Balkan Wars

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1912 - 1913

Balkan Wars



Yakin Balkan yana nufin jerin tashe-tashen hankula guda biyu da suka faru a cikin ƙasashen Balkan a cikin 1912 da 1913. A yaƙin Balkan na farko, ƙasashen Balkan huɗu na Girka , Serbia, Montenegro da Bulgaria sun shelanta yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya kuma suka ci ta. a cikin wannan tsari na kwace daular Ottoman daga lardunan Turai, inda ta bar Gabashin Thrace a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya.A yakin Balkan na biyu, Bulgaria ta yi yaƙi da sauran mayaƙa huɗu na asali na yaƙin farko.Haka kuma ta fuskanci hari daga kasar Romania daga arewa.Daular Ottoman ta rasa mafi yawan yankunanta a Turai.Ko da yake ba a shiga a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya ba, Ostiriya-Hungary ya zama mai rauni kamar yadda Serbia mai girma ta matsawa ga haɗin gwiwar mutanen Slavic ta Kudu.[1] Yakin ya kafa matakin rikicin Balkan na 1914 kuma ta haka ya zama "shararriyar yakin duniya na farko ".[2]A farkon karni na 20, Bulgaria, Girka, Montenegro da Serbia sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya, amma manyan al'ummomin kabilunsu sun kasance karkashin mulkin Ottoman.A shekara ta 1912, waɗannan ƙasashe sun kafa ƙungiyar Balkan.Yakin Balkan na farko ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Oktoban 1912, lokacin da kasashe mambobin kungiyar suka kai wa Daular Usmania hari, kuma ya kare bayan watanni takwas tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar London a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1913. Yakin Balkan na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1913, lokacin da Bulgaria. , ba ta gamsu da asarar da ta yi a ƙasar Makidoniya ba, ta kai hari kan tsoffin abokan kawancenta na Balkan League.Hadin gwiwar sojojin Sabiya da na Girka, tare da manyan adadinsu sun dakile harin da Bulgaria ta yi da kuma kai wa Bulgaria hari ta hanyar mamaye ta daga yamma da kudu.Romania, kasancewar ba ta shiga cikin rikicin ba, tana da rundunonin dakaru da za su kai farmaki tare da mamaye Bulgaria daga arewacin kasar wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin jihohin biyu.Daular Ottoman kuma ta kai hari ga Bulgaria kuma ta ci gaba a Thrace tana maido da Adrianople.A sakamakon yerjejeniyar Bucharest, Bulgaria ta yi nasarar maido da mafi yawan yankunan da ta samu a yakin Balkan na farko.Duk da haka, an tilastawa mika tsohon Ottoman kudancin lardin Dobruja zuwa Romania.[3]
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Ziyarci Shago

1877
Gabatarwa zuwa Yakiornament
1908 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Balkans
Asalin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ta'allaka ne a cikin rashin cikar fitowar ƙasashe-ƙasa a yankin Turai na Daular Usmaniyya a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 19.Serbia ta sami babban yanki a lokacin Yaƙin Russo-Turkish, 1877-1878, yayin da Girka ta sami Thessaly a 1881 (ko da yake ta rasa wani ƙaramin yanki zuwa Daular Ottoman a 1897) da Bulgaria (mulki mai cin gashin kansa tun 1878) ya haɗa da farko. lardin Gabashin Rumelia (1885).Duka ƙasashe uku, da kuma Montenegro , sun nemi ƙarin yankuna a cikin babban yankin da Ottoman ke mulkin da aka sani da Rumelia, wanda ya ƙunshi Rumelia ta Gabas, Albania, Macedonia, da Thrace.Yaƙin Balkan na farko yana da wasu manyan dalilai, waɗanda suka haɗa da: [4]Daular Usmaniyya ba ta iya gyara kanta, ko gudanar da mulki mai gamsarwa, ko magance tashin kabilanci na al'ummarta daban-daban.Yaƙin Italo-Ottoman na 1911 da Tawayen Albaniya a Lardunan Albaniya sun nuna cewa Daular ta yi “rauni sosai” kuma ta kasa kai wa wani yaƙi baya.Manyan Mahukunta sun yi rigima a tsakaninsu kuma sun kasa tabbatar da cewa Daular Usmaniyya za ta aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da ake bukata.Wannan ya sa jihohin Balkan suka kafa nasu mafita.Al'ummar Kiristan yankin Turai na Daular Usmaniyya, daular Usmaniyya ta yi musu zalunta, wanda hakan ya tilastawa kasashen Balkan Kirista daukar mataki.Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne, an kafa ƙungiyar Balkan, kuma mambobinta suna da yakinin cewa a cikin waɗannan yanayi shiri da kuma shelanta yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo ta kare 'yan uwansu da kuma faɗaɗa yankunansu a yankin Balkan.
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Mahimman Ƙarfi Mai Girma
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1908 Jan 1

Mahimman Ƙarfi Mai Girma

Austria
A cikin karni na 19, Manyan Mahukunta sun raba manufa daban-daban akan "Tambaya Gabas" da amincin Daular Ottoman .Rasha ta so samun damar shiga "ruwan dumi" na Bahar Rum daga Bahar Black;ya bi manufofin kasashen waje na pan-Slavic don haka ya goyi bayan Bulgaria da Serbia.Biritaniya ta yi fatan hana Rasha samun "ruwa mai dumi" kuma ta goyi bayan mutuncin Daular Usmaniyya, duk da cewa ta kuma goyi bayan takaita fadada kasar Girka a matsayin wani shiri na madadin idan amincin daular Ottoman ya kasa yiwuwa.Faransa ta yi fatan karfafa matsayinta a yankin, musamman a cikin Levant (Labanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila a yau).[5]Austriya- Hungary mai mulkin Habsburg ya yi fatan ci gaba da wanzuwar Daular Ottoman, tunda duka biyun sun kasance cikin rikice-rikice na al'ummomin kasa da kasa don haka rugujewar ɗayan na iya raunana ɗayan.Har ila yau, Habsburgs sun ga kasancewar Ottoman mai ƙarfi a yankin a matsayin mai ƙima ga kiran kishin ƙasa na Serbia ga al'ummominsu na Sabiya a Bosnia, Vojvodina da sauran sassan daular.Babban manufar Italiya a lokacin da alama ita ce hana shiga Tekun Adriatic zuwa wani babban ƙarfin teku.Daular Jamus , a karkashin tsarin "Drang nach Osten", ta yi burin mayar da Daular Usmaniyya zuwa ga mulkin mallaka, don haka ya goyi bayan amincinsa.A ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20, Bulgaria da Girka sun yi gwagwarmayar neman Ottoman Makidoniya da Thrace.Helenawa na kabilanci sun nemi tilasta "Hellenization" na kabilar Bulgars, wadanda suka nemi "Bulgarization" na Helenawa (Tashi na kishin kasa).Duka kasashen biyu sun aike da ‘yan ta’adda da makamai zuwa cikin yankin Ottoman domin karewa da taimaka wa ‘yan uwansu.Daga 1904, an yi fama da rashin ƙarfi a ƙasar Makidoniya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Girika da Bulgeriya da kuma sojojin Ottoman (Gwagwarmaya na Makidoniya).Bayan juyin juya halin matasan Turkiyya na Yuli 1908, lamarin ya canza sosai.[6]
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1911 Jan 1

Yarjejeniyar Yakin Pre-Balkan

Balkans
Tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatocin jihohin Balkan ta fara ne a karshen shekara ta 1911 kuma an yi ta ne a asirce.An buga yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin soja a cikin fassarorin Faransanci bayan Yaƙin Balkan a ranar 24-26 ga Nuwamba a Le Matin, Paris, Faransa [7] A cikin Afrilu 1911, Firayim Ministan Girka Eleutherios Venizelos na ƙoƙarin cimma yarjejeniya tare da Firayim Ministan Bulgeriya da kafa. kawancen tsaro da Daular Usmaniyya ya yi rashin amfani, saboda shakkun da 'yan Bulgariya suka yi kan karfin Sojojin Girka.[7] Daga baya waccan shekarar, a cikin Disamba 1911, Bulgaria da Serbia sun amince su fara tattaunawa don kulla kawance a karkashin tsauraran binciken Rasha .An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin Serbia da Bulgaria a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu/13 na Maris 1912. Serbia ta nemi fadadawa zuwa "Tsohuwar Serbia" kuma kamar yadda Milan Milovanovich ya lura a cikin 1909 ga takwaransa na Bulgaria, "Muddin ba mu da alaƙa da ku, mu Tasiri kan Croats da Slovens ba zai zama da muhimmanci ba."A gefe guda kuma, Bulgaria na son samun 'yancin cin gashin kan yankin Macedonia a karkashin tasirin kasashen biyu.Ministan Harkokin Wajen Bulgeriya na lokacin Janar Stefan Paprikov ya bayyana a shekara ta 1909 cewa, "Zai bayyana a fili cewa idan ba yau ba to gobe, batu mafi mahimmanci zai sake zama Tambayar Macedonia. Kuma wannan tambaya, duk abin da ya faru, ba za a iya yanke shawara ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. ko ƙasa da shiga kai tsaye na ƙasashen Balkan".A karshe dai sun yi nuni da rarrabuwar kawuna da ya kamata a yi a yankunan daular Usmaniyya bayan nasarar yakin.Bulgaria za ta sami dukkan yankuna da ke gabashin Dutsen Rodopi da Kogin Strimona, yayin da Serbia za ta hade yankunan arewa da yammacin Dutsen Skardu.A ranar 16/29 ga Mayun 1912 ne aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙawance tsakanin Girka da Bulgaria, ba tare da ƙulla wani takamaiman yanki na Ottoman ba.[7] A lokacin rani na 1912, Girka ta ci gaba da yin "yarjejeniyoyi" tare da Serbia da Montenegro.Duk da cewa an gabatar da daftarin yarjejeniyar kawance da Serbia a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, ba a taba sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta yau da kullun ba saboda barkewar yakin.Sakamakon haka, Girka ba ta da wani yanki ko wasu alkawurra, in ban da batun gama gari na yakar daular Usmaniyya.A cikin Afrilu 1912 Montenegro da Bulgaria sun cimma yarjejeniya da suka hada da taimakon kudi ga Montenegro idan yaki da Daular Ottoman.An cim ma yarjejeniya da Girka jim kadan bayan haka, kamar yadda aka fada a baya.A karshen watan Satumba an cimma kawancen siyasa da na soja tsakanin Montenegro da Serbia.[7] A ƙarshen Satumba 1912, Bulgaria ta sami ƙawancen rubutu na yau da kullun tare da Serbia, Girka, da Montenegro.An kuma rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta yau da kullun tsakanin Serbia da Montenegro, yayin da yarjejeniyar Greco-Montenegrin da Greco-Serbiya ta kasance "yarjejeniya ta baki".Duk waɗannan sun kammala kafa ƙungiyar Balkan.
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Tawayen Albaniya na 1912
Skopje bayan 'yan juyin juya halin Albaniya sun 'yantar da su. ©General Directorate of Archives of Albania
1912 Jan 1 - Aug

Tawayen Albaniya na 1912

Skopje, North Macedonia

Tawayen Albaniya na 1912, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Albaniya na ‘Yancin kai, shine tawaye na karshe akan mulkin Daular Ottoman a Albaniya kuma ya ci gaba daga watan Janairu zuwa Agusta [1912.] Bukatun a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1912. Gabaɗaya, Albaniyawa Musulmi sun yi yaƙi da Ottoman a yakin Balkan mai shigowa.

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Kungiyar Balkan
Hoton Soja alliance, 1912. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Mar 13

Kungiyar Balkan

Balkans
A wancan lokacin, jihohin Balkan sun sami damar rike dakaru masu yawan gaske, dangane da yawan al’ummar kowace kasa, kuma suna da sha’awar yin aiki, saboda ra’ayin cewa za su ‘yantar da sassan kasarsu na bauta.Sojojin Bulgeriya su ne manyan sojojin kawancen.Sojoji ne da ke da cikakken horo da cikakken kayan aiki, masu iya tunkarar sojojin daular mulkin mallaka.An ba da shawarar cewa yawancin sojojin Bulgaria za su kasance a gaban Thracian, kamar yadda ake sa ran cewa gaba da ke kusa da babban birnin Ottoman zai kasance mafi mahimmanci.Sojojin Serbia za su yi aiki a gaban Macedonia, yayin da sojojin Girka ke tunanin ba su da ƙarfi kuma ba a kula da su sosai ba.Ana buƙatar Girka a cikin ƙungiyar Balkan don sojojin ruwa da kuma ikonta na mamaye Tekun Aegean, tare da yanke Sojojin Ottoman daga ƙarfafawa.A ranar 13/26 na Satumba 1912, ƙungiyar Ottoman a Thrace ta tilasta wa Serbia da Bulgaria yin aiki da oda na kansu.A ranar 17/30 ga Satumba Girka kuma ta ba da umarnin yin gangami.A ranar 25 ga Satumba/8 na Oktoba, Montenegro ya ayyana yaki a kan Daular Ottoman , bayan da tattaunawar ta gaza game da matsayin kan iyaka.A ranar 30 ga Satumba/13 ga Oktoba, jakadun Serbia, Bulgaria, da Girka sun ba da wa'adin gama gari ga gwamnatin Ottoman, wanda nan da nan aka ƙi.Daular ta janye jakadunta daga Sofia, Belgrade, da Athens, yayin da jami'an diflomasiyyar Bulgaria, Serbia da Girka suka bar babban birnin Ottoman suna gabatar da sanarwar yaki a ranar 4/17 na Oktoba 1912.
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Halin Daular Ottoman
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 1

Halin Daular Ottoman

Edirne, Edirne Merkez/Edirne,
Ƙungiyoyin Slavic guda uku ( Bulgaria , Serbia, da Montenegro ) sun tsara shirye-shirye masu yawa don daidaita ayyukan yakin su, a ci gaba da yakin basasa na sirri da kuma karkashin kulawar Rasha (ba a haɗa Girka ).Serbia da Montenegro za su kai hari a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sandjak, Bulgaria, da Serbia a Macedonia da Thrace.Al’amarin daular Usmaniyya ke da wuya.Yawan jama'arta na kusan mutane miliyan 26 sun samar da dimbin ma'aikata, amma kashi uku bisa hudu na yawan jama'ar na zaune ne a yankin Asiya na Daular.Dole ne a sami ƙarfafawa daga Asiya musamman ta teku, wanda ya dogara da sakamakon yakin da aka yi tsakanin sojojin ruwan Turkiyya da na Girka a cikin Aegean.Da barkewar yakin, Daular Ottoman ta kunna HQs uku na Sojoji: HQ Thracian a Konstantinoful, HQ ta Yamma a Salonika, da HQ Vardar a Skopje, a kan Bulgarians, Girkawa da Serbian bi da bi.Yawancin rundunonin da suke da su an ware su ne ga waɗannan fagagen.An ware ƙananan raka'a masu zaman kansu a wani wuri, galibi a kusa da garuruwa masu kagara.
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1912
Yakin Balkan na Farkoornament
Yaƙin Balkan na farko ya fara
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 8

Yaƙin Balkan na farko ya fara

Shkodra, Albania
Montenegro ita ce ta fara ayyana yaki a ranar 8 ga Oktoba.[9] Babban burinsa shine zuwa Shkodra, tare da ayyukan sakandare a yankin Novi Pazar.Sauran kasashen kawance, bayan sun ba da wa’adi na bai daya, sai suka shelanta yaki mako guda bayan haka.
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Yakin Kardzhali
Bulgarian sun kama Kardzhali daga hannun Daular Usmaniyya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 21

