Yaƙin 'Yancin Girika

Faduwar Konstantinoful a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1453 da kuma faduwar jihohin da suka gaji daular Rumawa ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Byzantine.Bayan haka, daular Ottoman ta yi mulkin Balkans da Anatolia (Asiya Ƙaramar Asiya), tare da wasu keɓancewa.Girka ta zo karkashin mulkin Ottoman a karni na 15, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin da bayan faduwar Konstantinoful.

Filiki Eteria ko Society of Friends wata ƙungiya ce ta sirri da aka kafa a cikin 1814 a Odessa, wacce manufarta ita ce hambarar da mulkin Ottoman na Girka tare da kafa ƙasar Girka mai cin gashin kanta.Membobin al'umma sun kasance galibi matasa Helenawa na Phanariot daga Constantinople da Daular Rasha , shugabannin siyasa da na soja na gida daga babban yankin Girka da tsibiran, da kuma shugabannin Kiristocin Orthodox da yawa daga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tasirin Hellenic, kamar Karađorđe daga Serbia Tudor Vladimirescu daga Romania , da Arvanite kwamandojin soja.Daya daga cikin jagororin ta shine fitaccen Yariman Phanariote Alexander Ypsilantis.Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka a cikin bazara na 1821.

An zabi Alexander Ypilantis a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Filiki Eteria a watan Afrilun 1820 kuma ya dauki nauyin shirya tawaye.Nufinsa shi ne ya tayar da dukan Kiristoci na Balkan a cikin tawaye kuma watakila ya tilasta Rasha ta shiga tsakani a madadinsu.Ypsilantis ya ba da shela yana kira ga dukan Helenawa da Kirista su tashi su yi yaƙi da Ottoman .

Ko da yake yaƙin ya kasance cin nasara na soja ga Helenawa, mutuwar Diakos ya ba wa ƙasar Girka tatsuniyar tatsuniyar jarumtaka.

Sifen da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tripolitsa a shekara ta 1821 ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai na Girka.Tripolitsa, dake tsakiyar Peloponnese, ita ce babban birnin Ottoman Morea Eyalet kuma alama ce ta ikon Ottoman.Yawan jama'arta sun hada da Turkawa attajirai, Yahudawa, da 'yan gudun hijirar Ottoman.Kisan gilla na tarihi da aka yi wa mazaunanta Girka a shekara ta 1715, 1770, da farkon 1821 ya tsananta fushin Girka.Theodoros Kolokotronis, babban jagoran juyin juya hali na Girka, ya kai hari ga Tripolitsa, ya kafa sansani da hedkwatarsa.Sojojinsa sun hada da sojojin Maniot karkashin Petros Mavromichalis da wasu kwamandoji daban-daban.Dakarun na Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Kehayabey Mustafa da dakarun Hursid Pasha sun fuskanci kalubale mai kalubale.Duk da juriyar Ottoman na farko, yanayin da ke cikin Tripolitsa ya ta'azzara saboda karancin abinci da ruwa.Kolokotronis ya yi shawarwari tare da masu tsaron Albaniya don amintacciyar hanyarsu, ta raunana tsaron Ottoman.A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1821, Girkawa sun haɗa kai a kusa da Tripolitsa, kuma a ranar 23 ga Satumba, sun keta ganuwar birnin, wanda ya kai ga mamaye.Kame Tripolitsa ya biyo bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa musulmanta ( galibin Turkawa) da Yahudawa mazauna.Rahotannin gani da ido da suka hada da na Thomas Gordon da William St. Clair, sun bayyana munanan ta’asar da sojojin kasar Girka suka aikata, inda aka yi kiyasin mutane kusan 32,000 ne suka mutu, ciki har da mata da kananan yara.Kisan kiyashin na daya daga cikin jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya ga musulmin Peloponnese.Ayyukan da sojojin Girka suka yi a lokacin kewaye da kisan kiyashi, wanda ke nuna tsananin addini da ramuwar gayya, ya yi kama da irin ta'asar da Ottoman ta yi a baya, kamar Kisan Kisan Kiyashi.Yayin da al'ummar Yahudawa suka sha wahala sosai, masana tarihi irin su Steven Bowman sun ce harin da aka yi musu ya kasance mai haɗari ga babbar manufar kawar da Turkawa.Kame Tripolitsa ya karawa Girka kwarin gwiwa sosai, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar samun nasara a kan Daular Usmaniyya.Hakan kuma ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu juyin juya hali na Girka, inda wasu shugabannin suka yi tir da wannan ta'asa.Wannan rarrabuwar ta nuna alamun rikice-rikice na cikin gida na gaba a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Girka.

An yi yakin Dragashani (ko yakin Drăgășani) a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1821 a Drăgășani, Wallachia, tsakanin sojojin Daular Usmaniyya na Sultan Mahmud II da kuma 'yan tawaye na Girka Filiki Etaireia.Ya kasance share fage ne ga Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Girka.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Girka na 1822 takarda ce da Majalisar Dokoki ta Farko ta Epidaurus ta amince da ita a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1822. A bisa ƙa'ida ita ce Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi na Girka (Προσωωρινό Πολίτευλο της Ελο Girka), wani lokacin tsarin mulki.An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin tsarin mulki na farko na Girka ta zamani, ƙoƙari ne na cimma ƙungiyoyin gwamnati na wucin gadi da na soja har sai an kafa majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa a nan gaba.

