Jamhuriyar Genoa

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nassoshi


Jamhuriyar Genoa
©Caravaggio

1005 - 1797

Jamhuriyar Genoa



Jumhuriyar Genoa ta kasance jamhuriya ce ta tsakiya kuma ta farko ta zamani daga karni na 11 zuwa 1797 a Liguria a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Italiya.A lokacin Marigayi Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ya kasance babban ikon kasuwanci a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya.Tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi a Turai.A cikin tarihinta, Jamhuriyar Genoese ta kafa yankuna da yawa a cikin Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya, ciki har da Corsica daga 1347 zuwa 1768, Monaco, Kudancin Crimea daga 1266 zuwa 1475 da tsibirin Lesbos da Chios daga karni na 14 zuwa 1462 da 1566 bi da bi.Da zuwan zamanin farko na zamani, jamhuriyar ta yi hasarar yawancin yankunan da take yi wa mulkin mallaka, kuma dole ne ta sauya muradunta da kuma mai da hankali kan harkokin banki.Wannan shawarar za ta tabbatar da nasara ga Genoa, wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin jari-hujja, tare da manyan bankuna da kamfanonin kasuwanci.An san Genoa da "la Superba" ("Mafi Girma"), "la Dominante" ("Mafi rinjaye"), "la Dominante dei mari" ("Mai rinjaye na Tekuna"), da "la Repubblica dei magnifici". "("Jamhuriyar Ma'aunan Maɗaukaki").Daga karni na 11 zuwa 1528 an san shi da sunan "Compagna Communis Ianuensis" kuma daga 1580 a matsayin "Serenìscima Repùbrica de Zêna" (Mafi yawan Serene Jamhuriyar Genoa).Daga 1339 har zuwa bacewar jihar a 1797 mai mulkin jamhuriyar shi ne Doge, wanda aka zaba na farko har abada, bayan 1528 aka zabe shi na tsawon shekaru biyu.Duk da haka, a hakikanin gaskiya, Jamhuriyar ta kasance mai mulkin mallaka wanda wasu ƙananan iyalai na 'yan kasuwa ne ke mulki, daga wanda aka zaba doges.Sojojin ruwa na Genoese sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin arziki da iko na Jamhuriyar tsawon ƙarni kuma an san muhimmancinsa a duk faɗin Turai.Har wala yau, an san abin da ya gada, a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na nasarar da jamhuriyar Geno ta yi, kuma an nuna rigar makamanta a tutar sojojin ruwan Italiya.A cikin 1284, Genoa ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyyar Pisa da nasara a yaƙin Meloria don mamaye Tekun Tyrrhenian, kuma ita ce abokiyar hamayyar Jamhuriyar Venice ta har abada don mamaye Tekun Bahar Rum.Jamhuriyar ta fara ne a lokacin da Genoa ta zama al'umma mai cin gashin kanta a karni na 11 kuma ta ƙare lokacin da Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Farko karkashin Napoleon ta mamaye ta kuma ta maye gurbinta da Jamhuriyar Ligurian.Daular Faransa ta farko ta mamaye Jamhuriyar Ligurian a cikin 1805;An yi shelar maido da ita a taƙaice a cikin 1814 bayan cin nasarar Napoleon, amma a ƙarshe Masarautar Sardinia ta haɗa shi a cikin 1815.
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Ziyarci Shago

958 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
Bayan faduwar Daular Rum ta Yamma, kabilun Jamus sun mamaye birnin Genoa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 643, Masarautar Lombard karkashin Sarki Rothari ta kwace Genoa da sauran garuruwan Ligurian.A cikin 773 Daular Faransa ta mamaye Mulkin;Ƙididdigar farko na Carolingian na Genoa shine Ademarus, wanda aka ba shi lakabi praefectus civitatis Genuensis.A wannan lokacin da kuma a cikin ƙarni na gaba Genoa ba ta wuce wata ƙaramar cibiya ba, a hankali tana gina jiragenta na 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda za su zama manyan dillalan kasuwanci na Yammacin Bahar Rum.A cikin 934-35 an kori garin sosai tare da kona shi da rundunar Fatimidawa karkashin Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi.Wannan ya haifar da tattaunawa game da ko farkon karni na goma Genoa ya kasance "ba shi da wuya fiye da ƙauyen masu kamun kifi" ko kuma wani gari mai ciniki da ya cancanci kai hari.A cikin shekara ta 958, takardar shaidar da Berengar II na Italiya ya ba wa birnin Genoa cikakken 'yanci ta doka, ta ba da tabbacin mallakar filayensa a matsayin mulkin mallaka.] A ƙarshen karni na 11, gundumar ta amince da tsarin mulki. a taron da ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na birni (compagnie) da na sarakunan kwari da bakin teku.Sabuwar birni-jihar ana kiranta Compagna Communis.Ƙungiyar gida ta kasance mai mahimmanci a siyasa da zamantakewa tsawon ƙarni.A ƙarshen 1382, membobin Babban Majalisar sun rarraba su duka abokan hulɗar da suke ciki da kuma ɓangaren siyasa ("masu daraja" da "sannu").
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1000 - 1096
Ci gaban Farkoornament
Pisan-Genoese balaguro zuwa Sardinia
Jirgin ruwa na tsakiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1015 Jan 1 - 1014