Yakin Kardzhali

Kardzhali, Bulgaria
A ranar farko ta yakin, 18 Oktoba 1912 Delov's detachment ya ci gaba da kudu a kan iyaka a hudu ginshikan.Kashegari, sun ci sojojin Ottoman a kauyukan Kovancılar (yanzu: Pchelarovo) da Göklemezler (yanzu: Stremtsi) sannan suka nufi Kardzhali.Rundunar Yaver Pasha ta bar garin cikin rudani.Tare da ci gaba zuwa Gumuljina, rundunar Haskovo ta yi barazanar sadarwa tsakanin sojojin Ottoman a Thrace da Macedonia.Don haka ne Daular Usmaniyya ta umurci Yaver Pasha da ya kai hari kafin Bulgeriya su isa Kardzhali amma ba su aika masa da karin taimako ba.[17] Domin bin wannan umarni yana da umarni 9 tabors da bindigogi 8.[16]Duk da haka, Bulgarians ba su san da ƙarfin abokan gaba da kuma a ranar 19 ga Oktoba babban umurnin Bulgarian (Hedkwatar Active Army karkashin Janar Ivan Fichev) ya umurci Janar Ivanov da ya dakatar da ci gaban Haskovo Detachment, saboda an dauke shi da hadari.Kwamandan na 2nd Army, duk da haka, bai janye umarni ba kuma ya ba Delov 'yancin yin aiki.[15] Rundunar ta ci gaba da ci gaba a ranar 20 ga Oktoba.Tattakin dai ya samu tsaiko sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da kuma tafiyar hawainiya da makaman bindigu amma 'yan kasar Bulgariya sun kai tudu zuwa arewacin Kardzhali kafin daular Usmaniyya ta sake shiryawa.[18]A safiyar ranar 21 ga Oktoba, Yaver Pasha ya shiga cikin Bulgarians a bayan garin.Saboda manyan bindigogi da hare-haren da suke kai wa bayonet sojojin na Haskovo Detachment sun mamaye kariyar daular Usmaniyya tare da hana yunkurin da suke yi na fatattakar su daga yamma.Daular Ottoman sun kasance masu rauni ga ficewa daga hanya guda kuma dole ne su ja da baya a karo na biyu zuwa kudancin kogin Arda, tare da barin manyan bindigogi da kayan aiki.Karfe 16:00 'yan Bulgaria suka shiga Kardzhali.[19]Yaƙin Kircaali ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga Oktoban 1912, lokacin da rundunar Haskovo ta Bulgeriya ta yi galaba a kan Yaver Pasha na Ottoman Kırcaali Detachment na Yaver Pasha kuma ta shiga Kardzhali da Rhodopes ta Gabas zuwa Bulgaria.Daular Usmaniyya da ta sha kaye ta koma Mestanlı yayin da dakarun Haskovo suka yi tanadin kariya tare da Arda.Ta haka gefen da na baya na sojojin Bulgarian da ke ci gaba da zuwa Adrianople da Constantinople sun sami tsaro.
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Yaƙin Kirk Kilisse
Misali na Siege na Lozengrad a Yaƙin Balkan. ©Anonymous
1912 Oct 22 - Oct 24

Yaƙin Kirk Kilisse

Kırklareli, Turkey
Yakin Kirk Kilisse ya faru ne a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1912, lokacin da sojojin Bulgaria suka fatattaki sojojin daular Usmania a gabashin Thrace, suka kuma mamaye Kırklareli.Rikicin farko ya kasance a kusa da kauyuka da dama da ke arewacin garin.Hare-haren na Bulgariya sun kasance ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma an tilastawa sojojin Ottoman ja da baya.A ranar 10 ga Oktoba sojojin Ottoman sun yi barazanar raba sojojin Bulgaria na 1 da na 3 amma sai suka yi gaggawar dakatar da shi da zargin 1st Sofian da 2nd Preslav brigades.Bayan yakin da aka yi da zubar da jini a gaba dayan garin, Ottoman sun fara ja da baya kuma da safe Kırk Kilise (Lozengrad) yana hannun Bulgaria.An kori Musulman Turkawa mazauna garin inda suka gudu zuwa gabas zuwa Konstantinoful.Bayan nasarar, ministan yaki na Faransa Alexandre Millerand ya bayyana cewa sojojin Bulgaria ne suka fi kowa kyau a Turai kuma ya fi son 'yan Bulgaria 100,000 ga abokan kawance fiye da sauran sojojin Turai.[26]
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Yaƙin Pente Pigadia
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 22 - Oct 30

Yaƙin Pente Pigadia

Pente Pigadia, Greece
Sojojin Epirus sun haye gadar Arta zuwa yankin Ottoman da tsakar rana 6 ga Oktoba, inda suka kama tudun Gribovo a ƙarshen rana.A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Ottomans suka tunkari farkon yakin Gribovo, a daren 10-11 ga Oktoba, Girkawa sun koma Arta.Bayan sun sake haduwa washegari, sojojin Girka sun sake kai farmaki inda suka gano wuraren da Ottoman suka yi watsi da su suka kama Filippiada.A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, Sojojin Epirus sun kaddamar da hari a Preveza tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da tawagar Ionian na sojojin ruwa na Girka;daukar birnin a ranar 21 ga Oktoba.[20]Bayan faduwar Preveza, Esad Pasha ya koma hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa tsohuwar gidan Venetian a Pente Pigadia (Beshpinar).Ya ba da umarnin a gyara shi tare da kara girma tun da ta kauce hanya daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da ke zuwa Yanya, yayin da kuma ya dauki 'yan Cham Albaniya na cikin gida zuwa cikin mayakan sa kai.[21] A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, Battalion Evzone ta 3 da Batirin Dutsen Dutse na 1 sun mamaye kan Goura Height a yankin Anogeio.Bataliya ta 10 ta Evzone ta dauki matsayi kudu maso gabas da kauyen Sklivani (Kipos Height) da kuma kan Lakka Height a kusa da kauyen Pigadia.[22]Da misalin karfe 10:30 na safiyar ranar 22 ga Oktoba, sojojin Ottoman sun fara kai hare-hare a wurare na Girka yayin da dakarun Ottoman da suka kunshi bataliya biyar aka girke a gabar yammacin Girka a kusa da Anogeio.Rikici mai tsanani ya biyo bayan wasu hare-haren da Ottoman suka kai wanda ya kai kololuwarsu da tsakar rana.An daina tashin hankali da yamma ba tare da an samu sauye-sauye a yankuna ba, an kashe mutanen Girka hudu da jikkata biyu.[22]Da karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 23 ga Oktoba, wata bataliyar Ottoman da ta fito daga wajen Aetorachi ta kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata a Height 1495 na Briaskovo da nufin kutsawa cikin bayan Sojojin Epirus.Kamfanoni na 1 da na 3 na Bataliya ta Evzone ta 10 da kuma na 2 na Battalion na Evzone Battalion ta 3 sun yi nasarar rike matsayinsu.Daga nan sai suka tilastawa Daular Usmaniyya yin watsi da wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka jikkata bayan kaddamar da farmaki mai nasara.Hakazalika an dakile hare-haren da Ottoman suka kai kan Anogeio, yayin da aka dakatar da turawan Ottoman a gefen gabashin Girka saboda tsananin yanayin da yankin ke ciki.[23]Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara da wuri ya hana Daular Ottoman kai wani babban hari, yayin da Girkawa suka riƙe madafun iko a cikin jerin gwanon da aka kwashe har zuwa ranar 30 ga Oktoba.[24] Bayan dakatar da farmakin da Daular Usmaniyya suka yi suka koma kauyen Pesta.[25] Mutanen Girka da aka kashe a yakin Pente Pigadia sun kashe mutane 26 da raunata 222.[24]
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Yaƙin Sarantaporo
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 22 - Oct 23

Yaƙin Sarantaporo

Sarantaporo, Greece
Yakin Sarantaporo shi ne babban yaki na farko da aka gwabza tsakanin sojojin kasar Girka karkashin yarima mai jiran gado Constantine da sojojin Ottoman karkashin Janar Hasan Tahsin Pasha a lokacin yakin Balkan na farko.An fara yakin ne lokacin da sojojin Girka suka kai hari kan layin tsaron Ottoman a mashigin Sarantaporo, wanda ya hada Thessaly da tsakiyar kasar Macedonia.Duk da cewa masu tsaronsa sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, babban jami'in sojojin Girka ya yi nasarar ci gaba da zurfi a cikin hanyar wucewa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin taimako suka shiga ta gefen Ottoman.Da daddare ne Daular Usmaniyya suka yi watsi da layin tsaronsu, suna fargabar kewaye.Nasarar da Girka ta samu a Sarantaporo ta buɗe hanya don kama Servia da Kozani.
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Yakin Kumanovo
Asibitin kusa da ƙauyen Tabanovce, a lokacin yaƙin Kumanovo, 1912. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 23 - Oct 24

Yakin Kumanovo

Kumanovo, North Macedonia
Yakin Kumanovo ya kasance babban yakin yakin Balkan na farko.Wata muhimmiyar nasara da Serbia ta samu kan sojojin Ottoman a Kosovo Vilayet, jim kadan bayan barkewar yakin.Bayan wannan shan kashi, sojojin Ottoman sun yi watsi da babban yankin, suna fama da hasarar ma'aikata (mafi yawa saboda gudun hijira) da kuma kayan yaki.[27]Dakarun Ottoman Vardar sun yi yakin ne bisa tsari, amma duk da haka, sun sha kashi sosai.Ko da yake Zeki Pasha ya ba wa umarnin Serbia mamaki da harin kwatsam da ya kai, shawarar da aka yanke na kai farmaki ga manyan abokan gaba babban kuskure ne wanda ya tabbatar da sakamakon yakin Kumanovo.[28] A gefe guda kuma, rundunar Serbian ta fara yakin ba tare da shirye-shirye da shirye-shirye ba, kuma sun rasa damar da za su bi abokan gaba da suka ci nasara da kuma kawo karshen ayyukan da ake yi a yankin, ko da yake yana da sababbin sojojin na baya na baya don irin wannan. aiki.Ko da bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Sabiyawa sun yi imanin cewa an yi yaƙi da raƙuman Ottoman masu rauni kuma manyan sojojin abokan gaba suna kan Ovče Pole.[28]Duk da haka, yakin Kumanovo ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a sakamakon yakin da aka yi a yankin.Shirin da Ottoman ya yi na yaki da yaki ya ci tura, kuma sojojin Vardar sun yi watsi da yankuna da yawa kuma sun yi asarar adadi mai yawa na manyan bindigogi ba tare da yiwuwar ƙarfafawa ba, saboda an yanke hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki daga Anatoliya.[28]Sojojin Vardar ba su iya tsara tsaro a kan kogin Vardar kuma an tilasta musu barin Skopje, suna ja da baya har zuwa Prilep.Sojojin farko sun ci gaba a hankali kuma suka shiga Skopje a ranar 26 ga Oktoba.Bayan kwana biyu, Morava Division II ya ƙarfafa shi, yayin da sauran sojoji na uku aka aika zuwa yammacin Kosovo, sa'an nan kuma ta arewacin Albania zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic.An aika da Sojoji na Biyu don taimakawa Bulgarians a Siege na Adrianople, yayin da Sojoji na Farko ke shirin yin laifi ga Prilep da Bitola.[29]
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Siege na Scutari
Tutar Ottoman ta mika wuya ga Sarkin Montenegrin Nicholas ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 28 - 1913 Apr 23

Siege na Scutari

Shkodër, Albania
'Yan Montenegrin ne suka kaddamar da kewayen Scutari a ranar 28 ga Oktoban 1912. Sojojin Montenegrin ne suka kai harin na farko a karkashin umarnin Yarima Danilo kuma suka fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani.Yayin da rikici ya daidaita cikin yakin yaƙi, Montenegrins sun sami goyon bayan ƙarfafawa daga abokansu na Serbia.Radomir Vešović, wani jami'in sojan Montenegrin ya shiga cikin kewayen inda aka ji masa rauni sau biyu, [30] wanda saboda haka ya sami lambar yabo ta Obilić ta zinare da kuma lakabin jarumi na Brdanjolt.Hasan Riza Pasha da Laftanarsa Essad Pasha ne suka jagoranci masu tsaron bayan Turkiyya da Albaniya na Scutari.Bayan da aka ci gaba da killace kusan watanni uku, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin shugabannin Ottoman biyu ya taso a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1913, lokacin da Esad Pasha ya sa bayinsa biyu na Albaniya suka yi kwanton bauna suka kashe Riza Pasha.[31] An yi kwanton bauna a lokacin da Riza Pasha ya bar gidan Essad bayan an gama cin abincin dare sannan ya sanya Esad Pasha a matsayin cikakken iko da sojojin Turkiyya a Scutari.[32] Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mutanen biyu ya ta'allaka ne game da ci gaba da kare birnin.Riza Pasha ya bukaci ci gaba da yaki da Montenegrins da Sabiyawa yayin da Esad Pasha ya kasance mai goyon bayan kawo karshen kewayen ta hanyar tattaunawar sirri da aka gudanar tare da shawarwarin Rashawa.Shirin Essad Pasha shi ne ya isar da Scutari ga Montenegrins da Sabiyawa a matsayin farashin goyon bayansu a yunkurinsa na shelanta kansa Sarkin Albaniya.[32]An ci gaba da yin kawanya har ma a watan Fabrairu lokacin da Sarki Nikola na Montenegro ya karbi tawagar sarakunan Malësian da suka bayyana mubaya'arsu gare shi kuma suka ba da kansu don shiga sojojin Montenegrin tare da sojojinsu 3,000.Ba da daɗewa ba, sarakunan Malësian suka shiga yaƙi ta wajen taimaka wa harin Jubani— hasumiya ta Daut-age.[33]Yayin da Montengro ya ci gaba da kewaye da su a cikin Afrilu, Manyan Mahukunta sun yanke shawarar aiwatar da shingen tashar jiragen ruwa nasu, wanda aka ayyana a ranar 10 ga Afrilu kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 14 ga Mayu 1913. [34] A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1913 kimanin watanni shida bayan fara kewayen. Essad Pasha ya ba da shawara a hukumance don mika birnin ga Janar Montenegrin Vukotic.A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, an yarda da shawarar Essad Pasha kuma an ba shi izinin barin birnin tare da cikakken girmamawa na soja da dukan sojojinsa da kayan aiki, sai dai manyan bindigogi.Ya kuma samu kudi £10,000 sittin daga hannun Sarkin Montenegrin.[35]Essad Pasha ya mika wuya ga Scutari ga Montenegro kawai bayan da aka yanke shawarar makomarsa, ma'ana bayan da manyan iko suka tilasta Serbia komawa baya kuma bayan da ya bayyana cewa manyan iko ba za su yarda Montenegro ya ci gaba da rike Scutari ba.A lokaci guda, Essad Pasha ya yi nasarar samun goyon bayan Serbia da Montenegro don sabuwar Masarautar Albaniya, wanda zai sami Scutari a kaikaice ta hanyar manyan iko.[36]Kame Scutari da Montenegro da Sabiya suka yi ya kawar da cikas daya tilo ga ci gaban Serbian zuwa Albaniya Ottoman.A watan Nuwamba 1912, Albania ta ayyana 'yancin kai amma har yanzu kowa bai san shi ba.Sojojin Serbia sun mamaye yawancin arewaci da tsakiyar Albaniya, inda suka tsaya a arewacin garin Vlorë.Sabiyawan sun kuma yi nasarar kama ragowar Sojojin na Vardar a cikin abin da ya rage na Albaniya daidai, amma sun kasa tilasta musu mika wuya.[37]
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Yakin Lule Burgas
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Oct 28 - Nov 2

