Knights Hospitaller

A shekara ta 603, Paparoma Gregory na I ya ba Ravennate Abbot Probus, wanda a da shi ne jakadan Gregory a kotun Lombard, da ya gina wani asibiti a birnin Kudus domin kula da masu ziyarar kiristoci zuwa kasa mai tsarki.A cikin 800, Emperor Charlemagne ya haɓaka asibitin Probus kuma ya ƙara ɗakin karatu a ciki.Kimanin shekaru 200 bayan haka, a shekara ta 1009, Khalifan Fatimid al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya rusa asibitin da wasu gine-gine dubu uku a birnin Kudus.A shekara ta 1023, Halifa Ali az-Zahir ya ba 'yan kasuwa daga Amalfi da Salerno a Italiya izinin sake gina asibitin a Urushalima.Asibitin ya kasance ta hanyar Order of Saint Benedict, wanda aka gina a wurin sufi na Saint John the Baptist, kuma ya dauki alhazan Kirista da ke balaguro don ziyartar wuraren tsarki na Kirista.Don haka an yi imanin cewa an kafa Asibitin St. John kafin 1070 a Urushalima, a matsayin dogara ga gidan Benedictine na Cocin Saint Mary na Latins.Ƴan kasuwan Amalfian da suka kafa sun sadaukar da wannan asibitin ga St.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an kafa asibiti na biyu na mata kuma aka sadaukar da ita ga Saint Mary Magdalene.Asibitin, da ke gundumar Muristan a Urushalima, zai ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya, matalauta, ko kuma waɗanda suka ji rauni zuwa ƙasa mai tsarki.

The monastic asibiti oda da aka halicce su biyo bayan Farko Crusade ta Albarkacin Gerard de Martigues wanda aka tabbatar da matsayin kafa da Paparoma bijimin Pie postulatio voluntatis bayar da Paparoma Paschal II a 1113. Gerard ya samu yanki da kuma kudaden shiga domin ya oda a ko'ina cikin Mulkin Urushalima da kuma. bayan.A karkashin magajinsa, Raymond du Puy, an fadada asibitin na asali zuwa wani asibiti kusa da Cocin Holy Sepulcher a Urushalima.Da farko dai kungiyar ta kula da mahajjata a birnin Kudus, amma ba da dadewa ba aka tsawaita wa'adin na baiwa mahajjata dakaru masu rakiya kafin daga bisani su zama wata babbar rundunar soji.Don haka oda na St. Yohanna ba tare da fahimta ba ya zama soja ba tare da rasa halayensa na sadaka ba.

Raymond du Puy, wanda ya gaji Gerard a matsayin shugaban asibitin a shekara ta 1118, ya shirya wata ƙungiya daga membobin odar, inda ya raba tsari zuwa uku: mayaƙa, maza a makamai, da malamai.Raymond ya ba da sabis na sojojinsa masu dauke da makamai zuwa Baldwin II na Urushalima, kuma odar daga wannan lokacin ya shiga cikin yakin crusade a matsayin odar soji, musamman ya bambanta kansa a Siege na Ascalon na 1153.

Bayan nasarar Crusade na Farko na kwace Urushalima a cikin 1099, 'Yan Salibiyya da yawa sun ba da gudummawar sabbin kadarorinsu a Levant zuwa Asibitin St John.Taimako na farko yana cikin sabuwar Masarautar Kudus, amma bayan lokaci odar ta mika hannunta ga jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na gundumar Tripoli da kuma masarautar Antakiya.Shaidun sun nuna cewa a cikin 1130s tsari ya zama soja lokacin da Fulk, Sarkin Urushalima, ya ba da sabon ginin da aka gina a Beth Gibelin a cikin 1136. Wani bijimin papal daga 1139 zuwa 1143 na iya nuna odar hayar mutane don kare mahajjata.Akwai kuma wasu umarni na soja, irin su Knights Templar , wanda ya ba da kariya ga mahajjata.

Tsakanin 1142 da 1144 Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, ya ba da dukiya a cikin gundumar ga tsari.A cewar ɗan tarihi Jonathan Riley-Smith, Ma'aikatan Asibiti sun kafa "palatinate" sosai a cikin Tripoli.Kaddarorin sun haɗa da katakai waɗanda ake sa ran masu kula da Asibiti za su kare Tripoli da su.Tare da Krak des Chevaliers, an bai wa Ma'aikatan Asibitin wasu manyan gidaje guda hudu a kan iyakokin jihar, wanda ya ba da damar odar ta mamaye yankin.Yarjejeniyar odar da Raymond II ta bayyana cewa, idan bai bi umarni ba a yakin neman zabe, ganimar ta kasance gaba daya na odar, kuma idan yana nan an raba daidai tsakanin kidayar da oda.Bugu da ari, Raymond II ya kasa yin sulhu da Musulmai ba tare da izinin Ma'aikatan Asibiti ba.Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun sanya Krak des Chevaliers cibiyar gudanarwa don sabon kadarorin su, suna gudanar da aiki a katafaren ginin wanda zai sanya ta zama ɗayan ingantattun katangar 'yan Salibiyya a cikin Levant.

