Yakin Ottoman-Venetian na Farko

Bayan Crusade na Hudu (1203-1204), an raba ƙasashen Daular Byzantine a tsakanin jihohin Katolika na yamma ("Latin") na Crusader da dama, wanda ya haifar da lokacin da aka sani a cikin Hellenanci kamar Latinokratia.Duk da sake bullowar daular Rumawa a karkashin daular Palaiologos a karshen karni na 13, da yawa daga cikin wadannan kasashen "Latin" sun tsira har zuwa lokacin da aka samu wani sabon iko, wato Daular Ottoman .Babban daga cikin waɗannan ita ce Jamhuriyar Venice , wadda ta kafa daular ruwa mai yawa, mai kula da dukiya da tsibirai da yawa a cikin Tekun Adriatic, Ionian, da Aegean.A cikin rikici na farko da Ottoman, Venice ta riga ta rasa birnin Tasalonika a cikin 1430, bayan dogon lokaci, amma sakamakon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ya bar sauran dukiyar Venetian.A shekara ta 1453, Daular Usmaniyya ta kwace babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople, kuma sun ci gaba da fadada yankunansu a kasashen Balkans, Asia Minor, da Aegean.An ci Serbia a cikin 1459, kuma ragowar Byzantine na ƙarshe, Despotate na Morea da Daular Trebizond an yi nasara a 1460-1461.Duchy na Naxos na Venetian da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Venetian da yankunan Genoese na Lesbos da Chios sun zama masu mulki a shekara ta 1458, kawai don a haɗa na biyu kai tsaye bayan shekaru huɗu.Ci gaban Ottoman don haka babu makawa ya haifar da barazana ga mallakar Venice a kudancin Girka, kuma, bayan daular Ottoman ta Bosnia a 1463, a gabar tekun Adriatic ma.

A cewar wani ɗan tarihi ɗan ƙasar Girka Michael Critobulus, tashin hankali ya barke saboda jirgin wani bawan Albaniya na kwamandan Ottoman na Athens zuwa sansanin Venetian na Coron (Koroni) da aspers na azurfa 100,000 daga taskar ubangidansa.Wanda ya gudu ya koma Kiristanci , saboda haka hukumomin Venetian sun ki amincewa da bukatar da Ottoman ya yi masa.Yin amfani da wannan a matsayin hujja, a cikin Nuwamba 1462, Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey, kwamandan Ottoman a tsakiyar Girka, ya kai hari kuma ya kusan samun nasarar karbe katangar Venetian mai mahimmanci na Lepanto (Nafpaktos).A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1463 duk da haka, gwamnan Morea, Isa-Beg Ishaković, ya kama garin Argos da ke hannun Venetia ta hanyar cin amanar kasa.

Paparoma Pius II ya yi amfani da wannan damar ya sake kafa wani Crusade a kan Ottomans : a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1463, Venice da Sarkin Hungarian Matthias Corvinus sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, wanda aka bi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba ta hanyar kawance da Paparoma da Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy.Bisa ga sharuɗɗansa, idan aka ci nasara, za a raba yankin Balkan a tsakanin abokan tarayya.Morea da yammacin gabar tekun Girka (Epirus) za su fada zuwa Venice, Hungary za ta mallaki Bulgaria , Serbia, Bosnia, da Wallachia , masarautar Albaniya a karkashin Skanderbeg za ta fadada zuwa Macedonia, sauran yankunan Turai na Ottomans, gami da Constantinople, kafa daular Byzantine da aka maido a ƙarƙashin dangin Palaiologos da suka tsira.An kuma fara tattaunawa da sauran abokan hamayyar Daular Usmaniyya, kamar su Karamanid, Uzun Hassan, da kuma Crimean Khanate.

Sabuwar kawancen dai ta kaddamar da wani hari ne a kan Daular Ottoman ta hanyoyi biyu: sojojin Venetia karkashin babban Kyaftin Janar na Teku Alvise Loredan, sun sauka a Morea, yayin da Matthias Corvinus ya mamaye Bosniya.A lokaci guda kuma, Pius II ya fara tara sojoji a Ancona, yana fatan zai jagorance ta da kansa.