Yakin Lule Burgas

Lüleburgaz, Kırklareli, Türkiy
Bayan nasarar da Bulgaria ta yi cikin sauri a layin Petra - Seliolu - Geckenli da kuma kame Kirk Kilisse (Kırklareli), sojojin Ottoman sun ja da baya cikin rikici zuwa gabas da kudu.Sojojin Bulgaria na biyu karkashin jagorancin Gen.Nikola Ivanov ya kewaye Adrianople (Edirne) amma runduna ta farko da ta uku sun kasa fatattakar sojojin Ottoman da suka koma baya.Don haka aka ba daular Ottoman damar sake haduwa kuma suka dauki sabbin matakan tsaro tare da layin Lule Burgas - Bunar Hisar.Sojojin Bulgaria na uku karkashin Janar.Radko Dimitriev ya isa layin Ottoman a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.A wannan rana ne aka fara kai hare-hare daga sassa uku na sojojin - 5th Danubian Infantry Division (Kwamandan Manjo-Janar Pavel Hristov) a gefen hagu, 4th Preslav Infantry Division (manjo-gen Kliment Boyadzhiev) a tsakiya da 6th Bdin Infantry Division. (manjo-Janar Pravoslav Tenev) a gefen dama.A karshen ranar ne runduna ta shida ta kwace garin Lule Burgas.Da isowar Sojojin Farko a fagen fama a washegari, hare-hare sun ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a gaba dayan fagen daga amma sai da Ottoman suka ci karo da matsananciyar tsayin daka har ma da takaitaccen hare-hare.An gwabza kazamin fada da zubar da jini a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa kuma an sami asarar rayuka a bangarorin biyu.A kan tsadar hasara mai yawa, rukunin na huɗu da na 5 na Bulgaria sun sami nasarar tura daular Usmania baya tare da samun 5 km na ƙasar a sassansu na gaba a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.Bulgarian sun ci gaba da tura daular Usmaniyya a gaba daya.Sashe na 6 ya yi nasarar keta layin Ottoman a gefen dama.Bayan kwana biyu ana gwabza kazamin fada, tsaron Ottoman ya ruguje kuma a daren 2 ga Nuwamba sojojin Ottoman suka fara ja da baya a gaba dayan fagen daga.'Yan Bulgariya ba su sake bin sojojin Ottoman da suka koma baya ba tare da bata lokaci ba, lamarin da ya baiwa sojojin Ottoman damar shiga cikin layin tsaron Çatalca mai tazarar kilomita 30 daga yammacin Konstantinoful.Dangane da sojojin da aka yi shi ne yaƙi mafi girma da aka yi a Turai tsakanin ƙarshen yakin Franco-Prussian da farkon yakin duniya na farko .
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Yaƙin Sorovich
Sojojin Girka a yakin Yenidje ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 2 - Nov 6

Yaƙin Sorovich

Amyntaio, Greece
Da karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, rukunin 4th ya yi tattaki zuwa Servia, [10] yayin da sojojin dawakai na Girka suka shiga Kozani ba tare da hamayya ba washegari.[11] Bayan shan kashin da suka yi a Sarantaporo, Ottomans sun kara yawan ragowar sojojin Hasan Tahsin Pasha tare da sabbin ƙarfafawa [12] kuma sun shirya babban layin tsaro a Yenidje (Giannitsa).A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, Yarima Constantine mai jiran gado ya umarci yawancin sojojin Thessaly su nufi Yenidje duk da samun rahotannin sirri masu cin karo da juna game da yadda sojojin makiya suke.[13] A halin yanzu, Rukunin Girka na 5 a ƙarƙashin Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos, ya ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa yammacin Macedonia, da nufin isa yankin Kailaria (Ptolemaida) -Perdika, inda zai jira ƙarin umarni.A can, ƙungiyar za ta haɗu da sauran sojojin Thessaly ko kuma su kama Monastir (Bitola).Bayan haye mashigar Kirli Derven, ta isa Banitsa (Vevi) a ranar 19 ga Oktoba.[14]Sashen Girka na 5 ya ci gaba da tafiya ta filin Florina a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, inda ya tsaya na wani dan lokaci a arewacin Kleidi Pass (Kirli Derven) bayan sun sami labarin cewa Ottoman na tara sojojinsu a Florina, Armenochori da Neochori.Kashegari wani jami'in tsaro na Girka ya dakile harin da wata karamar rundunar Ottoman ta kai a Flampouro.A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, Matthaiopoulos ya ba da umarnin ci gaba zuwa Monastir bayan an sanar da shi cewa wani karamin sansanin soja ne ya tsare shi.An ƙara ƙarfafa wannan shawarar ta nasarar Serbia a Prilep da nasarar Girka a Yenidje.[15]Yaƙin Sorovich ya faru tsakanin 21-24 Oktoba 1912. An yi yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Girka da na Ottoman a lokacin yakin Balkan na farko, kuma ya kewaye yankin Sorovich (Amyntaio).Runduna ta 5 ta Girka wadda ta yi gaba ta yammacin Macedonia dabam da yawancin Sojojin Girka na Thessaly, an kai musu hari a wajen ƙauyen Lofoi kuma suka koma Sorovich.Ta sami kanta da yawa da karfin daular Usmaniyya mai adawa da ita.Bayan jure hare-hare akai-akai tsakanin ranekun 22 zuwa 23 ga watan Oktoba, an fatattaki rundunar a safiyar ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba bayan da wasu maharba na Ottoman suka afkawa gefenta a wani harin bazata da sanyin safiya.Rashin nasarar Girka a Sorovich ya haifar da kama Serbian da aka yi a Monastir (Bitola).
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Yaƙin Yenidje
Shahararren lithograph da ke nuna Yaƙin Yenidje Vardar (Giannitsa) a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan na Farko. ©Sotiris Christidis
1912 Nov 2 - Nov 3

Yaƙin Yenidje

Giannitsa, Greece
Bayan shan kashin da suka yi a Sarandaporo, Ottomans sun kara yawan ragowar sojojin Hasan Tahsin Pasha tare da sabbin ƙarfafawa.Rukuni biyu daga gabashin Makidoniya, rukunin ajiyar ɗaya daga Asiya Ƙarama da kuma sashin ajiyar ɗaya daga Tasalonika;wanda ya kawo jimillar dakarun daular Usmania a yankin zuwa maza 25,000 da kuma bindigogi 36.[10] Ottomans sun zaɓi shirya babban layin tsaronsu a Yenidje ko dai saboda mahimmancin addini na garin ga al'ummar musulmin Makidoniya ko kuma saboda ba sa son yin yaƙi kusa da Tasalonika.[12] Daular Usmaniyya sun tona ramukansu a wani tsauni mai tsayin mita 130 (400) wanda ya kalli filin yammacin garin.Tudun yana kewaye da koguna guda biyu masu kauri, kogin Giannitsa mai fadama ya lullube hanyoyinsa na kudu yayin da gangaren Dutsen Paiko suka rikitar da duk wani abin da zai iya rufewa daga arewa.[12] A kan hanyar gabas zuwa Yenidje, daular Ottoman sun ƙarfafa sojojin da ke gadin gadoji a kan kogin Loudias, layin dogo a Platy da Gida.[13]A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, babban kwamandan na Girka ya umarci dakarunsa su ci gaba duk da samun rahotannin sirri masu cin karo da juna game da yadda sojojin makiya suke.[11] Rukunin Girika na 2 da na 3 sun yi tattaki a hanya guda zuwa Tsaousli da Tsekre, dukkansu suna arewa maso gabas da Yenidje.Runduna ta farko ta Girka ta kasance a matsayin mai tsaron sojojin.Runduna ta hudu ta nufi garin Yenidje daga arewa maso yamma, yayin da runduna ta shida ta zagaya garin zuwa yamma, da nufin kwace Nedir.Runduna ta bakwai da sojojin dawakai sun rufe bangaren dama na sojojin inda suka doshi Gida;yayin da aka umarci rundunar Konstantinopoulos Evzone da su kwace Trikala.[14]Yaƙin Yenidje ya fara ne sa’ad da sojojin Girka suka kai hari ga sansanin Ottoman a Yenidje (yanzu Giannitsa, Girka), wanda shine layin tsaro na ƙarshe na birnin Tasalonika.Wurin da ke kewaye da Yenidje mai dausayi da fadama ya rikitar da ci gaban sojojin Girka, musamman ma makamanta.Da sanyin safiyar ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, wani cajin sojan da rundunar sojin Girka ta 9th Evzone Battalion ta yi ya sa sojojin Girka suka sami ci gaba, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar gaba dayan reshen yammacin Daular Usmaniyya.Hankalin Ottoman ya fadi kuma yawancin masu tsaron gida sun fara gudu bayan sa'o'i biyu.Nasarar da Girka ta samu a Yenidje ta buɗe hanya don kama Tasalonika da kuma mika wuya ga dakarunta, ta taimaka wajen tsara taswirar Girka ta zamani.
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Yaƙin Prilep
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 3 - Nov 5

Yaƙin Prilep

Prilep, North Macedonia
Yakin Prilep a yakin Balkan na farko ya faru ne a ranakun 3-5 ga Nuwamba 1912 lokacin da sojojin Serbia suka ci karo da sojojin daular Usmaniyya a kusa da garin Prilep, a Arewacin Macedonia a yau.An kwashe kwanaki uku ana arangamar.Daga karshe dai sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun yi galaba a kansu aka tilasta musu ja da baya.[9]Mummunan yanayi da kuma wahalhalun hanyoyi sun kawo cikas ga rundunar soji ta 1 da ke neman Daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin Kumanovo, lamarin da ya tilasta wa rundunar Morava ta gaba da sashen Drina.A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, a cikin ruwan sama na kaka, abubuwan da ke gaba na sashin Morava sun ci karo da wuta daga Kara Said Pasha's Corps 5 daga wurare a arewacin Prilep.Wannan ya fara yakin kwanaki uku na Prilep, wanda aka tashi a wannan dare kuma aka sake sabunta shi da safe.Lokacin da Rundunar Drina ta isa fagen fama, Sabiyawan sun sami gagarumar fa'ida, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Ottoman janye daga kudancin birnin.[9]A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, yayin da Sabiyawan suka koma kudu da Prilep suka sake zuwa a karkashin wutar Ottoman daga wuraren da aka shirya a kan titin zuwa Bitola.Bayonets da gurneti na hannu sun baiwa Sabiyawan damar yin fada da hannu, amma duk da haka suna bukatar mafi kyawun sashi na ranar don tilasta wa Ottoman ja da baya.Hare-haren da sojojin Sabiya suka kai a fili da rashin kunya ya burge wani mai lura da Ottoman, wanda ya ce: "Harin da sojojin Sabiya suka yi a fili ya kasance a bayyane kamar yadda ake aiwatar da wani atisayen bariki. An ga jami'an Serbia da kyau, sun kai farmaki kamar ana fareti, hoton ya kayatar sosai, wani bangare na jami'an Turkiyya ya birgesu da mamakin wannan hali da tsari na lissafi, dayan kuma ya huce a wannan lokacin saboda rashin nauyi mai nauyi. sun yi nuni da girman kai na budaddiyar hanya da kai hari na gaba."[9]Makaman bindigogin da aka yi watsi da su a Skoplje da sun taimaki masu tsaron Ottoman a kudancin Prilep.Sabiyawan sun nuna irin rashin wayo a hare-haren da suka kai na sojojin da suka yi sanadin salwantar rayuka masu yawa a tsakanin duk mayaƙan a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan kuma zai haifar da da yawa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko .A lokacin wannan yakin, Sojojin Serbia na farko sun kasance ba tare da kasancewar babban kwamandansu ba, Yarima Alexander.Ba shi da lafiya saboda tsananin sanyi da yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar sojojinsa ta wayar tarho daga gadon jinya a Skoplje.[9]Gajerun yaƙe-yaƙe masu kaifi a kusa da Prilep sun nuna cewa Ottomans har yanzu suna iya yin adawa da tafiya ta Serbia ta Makidoniya.Ko da bayan barin birnin Prilep, rundunar Ottoman ta 5 ta yi yaƙi da taurin kai a kudancin garin.Girma da sha'awar Sabiyawa sun shawo kan Ottoman, amma a farashi.Daular Usmaniyya ta sha wahala wajen mutuwar mutane 300 da raunata 900, kuma an kama 152 fursuna;Sabiyawan sun yi asarar kusan mutane 2,000 da suka mutu da kuma jikkata.Hanyar kudu maso yamma zuwa Bitola yanzu tana buɗewa ga Sabiyawa.[9]
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Siege na Adrianople
Makarantun Siege sun isa gaban Adrianople, 3 Nuwamba 1912. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 3 - 1913 Mar 26

Siege na Adrianople

Edirne, Edirne Merkez/Edirne,
A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1912 ne aka fara kawanya wa Adrianople kuma ya kare a ranar 26 ga Maris 1913 tare da kame Edirne (Adrianople) da Sojoji na Biyu na Bulgaria da Sojoji na biyu na Serbia.Asarar Edirne ta kai hari na karshe ga sojojin Ottoman kuma ya kawo karshen yakin Balkan na farko.[44] An sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a London a ranar 30 ga Mayu.Daular Usmaniyya ta sake mamaye birnin da kuma rike shi a lokacin yakin Balkan na biyu.[45]An yi la'akari da nasarar da aka yi na yaƙin a matsayin babbar nasara ta soji saboda manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Jamus sun ƙera tsaron birnin a tsanake da ake kira da 'wanda ba za a iya cin nasara ba'.Sojojin Bulgeriya, bayan watanni biyar na killace da kuma kai hare-hare na dare guda biyu, sun kwace tungar Ottoman.Wadanda suka yi nasara sun kasance a karkashin jagorancin Janar Nikola Ivanov na Bulgaria yayin da kwamandan sojojin Bulgaria a yankin gabashin sansanin shine Janar Georgi Vazov, ɗan'uwan shahararren marubucin Bulgaria Ivan Vazov da Janar Vladimir Vazov.An fara amfani da jirgin sama da farko wajen tayar da bama-bamai a lokacin da aka killace;'Yan kasar Bulgaria sun jefa gurneti na musamman daga jiragen sama daya ko fiye a kokarinsu na haifar da firgici tsakanin sojojin Daular Usmaniyya.Yawancin hafsoshi da ƙwararrun matasa na Bulgaria waɗanda suka shiga wannan yaƙin mai ƙarfi za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen siyasa, al'adu, kasuwanci da masana'antu na Bulgaria.
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Thessaloniki ta mika wuya ga Girka
Ottoman Hasan Tashin Pasha surrender Salonique ©K. Haupt
1912 Nov 8