Lokacin da yakin Crusade na biyu ya fara a cikin 1147, Ma'aikatan Asibiti sun kasance babban karfi a masarautar kuma mahimmancin siyasa na Babban Jagora ya karu.A cikin Yuni 1148 a Majalisar Acre, Raymond du Puy yana cikin sarakunan da suka yanke shawarar ɗaukar Siege na Damascus.An dora laifin asara mai muni a kan Templars , ba masu kula da Asibiti ba.A cikin Kasa Mai Tsarki, tasirin masu Asibiti ya zama mai girma tare da taka rawar gani a ayyukan soji saboda mulkin Raymond.

Jobert's magisterium ya ƙare tare da mutuwarsa a 1177, kuma Roger de Moulins ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Jagora.A wancan lokacin, Ma'aikatan Asibiti sun kafa ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin soja mafi ƙarfi na masarautar, waɗanda suka bambanta daga asalin manufa na oda.Daga cikin ayyukan farko da Roger ya yi shi ne ya roƙi Baldwin IV na Urushalima da ya ci gaba da tuhumi yaƙi da Salahaddin kuma, a cikin Nuwamba 1177, ya shiga yakin Montgisard, ya yi nasara a kan Ayyubids.Paparoma Alexander III ya kira su zuwa ga kiyaye mulkin Raymond du Puy tsakanin 1178 zuwa 1180, inda ya ba da bijimin da ya hana su daukar makamai sai dai idan an kai musu hari kuma ya bukace su da kada su yi watsi da kula da marasa lafiya da masu fama da talauci.Alexander III ya rinjayi Roger don yin sulhu a 1179 tare da Templar Odo de St Amand, sannan Grand Master, kuma tsohon soja na Montgisard.

A cikin 1186, Bertrand Mazoir ya sayar da Margat ga Ma'aikatan Asibiti saboda yana da tsada sosai ga dangin Mazoir su kula.Bayan wasu sake ginawa da kuma fadadawa da Ma'aikatan Asibiti suka yi ya zama hedkwatarsu a Siriya.Ƙarƙashin kulawar Asibiti, hasumiyarsa goma sha huɗu ana tsammanin ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.Yawancin ƙwararrun katangar Kirista a cikin ƙasa Mai Tsarki Templars da Masu Asibiti ne suka gina su.A tsayin daular ta Kudus, masu kula da Asibiti sun rike manyan garu bakwai da wasu gidaje 140 a yankin.An raba kadarorin oda zuwa abubuwan da suka fi fifiko, an raba su zuwa bailiwicks, wanda hakanan aka raba zuwa kwamandoji.

Yakin Hattin a shekara ta 1187 ya kasance mummunan shan kashi ga 'Yan Salibiyya: An kama Guy na Lusignan, Sarkin Urushalima, kamar yadda aka kama Gicciyen Gaskiya, wani abin tarihi da aka gano a lokacin Crusade na Farko .Bayan haka Salahuddin ya ba da umarnin aiwatar da kisan gilla da aka kama na Templar da na Asibitoci, irin wannan shine mahimmancin umarni guda biyu wajen kare jihohin Crusader.Bayan yaƙin, ƙauyukan Asibitoci na Belmont, Belvoir, da Betgibelin sun faɗo a hannun sojojin musulmi.Bayan wadannan hasarar, odar ta mayar da hankalinta ga kagararta a Tripoli.A cikin Mayu 1188 Saladin ya jagoranci sojoji don kai hari Krak des Chevaliers, amma da ya ga katangar, ya yanke shawarar cewa an kare shi da kyau kuma a maimakon haka ya wuce gidan Asibiti na Margat, wanda shi ma ya kasa kamawa.

A ƙarshen 1189, Armengol de Aspa ya yi murabus kuma ba a zaɓi sabon Babban Jagora ba har sai an zaɓi Garnier na Nablus a 1190. Garnier ya ji rauni sosai a Hattin a 1187, amma ya sami damar isa Ascalon kuma ya warke daga raunukansa.Ya kasance a birnin Paris a wannan lokacin yana jiran Richard I na Ingila ya tashi a yakin Crusade na uku .Ya isa Messina a ranar 23 ga Satumba inda ya sadu da Philippe Auguste da Robert IV de Sablé, ba da daɗewa ba zai zama Babban Jagora na Templars .Garnier ya bar Messina a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1191 tare da rundunar Richard, wanda daga nan ya tsaya a ranar 1 ga Mayu a tashar jiragen ruwa na Lemesos.Richard ya mamaye tsibirin a ranar 11 ga Mayu duk da shiga tsakani na Garnier.Sun sake tashi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni kuma suka isa Acre, karkashin ikon Ayyubid tun 1187. A nan ne suka sami Philippe Auguste yana jagorantar Siege na Acre, yunkurin shekaru biyu na korar musulmi.Daga karshe mahara sun samu galaba a kai, kuma a karkashin idanun Saladin, masu kare musulmi sun mamaye ranar 12 ga Yuli 1191.A ranar 22 ga Agusta 1191, Richard ya yi tafiya kudu zuwa Arsuf.Templars sun kafa vanguard da kuma Asibitoci a gadin baya.Richard yayi tafiya tare da ƙwararrun ƙwaƙƙwaran da ke shirye su sa baki idan ya cancanta.An kai wa ma’aikatan Asibitin hari ne a ranar 7 ga Satumba, a farkon yakin Arsuf.Da yake a bayan ginshiƙin soja, Musulmin Garnier's Knights sun fuskanci matsananciyar matsin lamba kuma ya hau gaba don shawo kan Richard ya kai hari, wanda ya ƙi.A ƙarshe, Garnier da wani jarumin suka ci gaba, kuma ba da daɗewa ba sauran sojojin Asibiti suka haɗa su.Richard, duk da cewa ba a bi umarninsa ba, ya yi ishara ga cikakken cajin.Wannan ya kama abokan gaba a wani lokaci mai rauni, kuma an karya darajarsu.Don haka Garnier ya taka rawa sosai wajen cin nasarar yaƙin, kodayake ya saba wa umarnin Richard.