Pisan-Genoese balaguro zuwa Sardinia

Sardinia, Italy
A cikin 1015 da kuma a cikin 1016 dakaru daga taifa na Denia, a gabashin Spain na musulmi (al-Andalus), sun kai hari Sardinia tare da yunkurin kafa iko a kanta.A cikin waɗannan shekaru biyu, balaguron haɗin gwiwa daga jamhuriyar ruwa na Pisa da Genoa sun fatattaki maharan.Waɗannan balagurorin na Pisan-Genoese zuwa Sardinia an yarda da su kuma Papacy sun goyi bayansu, kuma masana tarihi na zamani galibi suna ganin su a matsayin yaƙin Crusades.Bayan nasarar da suka yi, garuruwan Italiya sun juya wa juna, kuma Pisans sun sami mulkin mallaka a kan tsibirin tare da taimakon abokansu na da.Don haka ne majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan balaguron suka fito ne daga Pisa, wadda ta yi bikin nasara sau biyu akan Musulmai da na Geno tare da rubutu a bangon Duomo.
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Rikici da Fatimidu
Kamfen Mahdia na 1087 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1087 Aug 1

Rikici da Fatimidu

Mahdia, Tunisia
Yakin Mahdia na 1087 wani hari ne da wasu jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai daga jamhuriyar Italiya ta Genoa da Pisa suka kai wa garin Mahdia da ke Arewacin Afirka.Mahdia ya kasance babban birnin Ifriqiya a karkashin Fatimids , wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinsa da teku wanda ya ba su damar gudanar da hare-hare na ruwa da balaguro kamar farmakin da aka kai a Genoa a shekara ta 935.An kai harin ne sakamakon ayyukan mai mulkin Zirid Tamim ibn Muizz (wanda ya yi sarauta a shekara ta 1062-1108) a matsayin ɗan fashin teku a tekun Italiya, tare da sa hannu a Sicily yana yaƙi da mamayar Norman .A cikin wannan mahallin, Tamin ya lalata gabar tekun Calabrian a cikin 1074, yana ɗaukar bayi da yawa a cikin wannan tsari, kuma ya kama Mazara na ɗan lokaci a Sicily a cikin 1075 kafin ya sasanta da Roger wanda ya kawo ƙarshen goyon bayan Tamin ga sarakunan Sicily.Wadannan kamfen da hare-haren da wasu 'yan fashin teku na Larabawa suka yi sun yi barazana ga bunkasuwar tattalin arziki na jamhuriyar ruwa ta Italiya kuma ta haka ne ya ba da kwarin gwiwa na kai hari ga sansanin Zirid.Wannan ya sa Pisans suka shiga aikin soja a gaban Mahdia, kamar yadda suka kama Kashi a 1034 a takaice da kuma sojojin da suka taimaka wa Norman cin nasara a Sicily a 1063.
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1096 - 1284
Yakin Yaki da Fadada Maritimeornament
Tashi na Jamhuriyar Genoese
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1096 Jan 1 00:01

Tashi na Jamhuriyar Genoese

Jerusalem, Israel
Genoa ya fara fadadawa a lokacin yakin Crusade na farko .A lokacin birnin yana da mutane kusan 10,000.Jiragen ruwa guda goma sha biyu, jirgin ruwa daya da sojoji 1,200 daga Genoa suka shiga yakin ’yan Salibiyya.Dakarun Genoes karkashin jagorancin ’yan kasuwa de Insula da Avvocato, sun tashi a cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 1097. Rundunar ta Genoese ta yi jigilar kayayyaki tare da ba da tallafin ruwa ga mayakan Salibiyya, musamman a lokacin da aka killace Antakiya a shekara ta 1098, lokacin da rundunar sojojin Genoa suka tare birnin yayin da sojojin suka bayar da tallafi. goyon baya a lokacin da aka kewaye.A cikin kewayen Urushalima a cikin 1099 Genoese crossbowmen karkashin jagorancin Guglielmo Embriaco sun zama ƙungiyoyin tallafi a kan masu kare birnin.Matsayin jamhuriyar a matsayin ikon ruwa a yankin tekun Bahar Rum ya samar da kyawawan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci masu yawa ga 'yan kasuwar Genoes.Sun zo ne don sarrafa babban yanki na cinikin Daular Byzantine, Tripoli (Libya), Masarautar Antakiya, Armeniya ta Silikiya , daMasar .Ko da yake Genoa na kiyaye haƙƙin ciniki cikin 'yanci a Masar da Siriya, ta yi asarar wasu yankunanta bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Salahaddin a yankunan a ƙarshen karni na 12.
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Ikon Maritime
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1100 Jan 1

