake suna da daban-daban. gwamnoni;kuma yankin Macedonia, wanda asalin wani yanki ne na Bulgaria karkashin San Stefano, zai koma karkashin jagorancin Ottoman.Yarjejeniyar Konstantinoful ta 1879 ta kasance ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin Rasha da Daular Ottoman.Yayin da ake sake tabbatar da tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar San Stefano da yarjejeniyar Berlin ba ta yi mata kwaskwarima ba, ta gindaya sharuddan biyan diyya da Daular Usmaniyya ke bin Rasha kan asarar da aka samu a lokacin yakin.Ya ƙunshi sharuɗɗan sakin fursunonin yaƙi da kuma yin afuwa ga al'ummomin Ottoman, da kuma ba da sharuɗɗa ga mazauna ƙasar bayan an haɗa su.
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Characters



Alexander Gorchakov

Alexander Gorchakov

Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire

Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich

Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich

Russian Field Marshal

William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Iosif Gurko

Iosif Gurko

Russian Field Marshal

Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Alexander III of Russia

Alexander III of Russia

Emperor of Russia

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Germany

Nicholas I of Montenegro

Nicholas I of Montenegro

King of Montenegro

Osman Nuri Pasha

Osman Nuri Pasha

Ottoman Field Marshal

Benjamin Disraeli

Benjamin Disraeli

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Mikhail Dragomirov

Mikhail Dragomirov

Russian General

Alexander II

Alexander II

Emperor of Russia

Ahmed Muhtar Pasha

Ahmed Muhtar Pasha

Ottoman Field Marshal

Carol I of Romania

Carol I of Romania

Monarch of Romania

Milan I of Serbia

Milan I of Serbia

Prince of Serbia

Franz Joseph I of Austria

Franz Joseph I of Austria

Emperor of Austria

Footnotes



  1. Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911). "Russo-Turkish Wars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 931-936 [931, para five]. The War of 1877-78
  2. Finkel, Caroline (2005), The History of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Basic Books, p. 467.
  3. Shaw and Shaw 1977, p. 146.
  4. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
  5. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bulgaria/History" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  6. MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the 'Daily News,' J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  7. Gladstone 1876.
  8. Gladstone 1876, p. 64.
  9. "The liberation of Bulgaria", History of Bulgaria, US: Bulgarian embassy, archived from the original on 11 October 2010.
  10. Хевролина, ВМ, Россия и Болгария: "Вопрос Славянский – Русский Вопрос" (in Russian), RU: Lib FL, archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
  11. Potemkin, VP, History of world diplomacy 15th century BC – 1940 AD, RU: Diphis.
  12. Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930.".
  13. Correspondence respecting the Conference at Constantinople and the affairs of Turkey: 1876–1877. Parliamentary Papers No 2 (1877). p. 340.
  14. Turkey and the Great Powers. The Constantinople Conference. The Commissioners' Last Proposals to the Porte. An Ultimatum Presented the Great Dignitaries of State to Decide Upon an Answer. New York Times, 16 January 1877.
  15. N. Ivanova. 1876 Constantinople Conference: Positions of the Great Powers on the Bulgarian political question during the Conference. Sofia University, 2007. (in Bulgarian)
  16. Jagodić, Miloš (1998). "The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878". Balkanologie, para. 15.
  17. Roberts, Elizabeth (2005). Realm of the Black Mountain: a history of Montenegro. London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801446016, p. 22.
  18. Blumi, Isa (2003). "Contesting the edges of the Ottoman Empire: Rethinking ethnic and sectarian boundaries in the Malësore, 1878–1912". International Journal of Middle East Studies, p. 246.
  19. Jagodić 1998, para. 4, 9.
  20. Jagodić 1998, para. 16–27.
  21. Blumi, Isa (2013). Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World. London: A&C Black. ISBN 9781472515384, p. 50.
  22. Jagodić 1998, para. 29.
  23. Chronology of events from 1856 to 1997 period relating to the Romanian monarchy, Ohio: Kent State University, archived from the original on 30 December 2007.
  24. Schem, Alexander Jacob (1878), The War in the East: An illustrated history of the Conflict between Russia and Turkey with a Review of the Eastern Question.
  25. Menning, Bruce (2000), Bayonets before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914, Indiana University Press, p. 57.
  26. von Herbert 1895, p. 131.
  27. Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911). "Plevna" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 838–840.
  28. D., Allen, W. E. (1953). Caucasian battlefields, a history of the wars on the Turco-Caucasian border, 1828-1921, by W.E.D. Allen and ... Paul Muratoff. University Press.
  29. Menning. Bayonets before Bullets, p. 78.
  30. Allen & Muratoff 1953, pp. 113–114.
  31. "Ռուս-Թուրքական Պատերազմ, 1877–1878", Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia [The Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878] (in Armenian), vol. 10, Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 93–94.
  32. Walker, Christopher J. (2011). "Kars in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the Nineteenth Century". In Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.). Armenian Kars and Ani. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 217–220.
  33. Melkonyan, Ashot (2011). "The Kars Oblast, 1878–1918". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). Armenian Kars and Ani. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 223–244.