An zabi Guérin de Montaigu a matsayin Babban Jagora a lokacin rani na 1207. An kwatanta shi a matsayin "siffa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman da Asibitin ke da dalilin yin alfahari."An yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwan Pierre de Montaigu ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jagora na Templar daga 1218 zuwa 1232. Kamar magabatansa guda biyu, Montaigu ya sami kansa a cikin al'amuran Antakiya a yakin Antiochene Succession, ya fara da budewar nufin Bohémond III na Antakiya.Wasiyyar ta jagoranci jikansa Raymond-Roupen a matsayin magaji.Bohémond IV na Antakiya, ɗan na biyu na Bohémond III da Count of Tripoli, bai karɓi wannan wasiyyar ba.Leo I na Armeniya, a matsayin kawu na uwa, ya ɗauki gefen Raymond-Roupen.Koyaya, ba tare da jiran mutuwar mahaifinsa ba, Bohémond IV ya mallaki sarautar.Templars sun haɗa kansu tare da bourgeoisie na Antakiya da az-Zahir Ghazi, sarkin Ayyubid na Aleppo, yayin da masu asibiti suka goyi bayan Raymond-Roupen da sarkin Armeniya .Lokacin da de Montaigu ya karɓi Ma'aikatan Asibiti, babu abin da ya canza.Leo I na Armeniya ya mai da kansa shugaban Antakiya kuma ya sake kafa kakansa a can.Amma ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma kamar yadda Count of Tripoli ya kasance mai kula da birnin.Leo I ya goyi bayan ikirarinsa ta hanyar kwace kadarorin Templars a Silicia, lalata kasuwancin Antakiya ta hanyar hare-hare, har ma da hadarin fitar da su cikin 1210-1213.An cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin sarki da Templars, kuma aka soke korar da aka yi.A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1216, an sa Antakiya a hannun Leo I da na ɗan'uwansa Raymond-Roupen.Shugaban Antiochene ya ba da izinin dawowar Bohémond IV da tserewar Raymon-Roupen, wanda daga baya ya mutu a 1222.Bohémond IV ya dauki fansa a kan Ma'aikatan Asibiti, inda ya karbe katangar Antakiya daga hannunsu kuma aka lalata musu dukiyarsu na Tripoli.Honorius III ya yi roƙo don neman yardarsu a shekara ta 1225 da 1226, kuma magajinsa Gregory IX ya kore Bohémond IV a shekara ta 1230. Ya ba Gerald na Lausanne, uban Latin na Urushalima izini ya ɗage haramcin idan Bohémond ya amince ya yi sulhu da Ma’aikatan Asibiti.Tare da shiga tsakani na Gerald da Ibelins, Bohemond da Ma'aikatan Asibiti sun amince da wata yarjejeniya wadda aka sanya hannu a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1231. Bohémond ya tabbatar da hakkin Ma'aikatan Asibitin na rike Jabala da wani kagara da ke kusa kuma ya ba su kudi fiefs a duka Tripoli da Antakiya.Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun yi watsi da gata da Raymond-Roupen ya ba su.Ba da daɗewa ba, Gerald na Lausanne ya ɗage korar kuma ya aika da yarjejeniyar zuwa Roma don tabbatar da ta wurin Mai Tsarki.

A shekara ta 1244, Ayyubids sun yarda Khwarazmiyawa, waɗanda Mongols suka lalata daularsu a shekara ta 1231, su kai farmaki a birnin.Templars sun fara ƙarfafa birnin Kudus a cikin 1244 lokacin da Khwarezmian mamayewa ya faru, rundunar da as-Salih Ayyub, sarkinMasar ya kira.Sun kwace Tiberias, Safed da Tripoli kuma suka fara Siege na Kudus a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1244. Saboda yarjejeniyar da aka yi tsakanin Frederick II da al-Kamil, ganuwar ba su da isasshen ƙarfi kuma sun kasa jure wa harin.Uban birnin Kudus Robert na Nantes da shugabannin Templars da masu kula da asibitoci sun zo don tallafa wa mazauna birnin kuma da farko sun fatattaki maharan.Sarkin Castellan da Babban Kwamandan Asibitin sun rasa rayukansu a yakin, amma babu wani taimako daga Franks da ke zuwa.Garin ya fadi da sauri.Khwarazmiya sun wawashe yankin Armeniya, inda suka lalatar da kiristoci , suka kori Yahudawa.Bugu da ƙari, sun kori kaburburan sarakunan Urushalima a cikin Cocin Holy Sepulcher kuma sun tono ƙasusuwansu, inda kaburburan Baldwin I da Godfrey na Bouillon suka zama manyan mutane.A ranar 23 ga Agusta, Hasumiyar Dauda ta mika wuya ga sojojin Khwarazmian, wasu Kiristoci maza da mata da yara kimanin 6,000 suka fita daga Kudus.Ma'aikatan Asibitin Knights da Templars sun koma hedkwatarsu zuwa birnin Acre.