Thessaloniki ta mika wuya ga Girka

Thessaloniki, Greece
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, Tahsin Pasha ya amince da sharuɗɗa kuma sojojin Ottoman 26,000 suka wuce zuwa ƙasar Girka.Kafin Girkawa su shiga birnin, wani jirgin ruwan Jamus ya fatattaki tsohon Sarkin Musulmi Abdul Hamid II daga birnin Thessaloniki don ci gaba da gudun hijira, a haye Bosporus daga Konstantinoful.Tare da sojojinsu a Tasalonika, Girkawa sun ɗauki sabbin wurare zuwa gabas da arewa maso gabas, ciki har da Nigrita.Bayan samun labarin sakamakon yakin Giannitsa (Yenidje), babban kwamandan Bulgaria ya aika da rundunar ta 7 ta Rila cikin gaggawa daga arewa zuwa birnin.Rarraba ta isa can kwana ɗaya bayan haka, washegarin bayan mika wuya ga Helenawa, waɗanda suka yi nisa da birnin fiye da Bulgarian .
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Yaƙin Monastir
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 16 - Nov 19

Yaƙin Monastir

Bitola, North Macedonia
A matsayin wani bangare na yakin Balkan, Sojojin Ottoman Vardar sun ja da baya daga shan kashi a Kumanovo suka sake haduwa a kusa da Bitola.Sabiyawan sun kwace Skopje daga nan suka aika da sojoji domin su taimaka wa abokansu na Bulgeriya su yi wa Adrianople kawanya.Sojojin Serbia na 1st, suna zuwa kudu akan Monastir (Bitola na zamani), sun ci karo da manyan bindigogin Ottoman kuma dole ne su jira nasa manyan bindigogi su iso.A cewar Kyaftin na Faransa G. Bellenger, a rubuce a cikin bayanin kula kan yadda ake yin amfani da bindigogi a yaƙin neman zaɓe na yankin Balkan, ba kamar na Ottoman ba, makaman fage na Serbia na da tafin hannu sosai, a wani lokaci ƙungiyar Morava ta Serbia ta ja manyan bindigogi masu dogon zango guda huɗu zuwa wani dutse. sannan a ko wace dare a rika jan bindigu kusa da dakarun Turkiyya don kara tallafawa sojojin da ke karkashin kasa.[46]A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, bayan lalata makaman Ottoman da manyan bindigogin Sabiya suka yi, bangaren dama na Serbia sun tura ta cikin sojojin Vardar.Sabiyawan sannan suka shiga Bitola a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba.Tare da cin nasarar Bitola, Sabiyawan sun mallaki kudu maso yammacin Makidoniya, gami da muhimmin gari na Ohrid.[47]Bayan yakin Monastir, mulkin Ottoman na Makidoniya na tsawon karni biyar ya ƙare.Sojojin na 1 na Serbia sun ci gaba da fafatawa a yakin Balkan na farko.A wannan lokaci wasu hafsoshi sun so Sojoji na farko su ci gaba da gangarawa cikin kwarin Vardar zuwa Tasalonika.Vojvoda Putnik ya ƙi.Barazanar yaki da Ostiriya-Hungary ya kunno kai kan batun kasancewar Serbia a yankin Adriatic.Bugu da ƙari, tare da Bulgarians da Helenawa sun riga sun kasance a Tasalonika, bayyanar sojojin Serbia a can za su yi la'akari da yanayin da ya riga ya kasance mai rikitarwa.[47]
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Yaƙin Farko na Çatalca
Komawar Ottoman daga Lule Burgas zuwa Chataldja ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 17 - Nov 18

Yaƙin Farko na Çatalca

Çatalca, İstanbul, Türkiye
Yaƙin Farko na Çatalca na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi girma na yaƙin Balkan na farko da aka yi tsakanin 17 zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba 1912. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a matsayin wani yunƙuri na haɗaka da rundunonin sojan Bulgeriya na farko da na uku, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Janar Radko Dimitriev, don kayar da Dakarun Çatalca na Ottoman tare da keta layin tsaro na karshe a gaban babban birnin kasar Constantinople.Sai dai yawan hasarar da aka yi ya tilastawa 'yan Bulgaria dakatar da harin.[48]
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Tawayen Himara
Spyromilios da Himariotes na gida a gaban katangar Himara. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 18

Tawayen Himara

Himara, Albania
A lokacin yakin Balkan na farko (1912-1913), gaban Epirus yana da mahimmanci na biyu ga Girka bayan gaban Macedonia.[49] Saukowa a Himara, a baya na Sojojin Ottoman an shirya shi a matsayin wani aiki mai zaman kansa daga sauran gabacin Epirus.Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da ci gaban sojojin Girka zuwa yankunan arewacin Epirus.Nasarar irin wannan yunƙurin ta samo asali ne daga fifikon sojojin ruwa na Girka a cikin Tekun Ionia da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran goyon bayan al'ummar ƙasar Girka.[50] Tawayen Himara sun yi nasarar kifar da sojojin Ottoman na yankin, ta haka ne suka tabbatar da yankin bakin teku tsakanin Sarandë da Vlorë ga sojojin Hellenic.
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Austria-Hungary na barazanar Yaki
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 21

Austria-Hungary na barazanar Yaki

Vienna, Austria
Ci gaban da ya kai ga Yaƙin Balkan na Farko bai tafi da manyan ƙasashe ba.Duk da cewa akwai yarjejeniya a hukumance tsakanin kasashen turai dangane da yankin daular Usmaniyya , wanda ya haifar da gargadi mai tsanani ga kasashen Balkan, ba a hukumance ba kowanne daga cikinsu ya dauki salon diflomasiyya daban-daban saboda sabanin muradunsa a yankin.Ostiriya- Hungary , gwagwarmayar samun tashar jiragen ruwa a kan Adriatic da kuma neman hanyoyin fadadawa a kudanci tare da kuɗin daular Ottoman, ya kasance gaba ɗaya yana adawa da kowace ƙasa ta fadada a yankin.A lokaci guda, daular Habsburg tana da nata matsalolin cikin gida tare da manyan al'ummomin Slav waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da Jamusanci -Hungarian ikon mallakar ƙasa da ƙasa.Serbia, wacce burinta a kan hanyar Bosnia da ke karkashin Ostiriya ba wani asiri ba ne, an dauke ta a matsayin makiyi kuma babban kayan aikin Rasha ne da ke tayar da hankulan batutuwan Slav na Austria.Amma Ostiriya-Hungary ta gaza samun amintaccen madadin Jamus don ingantaccen martani.
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Yakin Kaliakra
Drazki da ma'aikatanta. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 21

Yakin Kaliakra

Cape Kaliakra, Kavarna, Bulgar
Yakin Kaliakra, wanda aka fi sani da harin Drazki a Bulgeriya , wani mataki ne na ruwa tsakanin kwale-kwalen torpedo na Bulgaria guda hudu da kuma jirgin ruwa na Ottoman Hamidiye a cikin Bahar Maliya.An yi shi ne a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1912 a nisan mil 32 daga babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Varna na Bulgaria.A lokacin yakin Balkan na farko, kayayyakin daular Usmaniyya sun yi matukar hadari bayan yakin Kirk Kilisse da Lule Burgas kuma hanyar teku daga tashar ruwan Romania ta Constanţa zuwa Istanbul ta zama muhimmi ga Daular Usmaniyya.Hakazalika sojojin ruwan Ottoman sun sanya shingen shinge a gabar tekun Bulgaria kuma a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, kwamandan jirgin ruwa Hamidiye ya yi barazanar halaka Varna da Balchik, sai dai idan garuruwan biyu sun mika wuya.A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba wasu jiragen ruwa na Bulgeriya guda hudu Drazki (Bold), Letyashti (Flying), Smeli (Brave) da Strogi (Tsauri) suka kai wa ayarin Ottoman hari.Letyashti ne ya jagoranci harin, wanda ba a kai ga tsautsayi ba, kamar yadda na Smeli da Strogi suka yi, Smeli ya lalace ta hanyar zagaye na 150 mm tare da daya daga cikin ma'aikatanta.Drazki duk da haka ya samu nisan mita 100 daga jirgin ruwa na Ottoman kuma guguwar tata ta afkawa gefen jirgin ruwan, wanda ya haifar da rami mai fadin murabba'in mita 10.Duk da haka Hamidiye bai nutse ba, saboda ƙwararrun ma'aikatanta, da manyan ma'auni masu ƙarfi, aikin duk famfunan ruwa da kuma teku mai natsuwa.Sai dai ta samu mutuwar ma'aikatan jirgin 8 da raunata 30, kuma an gyara mata cikin watanni.Bayan wannan gamuwa, an sassauta shingen da Ottoman ya yi a gabar tekun Bulgaria.
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Girka ta dauki Lesbos
Sojojin Girka sun sauka a Mytilene a lokacin yakin Balkan na farko. ©Agence Rol
1912 Nov 21 - Dec 21

Girka ta dauki Lesbos

Lesbos, Greece
Da barkewar yakin Balkan na farko a watan Oktoban 1912, rundunar sojojin kasar Girka karkashin Rear Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis sun kwace tsibirin Lemnos mai dabara a mashigin Dardanelles, kuma suka ci gaba da kafa wani shingen shinge na ruwa na mashigin ruwa.Tare da rundunar Ottoman da aka tsare a bayan Daradanelles, an bar Helenawa da cikakken ikon tekun Aegean, kuma suka fara mamaye tsibirin Aegean karkashin mulkin Ottoman.[51] Yawancin waɗannan tsibiran ba su da sojoji kaɗan ko kuma ba su da, ban da manyan tsibiran Kios da Lesbos;Bataliya ta 2 ta runduna ta 18 ta yi garkuwa da na karshen.[52] Sojojin Ottoman sun kai mutum 3,600, daga cikinsu 1,600 ƙwararrun sojoji ne, saura kuma ƴan bidi’a ne da ƙididdigan kiristoci, wanda Manjo Abdul Ghani Pasha ya ba da umarni wanda hedkwatarsa ​​ta kasance a Molyvos.[53]A sakamakon haka, Helenawa sun jinkirta yin ƙaura zuwa Chios da Lesbos har sai an kammala ayyuka a babban gaba a Makidoniya kuma za a iya tsira da sojojin don wani mummunan hari.Tare da jita-jitar tsagaita wuta da ke yawo a karshen watan Nuwamba, kame wadannan tsibiran cikin gaggawa ya zama wajibi.Wani abu kuma shi ne saurin ci gaban Bulgaria a Thrace da gabashin Makidoniya.Gwamnatin Girka ta ji tsoron cewa Bulgaria za ta iya amfani da Lesbos a matsayin hanyar sasantawa yayin tattaunawar zaman lafiya a nan gaba.[54 [54] <] > An tara rundunar soji don kamo Lesbos: an tattara sojojin ruwa na sojan ruwa a Mudros Bay kuma suka hau kan jirgin ruwa mai suna Averoff da Pelops, tare da wasu bindigogi masu saukar ungulu na ruwa da bindigogi biyu.Lokacin da ya tashi zuwa Lesbos a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1912, wata sabuwar bataliyar sojan ruwa da aka tashe (jami'an 15 da maza 1,019) daga Athens sun haɗu da sojojin a kan hanya.Yakin Lesbos ya faru ne daga ranar 21 ga Nuwamba – 21 ga Disamba 1912 a lokacin yakin Balkan na farko, wanda ya yi sanadin kwace tsibirin Lesbos na gabashin Aegean a hannun Masarautar Girka.
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Girka ta ɗauki Chios
Kama Chios. ©Aristeidis Glykas
1912 Nov 24 - 1913 Jan 3

Girka ta ɗauki Chios

Chios, Greece
Mamaya na tsibirin ya kasance al'amari mai tsawo.Dakarun da suka sauka a Girka , wanda Kanar Nikolaos Delagrammatikas ya jagoranta, sun yi gaggawar kwace yankin gabar tekun gabas da kuma garin Chios, amma rundunar Ottoman tana da kayan aiki da kayan aiki, kuma ta yi nasarar janyewa zuwa cikin tsaunuka.An samu takun saka, kuma kusan an daina gudanar da ayyuka tun daga karshen watan Nuwamba har zuwa lokacin da turawan Girka suka zo a karshen watan Disamba.A ƙarshe, an ci sojojin Ottoman tare da tilasta musu mika wuya a ranar 3 ga Janairun 1913. [55.]
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Ottoman sun rasa Western Thrace
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 27

Ottoman sun rasa Western Thrace

Peplos, Greece
Bayan dogon korafe-korafe a ko'ina cikin yammacin Thrace sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Janar Nikola Genev da Kanar Aleksandar Tanev sun kewaye ma'aikatar Kırcaali mai dakaru 10,000 karkashin jagorancin Mehmed Yaver Pasha.[56] An kai hari a kewayen ƙauyen Merhamli (Yanzu Peplos a Girka ta zamani), kaɗan daga cikin Ottoman ne kawai suka sami damar ketare kogin Maritsa.Sauran sun mika wuya a washegarin ranar 28 ga Nuwamba.Daular Merhamli daular Ottoman ta yi asarar Western Thrace yayin da mukaman Bulgeriya a karkashin Maritsa da kewayen Istanbul suka daidaita.Da nasarar da suka samu Rundunar Sojoji Mixed Cavalry Brigade da Kardzhali Detachment sun tabbatar da bayan Sojoji na 2 da ke yiwa Adrianople kawanya tare da sassauta kayan dakaru na 1 da na 3 a Chatalja.
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Albaniya ta ayyana &#39;Yancin Kai
Ranar 12 ga Disamba 1912 ne aka buga ranar ayyana 'yancin kai na Albaniya a cikin jaridar Austro-Hungarian Das Interessante Blatt. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 28

Albaniya ta ayyana 'Yancin Kai

Albania
Sanarwar 'yancin kai na Albaniya a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1912, ya yi tasiri sosai a yakin Balkan na farko, wanda ya riga ya fara a lokacin.Ayyana ‘yancin kai ya nuna bullar Albaniya a matsayin sabuwar kasa, wanda ya shafi daidaiton iko a yankin Balkan tare da haifar da sabon salo a yakin da ake yi.Masarautar Serbia ta yi adawa da shirin wannan babban al'ummar Albaniya (wanda a yanzu ana daukar yankunanta a matsayin manufar Babban Albaniya), ta fifita wani bangare na yankin Turai na Daular Ottoman a tsakanin kasashen Balkan hudu.
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Armistice, Juyin mulki, da Yaki sun sake farawa
Shafin farko na Mujallar Le Petit a watan Fabrairun 1913 da ke nuna yadda aka kashe Ministan Yaki Nazım Pasha a lokacin juyin mulkin. ©Le Petit Journal
1912 Dec 3 - 1913 Feb 3

Armistice, Juyin mulki, da Yaki sun sake farawa

London, UK
An amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1912 tsakanin Ottomans da Bulgaria , na karshen kuma yana wakiltar Serbia da Montenegro , kuma an fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya a London.Ita ma kasar Girka ta halarci taron amma ta ki amincewa da yin sulhu tare da ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta a bangaren Epirus.An katse tattaunawar ne a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1913, lokacin da wani matashin Turkawa ya yi juyin mulki a Constantinople, karkashin Enver Pasha, ya hambarar da gwamnatin Kamil Pasha.Bayan karewar sojojin, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1913, tashin hankali ya sake farawa.
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Sojojin ruwan Girka sun yi galaba a kan sojojin ruwan Ottoman
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Dec 16