Ikon Maritime

Mediterranean Sea
A cikin karni na 11 da musamman na karni na 12, Genoa ta zama babbar rundunar sojan ruwa a yammacin Bahar Rum, yayin da abokan hamayyarta Pisa da Amalfi suka ki amincewa.Genoa (tare da Venice) sun yi nasarar samun matsayi na tsakiya a cinikin bayi na Bahar Rum a wannan lokacin.Bayan kama Antakiya a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1098, Genoa ta kulla kawance da Bohemond na Taranto, wanda ya zama sarkin Antakiya .A sakamakon haka, ya ba su hedkwata, cocin San Giovanni, da gidaje 30 a Antakiya.Ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1098 wani ɓangare na sojojin Genoa ya koma Genoa tare da kayan tarihi na Saint John Mai Baftisma, wanda aka ba Jamhuriyar Genoa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ladan su don ba da tallafin soja ga Crusade na farko .An ba Genoa da yawa ƙauyuka a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci masu kyau.Daga baya Genoa ta kulla kawance da Sarki Baldwin na I na Urushalima (mulkin 1100-1118).Domin tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa Baldwin ya ba Genoa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Ubangijin Arsuf, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Caesarea, da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Acre da kuɗin shiga na tashar jiragen ruwa.Bugu da ƙari, Jamhuriyar Genoa za ta karɓi bezant 300 kowace shekara, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na cin nasarar Baldwin a duk lokacin da sojojin Genoa 50 ko fiye suka shiga cikin sojojinsa.Matsayin jamhuriyar a matsayin ikon teku a yankin ya samar da kyawawan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci masu yawa ga 'yan kasuwar Genoese.Sun zo ne don sarrafa babban yanki na cinikin Daular Byzantine , Tripoli (Libya), Masarautar Antakiya, Kilisiya Armenia , daMasar .Ba duk kayan kasuwancin Genoa ba su da lahani, duk da haka, yayin da Genoa na zamanin da ya zama babban dan wasa a cinikin bayi.Ko da yake Genoa na kiyaye haƙƙin ciniki cikin 'yanci a Masar da Siriya, ta yi asarar wasu yankunanta bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Salahaddin a yankunan a ƙarshen karni na 12.
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Kishiyantar Venetian
Genoa ©Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff
1200 Jan 1

Kishiyantar Venetian

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
An buga hamayyar kasuwanci da al'adu na Genoa da Venice a cikin karni na goma sha uku.Jamhuriyar Venice ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Crusade na hudu , inda ta karkatar da kuzarin "Latin" zuwa lalatar tsohon majibincinta kuma abokin hamayyarta na kasuwanci, Constantinople.A sakamakon haka, goyon bayan Venetian na sabuwar daular Latin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa an aiwatar da haƙƙin ciniki na Venice, kuma Venice ta sami iko da babban yanki na kasuwancin gabashin Bahar Rum.Domin sake dawo da ikon kasuwanci, Jamhuriyar Genoa ta haɗu da Michael VIII Palaiologos , Sarkin Nicaea, wanda ya so ya mayar da Daular Byzantine ta hanyar kwato Constantinople.A cikin Maris 1261 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa a Nymphaeum.Ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1261, sojojin Nicaea karkashin Alexios Strategopoulos sun sake kama Constantinople.Sakamakon haka, ma'auni na tagomashi ya kai ga Genoa, wanda aka ba da haƙƙin ciniki cikin 'yanci a cikin Daular Nice.Bayan ikon mallakar kasuwanci a hannun 'yan kasuwa na Genoa, Genoa ta sami tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi a yawancin tsibirai da ƙauyuka a cikin Tekun Aegean.Tsibirin Chios da Lesbos sun zama tashoshin kasuwanci na Genoa da kuma birnin Smyrna (Izmir).
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Yaƙin Genoese-Mongol
Golden Horde ©HistoryMaps
1240 Jan 1 - 1400

Yaƙin Genoese-Mongol

Black Sea
Yakin Genoese-Mongol sun kasance jerin rikice-rikicen da aka yi tsakanin Jamhuriyar Genoa, daular Mongol da jihohin da suka gaje ta, musamman Golden Horde da Crimean Khanate.An gwabza yaƙe-yaƙe ne kan kula da harkokin kasuwanci da tasirin siyasa a cikin tekun Black Sea da na Crimea a ƙarni na 13, 14 da 15.An fara cudanya tsakanin jamhuriyar Genoa da daular Mongol a farkon karni na 13, yayin da mamayar Mongol ta tura turai zuwa yamma.Nasarar mamayewar Kievan Rus ', Cumania da Bulgaria a cikin 1240s sun kafa ikon Mongol na yankin Crimean, wanda ya baiwa daular damar yin tasiri a cikin tekun Black Sea.Jihar Genoa na Italiya, wadda ita ce mai kula da daular ciniki a tekun Mediterrenean, ta yi marmarin faɗaɗa ikonta na kasuwanci a yankin.'Yan kasuwan Genoese sun kasance suna aiki a cikin Bahar Maliya tun tsakiyar karni na 13, wanda aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Nymphaeum a shekara ta 1261 da kuma kwatowar Byzantine na Konstantinoful.Da yake cin gajiyar yarjejeniyar da ta yi da Daular Byzantine da jihohin abokan cinikinta, Genoa ta kafa wasu yankuna na kasuwanci (Gazaria) a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, tsibirin Crimea, Anatoliya, da Romania.Mafi shahara a cikin waɗannan yankuna shine Kaffa, wanda ya kafa kasuwancin Genoes tare da gabas na kusa.
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Yaƙin Venetian-Genoese na Farko: Yaƙin Saint Sabas
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1256 Jan 1 - 1263