Bayan faduwar Kudus, an tara rundunar haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya ƙunshi Templars , Asibitoci da Teutonic Knights , tare da haɗin gwiwar sojojin musulmi na Siriya da Transjordanians a ƙarƙashin al-Mansur Ibrahim da an-Nasir Dā'ūd.An sanya wannan runduna a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Walter IV na Brienne kuma suka bar Acre, yanzu hedkwatar Order, kuma suka tashi a ranar 4 Oktoba 1244. Sun fada kan Khwarezmians da sojojinMasar da Baibars, SarkinMamluk na Masar na gaba ya ba da umarni, a kan. 17 Oktoba.A yakin La Forbie da ke kusa da Gaza, 'yan uwan ​​musulmi na Franks sun fice a karon farko da abokan gaba kuma Kiristoci sun sami kansu su kadai.Yaƙin da bai daidaita ya ƙare a cikin bala'i ---maza 16,000 sun rasa rayukansu kuma an kama 800 fursunoni, daga cikinsu maƙiyi 325 da turcopoliers 200 na Asibitoci.An kama Guillaume de Chateauneuf da kansa aka kai shi Alkahira.Templars 18 ne kawai da ma'aikatan asibiti 16 suka yi nasarar tserewa.Sakamakon nasarar da Ayyubid ya samu ya kai ga kira ga yakin Crusade na bakwai da kuma nuna rushewar ikon Kirista a kasa mai tsarki.

A cikin 1248 Paparoma Innocent IV ya amince da daidaitaccen rigar soja don masu Asibiti da za a sa yayin yaƙi.A maimakon wani rufaffiyar rigar da ke kan sulkensu (wanda ke hana motsinsu), sai suka sa rigar jajayen riga da farin giciye a kansa.

A ranar 3 ga Maris 1271, sojojinMamluk Sultan Baibars sun isa Krak des Chevaliers.A lokacin da Sarkin Musulmi ya iso, watakila dakarun Mamluk sun killace ginin na tsawon kwanaki.Akwai bayanan Larabci guda uku na kewayen;guda daya ne, na Ibn Shaddad, na wannan zamani ne duk da cewa ba ya nan.Makiyaya da ke zaune a yankin sun gudu zuwa gidan kaso don tsira kuma an ajiye su a cikin unguwar waje.Da Baibars ya iso sai ya fara kafa mangonels, makamai masu karfi na kawanya wanda zai kunna katangar.Kamar yadda Ibn Shaddad ya ce, bayan kwana biyu mahara suka kama hanyar kariya ta farko;tabbas yana nufin wata unguwa mai katanga a wajen kofar gidan.Ruwan sama ya katse kewayen, amma a ranar 21 ga Maris an kama wani aiki mai girman kai tsaye kudu da Krak des Chevaliers, mai yuwuwa wani katakon katako ya kare shi.A ranar 29 ga Maris, hasumiya a kusurwar kudu maso yamma ta lalace kuma ta rushe.Sojojin Baibars sun kai hari ta hanyar keta haddin da kuma shiga cikin unguwar waje inda suka ci karo da manoman da suka nemi mafaka a cikin gidan.Ko da yake unguwar waje ta faɗi, kuma a cikin haka ne aka kashe kaɗan daga cikin sansanin, 'yan Salibiyya sun koma cikin ɗakin da ke da ban tsoro.Bayan shafe kwanaki goma, masu kawayen sun isar da wata wasika zuwa ga sansanin, wanda ake zaton daga Babban Jagoran Asibitin Knights a Tripoli wanda ya ba su izinin mika wuya.Duk da cewa wasiƙar na jabu ce, rundunar sojojin ta kama su kuma Sarkin Musulmi ya tsira da rayukansu.Sabbin masu gidan sun gudanar da gyare-gyare, inda suka fi mayar da hankali kan unguwar waje.An mayar da dakin ibada na Asibiti zuwa masallaci sannan aka kara mihrabi biyu a ciki.

An kewaye Acre (wanda ake kira faduwar Acre) a cikin 1291 kuma ya haifar da 'yan Salibiyya sun rasa ikon Acre gaMamluks .Ana la'akari da daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi mahimmanci na lokacin.Ko da yake yunƙurin yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kama birnin ya nuna ƙarshen ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Levant.Lokacin da Acre ya fadi, 'Yan Salibiyya sun rasa babban sansaninsu na ƙarshe na Masarautar 'Yan Salibiyya na Urushalima.Har yanzu sun kasance da kagara a arewacin birnin Tartus (yau a arewa maso yammacin Siriya), sun shiga wasu hare-hare a bakin teku, kuma sun yi yunkurin kutsawa daga karamar tsibirin Ruad, amma a lokacin da suka rasa hakan a cikin 1302 a cikin kewayen. Ruad, 'Yan Salibiyya sun daina sarrafa wani yanki na Kasa Mai Tsarki.Bayan Acre, Ma'aikatan Asibitin Knights sun nemi mafaka a Masarautar Cyprus.

Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Cyprus bayan faduwar Acre.Da yake neman mafaka a Limassol a Castle na Kolossi, Jean de Villiers ya gudanar da Babban Babi na Dokar a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1292. Ya so ya sanya masu kula da Asibiti a cikin wani matsayi don sake mamaye ƙasa mai tsarki.Ya shirya don kare Cyprus da kare Armeniya, dukansu biyu suna fuskantar barazana dagaMamluk .Kasancewa cikin siyasar Cyprus, de Villaret ya kafa wani shiri don samun sabon yanki na ɗan lokaci, tsibirin Rhodes, sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Byzantine.Bayan asarar Acre, daidaiton iko a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki tsakanin Kiristoci da Mamluks ya kasance a fili yana goyon bayan na ƙarshe, wanda ya ci gaba da ci gaba.Duk da haka, Kiristoci za su iya dogara ga Mongols na Farisa karkashin jagorancin Mahmud Ghazan Khan, wanda fadada su ya sa su yi sha'awar ƙasashen Mamluk.Dakarunsa sun kwace Aleppo, kuma a can tare da vassal Hethum II na Armeniya , wanda dakarunsa suka hada da wasu Templars da masu kula da Asibiti, wadanda dukkansu suka shiga cikin sauran hare-haren.Mongols da abokansu sun ci Mamluks a yakin Homsin na uku na Disamba 1299. Khan ya aika jakada zuwa Nicosia don kulla kawance.Henry II na Cyprus, Hethum II da Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay sun yanke shawarar raka shi zuwa Paparoma don tallafawa ra'ayin kawance, wanda ya fara tasiri a cikin 1300.Sarkin Cyprus ya aika da sojoji zuwa Armeniya tare da rakiyar jarumai 300 na Dokokin biyu karkashin jagorancin Manyan Malamai.Sun afkawa tsibirin Ruad da ke kusa da gabar tekun Siriya da nufin mayar da shi sansanin domin gudanar da ayyukansu a nan gaba.Daga nan sai suka kwace birnin Tortosa mai tashar jiragen ruwa, suka mamaye yankin, suka kame musulmi da dama, suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi a kasar Armeniya, suna jiran isowar Mongoliya, amma hakan ya kai ga faduwar Ruad, yakin karshe na kasa mai tsarki.

Lokacin da Ma’aikatan Asibiti suka koma Cyprus, Sarkin Urushalima Henry II na Cyprus ne ke mulkin tsibirin.Bai yi farin ciki ba cewa ƙungiyar da ke da ƙarfi kamar Dokar za ta iya yin gogayya da shi don ikon mallakar ƙaramin tsibirinsa kuma wataƙila ya saita Guillaume de Villaret a kan hanyar da za ta mamaye tsibirin Rhodes.A cewar Gérard de Monréal, da zaran an zabe shi a matsayin Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller a shekara ta 1305, Foulques de Villaret ya shirya cin nasarar Rhodes, wanda zai tabbatar masa da ‘yancin yin aiki da ba zai iya samu ba muddin Odar ta kasance. a Cyprus, kuma zai samar da wani sabon sansanin yaki da Turkawa.Rhodes ya kasance manufa mai ban sha'awa: tsibiri mai albarka, yana kusa da gabar kudu maso yammacin Asiya Ƙaramar Asiya, yana karkatar da hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Constantinople ko Alexandria da Levant.Tsibirin mallakin Rumawa ne, amma daular da ke da rauni a bayyane ta kasa kare dukiyoyinta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kama Chios a 1304 ta Genoese Benedetto Zaccaria, wanda ya sami amincewar mallakarsa daga Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282-1328), da kuma ayyukan gasa na Genoese da Venetian a yankin Dodecanese.Nasara na Asibiti na Rhodes ya faru a cikin 1306-1310.Ma'aikacin Asibitin Knights, wanda Grand Master Foulques de Villaret ya jagoranta, ya sauka a tsibirin a lokacin rani na 1306 kuma cikin sauri ya ci yawancinsa sai dai birnin Rhodes, wanda ya kasance a hannun Byzantine.Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos ya aika da ƙarfafawa, wanda ya ba da damar birnin ya tunkude harin farko na Asibitoci, kuma ya dage har sai da aka kama shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1310. Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun mayar da sansaninsu zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya zama cibiyar ayyukansu har sai da ya ci nasara da shi. Daular Ottoman a 1522.

A lokacin yakin Smyrniote a cikin 1344, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, haɗin gwiwar sojojin Knights Hospitallers na Rhodes, Jamhuriyar Venice , Papal Jihohin da Masarautar Cyprus, sun kwace tashar jiragen ruwa da birnin daga Turkawa, wanda suka yi kusan kusan. shekaru 60;Kagara ya fadi a shekara ta 1348, tare da rasuwar gwamna Umur Baha ad-Din Ghazi.A cikin 1402, Tamerlane ya mamaye garin kuma ya kashe kusan dukan mazaunan.Yunkurin Timur ya kasance na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, amma Smyrna ta sami karbuwa a hannun Turkawa a ƙarƙashin daular Aydin bayan haka ta zama Ottoman , lokacin da Ottoman suka mamaye ƙasar Aydin bayan 1425.