Kisan kiyashin Chios shi ne kisan dubun-dubatar Helenawa a tsibirin Chios da sojojin Ottoman suka yi a lokacin Yaƙin ’Yancin Kai na Girka a shekara ta 1822. Girkawa daga tsibiran maƙwabta sun isa Chios kuma sun ƙarfafa Chiotes su shiga tawaye.A martanin da sojojin Ottoman suka yi a tsibirin sun kashe dubban mutane.Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Kiristoci ya jawo fushin duniya kuma ya kai ga ƙara goyon bayan al’amuran Girka a dukan duniya.

Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Girka ya kasance alamar yakin basasa guda biyu, wanda ya faru a cikin 1823-1825.Rikicin yana da nau'o'in siyasa da na yanki, kamar yadda ya haɗu da Roumeliotes (mutanen Girka na Girka) da kuma 'yan tsibirin (masu jirgin ruwa, musamman daga tsibirin Hydra), da Peloponnesia ko Moreotes.Ya raba kan matasan al'ummar kasar, kuma ya raunana shirye-shiryen soji na sojojin Girka a yayin daMasar ta shiga cikin rikicin.

Sige na uku na Messolonghi (wanda galibi ana kiransa da siege na biyu) an yi yaƙi da shi a yakin Girka na 'yancin kai, tsakanin Daular Ottoman da 'yan tawayen Girka, daga 15 Afrilu 1825 zuwa 10 Afrilu 1826. Ottoman sun riga sun yi ƙoƙari kuma sun kasa yin nasara. kama birnin a 1822 da 1823, amma ya dawo a shekara ta 1825 tare da karfi na sojojin kasa da kuma sojojin ruwa masu karfi da ke tallafawa sojojin.Girikawa sun shafe kusan shekara guda kafin abinci ya kare kuma suka yi yunkurin ballewa, wanda duk da haka ya haifar da wani bala'i, inda aka kashe mafi yawansu.Wannan shan kashi shi ne babban abin da ya kai ga shiga tsakani daga Manyan Mahukunta waɗanda suka ji labarin ta'asar, suka ji tausayin dalilin Girka.

An yi yakin Maniaki ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1825 a Maniaki na kasar Girka (a tsaunukan gabashin Gargalianoi) tsakanin sojojin Masar na Daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha da sojojin Girka karkashin jagorancin Papaflessa.Yakin dai ya kare ne da nasararMasar , inda aka kashe kwamandojin Girka, Papaflessas da Pieros Voidis, a wani mataki.

Daular Ottoman –Masarawa ta mamaye Mani yakin ne a lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai na Girka wanda ya kunshi fadace-fadace guda uku.Maniots sun gwabza da hadin gwiwar sojojin Masar da na Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha na Masar.

Yaƙin Arachova, ya faru tsakanin 18 zuwa 24 ga Nuwamba 1826 (NS).An gwabza tsakanin dakarun daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Mustafa Bey da kuma 'yan tawayen Girka karkashin Georgios Karaiskakis.Bayan samun bayanan sirrin yadda sojojin daular Usmaniyya suka yi, Karaiskakis ya shirya wani harin ba-zata a kusa da kauyen Arachova da ke tsakiyar kasar Girka.A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, an killace sojojin Ottoman na Mustafa Bey 2,000 a Arachova.Dakarun mutum 800 da suka yi yunkurin sauke masu tsaron bayan kwana uku sun kasa.

Yaƙin Navarino yaƙin ruwa ne da aka yi yaƙi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba (OS 8 Oktoba) 1827, lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka (1821-32), a Navarino Bay (Pylos na zamani), a bakin tekun yamma na tsibirin Peloponnese, a cikin Tekun Ionian.Dakarun kawance daga Birtaniya , Faransa , da Rasha sun yi nasara a kan Ottoman da sojojinMasar wadanda ke kokarin murkushe Girkawa, wanda hakan ya sa Girka ta sami 'yancin kai.Wani Armada na Ottoman wanda, baya ga jiragen yakin daular, ya hada da runduna daga eyalets (larduna) na Masar da Tunis, sojojin kawance na jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya, Faransa da Rasha sun lalata su.Ya kasance babban yaƙin sojan ruwa na ƙarshe a tarihi da aka yi gaba ɗaya da jiragen ruwa, kodayake yawancin jiragen sun yi yaƙi a anka.Nasarar kawancen ta samu ne ta hanyar karfin wuta da bindiga.