Sojojin ruwan Girka sun yi galaba a kan sojojin ruwan Ottoman

Dardanelles Strait, Türkiye
Tun lokacin da aka fara yakin sojojin ruwa na Hellenic sun yi tsamari, yayin da sojojin ruwa na Ottoman suka kasance a cikin Dardanelles.Admiral Kountouriotis ya sauka a Lemnos, yayin da sojojin Girka suka 'yantar da jerin tsibirai.A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Kountouriotis ya aika da sakon wayar tarho zuwa ga Admiral na Ottoman: "Mun kama Tenedos. Muna jiran fitowar jiragen ku. Idan kuna buƙatar kwal, zan iya ba ku."A ranar 16 ga Disamba, rundunar Ottoman ta bar Dardanelles.Sojojin ruwa na Royal Hellenic, karkashin jagorancin Rear Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis a kan jirgin tutar Averof, sun yi galaba a kan sojojin ruwa na Ottoman, karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Ramiz Bey, kusa da ƙofar Dardanelles (Hellespont).A lokacin yakin, Kountouriotis, wanda ya ji takaicin tafiyar hawainiyar da tsofaffin jiragen yakin Girka uku na Hydra, Spetsai da Psara suka yi, ya daga tutar Z da ke wakiltar "Aiki mai zaman kanta", ya kuma yi gaba shi kadai da gudun kuli 20, a kan rundunar Ottoman. .Da yake cin gajiyar babban gudunta, bindigogi da sulke, Averof ya yi nasarar ketare jirgin "T" na Ottoman ya kuma mayar da hankalinta a kan tutar Ottoman Barbaros Hayreddin, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa rundunar Ottoman ja da baya cikin rashin tsaro.Rundunar sojojin Girka, ciki har da masu lalata Aetos, Ierax da Panthir sun ci gaba da bin jiragen ruwa na Ottoman a tsakanin kwanakin Disamba 13 da Disamba 26, 1912.Wannan nasara tana da ma'ana sosai domin sojojin ruwa na Ottoman sun ja da baya a cikin mashigin ruwa kuma suka bar Tekun Aegean zuwa Girkawa waɗanda a yanzu suka sami 'yanci don 'yantar da tsibiran Lesbos, Chios, Lemnos da Samos da sauransu.Har ila yau, ya hana duk wani motsi na ƙarfafa sojojin Ottoman ta teku da kuma tabbatar da nasarar da Ottoman ya yi a kasa.
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Kama Korytsa
Lithograph na Girka wanda ke nuna guguwar Korytsa da Sojojin Girka suka yi a ranar 6/19 ga Disamba 1912. ©Dimitrios Papadimitriou
1912 Dec 20

Kama Korytsa

Korçë, Albania
A farkon yakin yayin da kasashen Balkan ke cin nasara, sojojin Hellenic sun 'yantar da Thessaloniki kuma suka ci gaba da tafiya yamma a Makidoniya zuwa Kastoria sannan Korytsa.Gaban Epirus ma yana aiki kuma sojojin Ottoman karkashin Djavid Pasha sun sanya sojojin Ottoman 24,000 a Korytsa domin kare arewacin Ioannina, tsakiyar biranen yankin Epirus.A ranar 20 ga Disamba, kwanaki uku bayan fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya, [57] sojojin Girka sun kori Ottoman daga Korytsa.[58]Wannan zai bai wa sojojin Girka babbar fa'ida wajen sarrafa Ioannina da yankin gaba ɗaya a cikin Maris 1913 a Yaƙin Bizani.
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Mulkin Girka na Aegean
Sojojin ruwa na Girka a ƙarƙashin tutar Averof a lokacin Yaƙin Naval na Lemnos a cikin Janairu 1913 a kan rundunar Ottoman. ©Anonymous
1913 Jan 18

Mulkin Girka na Aegean

Lemnos, Greece
Yakin sojojin ruwa na Lemnos yaki ne na ruwa a lokacin yakin Balkan na farko, inda Girkawa suka ci nasara a yunkurin daular Usmaniyya na biyu kuma na karshe na karya shingen shingen sojojin ruwan Girka na Dardanelles tare da kwato ikon mallakar tekun Aegean.Wannan, yakin ruwa na karshe na yakin Balkan na farko, ya tilastawa sojojin ruwa na Ottoman ja da baya zuwa sansaninsu a cikin Dardanelles, wanda ba su shiga cikin sauran yakin ba, don haka ya tabbatar da ikon mallakar Tekun Aegean da tsibirin Aegean. ta Girka.
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Yakin Bulair
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Feb 8

Yakin Bulair

Bolayir, Bolayır/Gelibolu/Çana
Sojojin Bulgaria sun toshe babban sansanin Ottoman Edirne tun farkon yakin a 1912. Daga tsakiyar watan Janairun 1913 babban kwamandan Ottoman ya shirya kai hari zuwa Edirne don karya shingen.Ci gaban ya fara ne da safiyar ranar 8 ga Fabrairu lokacin da sashin Myuretebi ya nufi karkashin rufin hazo daga Saor Bay zuwa hanyar Bulair.An gano harin a matakai 100 kacal daga wurare na Bulgaria.Da karfe 7 na dare ne sojojin Ottoman suka bude wuta.Har ila yau sojojin na Bulgeriya sun bude wuta, kamar yadda sojojin runduna ta 13 suka yi, kuma ci gaban abokan gaba ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.Tun daga karfe 8 na dare aka ci gaba da Ottoman 27th Infantry Division wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gabar tekun Marmara.Saboda fifikonsu ne Daular Usmaniyya suka karbe mukamin a Doganarslan Chiflik suka fara zagaye bangaren hagu na runduna ta 22 ta runduna ta 22.Kwamandan runduna ta Bakwai ta Rila ta mayar da martani nan da nan tare da ba da umarnin kai wa runduna ta 13 ta Rila hari, lamarin da ya tilasta wa rundunar Myuretebi ja da baya.Sojojin Daular Usmaniyya sun yi mamakin irin hukumcin da mutanen Bulgeriya suka yi kuma lokacin da suka ga ci gaban runduna ta 22 Thracian Infantry Regiment suka firgita.A yanzu haka dai sojojin na Bulgaria sun mayar da wuta kan Doganarslan Chiflik.Da misalin karfe 15 na dare ne runduna ta 22 ta kai farmaki a hannun dama na sojojin Daular Usmaniyya inda bayan wani dan gajeren fada amma makiya suka fara ja da baya.An kashe da yawa daga cikin sojojin Ottoman da suke gudu ta hanyar ingantacciyar wuta ta bindigogin Bulgaria.Bayan haka duk sojojin Bulgaria sun kai hari tare da fatattakar bangaren hagu na Ottoman.Da misalin karfe 17 na dare sojojin daular Usmania sun sake sabunta harin inda suka nufi cibiyar Bulgaria amma suka fatattaki su tare da jikkata wasu.An kawar da wannan matsayi daga dakarun Ottoman kuma an sake tsara tsarin tsaro.A yakin Bulair sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun yi asarar kusan rabin karfinsu tare da barin dukkan kayan aikinsu a fagen daga.
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Yakin Ottoman
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Feb 20

Yakin Ottoman

Gallipoli/Çanakkale, Türkiye
A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Ottoman sun fara kai hari, a Çatalca da kudancinta, a Gallipoli.A can, Ottoman X Corps, tare da mutane 19,858 da bindigogi 48, sun sauka a Şarköy yayin da wani hari na kimanin mutane 15,000 da ke goyon bayan bindigogi 36 (ɓangare na 30,000 na sojojin Ottoman da aka ware a Gallipoli Peninsula) a Bulair, kudu maso kudu.Duka hare-haren biyu suna goyon bayan wuta daga jiragen yakin Ottoman kuma an yi niyya, a cikin dogon lokaci, don rage matsin lamba akan Edirne.Kimanin mutane 10,000 ne suka fafata da su, dauke da bindigogi 78.[ [64] .Harin da Ottoman ya kai a cikin sirara mai tsayin mita 1800 kacal, ya samu cikas sakamakon hazo mai kauri da kakkausan harbin bindiga na Bulgaria.Sakamakon haka, harin ya tsaya cak, inda ‘yan Bulgaria suka fatattaki su.A karshen wannan rana, sojojin biyu sun koma matsayinsu na asali.A halin yanzu, Ottoman X Corps, wanda ya sauka a Şarköy, ya ci gaba har zuwa 23 Fabrairu 1913, lokacin da ƙarfafawa da Janar Kovachev ya aika ya yi nasarar dakatar da su.Wadanda suka jikkata a bangarorin biyu sun yi sauki.Bayan gazawar harin gaban da aka kai a Bulair, sojojin Ottoman na Şarköy sun sake shiga cikin jiragensu a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu kuma aka kai su Gallipoli.Harin da Ottoman ya kai a Çatalca, wanda aka kai wa sojojin Bulgeriya na farko da na uku, an fara kaddamar da shi ne kawai a matsayin karkatar da aikin Gallipoli-Şarköy don murkushe sojojin Bulgaria a wurin.Duk da haka, ya haifar da nasara ba zato ba tsammani.'Yan Bulgarian, wadanda cutar kwalara ta raunana kuma suka damu da cewa wani hari na Ottoman na iya jefa sojojinsu cikin hadari, da gangan sun janye kusan kilomita 15 kuma zuwa kudu sama da kilomita 20 zuwa wuraren tsaronsu na biyu, a kan mafi girma daga yamma.A karshen harin da aka kai a Gallipoli, Daular Usmaniyya ta soke aikin tun da ba su son barin layin Çatalca, amma kwanaki da dama sun shude kafin 'yan Bulgaria su fahimci cewa an kawo karshen farmakin.Ya zuwa ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, an sake samun kwanciyar hankali, amma an ci gaba da gwabza fada a kan layi.Yakin da ya yi sanadin salwantar rayukan Bulgaria, ana iya siffanta shi a matsayin nasara ta dabara ta Ottoman, amma gazawa ce ta dabara tun da bai yi wani abu ba don hana gazawar aikin Gallipoli-Şarköy ko kuma rage matsin lamba kan Edirne.
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Yakin Bizani
Yarima mai jiran gado Constantine na Girka yana kallon manyan bindigogi a lokacin yakin Bizani a yakin Balkan na farko. ©Georges Scott
1913 Mar 4 - Mar 6

Yakin Bizani

Bizani, Greece
An gwabza yakin Bizani ne tsakanin sojojin Girka da na Daular Usmaniyya a matakin karshe na yakin Balkan na farko, kuma an yi ta ne a kan garu na Bizani, wanda ya rufe hanyoyin zuwa Ioannina, birni mafi girma a yankin.A lokacin barkewar yakin, sojojin Hellenic a gaban Epirus ba su da adadin da za su fara kai farmaki kan wuraren da Jamus ta kera na tsaro a Bizani.Duk da haka, bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe a Makidoniya ya ƙare, an sake tura sojojin Girka da yawa zuwa Epirus, inda yarima Constantine da kansa ya ɗauki umarni.A yakin da ya biyo bayan matsayi na Ottoman an keta shi kuma an dauki Ioannina.Duk da samun ɗan fa'idar lambobi, wannan ba shine babban dalilin nasarar Girka ba.Maimakon haka, "tsare-tsare mai tsauri" na Helenawa shine mabuɗin yayin da yake taimaka musu aiwatar da wani haɗin kai da kuma kisa wanda bai ba da damar sojojin Ottoman su dauki lokaci ba.[59 <] > Bugu da ƙari kuma, harin bama-bamai na Ottoman ya kasance mafi nauyi a tarihin duniya har zuwa lokacin.[60] Mika kai na Ioannina ya tabbatar da ikon Girkanci na kudancin Epirus da gabar tekun Ionia.A sa'i daya kuma, an hana shi ga sabuwar kasar Albaniya, wadda mai yiwuwa ta samar da wani wurin kudu mai kama da Shkodër a arewa.
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Fall of Adrianople
Sojojin Bulgaria a sansanin Ayvaz Baba, wajen Adrianople, bayan kama su. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Mar 26

Fall of Adrianople

Edirne, Edirne Merkez/Edirne,
Rashin nasarar aikin Şarköy-Bulair da tura sojojin Serbia na biyu, tare da manyan makaman da ake bukata, sun rufe makomar Adrianople.A ranar 11 ga Maris, bayan wani harin bam na makonni biyu, wanda ya lalata da yawa daga cikin kagaran gine-ginen da ke kewayen birnin, harin na karshe ya fara, inda dakarun kungiyar ke samun galaba a kan sansanin Ottoman.Sojojin Bulgeriya na Biyu mai mutane 106,425 da na Sabiya biyu tare da mutane 47,275, sun mamaye birnin, inda ‘ yan Bulgariya suka yi fama da 8,093, Sabiyawa 1,462 suka jikkata.[61] An kashe Ottoman ga duka yakin Adrianople ya kai 23,000 matattu.[62 <>] Yawan fursunonin ba su da yawa.Daular Ottoman ta fara yakin da mutane 61,250 a cikin kagara.[63] Richard Hall ya lura cewa an kama mutane 60,000.Ƙara wa 33,000 da aka kashe, na zamani "Turkiyya Janar Staff History" ya lura cewa 28,500-mutum ya tsira daga zaman talala [64] ya bar 10,000 maza ba a gane su ba [63] kamar yadda yiwu kama (ciki har da wanda ba a bayyana adadin rauni).Asarar Bulgarian ga duka yakin Adrianople ya kai 7,682.[65] Wannan shi ne yaƙi na ƙarshe kuma mai yanke hukunci wanda ya wajaba don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin [66] ko da yake ana hasashen cewa kagara zai faɗi a ƙarshe saboda yunwa.Babban sakamako mai mahimmanci shi ne cewa umurnin Ottoman ya rasa duk wani bege na sake dawowa, wanda ya sa duk wani fada ya zama marar amfani.[67]Yakin ya sami gagarumin sakamako mai ma'ana a dangantakar Serbia da Bulgariya, wanda ya haifar da dasa irin arangamar da kasashen biyu suka yi bayan wasu watanni.Masu sharhi na Bulgaria sun yanke duk wata nassoshi game da shiga cikin Serbian a cikin aikin a cikin telegram na wakilan kasashen waje.Ra'ayin jama'a a Sofia don haka ya kasa gane muhimman ayyuka na Serbia a yakin.A kan haka ne Sabiyawan suka yi ikirarin cewa dakarunsu na runduna ta 20 su ne suka kame kwamandan Ottoman na birnin kuma Kanar Gavrilović shi ne kwamandan kawancen da ya amince Shukri ya mika wuya ga sansanin sojojin, sanarwar da 'yan Bulgaria suka yi sabani.Sabiyawan a hukumance sun nuna rashin amincewarsu kuma sun nuna cewa ko da yake sun aika da sojojinsu zuwa Adrianople don cin nasara ga yankin Bulgeriya, wanda ba a taba tsammanin samun sa ta hanyar yarjejeniyarsu ba, [68] Bulgarians ba su taba cika batun yarjejeniyar da Bulgaria ta aika ba. Maza 100,000 don taimaka wa Sabiyawan a gabansu na Vardar.Rikicin ya kara tsananta wasu makonni bayan haka, lokacin da wakilan Bulgaria a Landan suka gargadi Sabiyawan a fili cewa kada su yi tsammanin goyon bayan Bulgaria ga da'awarsu ta Adriatic.Sabiyawan a fusace suka amsa da cewa, ya zama bayyanannun ficewa daga yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna kafin yakin, bisa ga layin fadada Kriva Palanka-Adriatic, amma Bulgarian sun nace cewa a ra'ayinsu, bangaren Vardar Macedonia na yarjejeniyar ya ci gaba da aiki kuma Sabiyawan sun ci gaba da aiki. har yanzu ya zama tilas a mika yankin, kamar yadda aka amince.[68] Sabiyawan sun amsa ta hanyar zargin Bulgarians da maximalism kuma sun nuna cewa idan sun rasa arewacin Albaniya da Vardar Macedonia, da shiga cikin yakin gama gari ya kasance ba komai ba.Ba da jimawa ba an bayyana tashin hankalin a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin rundunonin biyu a kan layin gama-gari na mamaye kwarin Vardar.Abubuwan da suka faru da gaske sun kawo karshen kawancen Serbian da Bulgaria kuma sun sanya yakin nan gaba tsakanin kasashen biyu ya zama babu makawa.
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Yaƙin Balkan na farko ya ƙare
Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1913 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 May 30