Fuskantar da Ottoman Sultanate da aka kafa a yanzu, da Knights Hospitaller, wanda hedkwatarsa ​​ke a tsibirin Rhodes, ya bukaci wani karfi a kan babban yankin.Babban Jagora Philibert de Naillac (1396–1421) ya gano wurin da ya dace a tsallaken tsibirin Kos, inda oda ya riga ya gina katafaren gini.Wurin da yake wurin shine wurin da aka gina katanga a zamanin Doric (1110 KZ) da kuma wani ƙaramin gidan Seljuk a ƙarni na 11.An fara ginin katafaren ginin ne a shekara ta 1404 a karkashin kulawar maginin mayafin nan na Jamus Heinrich Schlegelholt.An ba wa ma'aikatan gine-gine tabbacin samun wurin ajiyewa a sama ta Dokar Paparoma ta 1409. Sun yi amfani da dutsen dutse mai tsaunuka mai siffar murabba'i, ginshiƙan marmara da kayan taimako daga Mausoleum na Halicarnassus da ke kusa don ƙarfafa ginin.An kai hari a gidan sarauta tare da hawan Daular Ottoman, na farko bayan faduwar Constantinoful a 1453 da kuma a 1480 daga Sultan Mehmed II .Mayakan St John ne suka dakile harin.Lokacin da Knights suka yanke shawarar ƙarfafa katangar a 1494, sun sake yin amfani da duwatsu daga Mausoleum.Ganuwar da ke fuskantar babban yankin sun yi kauri ne domin a jure karuwar barna na igwa.Ganuwar da ke fuskantar tekun ba su da kauri, tun da odar ba ta da ɗan tsoro daga harin teku saboda ƙarfin rundunar sojojin ruwa.Grand Master Fabrizio del Carretto (1513–21) ya gina ginin dawafi don ƙarfafa gefen ƙasa na kagara.Duk da faffadan katangar da suke da shi, hasumiya ta ‘yan Salibiyya ba ta dace da sojojin Suleyman Mai Girma ba, wanda ya yi galaba a kan mayaka a shekara ta 1523. A karkashin mulkin Ottoman, muhimmancin gidan ya ragu, kuma a shekara ta 1895 aka mayar da shi kurkuku.

A kan Rhodes the Asibitoci, a lokacin kuma ana kiranta da Knights na Rhodes, an tilasta musu zama ƙarin sojoji, suna faɗa musamman tare da ƴan fashin Barbary.Sun yi tsayin daka da mamaya guda biyu a karni na 15, daya daga SarkinMusulmi a 1444 da kuma wani Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mehmed Mai Nasara a 1480 wanda bayan ya kame Constantinoful tare da fatattakar Daular Byzantine a shekara ta 1453, ya sanya Knights a gaba.A cikin 1522, wani sabon nau'in ƙarfi ya zo: jiragen ruwa 400 a ƙarƙashin umarnin Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma sun kai mutane 100,000 zuwa tsibirin (200,000 a wasu kafofin).A kan wannan karfi, Knights, a karkashin Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, suna da makamai kusan 7,000 da kagara.Yakin ya dauki tsawon watanni shida, a karshensa an ba da damar Ma'aikatan Asibitin da suka tsira da su janye zuwa Sicily.Duk da shan kayen da aka yi, da dukkan Kiristoci da Musulmi da alama sun dauki halin Phillipe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam a matsayin jajirtacce, kuma Paparoma Adrian na shida ya ayyana Babban Jagora a matsayin Mai Kare Imani.

Tripoli, a yau babban birnin kasar Libya, ya kasance karkashin jagorancin ma'aikacin Asibitin Knights tsakanin 1530 zuwa 1551. Birnin ya kasance karkashin mulkin Spain shekaru 20 kafin a ba da shi a matsayin fief ga masu asibiti a 1530 tare da tsibirin Malta da Gozo. .Ma’aikatan Asibitin sun yi wuya su mallaki birnin da tsibiran, kuma a wasu lokuta sukan ba da shawarar ko dai su ƙaura da hedkwatarsu zuwa Tripoli ko kuma su yi watsi da su da kuma lalata birnin.Mulkin Asibiti a kan Tripoli ya ƙare a shekara ta 1551 lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta kame birnin bayan wani hari.

Yayin da yake zaune a Malta, Order da sojojin ruwansa sun shiga cikin yakin ruwa da dama da sojojin ruwa na Ottoman ko kuma 'yan fashi na Barbary.Umurnin ya aika da wata mota kirar jirgi da galeys guda hudu don tallafa wa Daular Spain da kawayenta a yakin Tunis a 1535. Ya kuma shiga yakin Preveza (1538), balaguron Algiers (1541) da yakin Djerba (1560). inda Ottoman suka yi nasara a kan sojojin Kirista.Hudu daga cikin tashoshin Order, Santa Fè, San Michele, San Filippo da San Claudio, sun kife a cikin wata mahaukaciyar guguwa a Grand Harbor a 1555. An maye gurbinsu da kudaden da aka aika daga Spain, Papal States, Faransa da kuma Kafin St. Giles. .An gina jirgin ruwa ɗaya akan kuɗin Grand Master Claude de la Sengle.Lokacin da aka fara gina birnin Valletta a cikin 1560s, an yi shirin gina arsenal da mandracchio ga sojojin ruwa na Order.Ba a taɓa gina makaman ba, kuma yayin da aka fara aiki a kan mandracchio, ya tsaya, kuma yankin ya zama wani ƙauye da ake kira Manderaggio.A ƙarshe, an gina wani arsenal a Birgu a shekara ta 1597. An gina tashar jirgin ruwa a cikin ramin Valletta a 1654, amma an rufe shi a 1685.