Yaƙin Venetian-Genoese na Farko: Yaƙin Saint Sabas

Levant

Yaƙin Saint Sabas (1256-1270) rikici ne tsakanin jamhuriyar ruwa ta Italiya da ke Genoa (taimakawa Philip na Montfort, Ubangijin Taya, John na Arsuf, da Babban Asibitin Knights ) da Venice (taimakawa Count of Jaffa). da Ascalon, John na Ibelin, da kuma Knights Templar ), a kan kula da Acre, a cikin Mulkin Urushalima .

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Yaki da Pisa
Agusta 6, 1284, Yaƙin Meloria tsakanin Genoese da Pisan. ©Giuseppe Rava
1282 Jan 1

Yaki da Pisa

Sardinia, Italy
Genoa da Pisa sun zama jihohin da ke da haƙƙin ciniki a cikin Bahar Maliya.A cikin wannan karnin Jamhuriyar ta mamaye yankuna da yawa a cikin Crimea, inda aka kafa yankin Caffa na Genoese.Haɗin kai tare da daular Byzantine da aka maido ya ƙara arziƙi da ƙarfin Genoa, kuma a lokaci guda ya rage kasuwancin Venetian da Pisan.Daular Byzantine ta bai wa Genoa yawancin haƙƙin ciniki kyauta.A cikin 1282 Pisa ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami iko da kasuwanci da gudanarwa na Corsica, bayan da alkali Sinusello ya yi kira ga goyon baya da ya yi wa Genoa tawaye.A watan Agustan 1282, wani ɓangare na jiragen ruwa na Genoese sun tare kasuwancin Pisan kusa da kogin Arno.A lokacin 1283 duka Genoa da Pisa sun yi shirye-shiryen yaƙi.Genoa ta gina manyan jiragen ruwa 120, 60 daga cikinsu na Jamhuriya ne, yayin da sauran 60 ɗin aka yi hayar ga daidaikun mutane.Sama da sojojin haya 15,000 ne aka yi hayarsu a matsayin mahaya da sojoji.Rundunar Pisan ta kaucewa fada, kuma sun yi kokarin lalata jiragen ruwan Genoese a lokacin 1283. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1284, a yakin ruwa na Meloria, jiragen ruwa na Genoese, wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 93 karkashin jagorancin Oberto Doria da Benedetto I Zaccaria, sun ci nasara da Pisan. , wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 72 kuma Albertino Morosini da Ugolino della Gherardesca ne suka jagoranta.Genoa ta kama jiragen ruwa na Pisan guda 30, kuma ta nutse guda bakwai.Kimanin Pisans 8,000 aka kashe a lokacin yaƙin, fiye da rabin sojojin Pisan, waɗanda kusan 14,000 ne.Kashin Pisa, wanda bai taɓa samun cikakkiyar murmurewa a matsayin mai fafatawa a teku ba, ya haifar da samun nasarar sarrafa kasuwancin Corsica ta Genoa.Garin Sassari na Sardiniya, wanda ke karkashin ikon Pisan, ya zama gama gari ko kuma mai suna " gunduma mai 'yanci" wanda Genoa ke iko da shi.Sardinia, duk da haka, bai wuce zuwa Genoa na dindindin ba: sarakunan Aragonese na Naples sun yi jayayya game da iko kuma ba su tabbatar da shi ba har zuwa karni na sha biyar.
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1284 - 1380
Zaman Zinare na Kasuwanci da Ƙarfiornament
Venetian na biyu – Yaƙin Genoese: Yaƙin Curzola
Sojan Italiya mai sulke ©Osprey Publishing
1295 Jan 1 - 1299

Venetian na biyu – Yaƙin Genoese: Yaƙin Curzola

Aegean Sea
An gwabza yakin Curzola tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice da Jamhuriyar Genoa saboda karuwar alaka tsakanin jamhuriyar Italiya biyu.Bukatar daukar mataki ne ya haifar da shi bayan faduwar Acre, Genoa da Venice dukkansu suna neman hanyoyin kara karfinsu a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya.Bayan karewar sulhu tsakanin jamhuriyar, jiragen ruwa na Genoese sun ci gaba da tursasa 'yan kasuwan Venetia a Tekun Aegean.A cikin 1295, hare-haren Genoese a cikin kwata na Venetian a Constantinople ya kara ta'azzara tashe-tashen hankula, wanda ya haifar da shelar yaki da Venetian a cikin wannan shekarar.Rashin raguwa mai zurfi a dangantakar Byzantine da Venetian, bayan yakin Crusade na hudu , ya haifar da Daular Byzantine da ke goyon bayan Genoese a cikin rikici.Rumawa sun shiga yakin a bangaren Genoan.Yayin da 'yan Venetian suka sami ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin Tekun Aegean da Black Sea, Genoans sun yi nasara a cikin yakin, a karshe sun ba da kyautar Venetian a yakin Curzola a 1298, tare da yarjejeniyar sulhu a shekara ta gaba.
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Bakar Mutuwa
Jama'ar Tournai na binne wadanda annobar ta shafa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1347 Oct 1