Yaƙin Balkan na farko ya ƙare

London, UK
Yarjejeniyar London ta kawo karshen yakin Balkan na farko a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1913. Dukkan yankin Ottoman da ke yammacin layin Enez-Kıyıköy an mika shi ga kungiyar Balkan League, bisa ga matsayin da aka yi a lokacin yakin.Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ayyana Albaniya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta.Kusan dukkanin yankunan da aka ware domin kafa sabuwar kasar Albaniya a halin yanzu ko dai Sabiya ko kuma Girka ne ke mamaye da su, wadanda kawai suka janye sojojinsu cikin ranta.Kasancewar ba a warware takaddamar da Sabiya ba game da raba arewacin Macedonia da kuma Girka a kudancin Makidoniya, Bulgaria ta shirya, idan bukatar hakan ta taso, don magance matsalolin da karfi, kuma ta fara jigilar sojojinta daga Gabashin Thrace zuwa yankunan da ake rikici.Rashin yarda da duk wani matsin lamba Girka da Serbia sun sasanta bambance-bambancen juna kuma suka sanya hannu kan wata kawancen soji da aka yi wa Bulgaria a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1913, tun kafin a kulla yarjejeniyar London.Ba da da ewa ba aka bi yerjejeniyar "abota zumunci da kariyar juna" a ranar 19 ga Mayu/1 ga Yuni 1913. Ta haka aka kafa wurin yakin Balkan na biyu.
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1913 Jun 1

Serbia-Greek Alliance

Greece
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1913, kwanaki biyu bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar London, kwanaki 28 kacal kafin harin Bulgaria , Girka da Sabiya suka sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar tsaro ta asirce, tare da tabbatar da layin da ke tsakanin yankunan biyu na mamayar a matsayin kan iyaka da kuma kammalawa. kawance idan an kai hari daga Bulgaria ko daga Ostiriya- Hungary .Da wannan yarjejeniya, Serbia ta yi nasarar mayar da kasar Girka wani bangare na takaddamarta kan arewacin Macedonia, tun da Girka ta ba da tabbacin yankin mamaya na Serbia a yanzu (da kuma takaddama) a Macedonia.[69 <>] A wani yunƙuri na dakatar da kusantar juna tsakanin Serbo-Greek, Firayim Ministan Bulgeriya Geshov ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Girka a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu inda suka amince da yarjejeniyar dindindin tsakanin dakarunsu, da yarda da ikon Girka a kudancin Macedonia.To sai dai korar tasa daga baya ta kawo karshen harin diflomasiyya da ake yi wa Serbia.Wani batu na tashin hankali ya taso: Ƙin Bulgaria na ba da kagara na Silistra zuwa Romania.Lokacin da Romania ta bukaci dakatar da ita bayan yakin Balkan na farko, ministan harkokin waje na Bulgaria ya ba da wasu ƙananan canje-canje a kan iyaka, wanda ya cire Silistra, da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin Kutzovlachs a Macedonia.Romania ta yi barazanar mamaye yankin Bulgaria da karfin tsiya, amma shawarar da Rasha ta gabatar na yin sulhu ta hana tashin hankali.A sakamakon yarjejeniya na St. Petersburg na 9 ga Mayu 1913, Bulgaria ta amince da barin Silistra.Yarjejeniyar da aka samu ita ce sasantawa tsakanin bukatun Romaniya na birnin, triangles guda biyu a kan iyakar Bulgaria da Romania da kuma birnin Balchik da kuma ƙasar da ke tsakaninta da Romania da kuma Bulgarian kin amincewa da duk wani ficewar ƙasarsa.Sai dai kasancewar Rasha ta gaza wajen kare martabar yankin Bulgeriya ya sa 'yan Bulgariya ba su da tabbas kan amincin da ake sa ran Rasha za ta shiga tsakaninta da Sabiya.[70] Har ila yau, halin Bulgaria yana da tasiri na dogon lokaci akan dangantakar Russo-Bulgaria.Matsayin Bulgaria maras cikas na yin bitar yarjejeniyar kafin yaƙin da aka yi da Sabiya a wani shiri na biyu na Rasha na yin sulhu tsakanin su ya sa Rasha ta soke ƙawancenta da Bulgaria.Dukansu ayyuka sun sa rikici da Romania da Serbia ba makawa.
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1913 Jun 8

Hukuncin Rasha

Russia
Yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabza fada a Macedonia, musamman tsakanin sojojin Serbia da na Bulgaria , Tsar Nicholas na biyu na Rasha ya yi kokarin dakatar da rikicin da ke tafe, tun da Rasha ba ta son rasa ko daya daga cikin abokan kawancenta na Slavic a yankin Balkan.A ranar 8 ga Yuni, ya aika da saƙo iri ɗaya ga sarakunan Bulgaria da Serbia, yana ba da damar yin aiki a matsayin mai sasantawa bisa tanadin yarjejeniyar 1912 na Serbo-Bulgarian.Serbia na neman a sake sabunta yarjejeniyar ta asali, tun da ta riga ta yi rashin nasara a arewacin Albaniya saboda shawarar da manyan kasashe suka yi na kafa kasar Albaniya, yankin da aka amince da shi a matsayin yankin Serbia na fadadawa a karkashin mulkin Serbo-Bulgarian kafin yakin. yerjejeniyar, a musanya ga yankin Bulgaria na fadada yankin arewacin Macedonia.Amsar Bulgeriya ga gayyatar Rasha tana ƙunshe da sharuɗɗa da yawa wanda hakan ya kai ga ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya sa jami’an diflomasiyyar Rasha su gane cewa Bulgeriya sun riga sun yanke shawarar yin yaƙi da Serbia.Hakan ya sa Rasha ta soke shirin sasantawa tare da yin watsi da yarjejeniyar kawancen da ta kulla da Bulgaria a shekara ta 1902 cikin fushi.Bulgariya tana ruguza ƙungiyar Balkan, mafi kyawun kariyar Rasha daga faɗaɗawar Austrian-Hungary, tsarin da ya kashe Rasha da yawa jini, kuɗi da jarin diflomasiya a cikin shekaru 35 da suka gabata.[71 <>] ainihin kalaman ministan harkokin wajen Rasha Sazonov ga sabon firaministan Bulgaria Stoyan Danev shine "Kada ku yi tsammanin wani abu daga gare mu, kuma ku manta da wanzuwar duk wata yarjejeniya daga 1902 har zuwa yanzu."[72] Tsar Nicholas na biyu na Rasha ya riga ya yi fushi da Bulgaria saboda kin mutunta yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Romania kwanan nan game da Silistra, wanda ya kasance sakamakon sulhu na Rasha.Sannan kasashen Serbia da Girka sun ba da shawarar cewa kowacce daga cikin kasashen uku ta rage yawan sojojinta da kashi daya cikin hudu, a matsayin matakin farko na samar da mafita cikin lumana, amma Bulgaria ta ki amincewa da hakan.
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1913
Yakin Balkan na biyuornament
Play button
1913 Jun 29 - Aug 10

Takaitaccen bayanin yakin Balkan na biyu

Balkans
Yakin Balkan na biyu ya barke ne lokacin da Bulgaria , ba ta gamsu da rabonta na ganimar yakin Balkan na farko ba, ta kai hari kan tsoffin kawayenta, Serbia da Girka .Sojojin Serbia da na Girka sun fatattaki 'yan kasar Bulgaria da suka yi musu luguden wuta, inda suka shiga Bulgaria.Tare da Bulgaria kuma tun a baya ta shiga rikicin yanki da Romania da kuma yawancin sojojin Bulgaria da suka tsunduma a kudu, fatan samun nasara cikin sauki ya tunzura Romanian shiga tsakani a kan Bulgaria.Daular Usmaniyya ta kuma yi amfani da wannan damar wajen maido da wasu yankuna da suka bata daga yakin baya.
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Yaƙin Bregalnica
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jun 30 - 7 Sep

Yaƙin Bregalnica

Bregalnica, North Macedonia

Yakin Bregalnitsa sunan gama gari ne na fada tsakanin sojojin Serbia da na Bulgaria tare da tsakiyar hanyar Vardar, shimfidar kogin Bregalnitsa da gangaren tsaunin Osogovo tsakanin Yuni 30 - Yuli 9 1913, wanda ya ƙare tare da ja da baya. na Bulgarians zuwa ƙauyen Tsarevo.

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Yaƙin Kilkis-Lachanas
Lithograph na Girkanci na yakin Lachanas (Yakin Balkan na biyu), 1913. ©Sotiris Christidis
1913 Jul 2

Yaƙin Kilkis-Lachanas

Kilkis, Greece
A cikin daren 16-17 ga Yuni, ' yan Bulgaria , ba tare da sanarwar yaki a hukumance ba, sun kai hari ga tsoffin abokansu na Girka da Serbia, kuma sun yi nasarar korar Sabiyawa daga Gevgelija, tare da yanke hanyar sadarwa tsakanin su da Girkawa.Duk da haka, Bulgarian sun kasa korar Sabiyawa daga layin kogin Vardar/Axios.Bayan tunkude harin farko na Bulgaria a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, sojojin Girka, karkashin Sarki Constantine, sun ci gaba da runduna ta 8 da kuma dakarun sojan doki, yayin da Bulgariya karkashin Janar Ivanov suka ja da baya zuwa wani matsayi mai karfi na tsaro na layin Kilkis-Lachanas.A Kilkis, 'yan Bulgaria sun gina kariya mai karfi ciki har da bindigogin Ottoman da suka mamaye filin da ke ƙasa.Bangarorin Girika sun kai hari a fadin filin jirgin a cikin gaggarumar harbin bindiga na Bulgaria.A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, Girkawa sun mamaye layukan gaba na Bulgaria a ko'ina amma sun sha asara mai yawa yayin da bindigogin Bulgarian suka yi ta harbi ba kakkautawa tare da ingantacciyar kulawar da suka lura a kan tsaunin Kilkis.Yin aiki a ƙarƙashin odar da ta gabata ta HQ ta Girka wacce ta nemi a kama Kilkis da daren 20 ga Yuni, ƙungiya ta 2 ta ci gaba ita kaɗai.A cikin daren ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, bayan musayar wuta da manyan bindigogi, runduna biyu na runduna ta biyu suka tsallaka kogin Gallikos, suka kuma kai hari a jere a jere na 1, 2 da na 3 na 'yan Bulgarian da suka shiga garin Kilkis da safiyar ranar 21 ga watan Yuni.Da safe sauran sassan Girka suka shiga harin sannan 'yan Bulgaria suka koma arewa.Girkawa sun bi 'yan Bulgarian da suka koma baya amma sun rasa hulɗa da abokan gaba saboda gajiya.Kashe sojojin Bulgaria na biyu da Girkawa suka yi shi ne mafi girman bala'in soji da 'yan Bulgaria suka sha a yakin Balkan na biyu.A gefen dama na Bulgaria, Evzones sun kama Gevgelija da tsaunukan Matsikovo.Sakamakon haka, layin ja da baya na Bulgeriya ta Doiran ya fuskanci barazana kuma sojojin Ivanov sun fara ja da baya wanda a wasu lokuta ke barazanar zamewa.Ƙarfafawa ya yi latti kuma ya shiga ja da baya zuwa Strumica da iyakar Bulgaria.Girkawa sun kama Dojran a ranar 5 ga Yuli amma sun kasa yanke ja da baya na Bulgaria ta hanyar Struma Pass.A ranar 11 ga Yuli, Girkawa sun yi hulɗa da Sabiyawa sannan suka hau kogin Struma har sai da suka isa Kresna Gorge a ranar 24 ga Yuli.
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Yaƙin Knjaževac
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jul 4 - Jul 7

Yaƙin Knjaževac

Knjazevac, Serbia
Yakin Knjaževac yaki ne na yakin Balkan na biyu, wanda aka yi tsakanin Bulgaria da sojojin Serbia.An yi yakin ne a watan Yulin 1913 kuma ya ƙare tare da kwace birnin Serbia da sojojin Bulgaria na farko suka yi.
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Romawa sun mamaye Bulgaria
Romanian kogin duba ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jul 10 - Jul 18

Romawa sun mamaye Bulgaria

Dobrogea, Moldova
Romania ta tattara sojojinta a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1913, da nufin kwace Kudancin Dobruja, kuma ta shelanta yaki a Bulgaria a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1913. A cikin wata takardar diflomasiyya da ta ce, "Romani ba ta da niyya ko dai ta murde siyasa, ko kuma ta fatattaki sojojin Bulgaria. "Gwamnatin Romania ta yi kokarin kawar da damuwar duniya game da dalilanta da karuwar zubar da jini.[73]Rikicin Kudancin Dobruja shi ne bude aikin mamayewar Romania na Bulgaria a lokacin yakin Balkan na biyu na 1913. Baya ga Kudancin Dobruja kanta, Varna ma ya kasance a takaice da sojojin Romaniya suka mamaye, har sai da ya bayyana cewa ba za a ba da wani juriya na Bulgaria ba.Daga bisani Romania ta mamaye Kudancin Dobruja.
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Siege na Vidin
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jul 12 - Jul 18

Siege na Vidin

Vidin, Bulgaria
A farkon yakin, sojojin farko na Bulgaria suna a arewa maso yammacin Bulgaria.Ci gabanta zuwa yankin Sabiya ya yi nasara a tsakanin ranakun 22 zuwa 25 ga watan Yuni, amma shiga tsakani na bazata da Romania ta yi a yakin da kuma ja da baya da sojojin Bulgariya suka yi daga gaba da kasar Girka , ya tilasta wa babban hafsan hafsan sojin Bulgaria mika mafi yawan sojojin kasar zuwa yankin Macedonia.[76] A lokacin ja da baya ta hanyar birnin Ferdinand (yanzu Montana), wani babban ɓangare na rukunin sojoji na 9 ya mutu kuma ya mika wuya ga Romawa a ranar 5 ga Yuli.[77] Saboda haka 'yan ƙarami ne kawai, galibin sojojin sa kai ne suka rage don fuskantar hare-hare na Serbia a yankunan Belogradchik da Vidin.A ranar 8 ga Yuli, Serbs na kungiyar Timok da ke ci gaba da mamaye sansanin Belogradchik da wani karamin kaso na sojojin Bulgaria wadanda suka tsira daga harin na Sabiya sun koma Vidin.Kashegari, Serbs sun shiga Belogradchik yayin da sojojin dawakai suka toshe hanyar ƙasa zuwa Vidin daga sauran Bulgaria.A ranar 14 ga Yuli, Sabiyawan sun fara yin ruwan bama-bamai a kan sansani da kuma birnin kanta.Kwamandan Bulgaria Janar Krastyu Marinov ya ki mika wuya sau biyu.An ci gaba da kai ruwan bama-bamai ba tare da kakkautawa ba har tsawon kwanaki uku a jere, lamarin da ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama ga bangaren Bulgeriya.[78 <>] A yammacin ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, bayan wani dogon harin bama-bamai na manyan bindigogi, wani rukunin sojoji na Serbia ya kai hari a yammacin yankin Vidin, dake tsakanin ƙauyukan Novoseltsi da Smardan.A yammacin wannan rana ne 'yan Bulgaria suka fatattaki hare-haren Serbia guda biyu.A ranar 18 ga Yuli, Sabiyawan sun sanar da Janar Marinov na rundunar sojojin da aka sanya hannu a wannan rana a Bucharest.Bayan haka, Sabiyawan sun ja da baya daga yankin.[78]
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Yakin Kalimanci
©Richard Bong
1913 Jul 18 - Jul 19