Ko da ya tsira a kan Malta, odar ta yi asarar da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ta mallaka na Turai a lokacin juyin juya halin Furotesta.An kwace kadarorin reshen Ingilishi a cikin 1540. Bailiwick na Jamus na Brandenburg ya zama Lutheran a 1577, sannan ya zama Ikklesiyoyin bishara, amma ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar kudi ga Dokar har zuwa 1812, lokacin da Mai kare oda a Prussia, King Frederick. William III, ya juya shi zuwa tsari na cancanta.

Babban Siege na Malta ya faru ne a cikin 1565 lokacin da Daular Ottoman ta yi ƙoƙarin mamaye tsibirin Malta, sannan mai kula da Asibitin Knights ya riƙe.Sifen ya dau kusan watanni hudu, daga 18 ga Mayu zuwa 11 ga Satumba, 1565.Asibitin Knights yana da hedikwata a Malta tun 1530, bayan da aka kore shi daga Rhodes, da kuma Ottomans, a 1522, bayan da aka kewaye Rhodes.Daular Usmaniyya ta fara yunkurin daukar Malta a shekara ta 1551 amma ta kasa.A cikin 1565, Suleiman Mai Girma, Sultan Ottoman, ya yi ƙoƙari na biyu don ɗaukar Malta.Knights, wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 500 tare da sojoji kusan 6,000, sun yi tsayin daka da kewaye kuma suka fatattaki maharan.Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sha'awa a Turai na ƙarni na goma sha shida, har Voltaire ya ce: "Babu wani abu da aka fi sani fiye da kewayen Malta."Babu shakka hakan ya taimaka wajen rugujewar fahimtar da Turawa suka yi na rashin nasara a Ottoman, duk da cewa an ci gaba da gwabza fada tsakanin tekun Mediterrenean tsakanin kawancen Kiristoci da Turkawa Musulmi tsawon shekaru.Wannan kawanya dai ita ce kololuwar wata fafatawar da ta kunno kai tsakanin kawancen kiristoci da daular Musulunci ta Daular Usmaniyya na mallakar tekun Bahar Rum, gasar da ta hada da harin da Turkiyya ta kai a Malta a shekara ta 1551, da kuma lalata daular Usmaniyya ta rundunar sojojin kawance ta Kiristoci a yakin Djerba. 1560, da kuma babban nasara Ottoman a yakin Lepanto a 1571.

Bayan ƙaura zuwa Malta, sun sami kansu ba tare da dalili na farko na wanzuwa ba: taimakawa da shiga yakin crusades a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki yanzu ba zai yiwu ba, saboda dalilai na soja da karfin kudi tare da matsayi na yanki.Tare da raguwar kudaden shiga daga masu tallafawa na Turai ba sa son tallafa wa wata kungiya mai tsada da rashin ma'ana, mayaƙan sun juya zuwa aikin 'yan sanda a tekun Mediterrenean daga karuwar barazanar fashin teku, musamman daga barazanar 'yan fashin Barbary da Ottoman suka amince da su da ke aiki daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka.An ƙarfafa shi zuwa ƙarshen karni na 16 ta hanyar iska ta rashin nasara bayan nasarar kare tsibirin su a cikin 1565 kuma ya karu da nasarar da Kiristanci ya yi a kan rundunar Ottoman a yakin Lepanto a 1571, maƙarƙan sun shirya game da kare 'yan kasuwa na Kirista zuwa da kuma daga Levant tare da 'yantar da bayi Kirista da aka kama waɗanda suka kafa tushen cinikin barasa da jiragen ruwa na Barbary corsairs.Wannan ya zama sananne da "corso".Hukumomi a Malta nan da nan sun gane mahimmancin corsairing ga tattalin arzikinsu kuma sun tashi tsaye don ƙarfafa shi, kamar yadda duk da alkawuran da suka yi na talauci, an ba wa Knights ikon kiyaye wani yanki na spoglio, wanda shine kyautar kuɗi da kaya da aka samu daga wani yanki. jirgin da aka kama, tare da ikon fitar da nasu kwale-kwalen da sabon arzikinsu.Babban rigima da ta dabaibaye jiga-jigan jaruman ita ce dagewarsu kan manufofinsu na 'vista'.Hakan ya baiwa odar damar tsayawa tare da shiga duk wani jigilar da ake zargin na dauke da kayayyakin Turkiyya tare da kwace kayan da za a sake siyar da su a Valletta, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin, wadanda a halin yanzu su ne kayayyaki mafi daraja a cikin jirgin.A dabi'ance kasashe da dama sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sha fama da matsananciyar himmar tsayawa da kuma kwace duk wani kaya da ke da alaƙa da Turkawa.A ƙoƙari na daidaita matsalar da ke karuwa, hukumomi a Malta sun kafa kotun shari'a, Consiglio del Mer, inda kyaftin din da suka ji ba daidai ba za su iya amsa kararsu, sau da yawa cikin nasara.An tsara al'adar ba da lasisi na masu zaman kansu don haka amincewa da gwamnati, wanda aka yi shi tsawon shekaru da yawa, an tsara shi sosai yayin da gwamnatin tsibirin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da mayaka marasa tausayi tare da faranta wa masu iko na Turai da iyakacin taimako.Amma duk da haka waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara gaba ɗaya ba, saboda Consiglio del Mer ya sami korafe-korafe da yawa a cikin shekara 1700 na fashin teku na Malta a yankin.Daga qarshe, yawaitar cin zarafi na keɓancewa a cikin Bahar Rum shine ya zama faɗuwar maƙiyan a cikin wannan lokacin na wanzuwarsu yayin da suka rikiɗe daga hidima a matsayin sansanin soja na haɗin kan Kiristendam zuwa zama wata ƙasa-ƙasa a cikin wata nahiya mai son kasuwanci. nan ba da jimawa ba kasashen da ke fataucin tekun Arewa za su mamaye su.