Bakar Mutuwa

Feodosia
An ɗauke da manyan jiragen ruwa na Genoes goma sha biyu, annoba ta iso da jirgi a Sicily a watan Oktoba 1347;cutar ta bazu cikin sauri a duk tsibirin.Galleys daga Kaffa sun isa Genoa da Venice a cikin Janairu 1348, amma barkewar cutar a Pisa bayan 'yan makonni ita ce hanyar shiga arewacin Italiya.A karshen watan Janairu, daya daga cikin motocin da aka kora daga Italiya ya isa Marseilles.Daga Italiya, cutar ta bazu a arewa maso yammacin Turai, ta buge Faransa ,Spain (cutar ta fara yin barna a kan Crown na Aragon a cikin bazara na 1348), Portugal da Ingila a watan Yuni 1348, sannan ya bazu gabas da arewa ta Jamus, Scotland. da Scandinavia daga 1348 zuwa 1350. An shigar da shi cikin Norway a cikin 1349 lokacin da jirgi ya sauka a Askøy, sannan ya yada zuwa Bjørgvin (Bergen na zamani) da Iceland.A ƙarshe, ta bazu zuwa arewa maso yammacin Rasha a shekara ta 1351. Annobar ta ɗan ɗanɗana a sassan Turai tare da ƙarancin ci gaban kasuwanci tare da maƙwabtansu, gami da yawancin ƙasar Basque, keɓaɓɓen sassan Belgium da Netherlands , da ƙauyukan Alpine a duk faɗin nahiyar. .
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Byzantine - Yaƙin Genoese
Nasara na Trebizond ©Apollonio di Giovanni di Tommaso
1348 Jan 1 - 1349

Byzantine - Yaƙin Genoese

Galata, Beyoğlu/İstanbul, Turk
'Yan kabilar Genoa sun rike daular Galata, wani yanki na Constantinople a fadin Golden Horn, a matsayin wani bangare na yarjejeniyar Nymphaeum na 1261. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kafa dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen biyu kuma ta ba Genoa dama mai yawa a cikin daular, ciki har da 'yancin tattarawa. kudin kwastam a Galata.Daular Byzantine har yanzu tana fama da yakin basasa na 1341-1347, kuma waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun sa murmurewa cikin wahala.Constantinople ya tara kashi goma sha uku ne kawai na duk kudaden al'ada daga jigilar kaya ta hanyar Bosphorus, kawai hyperpyra 30,000 a shekara, sauran kuma zuwa Genoa.Yaƙin Byzantine-Genoese na 1348-1349 an yi yaƙi da shi akan sarrafa haƙƙin al'ada ta hanyar Bosphorus.Rumawa sun yi yunƙurin karya dogaron abinci da kasuwancin teku a kan 'yan kasuwar Genoes na Galata, da kuma sake gina nasu ikon na ruwa.Sabbin sojojin ruwansu da aka gina duk da haka 'yan Genoese ne suka kama su, kuma aka kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Kasawar da Rumawa suka yi na korar Genoese daga Galata yana nufin ba za su taba dawo da karfin teku ba, kuma za su dogara ga Genoa ko Venice don taimakon ruwa.Daga 1350, Rumawa sun haɗa kansu zuwa Jamhuriyar Venice , wanda kuma ke yaƙi da Genoa.Duk da haka, kamar yadda Galata ya kasance mai ƙiyayya, an tilasta wa Rumawa su sasanta rikici a cikin sulhu a cikin watan Mayu 1352.
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Yaƙin Venetian-Genoese na uku: Yaƙin Matsala
Jirgin ruwan Venetian ©Vladimir Manyukhin
1350 Jan 1 - 1355

Yaƙin Venetian-Genoese na uku: Yaƙin Matsala

Mediterranean Sea
Yaƙin macizai (1350-1355) ya kasance rikici na uku da aka yi yaƙi a cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na Venetian -Gene.Akwai dalilai guda uku da suka haddasa barkewar yakin: mulkin Genoa a kan tekun Black Sea, kama Genoa na Chios da Phocaea da yakin Latin wanda ya sa Daular Byzantine ta rasa iko a kan mashigin tekun Bahar, don haka ya sanya shi ya yi nasara. mafi wuya ga Venetian isa ga tashar jiragen ruwa na Asiya.
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Rushewar Jamhuriyar
Yaƙin Chioggia ©J. Grevembroch
1378 Jan 1 - 1381