References



Bibliography

  • Allen, William E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1953). Caucasian Battlefields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..
  • Argyll, George Douglas Campbell (1879). The Eastern question from the Treaty of Paris 1836 to the Treaty of Berlin 1878 and to the Second Afghan War. Vol. 2. London: Strahan.
  • Crampton, R. J. (2006) [1997]. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85085-1.
  • Gladstone, William Ewart (1876). Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. London: William Clowes & Sons. OL 7083313M.
  • Greene, F. V. (1879). The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D.Appleton and Company. Retrieved 19 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • von Herbert, Frederick William (1895). The Defence of Plevna 1877. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • Hupchick, D. P. (2002). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3.
  • The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877 with a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between Russia and Turkey to the Fall of Kars Including the Letters of Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. A. MacGahan and Many Other Special Correspondents in Europe and Asia. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877–1878 continued from the Fall of Kars to the Signature of the Preliminaries of Peace. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • Maurice, Major F. (1905). The Russo-Turkish War 1877; A Strategical Sketch. London: Swan Sonneschein. Retrieved 8 August 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • Jonassohn, Kurt (1999). Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective. ISBN 9781412824453.
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  • Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291637.
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Further Reading

  • Acar, Keziban (March 2004). "An examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and intellectual descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878". Nationalities Papers. 32 (1): 7–21. doi:10.1080/0090599042000186151. S2CID 153769239.
  • Baleva, Martina. "The Empire Strikes Back. Image Battles and Image Frontlines during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878." Ethnologia Balkanica 16 (2012): 273–294. online[dead link]
  • Dennis, Brad. "Patterns of Conflict and Violence in Eastern Anatolia Leading Up to the Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Berlin." War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1878 (1877): 273–301.
  • Drury, Ian. The Russo-Turkish War 1877 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
  • Glenny, Misha (2012), The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2011, New York: Penguin.
  • Isci, Onur. "Russian and Ottoman Newspapers in the War of 1877–1878." Russian History 41.2 (2014): 181–196. online
  • Murray, Nicholas. The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013.
  • Neuburger, Mary. "The Russo‐Turkish war and the ‘Eastern Jewish question’: Encounters between victims and victors in Ottoman Bulgaria, 1877–8." East European Jewish Affairs 26.2 (1996): 53–66.
  • Stone, James. "Reports from the Theatre of War. Major Viktor von Lignitz and the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78." Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 71.2 (2012): 287–307. online contains primary sources
  • Todorov, Nikolai. "The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Liberation of Bulgaria: An Interpretative Essay." East European Quarterly 14.1 (1980): 9+ online
  • Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Peter Sluglett, eds. War and diplomacy: the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 and the treaty of Berlin (U of Utah Press, 2011)
  • Yildiz, Gültekin. "Russo-Ottoman War, 1877–1878." in Richard C. Hall, ed., War in the Balkans (2014): 256–258