Mehmed Mai Nasara

An haifi Mehmed II a Edirne, a lokacin babban birnin Daular Usmaniyya .Mahaifinsa shi ne Sultan Murad II (1404-1451) da mahaifiyarsa Hüma Hatun, bawan da ba ta da tabbas.

Lokacin da Mehmed II yana da shekara goma sha daya an aika shi zuwa Amasya tare da lalas ( mashawartansa) guda biyu don yin mulki don haka ya sami kwarewa, bisa ga al'adar sarakunan Ottoman kafin zamaninsa.Sultan Murad II ya kuma tura malamai da dama domin su yi karatu a karkashinsa.Wannan ilimi na Musulunci ya yi tasiri sosai wajen gyara tunanin Mehmed da kuma karfafa imaninsa na musulmi.Masana ilimin kimiyya sun yi tasiri a cikin aikinsa na ilimin kimiyyar Islama, musamman ta wurin jagoransa, Molla Gürani, kuma ya bi hanyarsu.Tasirin Akshamsaddin a rayuwar Mehmed ya zama ruwan dare tun yana matashi, musamman a wajabcin cika aikinsa na Musulunci na hambarar da daular Rumawa ta hanyar cin Kostantinoful.

A mulkin Mehmed II na farko, ya yi galaba a kan ‘yan Salibiyya da John Hunyadi ya jagoranta bayan da Hungary ta kutsa kai cikin kasarsa ta karya sharuddan sulhu na zaman lafiya na Szeged a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1444. Cardinal Julian Cesarini, wakilin Paparoma, ya shawo kan Sarkin Hungary. cewa warware sulhu da musulmi ba cin amana ba ne.A wannan lokacin Mehmed na biyu ya nemi mahaifinsa Murad II da ya kwato karagar mulki, amma Murad II ya ki.Bisa ga tarihin ƙarni na 17, Mehmed II ya rubuta, "Idan kai ne sarki, ka zo ka jagoranci sojojinka. Idan ni ne sarki na umurce ka da ka zo ka jagoranci sojojina."Bayan haka, Murad II ya jagoranci sojojin Ottoman kuma ya yi nasara a yakin Varna a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1444.

A cikin 1448, John Hunyadi ya ga lokacin da ya dace don jagorantar yaƙin yaƙi da Daular Ottoman .Bayan cin nasara a yakin Varna (1444), ya sake tayar da wata runduna don kai hari ga Ottomans.Dabararsa ta dogara ne akan wani tawaye da ake tsammanin za a yi na al'ummar Balkan, harin ba-zata, da kuma halakar da babbar rundunar Daular Usmaniyya a yaki guda.A yakin na kwanaki uku sojojin Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Sultan Murad na biyu sun fatattaki sojojin Salibiyya na sarki John Hunyadi.

Sifen farko na Krujë ya faru ne a shekara ta 1450 lokacin da sojojin Ottoman mai kusan mutane 100,000 suka kewaye garin Krujë na Albaniya.Ƙungiyar Lezhë, wadda Skanderbeg ke jagoranta, ta fuskanci ƙarancin ɗabi'a bayan ta rasa Svetigrad da Berat a tsakanin 1448 zuwa 1450. Duk da haka, gargaɗin Skanderbeg da goyon bayan limamai, waɗanda suka yi da'awar cewa sun sami wahayi na mala'iku da nasara, sun motsa Albaniyawa don kare kansu. babban birnin League, Krujë, a kowane farashi.Bayan ya bar sansanin tsaro na mazaje 4,000 a karkashin amintaccen Laftanarsa Vrana Konti (wanda aka fi sani da Kont Urani), Skanderbeg ya tursasa sansanonin Ottoman da ke kusa da Krujë kuma ya kai hari kan ayarin motocin Sultan Murad II.A watan Satumba sansanin Ottoman ya kasance cikin rudani yayin da hankali ya kwanta kuma cututtuka suka yi kamari.Dakarun Ottoman sun yarda cewa babban ginin na Krujë ba zai fado da karfin makamai ba, ya ɗaga kewayen, kuma ya yi hanyar zuwa Edirne.Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin hunturu na 1450-51, Murad ya mutu a Edirne kuma ɗansa, Mehmed II ya gaje shi.