An dauki Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias a matsayin wanda ya kafa kasar Girka ta zamani, kuma mai tsara 'yancin kai na Girka Bayan ya zagaya Turai don nuna goyon baya ga manufar Girka, Kapodistrias ya sauka a Nafplion a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1828, kuma ya isa Aegina a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1828. Birtaniya ba ta ƙyale shi ya wuce daga ƙasarsa ta Corfu (mai tsaron Birtaniya tun 1815 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Amurka na Ionian Islands) yana tsoron yiwuwar tashin hankalin jama'a.Wannan ne karon farko da ya taka kafarsa a babban yankin kasar ta Girka, kuma ya sami wani yanayi na karaya a wurin.Ko a yayin da ake ci gaba da fafatawa da Ottoman, rikice-rikice na bangaranci da na daular sun kai ga yakin basasa guda biyu, wanda ya lalata kasar.Girka ta yi fatara, kuma Girkawa sun kasa kafa gwamnatin kasa mai haɗin kai.Duk inda Kapodistrias ya je a Girka, jama'a sun yi masa tarba mai yawa.

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1828-1829 ya haifar da yakin 'yancin kai na Girka na 1821-1829.Yaki ya barke bayan da Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mahmud II ya rufe Dardanelles ga jiragen ruwa na Rasha ya kuma soke yarjejeniyar Akkerman ta 1826 don ramuwar gayya ga shiga Rasha a watan Oktoban 1827 a yakin Navarino.

Yarjejeniyar London ta 1830, wacce aka fi sani da Protocol of Independence a cikin tarihin tarihin Girka, yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Faransa, Rasha, da Burtaniya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1830. Ita ce dokar diflomasiyya ta farko ta kasa da kasa wacce ta amince da Girka a matsayin mai iko kuma kasa mai cin gashin kanta.Yarjejeniyar ta baiwa Girka yancin siyasa, gudanarwa, da kasuwanci na wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, kuma ta ayyana iyakar arewacin Girka daga bakin kogin Achelous zuwa bakin kogin Sperchios.An riga an amince da 'yancin cin gashin kai na Girka a cikin wani nau'i ko wani tun daga 1826, kuma gwamnatin Girka ta wucin gadi karkashin Gwamna Ioannis Kapodistrias ta kasance, amma yanayin mulkin mallaka na Girka, matsayinsa na siyasa, da iyakokin sabuwar kasar Girka, an kasance. An yi muhawara a tsakanin manyan kasashe, Girkawa, da gwamnatin Ottoman.Yarjejeniyar London ta ƙaddara cewa ƙasar Girka za ta zama sarauta, wanda "Mai Mulkin Girka" ke mulki.Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da farko sun zabi Yarima Leopold na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a matsayin sarki.Bayan da Leopold ya ki amincewa da tayin sarautar Girka, taron masu iko a taron London na 1832 ya nada Yarima Otto na Bavaria mai shekaru 17 a matsayin Sarkin Girka kuma ya nada sabuwar kasar Masarautar Girka.

Taron London na 1832 taro ne na kasa da kasa da aka kira don kafa gwamnati tabbatacciya a Girka.Tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin manyan kasashe uku (Birtaniya, Faransa da Rasha) ya haifar da kafa daular Girka a karkashin wani yarima Bavaria.An amince da shawarar a cikin yarjejeniyar Constantinople daga baya waccan shekarar.Yarjejeniyar ta biyo bayan Yarjejeniyar Akkerman wadda a baya ta amince da wani sauyi na yanki a yankin Balkan, ikon mulkin Sabiya.

Sakamakon juyin juya halin Girka ya kasance da ɗan shakku a nan gaba.An kafa wata ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Girka , amma tare da Biritaniya, Rasha da Faransa suna da tasiri sosai a siyasar Girka, daular Bavaria da aka shigo da ita a matsayin mai mulki, da sojojin haya.An shafe shekaru goma ana gwabzawa kasar kuma cike da 'yan gudun hijirar da babu kowa a cikin kasar Turkiyya, lamarin da ya tilastawa wasu sauye-sauyen filaye a shekaru da dama.A matsayinsu na al'umma, Girkawa ba su daina ba wa sarakunan Danubian sarauta ba, kuma ana ɗaukar su a cikin daular Usmaniyya , musamman ga al'ummar musulmi, a matsayin maciya amana.A cikin Constantinople da sauran daular Ottoman inda bankunan Girka da kasancewar 'yan kasuwa suka mamaye, Armeniyawa galibi sun maye gurbin Girkawa a banki, kuma 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa sun sami mahimmanci.A cikin mahangar tarihi na dogon lokaci, wannan ya nuna wani abin al'ajabi a cikin rugujewar daular Usmaniyya, duk da girman girman da talauci da sabuwar kasar Girka ta yi.A karon farko, batun Kiristanci mutane sun sami 'yancin kai daga mulkin Ottoman kuma sun kafa kasa mai cikakken 'yanci, wacce Turai ta amince da ita.Sabuwar ƙasar Girka da aka kafa za ta zama mai haɓakawa don ƙarin faɗaɗa kuma, a cikin ƙarni guda, sassan Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, tsibiran Aegean da yawa, tsibiran Ionian da sauran yankuna masu magana da Girka za su haɗu tare da sabuwar ƙasar Girka.