Yakin Kalimanci

Kalimanci, North Macedonia
A ranar 13 ga Yulin 1913, Janar Mihail Savov ya karɓi iko da sojojin 4th da 5th Bulgarian.[74 [74] <] > Daga nan sai Bulgarian suka shigar da kansu cikin ƙaƙƙarfan matakan tsaro a kusa da ƙauyen Kalimanci, kusa da kogin Bregalnica a arewa maso gabashin Makidoniya.[74]A ranar 18 ga Yuli, sojojin Serbia na 3 sun kai hari, tare da rufe wuraren da Bulgaria.[74 <>] Sabiyawan sun jefi maƙiyansu gurneti a wani yunƙuri na korar 'yan ƙasar Bulgariya, waɗanda aka ba su mafaka mai nisan ƙafa 40.[74 <] > Bulgarian sun yi tsayin daka, kuma a lokuta da yawa sun yarda Sabiyawan su ci gaba.Sa’ad da Sabiyawan ke tsakanin yadi 200 na ramukansu, sai suka caje da kafaffen bayonets kuma suka mayar da su.[74 <] > Har ila yau, makaman bindigogin Bulgaria sun yi nasara sosai wajen wargaza hare-haren Sabiyawa.[74 <] > Layukan Bulgarian da aka gudanar, an dakile wani hari da aka kai wa ƙasarsu, kuma hankalinsu ya ƙaru sosai.[74]Idan Sabiyawan sun keta kariyar Bulgaria, da sun halaka sojojin Bulgaria na 2 kuma sun kori Bulgarian gaba daya daga Macedonia.[74 <] > Wannan nasara ta tsaro, tare da nasarorin da sojojin na 1 da na 3 suka samu a arewa, sun kare yammacin Bulgaria daga mamayewar Serbia.[75 <>] Ko da yake wannan nasara ta ƙarfafa ’yan ƙasar Bulgariya, lamarin ya kasance mai tsanani a kudancin ƙasar, inda sojojin Girka suka yi galaba a kan Bulgariya a fafatawar da suka yi da yawa.[75]
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Tsangwamar Ottoman
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jul 20 - Jul 25

Tsangwamar Ottoman

Edirne, Türkiye
Rashin tsayin daka ga mamayar Romania ya sa Ottoman suka mamaye yankunan da aka mika wa Bulgaria .Babban abin da aka yi mamaya shi ne dawo da Edirne (Adrianople), wanda Manjo Janar Vulko Velchev ya rike tare da sojoji 4,000 kacal.[98 <>] An janye akasarin sojojin Bulgaria da suka mamaye Gabashin Thrace a farkon shekarar don fuskantar harin Serbo-Greek.A ranar 12 ga Yuli, sojojin Ottoman da ke sansanin Çatalca da Gelibolu sun isa layin Enos – Midia kuma a ranar 20 ga Yulin 1913 suka ketare layin suka mamaye Bulgaria.[98] Gaba dayan rundunar daular Usmaniyya ta kunshi mazaje 200,000 zuwa 250,000 karkashin jagorancin Ahmed Izzet Pasha.Runduna ta 1 ta kasance a gabas (Midia) karshen layin.Daga gabas zuwa yamma sai da Sojoji na 2 da Sojoji na 3 da na 4 da aka jibge a Gelibolu.[98]A gaban daular Ottoman da ke ci gaba, sojojin Bulgaria da suka fi yawa sun ja da baya zuwa kan iyakar da ke gabanin yakin.An yi watsi da Edirne a ranar 19 ga Yuli, amma lokacin da Ottoman ba su mamaye shi ba nan da nan Bulgarian suka sake mamaye shi a washegari (20 ga Yuli).Tun da ya bayyana cewa Ottoman ba su tsaya ba, an yi watsi da shi a karo na biyu a ranar 21 ga Yuli kuma Ottomans suka mamaye ranar 23 ga Yuli.[98]Sojojin Ottoman ba su tsaya a tsohuwar iyakar ba, amma sun ketare yankin Bulgaria.Rundunar sojan doki ta kai hari kan Yambol kuma ta kama shi a ranar 25 ga Yuli.[98] Mamaya na Ottoman, fiye da na Romania, ya haifar da firgita a tsakanin manoma, da yawa daga cikinsu sun gudu zuwa tsaunuka.Daga cikin jagorancin an gane shi a matsayin cikakkiyar koma baya na arziki.Kamar Rumawa, Ottomans ba su sami asarar rayuka ba, amma sun rasa sojoji 4,000 a kwalara.[98] Wasu Armeniyawa 8000 da ke yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya sun sami raunuka.An yaba sadaukarwar wadannan Armeniyawa a cikin takardun Turkiyya.[99]Don taimaka wa Bulgariya wajen tunkude saurin da Ottoman ya yi a Thrace, Rasha ta yi barazanar kai wa Daular Ottoman hari ta cikin yankin Caucasus, kuma ta aika da Jirgin ruwan tekun Black Sea zuwa Konstantinoful;hakan ya sa Birtaniya ta shiga tsakani.
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Yaƙin Kresna Gorge
Lithograph na Girka da ke nuna Manjo Velissariou yana jagorantar runduna ta farko ta Evzone yayin yaƙin. ©Sotiris Christidis
1913 Jul 21 - Jul 31

Yaƙin Kresna Gorge

Kresna Gorge, Bulgaria
Ci gaba na Girka da keta ta Kresna PassBayan yakin Doiran da aka yi nasara sojojin Girka sun ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a arewa.A ranar 18 ga Yuli, Sashen Girka na 1 ya yi nasarar korar masu gadin baya na Bulgaria tare da kama wani muhimmin tushe a kudancin ƙarshen Kresna Pass.[80]A cikin wucewar, Sojojin Bulgaria na 2 da na 4 ne suka yi wa Girkawa kwanton bauna da suka zo daga gaban Serbia kuma suka dauki matakan tsaro.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe masu ɗaci, duk da haka, Girkawa sun yi nasarar keta ta Kresna Pass.Ci gaban Girka ya ci gaba kuma a ranar 25 ga Yuli, an kama ƙauyen Krupnik, arewacin hanyar wucewa, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Bulgaria janye zuwa Simitli.[81] An kama Simitli a ranar 26 ga Yuli, [82] yayin da a daren 27-28 ga Yuli aka tura sojojin Bulgarian zuwa arewa zuwa Gorna Dzhumaya (yanzu Blagoevgrad), kilomita 76 kudu da Sofia.[83]A halin da ake ciki, sojojin Girka sun ci gaba da tafiya cikin ƙasa zuwa yammacin Thrace kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli, sun shiga Xanthi.Kashegari sojojin Girka sun shiga Komotini, ba tare da fuskantar adawar Bulgaria ba.[83]Bulgarian counterattack da armisticeAn dakatar da sojojin Girka a gaban Gorna Dzhumaya da gagarumin tsayin daka na Bulgaria.[84 <>] A ranar 28 ga Yuli, sojojin Girka suka sake kai farmakin kuma sun kama wani layi da ya tashi daga Cherovo zuwa Tudun 1378, kudu maso gabashin Gorna Dzhumaya.[85] A cikin maraice na 28 ga Yuli, duk da haka, sojojin Bulgaria a karkashin matsin lamba sun tilasta wa barin garin.[86]Kashegari, Bulgarian sun yi ƙoƙarin kewaye Helenawa da ba su da yawa a cikin yaƙin Cannae ta hanyar yin amfani da matsi a gefensu.[87] <> Duk da haka, Girkawa sun kai farmaki a Mehomia da kuma yammacin Kresna.A ranar 30 ga Yuli, hare-haren Bulgaria sun ragu sosai.A gefen gabas, sojojin Girka sun kaddamar da hari zuwa Mehomia ta hanyar Predela Pass.Sojojin Bulgaria ne suka dakatar da farmakin da ke gefen gabacin mashigar inda suka yi ta gwabza fada.A gefen yammacin kasar, an kaddamar da wani hari a kan Charevo Selo tare da nuna rashin amincewa da isa ga layin Serbia.Wannan abin ya faskara kuma sojojin Bulgaria sun ci gaba da ci gaba musamman a kudancin kasar, inda a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli sojojin Bulgaria suka yanke layin gudun hijira na Girka ta hanyar Berovo da Strumica, inda sojojin Girka suka bar hanya daya tilo.[88]Bayan kwana uku suna fafatawa a sassan Pehčevo da Mehomia, sojojin Girka sun ci gaba da zama.[85] A ranar 30 ga Yuli, hedkwatar Girka ta shirya kaddamar da sabon hari don ci gaba zuwa sashin Gorna Dzhumaya.[89 <>] A wannan rana an ci gaba da gwabza yaƙi tare da tura dakarun Bulgaria a wurare masu mahimmanci a arewa da arewa maso gabashin garin.A halin yanzu, Sarki Constantine I, wanda ya yi watsi da bukatar Bulgaria na neman sulhu a lokacin tuki don Sofia, ya sanar da Firayim Minista Venizelos, cewa sojojinsa sun "gaji a jiki da kuma halin kirki" kuma ya bukace shi da ya nemi dakatar da tashin hankali [87] ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Romania .Wannan bukata ta haifar da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bucharest a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1913 wanda ya kawo karshen yakin basasa na biyu na yakin Balkan na biyu.
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Yarjejeniyar Bucharest
Wakilan taron zaman lafiya Eleftheros Venizelos;Titu Maiorescu;Nikola Pašić (zaune a tsakiya);Dimitar Tonchev;Constantin Disescu;Nikolaos Siyasa;Alexandru Marghiloman;Danilo Kalafatović;Constantin Coanda;Constantin Cristiscu;Dauki Ionescu;Miroslav Spalajković;da Janko Vukotic. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Aug 10

Yarjejeniyar Bucharest

Bucharest, Romania
ArmisticeDa sojojin Romania suka rufe Sofia, Bulgaria ta nemi Rasha ta yanke hukunci.A ranar 13 ga Yuli, Firayim Minista Stoyan Danev ya yi murabus saboda rashin aikin Rasha.A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli ne sarkin ya nada Vasil Radoslavov a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Jamus da Rashanci.[74] A ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta hanyar Saint Petersburg, Firayim Ministan Serbia Nikola Pašić ya gayyaci tawagar Bulgaria don yin magani tare da abokan gaba kai tsaye a Niš a Serbia.Sabiyawa da Girkawa, dukansu a yanzu suna kai farmaki, ba su yi gaggawar gama sulhu ba.A ranar 22 ga Yuli, Tsar Ferdinand ya aika da sako zuwa ga Sarki Carol ta jakadan Italiya a Bucharest.Sojojin Romania sun tsaya a gaban Sofia.[74] Romania ta ba da shawarar cewa a matsar da tattaunawar zuwa Bucharest, kuma wakilan sun ɗauki jirgin ƙasa daga Niš zuwa Bucharest a ranar 24 ga Yuli.[74]Lokacin da tawagogin suka hadu a Bucharest a ranar 30 ga Yuli, Pašić ya jagoranci Serbs, Montenegrin na Vukotić, Girkawa ta Venizelos, Romanians ta Titu Maiorescu da Bulgarians ta Ministan Kudi Dimitur Tonchev.Sun amince da wa'adin kwanaki biyar na rundunar sojin da zai fara aiki a ranar 31 ga Yuli.[90] Romania ta ki yarda da Ottoman su shiga, wanda ya tilasta Bulgaria ta yi shawarwari da su daban.[90]Yarjejeniyar BucharestBulgaria ta amince ta mika Kudancin Dobruja ga Romania a farkon 19 ga Yuli.A tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a Bucharest, Romawa, bayan sun sami babban manufarsu, sun kasance muryar daidaitawa.[90] Bulgarian sun yi fatan kiyaye kogin Vardar a matsayin iyaka tsakanin rabon su na Makidoniya da na Serbia.Na ƙarshe ya gwammace ya kiyaye duk ƙasar Makidoniya har zuwa Struma.Matsin lamba na Austro-Hungary da na Rasha sun tilastawa Serbia gamsuwa da yawancin arewacin Macedonia, sun ba da garin Štip kawai ga Bulgarian, a cikin kalmomin Pašić, "don girmama Janar Fichev", wanda ya kawo makamai na Bulgaria zuwa ƙofar Konstantinoful. yakin farko.[90] Ivan Fichev shi ne babban hafsan hafsoshin Bulgaria kuma memba na tawagar a Bucharest a lokacin.Ko da yake Ostiriya-Hungary da Rasha sun goyi bayan Bulgaria, ƙawancen Jamus mai tasiri - wanda Kaiser Wilhelm II surukin sarkin Girka ne - kuma Faransa ta amince da Kavala ga Girka.Ranar ƙarshe na tattaunawar ita ce 8 ga Agusta.A ranar 10 ga Agusta Bulgaria, Girka, Montenegro, Romania da Serbia suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bucharest kuma suka raba Macedonia gida uku: Vardar Macedonia ya tafi Serbia;mafi ƙanƙanta, Pirin Makidoniya, zuwa Bulgaria;da bakin teku da mafi girma, Aegean Macedonia, zuwa Girka.[90] <> ta haka ne Bulgaria ta faɗaɗa ƙasarta da kashi 16 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da yadda take kafin yaƙin Balkan na farko, kuma ta ƙaru daga mutane miliyan 4.3 zuwa miliyan 4.7.Romania ta fadada yankinta da kashi 5 cikin dari yayin da Montenegro da kashi 62 cikin dari.[91] Girka ta karu daga 2.7 zuwa miliyan 4.4 da yankinta da kashi 68 cikin dari.Serbia ta kusan ninka yankinta wanda ya sa yawan jama'arta daga miliyan 2.9 zuwa miliyan 4.5.[92]
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1913 Sep 29

Yarjejeniyar Constantinople

İstanbul, Türkiye
A cikin watan Agusta, sojojin Ottoman sun kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Western Thrace a Komotini don matsawa Bulgaria ta samar da zaman lafiya.Bulgaria ta aika da tawaga ta mutum uku - Janar Mihail Savov da jami'an diflomasiyya Andrei Toshev da Grigor Nachovich - zuwa Constantinople don yin shawarwari kan zaman lafiya a ranar 6 ga Satumba.[92] Tawagar Ottoman ta samu jagorancin ministan harkokin waje Mehmed Talat Bey, wanda ministan ruwa na gaba Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha da Halil Bey suka taimaka.Sun yi murabus don rasa Edirne, Bulgarian sun buga wa Kırk Kilise (Lozengrad a Bulgarian).A karshe sojojin Bulgaria sun dawo kudancin Rhodopes a watan Oktoba.Gwamnatin Radoslavov ta ci gaba da tattaunawa da Daular Usmaniyya da fatan kulla kawance.A ƙarshe waɗannan tattaunawar sun ba da 'ya'ya a cikin Sirrin Bulgarian-Ottoman yarjejeniya na Agusta 1914.A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Constantinople, 46,764 Orthodox Bulgarians daga Ottoman Thrace an yi musanya ga 48,570 Musulmi (Turkawa, Pomaks, da Roma) daga Bulgarian Thrace.[94] Bayan musayar, bisa ga ƙidayar Ottoman 1914, har yanzu akwai sauran 14,908 Bulgarian na Bulgarian Exarchate a cikin daular Ottoman.[95]A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1913 Girka da Ottoman suka rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya a Athens wadda ta kawo karshen tashin hankalin da ke tsakaninsu.A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1914, Serbia ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a Constantinople, maido da dangantaka da Daular Usmaniyya tare da tabbatar da yarjejeniyar London ta 1913.[92] Babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Montenegro da Daular Usmaniyya da aka taba sanya hannu.
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1914 Jan 1