A cikin 1446 Murad II ya koma kan karagar mulki, Mehmed II ya ci gaba da rike mukamin sultan amma ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Manisa kawai.Bayan mutuwar Murad II a 1451, Mehmed II ya zama sarki a karo na biyu.Ibrahim Bey na Karaman ya mamaye yankin da ake takaddama a kai tare da tayar da bore daban-daban na adawa da mulkin Ottoman.Mehmed II ya yi kamfen na farko akan Ibrahim na Karaman;Rumawa sun yi barazanar sakin Orhan mai da'awar Ottoman.

Lokacin da Mehmed na biyu ya sake hawa karagar mulki a shekara ta 1451 ya dukufa wajen karfafa sojojin ruwa na Daular Usmaniyya tare da yin shirye-shiryen kai wa Konstantinoful hari.A cikin mashigin Bosphorus, babban kakansa Bayezid na daya ya gina katangar Anadoluhisarı a bangaren Asiya;Mehmed ya gina wani kagara mai karfi mai suna Rumelihisarı a bangaren turai, kuma ta haka ya sami cikakken iko akan mashigin.Bayan kammala katangarsa, Mehmed ya ci gaba da sanya haraji a kan jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa da karfinsu.Wani jirgin ruwan kasar Venetian da ya yi watsi da alamun tsayawa ya nutse da harbi guda kuma aka fille kawunan dukkan ma’aikatan jirgin da suka tsira, sai dai kyaftin din da aka rataye shi kuma aka dora shi a matsayin wani abin tsoro na dan Adam a matsayin gargadi ga ma’aikatan jirgin da ke kan mashigin.

Rundunar Ottoman da ke karkashin Baltoghlu ba za su iya shiga Kahon Zinare ba saboda sarkar da Rumawa suka yi a baya a kan kofar shiga.Mehmed ya ba da umarnin gina titin itace mai mai a fadin Galata da ke gefen arewa na kahon Zinare, kuma ya ja jiragensa a kan tudu, kai tsaye zuwa cikin Kahon Zinare a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, yana tsallake shingen sarkar.Wannan matakin ya yi matukar barazana ga kwararar kayayyaki daga jiragen ruwa na Genoese daga yankin Pera mai tsaka-tsaki, kuma ya raunana masu kare Byzantine.

Sojojin Ottoman da suka kai hari, wadanda suka zarce masu kare Konstantinoful, Sultan Mehmed II mai shekaru 21 (daga baya ake kiransa "Mai Nasara") ne ya ba da umarni, yayin da Sarkin Rumawa Constantine XI Palaiologos ya jagoranci sojojin Byzantine.Bayan ya ci birnin, Mehmed na biyu ya mai da Constantinople sabon babban birnin Ottoman, ya maye gurbin Adrianople.Faɗuwar Konstantinoful ta nuna ƙarshen daular Byzantine, kuma ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen daular Roma, jihar da ta kasance a shekara ta 27 KZ kuma ta yi kusan shekaru 1,500.Kame Constantinople, birni ne da ke nuna rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Turai da Asiya Ƙarama, ya kuma baiwa Ottoman damar mamaye yankin Turai yadda ya kamata, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga ikon Ottoman na yankin Balkan.

Kamfen na farko na Mehmed II bayan Konstantinoful sun kasance a cikin hanyar Serbia.Mehmed ya jagoranci yakin da Serbia saboda mai mulkin Serbia Đurađ Branković ya ƙi aika haraji kuma ya kulla kawance da Masarautar Hungary.Sojojin Ottoman sun mamaye muhimmin birnin hakar ma'adinai na Novo Brdo.Dakarun Ottoman sun ci gaba har zuwa Belgrade, inda suka yi yunƙuri amma suka kasa cinye birnin daga hannun John Hunyadi a Siege na Belgrade, a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1456.

Bayan haka an ba da sarautar Serbia ga Stephen Tomašević, sarkin Bosnia na gaba, wanda ya fusata Sultan Mehmed.Sultan Mehmed II ya yanke shawarar cinye Serbia gaba daya kuma ya isa Smederevo;sabon mai mulkin bai ma yi kokarin kare birnin ba.Bayan shawarwarin, an ba wa Bosniya izinin barin birnin, kuma Turkawa sun mamaye Serbia a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1459, wanda ya kawo karshen wanzuwar Baƙin Sabiya.