Rushewar Jamhuriyar

Adriatic Sea
Kasashen biyu na teku, Genoa da Venice , sun dade suna jagorantar ikon kasuwanci tare da dangantaka da Constantinople wanda ya bunkasa ci gaban su a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.Kishiyoyinsu akan kasuwanci da Levant ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da dama.Genoa, wacce ta sha shan kashi a baya a hannun 'yan Venetia, ta fito ne daga mika wuya ga azzaluman Visconti na Milan a cikin karni na 14, ko da yake ita ma ta yi rauni sosai sakamakon Mutuwar Baƙar fata na 1348 wanda ya kai adadin 40,000 a birnin. .Venice ta shiga cikin rushewar Daular Byzantine a cikin 1204 kuma a hankali ta mamaye ƙasar Adriatic, ta shiga rikici da Hungary ;a babban yankin Italiya, mallakar ƙasa ya haifar da hamayya da babban birni mafi kusa, Padua.Genoa yana so ya kafa cikakken ikon kasuwanci a yankin Tekun Bahar Maliya (wanda ya ƙunshi hatsi, katako, Jawo, da bayi).Don yin haka yana buƙatar kawar da barazanar kasuwanci da Venice ke yi a wannan yanki.Genoa ta ji tilas ta fara rikicin saboda rugujewar Hegemony na Mongol akan hanyar kasuwanci ta tsakiyar Asiya wacce ta kasance babbar hanyar samun arziki ga Genoa.Lokacin da Mongols suka rasa ikon yankin, kasuwanci ya zama mafi haɗari kuma ba shi da riba sosai.Don haka shawarar Genoa na zuwa yaƙi don tabbatar da kasuwancinta a yankin tekun Black Sea ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikonta.Yaƙin Chioggia ya sami sakamako iri ɗaya.Venice da kawayenta sun yi nasara a yakin da suka yi da kasashen Italiya da ke adawa da juna, duk da haka sun sha kashi a yakin da suka yi da Sarki Louis mai girma na Hungary, wanda ya haifar da mamaye garuruwan Dalmatiya na Hungary.
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1380 - 1528
Rashin Zamantakewar Siyasa da Ragewaornament
Mulkin Faransa
Charles VI ©Boucicaut Master
1394 Jan 1 - 1409

Mulkin Faransa

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
A cikin 1396, don kare jamhuriyar daga tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida da tsokanar Duke na Orléans da tsohon Duke na Milan, Doge na Genoa Antoniotto Adorno ya sanya Charles VI na Faransa ya zama difensor del comune ("Mai kare gundumar"). na Genoa.Ko da yake a baya jamhuriyar ta kasance karkashin wani bangare na ikon kasashen waje, wannan shi ne karo na farko da wata kasa ta ketare ta mamaye Genoa.
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Zamanin zinare na ma'aikatan banki na Genoese
Rubutun karni na 14 da ke nuna ma'aikatan banki a gidan kirga na Italiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1407 Jan 1 - 1483

Zamanin zinare na ma'aikatan banki na Genoese

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge

A cikin karni na 15 an kafa biyu daga cikin manyan bankunan duniya a Genoa: Bankin Saint George, wanda aka kafa a 1407, wanda shine bankin ajiya mafi tsufa a duniya a rufe shi a 1805 da Banca Carige, wanda aka kafa a 1483 a matsayin dutsen taƙawa, wanda har yanzu akwai.

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Zaman Tausayi
Duban Genoa da rundunarta ©Christoforo de Grassi
1458 Jan 1 - 1522

Zaman Tausayi

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
Da Alfonso V na Aragon ya yi barazanar, Doge na Genoa a 1458 ya mika Jamhuriyar ga Faransanci, wanda ya mai da ita Duchy na Genoa karkashin ikon John na Anjou, wani gwamnan Faransa.Duk da haka, tare da goyon bayan Milan, Genoa ya yi tawaye kuma aka mayar da Jamhuriyar a shekara ta 1461. Milanese sun canza fuska, suka ci Genoa a 1464 kuma suka riƙe ta a matsayin babban kambi na Faransanci.Tsakanin 1463-1478 da 1488-1499, Gidan Sforza na Milanese ya riƙe Genoa.Daga 1499 zuwa 1528, Jamhuriyar ta kai matsayinta, tana karkashin ikon Faransa na ci gaba da zama.Mutanen Espanya, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsu, "tsohuwar mashawarta" da ke cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka a bayan Genoa, sun kama birnin a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1522, kuma suka yi wa birnin hari.Lokacin da Admiral Andrea Doria na dangin Doria mai ƙarfi ya haɗa kai da Sarkin sarakuna Charles V don korar Faransanci tare da maido da 'yancin kai na Genoa, an buɗe sabon bege: 1528 shine lamuni na farko daga bankunan Genoese zuwa Charles.Karkashin farfadowar tattalin arzikin da ya biyo baya, iyalai da yawa na Genoese, irin su Balbi, Doria, Grimaldi, Pallavicini, da Serra, sun tara dukiya mai yawa.A cewar Felipe Fernandez-Armesto da sauransu, ayyukan da Genoa ta samu a Tekun Bahar Rum (kamar bautar taɗi) suna da mahimmanci a cikin bincike da cin gajiyar Sabuwar Duniya.
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Renaissance a Genoa
Daukar Almasihu ©Caravaggio
1500 Jan 1