Halin da Ottoman ya yi ya yi sauri kuma mai yanke hukunci: Sultan Mehmed II ya aika da Grand Vizier, Mahmud Pasha Angelović, tare da sojoji a kan Venetian.Don fuskantar jirgin ruwan Venetian , waɗanda suka tsaya a waje da ƙofar Dardanelles Straits, Sultan ya ƙara ba da umarnin ƙirƙirar sabon filin jirgin ruwa na Kadirga Limani a cikin Kaho na Zinare (mai suna bayan nau'in "kadirga" na galley), da na biyu. Garuruwan gadin mashigin ruwa, Kilidulbahr da Sultaniye.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Morean ya yi nasara da sauri ga Ottomans: kodayake saƙonnin da aka samu daga Ömer Bey ya yi gargaɗi game da ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfin matsayin Venetian a Hexamilion, Mahmud Pasha ya yanke shawarar ci gaba, yana fatan kama su ba tare da sani ba.A cikin waki’ar, daular Usmaniyya ta isa yankin Isthmus a dai-dai lokacin da sojojin Venetian suka gamu da rugujewa tare da dimuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro, suka bar mukamansu suka tashi zuwa Nauplia.Sojojin Ottoman sun lalata Hexamilion, suka ci gaba zuwa cikin Morea.Argos ya fadi, kuma garuruwa da yankuna da yawa waɗanda suka amince da ikon Venetian sun koma ga amincewarsu ta Ottoman.An sake nada Zagan Pasha a matsayin gwamnan Morea, yayin da Ömer Bey aka bai wa sojojin Mahmud Pasha kuma aka ba shi alhakin ɗaukar mallakar Jamhuriyar a kudancin Peloponnese, wanda ke kewaye da garu biyu na Coron da Modon (Methoni).

A cikin Aegean, sabon Admiral na Venetian, Orsato Giustinian, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki Lesbos a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1464, kuma ya kewaye babban birnin Mytilene na tsawon makonni shida, har zuwa lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Ottoman karkashin Mahmud Pasha a ranar 18 ga Mayu ya tilasta masa janyewa.Wani yunƙuri na kama tsibirin jim kaɗan kuma ya ci tura, kuma Giustinian ya mutu a Modon a ranar 11 ga Yuli.Magajinsa, Jacopo Loredan, ya shafe sauran shekara a zanga-zangar karfi mara amfani a gaban Dardanelles.

A cikin Afrilu 1466, Vettore Cappello, wanda ya fi kowa goyon bayan yakin, ya maye gurbin Loredan a matsayin Kyaftin Janar na Teku.A karkashin jagorancinsa, an sake karfafa yunkurin yakin Venetian: jiragen ruwa sun dauki tsibirin Aegean na Imbros, Thasos da Samotrace, sa'an nan kuma suka shiga cikin tekun Saronic.A ranar 12 ga Yuli, Cappello ya sauka a Piraeus, kuma ya yi maci da Athens, babban yanki na Ottomans.Ya kasa daukar Acropolis, duk da haka, an tilasta masa ya koma Patras, wanda Venetian ke kewaye da shi a karkashin provveditore na Morea, Jacopo Barbarigo.Kafin Cappello ya isa wurin, kuma kamar yadda garin ya kusa fadowa, sai Omar Beg ya fito kwatsam tare da dawakai 12,000, ya kori 'yan Venetian da ba su da yawa.'Yan kasar Venetia dari shida ne suka fadi kuma an kama dari daga cikin sojojin 2,000, yayin da aka kashe Barbarigo da kansa, aka rataye gawarsa.Cappello, wanda ya isa bayan wasu kwanaki, ya kai hari ga Ottomans da ke ƙoƙarin rama wannan bala'i, amma an yi nasara da shi sosai.Cikin rashin kunya, ya koma Negroponte tare da ragowar sojojinsa.A can, Kyaftin Janar ya yi rashin lafiya, kuma ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris 1467.

Sultan Mehmed II , wanda ke bin Mahmud Pasha tare da wata runduna don ƙarfafa shi, ya isa Zeitounion (Lamia) kafin a sanar da nasarar da Vizier ya samu.Nan da nan, ya juya mutanensa zuwa arewa, zuwa Bosniya.Duk da haka, yunƙurin da Sarkin Musulmi ya yi na sake kwato Jajce a watan Yuli da Agusta 1464 ya ci tura, inda Ottomans suka ja da baya cikin gaggawa a gaban sojojin Corvinus da ke gabatowa.Wani sabon sojojin Ottoman karkashin Mahmud Pasha sannan ya tilasta Corvinus ya janye, amma Jajce ba a sake kama shi ba shekaru da yawa bayan haka.

Ba da daɗewa ba, 'yan Venetian sun shiga cikin rikici tare da Knights Hospitaller na Rhodes, wanda ya kai hari kan ayarin motocin Venetian dauke da 'yan kasuwa Moorish dagaMamluk Sultanate .Wannan taron ya fusata Mamluks, wadanda suka daure dukkan al'ummomin Venetian da ke zaune a cikin Levant, kuma suka yi barazanar shiga yakin a bangaren Ottoman.Rundunar Venetian, karkashin Loredan, sun yi tafiya zuwa Rhodes a karkashin umarni don saki Moors, ko da ta hanyar karfi.A cikin abin da ya faru, an kauce wa yakin da zai iya haifar da bala'i tsakanin manyan Kiristoci biyu na Aegean, kuma an saki 'yan kasuwa a hannun Venetian.