Despotate na Morea ya ƙi biyan harajinsa na shekara kuma ya yi tawaye.A mayar da martani Mehmed ya jagoranci yakin neman shiga Morea.Mehmed ya shiga Morea a watan Mayun 1460. Babban birnin Misra ya fadi daidai shekaru bakwai bayan Constantinople, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1460. Demetrios ya ƙare wani fursuna na Ottoman kuma ƙanensa Thomas ya gudu.A karshen lokacin rani, daular Ottoman sun sami nasarar mika wuya ga kusan dukkanin garuruwan da Girkawa suka mallaka.An yi galaba a kan mazauna kuma aka shigar da yankunansu cikin daular Usmaniyya .

Bayan da sarkin daular Trebizond ya ki biyan haraji ya kuma kulla kawance da Akkoyunlu Mehmed ya jagoranci yakin da Trebizond ta kasa da ruwa.Ya jagoranci dakaru masu yawan gaske daga Bursa ta kasa da kuma sojojin ruwa na Ottoman ta ruwa, na farko zuwa Sinope, tare da hada karfi da karfe da dan uwan ​​Ismail Ahmed (Jan).Ya kama Sinope kuma ya kawo karshen mulkin daular Jandarid.Bayan kewaye fiye da kwanaki 32, Trebizond da sarki sun mika wuya kuma daular ta ƙare.

Vlad the Impaler wanda tare da taimakon Ottoman ya zama sarkin Ottoman na Wallachia , ya ƙi biyan haraji bayan wasu shekaru kuma ya mamaye yankin Ottoman a arewacin Bulgaria .A wannan lokacin Mehmed, tare da babban sojojin Ottoman, yana kan yakin Trebizond a Asiya.Lokacin da Mehmed ya dawo daga kamfen ɗinsa na Trebizond ya jagoranci yaƙin yaƙi da Wallachia.Vlad ya gudu bayan wasu juriya ga Hungary.Mehmed da farko ya mai da Wallachia dan Ottoman eyalet amma sai ya nada dan'uwan Vlad Radu a matsayin mai mulki.

Mehmed ya mamaye Bosnia kuma ya ci ta da sauri, inda ya kashe Stephen Tomašević da kawunsa Radivoj.Bosnia a hukumance ta fadi a shekara ta 1463 kuma ta zama lardin yamma na Daular Ottoman .

An yi yakin Ottoman-Venetian na farko tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice da kawayenta da kuma Daular Usmaniyya daga 1463 zuwa 1479. An yi yakin jim kadan bayan kama Konstantinoful da ragowar daular Byzantine da Ottoman suka yi, wanda ya yi sanadin asarar mutane da dama. Hannun Venetian a Albania da Girka , mafi mahimmanci tsibirin Negroponte (Euboea), wanda ya kasance kariyar Venetian tsawon ƙarni.Yakin kuma ya ga saurin fadada sojojin ruwa na Ottoman, wanda ya sami damar kalubalantar Venetian da Asibitin Knights don samun fifiko a Tekun Aegean.A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na yaƙi, duk da haka, Jamhuriyar ta yi nasarar maido da asarar da ta yi ta hanyar mallakar daular Crusader na Cyprus .

Ko da yake Mehmed ya mamaye Karaman a shekara ta 1468, amma bai sami ikon mamaye wasu kabilun Turkoman da ke zaune a tsaunukan da suka kai ga gabar tekun Bahar Rum ba.Su wadannan kabilu ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa, kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci sukan tashi suna tayar da kayar baya ga masu riya kan karagar mulkin Karamanid.Bayan rasuwar sarkin Karamanid an fara yakin basasa a tsakanin 'ya'yansa inda shi ma Uzun Hasan sarkin Akkoyunlu ya shiga cikinsa.Bayan wani lokaci Mehmed ya zarce zuwa yankin ya mayar da Karamanid zuwa daular Usmaniyya.

Stephen III na Moldavia ya kai hari ga Wallachia, wani Basaraken Ottoman, kuma ya ƙi biyan harajin shekara-shekara.An ci sojojin Ottoman kuma Mehmed ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Moldavia.Ya ci Moldavia a yakin Valea Alba, bayan haka sun yarda da bayar da haraji kuma aka samu zaman lafiya.

Harin da aka kai wa Otranto wani bangare ne na wani yunkuri na zubar da jini da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi na mamayekasar Italiya da kuma mamaye kasar .A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1480, dakaru kusan 20,000 Turkawa Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Gedik Ahmed Pasha suka mamaye kudancin Italiya.Bisa labarin da aka bayar na gargajiya, an fille kawunan mutane sama da 800 bayan da aka kwace birnin.