Renaissance a Genoa

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
A lokacin kololuwar Genoa a cikin karni na 16, birnin ya jawo hankalin masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da Rubens, Caravaggio da Van Dyck.Masanin gine-ginen Galeazzo Alessi (1512-1572) ya tsara da yawa daga cikin manyan palazzi na birnin, kamar yadda ya yi a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan shekaru hamsin Bartolomeo Bianco (1590-1657), mai zanen cibiyar cibiyar Jami'ar Genoa.Yawancin masu fasahar Genoese Baroque da Rococo sun zauna a wani wuri kuma yawancin masu fasaha na gida sun zama sananne.
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Genoa da Sabuwar Duniya
©Anonymous
1520 Jan 1 - 1671

Genoa da Sabuwar Duniya

Panama
Daga kimanin shekara ta 1520 mutanen Genoese ne ke iko da tashar jiragen ruwa na Panama, tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a kan tekun Pacific da aka kafa ta hanyar cin nasarar Amurka;Genoese sun sami rangwame don yin amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa musamman don cinikin bayi na sabuwar duniya a kan tekun Pacific, har zuwa halakar babban birni a 1671.
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1528 - 1797
Mallakar Faransanci da Mutanen Espanyaornament
Genoa da Daular Spain
Philip II na Spain ©Sofonisba Anguissola
1557 Jan 1 - 1627

Genoa da Daular Spain

Spain
Bayan haka, Genoa ta sami wani abu na farfaɗo a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin masarautarSipaniya , tare da ma'aikatan banki na Genoese, musamman, suna ba da kuɗi da yawa daga cikin ayyukan ƙasashen waje na kambi na Spain daga gidajen kirgawa a Seville.Har ila yau Fernand Braudel ya kira lokacin 1557 zuwa 1627 da "shekarun Genoese", "ka'idar da ta kasance mai hankali da ƙwarewa wanda masana tarihi na dogon lokaci suka kasa lura da shi", kodayake baƙo na zamani yana wucewa mai haske Mannerist da Baroque palazzo. Facades tare da Genoa ta Strada Nova (yanzu Via Garibaldi) ko via Balbi ba zai iya kasa lura da cewa akwai m dukiya, wanda a gaskiya ba Genoese amma mayar da hankali a hannun wani tam saƙa da'irar banki-kudade, gaskiya "kuskuren jari-hujja".Kasuwancin Genoa, duk da haka, ya kasance mai dogara ga ikon sarrafa bakin tekun Bahar Rum, kuma asarar Chios zuwa Daular Ottoman (1566), ta yi mummunan rauni.Buɗe ga haɗin gwiwar bankin Genoese shine fatarar gwamnati ta Philip II a cikin 1557, wanda ya jefa gidajen banki na Jamus cikin rudani kuma ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Fuggers a matsayin masu kudin Spain.Ma'aikatan banki na Genoese sun ba da tsarin Habsburg mara amfani tare da kiredit mai ruwa da kuma dogaro na yau da kullun.A mayar da kuɗin da ba a iya dogaro da su na azurfar Amurka da sauri an ɗauke su daga Seville zuwa Genoa, don samar da jari don ci gaba da kasuwanci.
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Genoa a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin
Taimakon Genoa ta Marquis na Santa Cruz ©Antonio de Pereda
1625 Mar 28 - Apr 24

Genoa a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
Taimakon Genoa ya faru tsakanin 28 Maris 1625 da 24 Afrilu 1625, a lokacinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin .Wani babban jirgin ruwa ne dakasar Spain ta kaddamar a kan Jamhuriyar Genoa da Faransa ta mamaye, wanda rundunar hadin guiwa ta Franco-Savoyard da ta kunshi sojoji dubu 30 da mayaƙan doki 3,000 ke yiwa birnin Genoa kawanya.A shekara ta 1625, lokacin da sojojin Faransa na Duke na Savoy suka mamaye Jamhuriyar Genoa, wadda a al'adar ƙawance ta Spain, ta mamaye birnin.An sani a cikin da'irar gwamnatin Genoese cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa gwamnatin Holland ta ba da taimakonsu ga sojojin Franco-Savoyan don su "buga bankin Sarkin Spain".Duk da haka, rundunar sojojin Spain da Janar Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis na Santa Cruz ya umarta, sun taimaka wa Genoa kuma sun sassauta birnin.Dawo da ikon mulkinta ga Jamhuriyar Genoa tare da tilastawa Faransa tada kayar baya, saboda haka suka fara yaƙin yaƙi da sojojin Franco-Savoyan da suka mamaye Jamhuriyar Genoa shekara guda da ta wuce.Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Franco-Piedmontese ta tilasta barin Liguria kuma sojojin Spain suka mamaye Piedmont, ta haka ne suka tabbatar da hanyar Sipaniya.Rikicin Richelieu na Genoa da Valtelline ya haifar da wulakanci da Mutanen Espanya.
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Fatarar Mutanen Espanya
Mai Kuɗi da Matarsa ​​(c. 1538) ©Marinus van Reimersvalle
1650 Jan 1