Epilogue

Balkans
Yakin Balkan na biyu ya bar Serbia a matsayin kasa mafi karfin soja a kudancin Danube.[96] Shekarun zuba jarin soja da lamunin Faransa ke bayarwa sun ba da 'ya'ya.An samu tsakiyar Vardar da rabin gabas na Sanjak na Novi Pazar.Yankinta ya girma daga 18,650 zuwa murabba'in mil 33,891 kuma yawanta ya karu da sama da miliyan ɗaya da rabi.Abin da ya biyo baya ya kawo tsangwama da zalunci ga mutane da yawa a sababbin ƙasashen da aka ci yaƙi.Ba a shigar da 'yancin ƙungiyoyi, taro da kuma 'yan jarida da aka ba da tabbacin a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Serbia na 1903 ba a cikin sababbin yankuna.An hana mazauna sabbin yankuna haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, wai saboda ana ganin matakin al'adu ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, a zahiri don hana waɗanda ba Sabiyawa waɗanda ke da rinjaye a yankuna da yawa daga cikin siyasar ƙasa.An lalata gine-ginen Turkiyya, makarantu, wuraren wanka, masallatai.A cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba 1913 mataimakan jakadan Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi na tsari, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, duka, fyade, kone-kone kauyuka da kisan kiyashin da Sabiyawan suka yi a yankunan da aka hade.Gwamnatin Sabiya ba ta nuna sha'awar hana karin fusata ko bincikar wadanda suka faru ba.[97]Yarjejeniyar ta tilastawa sojojin Girka kwashe Western Thrace da Pirin Macedonia, wadanda ta mamaye a lokacin gudanar da ayyuka.Komawar da aka yi daga yankunan da dole ne a ba da su zuwa Bulgaria , tare da asarar Arewacin Epirus zuwa Albaniya, ba a samu karbuwa sosai a Girka ba;daga yankunan da aka mamaye a lokacin yakin, Girka ta sami nasarar samun yankunan Serres da Kavala kawai bayan goyon bayan diflomasiyya daga Jamus .Serbia ta kara samun karin nasarori a arewacin Macedonia kuma bayan ta cika burinta na kudu, ta karkata akalarta zuwa arewacin kasar inda fafatawa da Austro- Hungary a kan Bosnia-Herzegovina ta jagoranci kasashen biyu yakin yaki shekara guda bayan barkewar yakin duniya na farko.Italiya ta yi amfani da uzurin yakin Balkan don kiyaye tsibiran Dodecanese a cikin Tekun Aegean da ta mamaye a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya na 1911 kan Libya, duk da yarjejeniyar da ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a 1912.A tsananin dagewar Austria-Hungary daItaliya , dukansu suna fatan su mallaki jihar kuma ta haka ne mashigin Otranto a Adriatic, Albaniya ta sami 'yancin kanta bisa ga sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar London.Tare da ƙayyadadden iyakokin sabuwar jihar a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Florence (17 Disamba 1913), Sabiyawan sun rasa hanyar su zuwa Adriatic da Girkawa yankin Arewacin Epirus (Kudancin Albania).Bayan shan kayen da ta yi, Bulgeriya ta rikide zuwa wata kasa ta sake fasalin kasa tana neman wata dama ta biyu don cika burinta na kasa.Don wannan, ta shiga cikin yakin duniya na farko a gefen tsakiya na tsakiya, tun da abokan gaban Balkan (Serbia, Montenegro , Girka, da Romania) sun kasance masu goyon bayan Entente.Sakamakon gagarumin sadaukarwa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma sake shan kashi ya haifar wa Bulgaria rauni na ƙasa da sabon hasarar yankuna.
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Characters



Stepa Stepanović

Stepa Stepanović

Serbian Military Commander

Vasil Kutinchev

Vasil Kutinchev

Bulgarian Military Commander

Eleftherios Venizelos

Eleftherios Venizelos

Prime Minister of Greece

Petar Bojović

Petar Bojović

Serbian Military Commander

Ferdinand I of Romania

Ferdinand I of Romania

King of Romania

Nicholas I of Montenegro

Nicholas I of Montenegro

King of Montenegro

Nazım Pasha

Nazım Pasha

Ottoman General

Carol I of Romania

Carol I of Romania

King of Romania

Mihail Savov

Mihail Savov

Bulgarian General

Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Tsar of Bulgaria

Enver Pasha

Enver Pasha

Minister of War

Radomir Putnik

Radomir Putnik

Chief of Staff of the Supreme Command of the Serbian Army

Danilo

Danilo

Crown Prince of Montenegro

Mehmed V

Mehmed V

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Pavlos Kountouriotis

Pavlos Kountouriotis

Greek Rear Admiral

Footnotes



  1. Clark 2013, pp. 45, 559.
  2. Hall 2000.
  3. Winston Churchill (1931). The World Crisis, 1911-1918. Thornton Butterworth. p. 278.
  4. Helmreich 1938.
  5. M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations (1966)
  6. J. A. R. Marriott, The Eastern Question An Historical Study In European Diplomacy (1940), pp 408-63.
  7. Anderson, Frank Maloy; Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918). Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870-1914. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους [History of the Hellenic Nation] (in Greek) (Vol. 14 ed.). Athens, Greece: Ekdotiki Athinon. 1974. ISBN 9789602131107
  9. Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913.
  10. Kargakos 2012, pp. 79-81.
  11. Oikonomou 1977, p. 295.
  12. Apostolidis 1913, p. 266.
  13. Kargakos 2012, p. 81.
  14. Kargakos 2012, pp. 81-82.
  15. Иванов, Балканската война, стр. 43-44
  16. Иванов, Балканската война, стр. 60
  17. Войната между България и Турция, Т. V, стр. 151-152
  18. Войната между България и Турция, Т. V, стр. 153-156
  19. Войната между България и Турция, Т. V, стр. 157-163
  20. Oikonomou 1977, pp. 304-305.
  21. Kargakos 2012, p. 114.
  22. Hellenic Army General Staff 1991, p. 31.
  23. Hellenic Army General Staff 1991, p. 32.
  24. Oikonomou 1977, p. 304.
  25. Kargakos 2012, p. 115.
  26. В. Мир, № 3684, 15. X. 1912.
  27. Encyclopedic Lexicon Mosaic of Knowledge - History 1970, p. 363.
  28. Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972, p. 83.
  29. Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972, p. 87.
  30. Leskovac, Foriskovic, and Popov (2004), p. 176.
  31. Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History, p. 71.
  32. Uli, Prenk (1995). Hasan Riza Pasha: Mbrojtës i Shkodrës në Luftën Ballkanike, 1912-1913, p. 26.
  33. Dašić, Miomir (1998). King Nikola - Personality, Work, and Time, p. 321.
  34. Grewe, Wilhelm Georg (2000). Byers, Michael (ed.). The Epochs of International Law. Walter de Gruyter. p. 529. ISBN 9783110153392.
  35. Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic and Monarchy 1908-1939, p. 41.
  36. Uli (1995), pp. 34-40.
  37. Vlora, Eqerem bej (1973). Lebenserinnerungen (Memoirs). Munich.
  38. Dimitracopoulos, Anastasios (1992). The First Balkan War Through the Pages of Review L'Illustration. Athens: Hellenic Committee of Military History. ASIN B004UBUA4Q, p. 44.
  39. Oikonomou, Nikolaos (1977). The First Balkan War: Operations of the Greek army and fleet. , p. 292.
  40. Kargakos 2012, pp. 79-81.
  41. Oikonomou 1977, p. 295.
  42. Kargakos 2012, p. 66.
  43. Hellenic Army General Staff (1987). Concise History of the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. OCLC 51846788, p. 67.
  44. Monroe, Will Seymour (1914). Bulgaria and her People: With an Account of the Balkan wars, Macedonia, and the Macedonia Bulgars, p.114.
  45. Harbottle, T.B.; Bruce, George (1979). Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles (2nd ed.). Granada. ISBN 0-246-11103-8, p. 11.
  46. Hall, pp. 50–51.
  47. Jaques, T.; Showalter, D.E. (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Press, p. 674.
  48. Vŭchkov, Aleksandŭr. (2005). The Balkan War 1912-1913. Angela. ISBN 954-90587-4-3, pp. 99-103.
  49. Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek history and Civilization. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 9789602133712, p. 367.
  50. Paschalidou, Efpraxia S. (2014). "From the Mürzsteg Agreement to the Epirus Front, 1903-1913", p. 7.
  51. Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97888-5, p. 157.
  52. Erickson 2003, pp. 157–158.
  53. Kargakos 2012, p. 194.
  54. Kargakos 2012, p. 193.
  55. Erickson 2003, pp. 157–158.
  56. M. Türker Acaroğlu, Bulgaristan Türkleri Üzerine Araştırmalar, Cilt 1, Kültür Bakanlığı, 1999, p. 198.
  57. Petsalēs-Diomēdēs, N. (1919). Greece at the Paris Peace Conference
  58. Hall (2000), p. 83.
  59. Erickson (2003), p. 304.
  60. Joachim G. Joachim, Bibliopolis, 2000, Ioannis Metaxas: The Formative Years 1871-1922, p 131.
  61. The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V, Ministry of War 1930, p.1057
  62. Zafirov – Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, ISBN 954-528-752-7, Zafirov p. 444
  63. Erickson (2003), p. 281
  64. Turkish General Staff, Edirne Kalesi Etrafindaki Muharebeler, p286
  65. Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, ISBN 954-528-752-7, p.482
  66. Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, ISBN 954-528-752-7> Zafirov – p. 383
  67. The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V, Ministry of War 1930, p. 1053
  68. Seton-Watson, pp. 210–238
  69. Balkan crises, Texas.net, archived from the original on 7 November 2009.
  70. Hall (2000), p. 97.
  71. Crampton, Richard (1987). A short history of modern Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-27323-7.
  72. Hall (2000), p. 104.
  73. Hall (2000), p. 117.
  74. Hall (2000), p. 120.
  75. Hall (2000), p. 121.
  76. Hristov, A. (1945). Historic overview of the war of Bulgaria against all Balkan countries in 1913, pp. 180–185.
  77. Hristov (1945), pp. 187–188.
  78. Hristov (1945), pp. 194–195.
  79. Darvingov (1925), pp. 704, 707, 712–713, 715.
  80. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 254.
  81. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 257.
  82. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 259.
  83. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 260.
  84. Bakalov, Georgi (2007). History of the Bulgarians: The Military History of the Bulgarians from Ancient Times until Present Day, p. 450.
  85. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 261.
  86. Price, W.H.Crawfurd (1914). The Balkan Cockpit, the Political and Military Story of the Balkan Wars in Macedonia. T.W. Laurie, p. 336.
  87. Hall (2000), p. 121-122.
  88. Bakalov, p. 452
  89. Hellenic Army General Staff (1998), p. 262.
  90. Hall (2000), pp. 123–24.
  91. "Turkey in the First World War – Balkan Wars". Turkeyswar.com.
  92. Grenville, John (2001). The major international treaties of the twentieth century. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-415-14125-3.
  93. Hall (2000), p. 125-126.
  94. Önder, Selahattin (6 August 2018). "Balkan devletleriyle Türkiye arasındaki nüfus mübadeleleri(1912-1930)" (in Turkish): 27–29.
  95. Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 168-169.
  96. Hall (2000), p. 125.
  97. Carnegie report, The Serbian Army during the Second Balkan War, p.45
  98. Hall (2000), p. 119.
  99. Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). "Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 39 (3): 411–431
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  • Pettifer, James. War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy Before World War I (IB Tauris, 2015).
  • Ratković, Borislav (1975). Prvi balkanski rat 1912–1913: Operacije srpskih snaga [First Balkan War 1912–1913: Operations of Serbian Forces]. Istorijski institut JNA. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski Institut.
  • Schurman, Jacob Gould (2004). The Balkan Wars, 1912 to 1913. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. ISBN 1-4191-5345-5.
  • Seton-Watson, R. W. (2009) [1917]. The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-113-88264-6.
  • Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (2000). The BALKANS since 1453. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9766-2. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  • Stojančević, Vladimir (1991). Prvi balkanski rat: okrugli sto povodom 75. godišnjice 1912–1987, 28. i 29. oktobar 1987. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. ISBN 9788670251427.
  • Trix, Frances. "Peace-mongering in 1913: the Carnegie International Commission of Inquiry and its Report on the Balkan Wars." First World War Studies 5.2 (2014): 147–162.
  • Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.


Further Reading

  • Antić, Čedomir. Ralph Paget: a diplomat in Serbia (Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006) online free.
  • Army History Directorate (Greece) (1998). A concise history of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913. Army History Directorate. ISBN 978-960-7897-07-7.
  • Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
  • Bobroff, Ronald. (2000) "Behind the Balkan Wars: Russian Policy toward Bulgaria and the Turkish Straits, 1912–13." Russian Review 59.1 (2000): 76–95 online[dead link]
  • Boeckh, Katrin, and Sabine Rutar. eds. (2020) The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13 (2020)
  • Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabina (2017). The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-44641-7.
  • Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
  • Crampton, R. J. (1980). The hollow detente: Anglo-German relations in the Balkans, 1911–1914. G. Prior. ISBN 978-0-391-02159-4.
  • Dakin, Douglas. (1962) "The diplomacy of the Great Powers and the Balkan States, 1908-1914." Balkan Studies 3.2 (1962): 327–374. online
  • Farrar Jr, Lancelot L. (2003) "Aggression versus apathy: the limits of nationalism during the Balkan wars, 1912-1913." East European Quarterly 37.3 (2003): 257.
  • Ginio, Eyal. The Ottoman Culture of Defeat: The Balkan Wars and their Aftermath (Oxford UP, 2016) 377 pp. online review
  • Hall, Richard C. ed. War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014)
  • Howard, Harry N. "The Balkan Wars in perspective: their significance for Turkey." Balkan Studies 3.2 (1962): 267–276 online.
  • Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521274593.
  • Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1987). War and Society in East Central Europe: East Central European Society and the Balkan Wars. Brooklyn College Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-099-2.
  • MacMillan, Margaret (2013). "The First Balkan Wars". The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-9470-4.
  • Meyer, Alfred (1913). Der Balkankrieg, 1912-13: Unter Benutzung zuverlässiger Quellen kulturgeschichtlich und militärisch dargestellt. Vossische Buchhandlung.
  • Rossos, Andrew (1981). Russia and the Balkans: inter-Balkan rivalries and Russian foreign policy, 1908–1914. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802055163.
  • Rudić, Srđan; Milkić, Miljan (2013). Balkanski ratovi 1912–1913: Nova viđenja i tumačenja [The Balkan Wars 1912/1913: New Views and Interpretations]. Istorijski institut, Institut za strategijska istrazivanja. ISBN 978-86-7743-103-7.
  • Schurman, Jacob Gould (1914). The Balkan Wars 1912–1913 (1st ed.). Princeton University.