Sojojin ruwa na Asibiti sun shiga cikin yawan Yaƙin Ottoman-Venetian a cikin ƙarni na 17 da farkon 18th.Wani sanannen alkawari shine aikin 28 ga Satumba 1644, wanda ya haifar da barkewar yakin Cretan.Sojojin ruwa sun kai kololuwa a cikin shekarun 1680, a lokacin majistare na Gregorio Carafa.A wannan lokacin, filin jirgin ruwa na Birgu ya fadada.

A cikin shekaru talatin na ƙarshe na ƙarni na goma sha takwas, oda ya sami ci gaba mai ƙarfi.Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da fatarar da ta kasance sakamakon mulkin kama karya na Pinto, wanda ya zubar da kudaden Oda.Saboda wannan, oda kuma ya zama mara farin jini ga Maltese.A shekara ta 1775, lokacin mulkin Francisco Ximénez de Tejada, an yi tawaye da aka fi sani da Rising of the Priests.'Yan tawaye sun yi nasarar kama Fort St Elmo da Saint James Cavalier, amma an danne tawayen kuma an kashe wasu daga cikin shugabannin yayin da aka daure wasu ko kuma a yi gudun hijira.A shekara ta 1792, gwamnati ta kwace kadarorin odar a Faransa saboda juyin juya halin Faransa, wanda ya jagoranci umarnin fatara a cikin rikicin kuɗi mafi girma.Lokacin da Napoleon ya sauka a Malta a watan Yunin 1798, maƙiyan za su iya jure wa dogon lokaci, amma sun mika tsibirin kusan ba tare da fada ba.

A cikin 1798, a lokacin balaguron Napoleon zuwa Masar , Napoleon ya kama Malta.Napoleon ya bukaci Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim cewa a bar jiragensa su shiga tashar kuma su dauki ruwa da kayayyaki.Babban Jagora ya amsa cewa jiragen ruwa biyu ne kawai na kasashen waje za a iya barin su shiga tashar a lokaci guda.Bonaparte, ya san cewa irin wannan hanya zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kuma zai bar sojojinsa masu rauni ga Admiral Nelson, nan da nan ya ba da umarnin fulsillade a kan Malta.Sojojin Faransa sun sauka a Malta da maki bakwai a safiyar ranar 11 ga watan Yuni kuma suka kai hari.Bayan an dauki tsawon sa'o'i ana gwabza kazamin fada, an tilastawa 'yan Malta da ke yammacin kasar mika wuya.Napoleon ya bude tattaunawa da babban birnin kagara na Valletta.Fuskantar manyan sojojin Faransa da kuma asarar yammacin Malta, Babban Jagora ya yi shawarwari kan mika wuya ga mamayewa.Hompesch ya bar Malta zuwa Trieste a ranar 18 ga Yuni.Ya yi murabus a matsayin Grand Master a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1799.An tarwatsa jaruman, duk da cewa odar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa cikin kankanin lokaci da kuma tattaunawa da gwamnatocin kasashen Turai don komawa kan karagar mulki.Sarkin Rasha , Paul I, ya ba da mafi yawan adadin matsuguni a Saint Petersburg, wani aikin da ya haifar da al'adar Rasha ta Knights Hospitaller da kuma amincewa da oda a tsakanin Dokokin Daular Rasha.'Yan gudun hijirar a Saint Petersburg sun ci gaba da zabar Tsar Paul a matsayin Babban Jagoran su - abokin hamayyar Grand Master von Hompesch har sai da na karshen ya bar Paul a matsayin Babban Jagora.Babban Jagora Paul I ya ƙirƙira, ban da Roman Katolika Grand Priory, "Grand Priory na Rasha" na ƙasa da kwamandoji 118, yana lalata sauran oda kuma buɗe wa duk Kiristoci.Zaɓen Bulus a matsayin Babban Jagora ba a taɓa amincewa da shi ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Canon Roman Katolika, kuma shi ne ainihin gaskiya maimakon de jure Grand Master of the Order.

A cikin 1834, Order, wanda ya zama sananne da Dokar Soja ta Malta, ta kafa hedkwatarta a tsohon ofishin jakadancinta a Roma, inda ya kasance har yau.Ayyukan asibiti, ainihin aikin oda, ya sake zama babban abin damuwa.Asibitin oda da ayyukan jin daɗi, waɗanda aka yi a cikin ma'auni mai yawa a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , an ƙarfafa su sosai kuma sun faɗaɗa a yakin duniya na biyu a ƙarƙashin Babban Jagora Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (Grand Master 1931-1951).