Fatarar Mutanen Espanya

Netherlands
Ma’aikacin banki na Genoese Ambrogio Spinola, Marquess na Los Balbases, alal misali, ya tashe kuma ya jagoranci sojojin da suka yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Shekaru Tamanin a Netherlands a farkon ƙarni na 17.RugujewarSpain a karni na 17 ya kawo koma baya na Genoa, da fatarar kambi na Spain akai-akai, musamman, ya lalata yawancin gidajen 'yan kasuwa na Genoa.A cikin 1684 wani jirgin ruwa na Faransa ya yi ruwan bama-bamai sosai a birnin a matsayin hukunci saboda ƙawancensa da Spain.
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Naples Plague
Zane na zamani na Naples a 1656 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1656 Jan 1 - 1657

Naples Plague

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
Annobar Naples tana nufin annobar annoba aItaliya tsakanin 1656-1658 wacce ta kusan kawar da yawan mutanen Naples.A cikin Genoa, kusan rayuka 60,000 ne aka yi asarar saboda annobar, wanda ya kai kashi 60% na al'ummar yankin.
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Yaki da Sardinia
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1745 Jun 26

Yaki da Sardinia

Sardinia, Italy
A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1745, Jamhuriyar Genoa ta ayyana yaki a kan Masarautar Sardinia.Wannan shawarar za ta zama bala'i ga Genoa, wanda daga baya ya mika wuya ga 'yan Austriya a watan Satumba na 1746 kuma an mamaye shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin tawaye ya 'yantar da birnin bayan watanni biyu.Australiya sun dawo a cikin 1747 kuma, tare da rundunar sojojin Sardiniya, sun kewaye Genoa kafin kusantar sojojin Franco-Spanish sun kore su.Ko da yake Genoa ta riƙe ƙasashenta a cikin Aminci na Aix-la-Chapelle, ta kasa ci gaba da riƙe Corsica a cikin raunin da ya samu.Bayan korar 'yan kabilar Genoese, an ayyana Jamhuriyar Corsican a shekara ta 1755. Daga bisani ta dogara ga tsoma bakin Faransa don kawar da tawaye, Genoa ta tilastawa ta mika Corsica ga Faransanci a cikin yarjejeniyar 1768 na Versailles.
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Karshen Jamhuriyar
Jacques-Louis David ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1797 Jun 14

Karshen Jamhuriyar

Genoa, Metropolitan City of Ge
Tuni a cikin 1794 da 1795 juyin juya halin juyin juya hali daga Faransa ya isa Genoa, godiya ga masu yada farfagandar Genoese da 'yan gudun hijirar da ke kusa da jihar Alps, kuma a cikin 1794 wani makirci ga aristocratic da masu mulki na oligarchic wanda, a gaskiya, an riga an jira shi. a cikin fadar mulkin Genoese.Sai dai a cikin watan Mayun shekarar 1797 ne manufar 'yan kabilar Genoese da kuma 'yan kasar Faransa na hambarar da gwamnatin Doge Giacomo Maria Brignole, lamarin da ya haifar da yakin 'yan uwantaka a tituna tsakanin 'yan adawa da masu goyon bayan tsarin kwastam na yanzu.Shiga kai tsaye na Napoleon (a lokacin yakin 1796 ) da wakilansa a Genoa shine aikin karshe da ya kai ga faduwar Jamhuriyar a farkon watan Yuni, wanda ya kawar da tsofaffin masu mulki wanda ya mulki jihar ga dukan tarihinta, yana ba da kyauta. Haihuwar Jamhuriyar Ligurian a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1797, ƙarƙashin kulawar Napoleon Faransa.Bayan da Bonaparte ya kama mulki a Faransa, an kafa tsarin tsarin mulki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma rayuwar Jamhuriyar Ligurian ta kasance takaice-a cikin 1805 Faransa ta mamaye ta, ta zama sassan Apennins, Gênes, da Montenotte.
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Characters



Benedetto I Zaccaria

Benedetto I Zaccaria

Admiral of the Republic of Genoa

Otto de Bonvillano

Otto de Bonvillano

Citizen of the Republic of Genoa

Guglielmo Boccanegra

Guglielmo Boccanegra

Genoese Statesman

Andrea Doria

Andrea Doria

Genoese Admiral

Oberto Doria

Oberto Doria

Admiral of the Republic of Genoa

Antoniotto I Adorno

Antoniotto I Adorno

6th Doge of the Republic of Genoa

Napoleon

Napoleon

French military commander

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus

Genoese Explorer

Simone Boccanegra

Simone Boccanegra

First Doge of Genoa

Giacomo Maria Brignole

Giacomo Maria Brignole

184th Doge of the Republic of Genoa

Manegoldo del Tettuccio

Manegoldo del Tettuccio

First Podestà of the Republic of Genoa

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