A halin yanzu, domin mai zuwa yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1464, Jamhuriyar ta nada Sigismondo Malatesta, mai mulkin Rimini da kuma daya daga cikin iyawa Italian generals, a matsayin filaye kwamandan a cikin Morea.The sojojin samuwa a gare shi tare da 'yan amshin shata da stratioti, duk da haka. yana da iyaka, kuma a lokacinsa na Morea bai iya samun nasara mai yawa ba.Lokacin da ya isa Morea a tsakiyar lokacin rani, ya kaddamar da hare-hare a kan katangar Ottoman, kuma ya yi wa Mistra kawanya a watan Agusta-Oktoba.Ko da yake ya kasa ɗaukar katangar, kuma dole ne ya yi watsi da kewayen a lokacin da dakarun agaji ke tunkarar Ömer Bey.An ci gaba da gwabza kazamin fada a bangarorin biyu, inda ake kai hare-hare da kuma kai farmaki, amma karancin ma'aikata da kudi ya sa 'yan Venetian suka ci gaba da zama a sansanoninsu masu kagara, yayin da sojojin Ömer Bey ke yawo a cikin karkara.'Yan hayar da 'yan kasuwa a ma'aikatan Venice sun kasance cikin takaici saboda rashin albashi, yayin da ƙara, Morea ke zama kufai, yayin da aka yi watsi da ƙauyuka kuma ba a kula da filayen ba.Mummunan halin wadata a Morea ya tilasta Ömer Bey ya janye zuwa Athens a cikin fall 1465. Malatesta da kansa, rashin jin daɗin yanayin da ya fuskanta a cikin Morea kuma yana ƙara damuwa don komawa Italiya kuma ya halarci al'amuran iyalinsa da kuma ci gaba da rikici tare da Papacy. , ya kasance ba ya aiki a cikin 1465, duk da raunin dangi na garrison Ottoman bayan janyewar Ömer Bey daga tsibirin.

Bayan Skanderbeg ya mutu, wasu garrison arewacin Albania da Venetian ke iko da su sun ci gaba da rike yankunan da Ottoman suka so, kamar Žabljak Crnojevića, Drisht, Lezha, da Shkodra-mafi mahimmanci.Mehmed II ya aika da sojojinsa su dauki Shkodra a 1474 amma ya kasa.Sa'an nan ya tafi da kansa ya jagoranci siege na Shkodra na 1478-79.Venetians da Shkodrans sun yi tsayayya da hare-haren kuma suka ci gaba da rike sansanin har sai Venice ta ba da Shkodra ga Daular Usmaniyya a cikin yarjejeniyar Constantinople a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1479 a matsayin sharadi na kawo karshen yakin.

Kawaye na hudu na Shkodra na 1478-79 rikici ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Venetian tare da Albaniyawa a Shkodra da Rozafa Castle a lokacin yakin Ottoman-Venetian na farko (1463-1479).Masanin tarihi na Ottoman Franz Babinger ya kira kewayen "daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin kasashen Yamma da Crescent".Karamin runduna kusan 1,600 na Albaniyawa da Italiyanci da mata masu karamin karfi sun fuskanci wani katafaren rundunar Ottoman mai dauke da manyan bindigogi da aka jefa a wurin kuma rundunar ta ruwaito (duk da cewa ana jayayya da yawa) yawansu ya kai 350,000.Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana da mahimmanci ga Mehmed II "Mai nasara" wanda ya zo da kansa don tabbatar da nasara.Bayan kwanaki goma sha tara na kai hare-haren bama-bamai a katangar katangar, Daular Usmaniyya ta kaddamar da hare-hare guda biyar a jere wanda duk ya kare da nasara ga wadanda aka yi wa kawanya.Tare da raguwar albarkatu, Mehmed ya kai hari tare da cin nasara kan ƙananan garuruwan da ke kewaye da Žabljak Crnojevića, Drisht, da Lezha, ya bar rundunar yaƙi don yunwar Shkodra ya mika wuya, ya koma Konstantinoful.Ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1479, Venice da Constantinople sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya wanda ya ba da Shkodra ga Daular Ottoman.Masu kare kagara sun yi hijira zuwa Venice, yayin da Albaniyawa da yawa daga yankin suka koma cikin tsaunuka.Daga nan Shkodra ya zama wurin zama na sabon Ottoman sanjak, Sanjak na Scutari.

Bayan mutuwar James II, Sarkin Lusignan na ƙarshe, a cikin 1473, Jamhuriyar Venice ta karɓi ikon tsibirin, yayin da matar marigayi sarki Venetian, Sarauniya Catherine Cornaro, ta yi sarauta.Venice ta mamaye daular Cyprus a hukumance a shekara ta 1489, bayan murabus din Catherine.Mutanen Venetian sun ƙarfafa Nicosia ta hanyar gina Ganuwar Nicosia, kuma sun yi amfani da ita a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci.A tsawon mulkin Venetian, daular Ottoman ta kai hari Cyprus.