Daular Byzantine: Daular Palaiologos

Mulkin Michael na VIII Palaiologos ya ga yadda ƙarfin Rumawa ya dawo da yawa, gami da faɗaɗa sojojin Byzantine da na ruwa.Hakanan zai hada da sake gina birnin Constantinople, da karuwar yawan jama'arta.Ya sake kafa Jami'ar Constantinople, wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira Palaiologan Renaissance tsakanin karni na 13 da 15.Har ila yau, a wannan lokaci ne mayar da hankali na sojojin Byzantine zuwa Balkans, a kan Bulgarians , barin iyakar Anatolian da aka yi watsi da su.Magadansa ba za su iya ramawa ga wannan canji na mayar da hankali ba, kuma duka biyun Arsenite schism da yakin basasa guda biyu (yakin basasa na Byzantine na 1321-1328, da yakin basasar Byzantine na 1341-1347) sun lalata ƙarin ƙoƙari na haɓaka yankuna da murmurewa, da raguwa. karfin daular, tattalin arziki, da albarkatunsa.Rikici na yau da kullun tsakanin magada na Byzantine kamar Daular Tasalonika, Trebizond, Epirus da Serbia ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na tsohon yankin Byzantine da kuma damar samun nasarar cin nasara a yankuna masu fa'ida daga bayan-Seljuk Anatolian beyliks, musamman na Osman, daga baya aka kira shi. daular Usmaniyya .

A yakin Pelagonia (1259), sojojin Sarkin Byzantine Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259-1282) sun kashe ko kama mafi yawan sarakunan Latin na Masarautar Achaea, ciki har da Yarima William II na Villehardouin (r. 1246). -1278).Domin samun ’yancinsa, William ya amince ya ba da wasu sansanonin tsaro a yankin kudu maso gabashin yankin Morea.Ya kuma yi rantsuwar mubaya'a ga Mika'ilu, ya zama ma'aikacinsa kuma ana girmama shi ta wurin zama ubangida ga ɗayan 'ya'yan Mika'ilu da samun mukami da matsayi na babban gida.A farkon 1262, an sake William, kuma aka mika garu na Monemvasia da Mystras, da gundumar Mani ga Rumawa.A ƙarshen shekara ta 1262, William ya ziyarci yankin Laconia tare da rakiyar ƴan fashi da makami.Duk da rangwame da ya yi wa Rumawa, har yanzu ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan Laconia, musamman birnin Lacedaemon (Sparta) da baronies na Passavant (Passavas) da Geraki.Wannan nunin ƙarfin makamai ya damu da sojojin Byzantine, kuma gwamnan yankin, Michael Kantakouzenos, ya aika zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna Michael don neman taimako.An gwabza yakin Prinitza a shekara ta 1263 tsakanin dakarun daular Byzantine, inda suka yi tattaki don kame Andravida, babban birnin Daular Latin na Achaea, da kuma wani karamin sojojin Achaean.Achaeans sun kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata a kan sojojin Byzantine masu karfin gaske kuma masu karfin gwiwa, suka yi galaba a kansu suka warwatsa su, suka ceci mulkin daga cin nasara.

An yi yakin Settepozzi a farkon rabin 1263 a kashe tsibirin Settepozzi (sunan Italiyanci na Spetses) tsakanin rundunar Genoese-Byzantine da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Venetian.Genoa da Rumawa sun yi kawance da Venice tun daga yarjejeniyar Nymphaeum a shekara ta 1261, yayin da Genoa, musamman, ta shiga yakin Saint Sabas da Venice daga 1256. A cikin 1263, rundunar Genoese na jiragen ruwa 48, suna tafiya. zuwa sansanin Rumawa na Monemvasia, ya ci karo da rundunar Venetian jiragen ruwa 32.'Yan Genoese sun yanke shawarar kai hari, amma biyu kawai daga cikin manyan jami'ai hudu na jiragen ruwa na Genoese, da 14 na jiragen ruwa sun shiga cikin sauƙi kuma Venetians suka yi nasara da su, suka kama jiragen ruwa hudu kuma sun yi mummunar rauni.Nasarar Venetian da kuma nuna rashin son Genoese don fuskantar su yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na siyasa, yayin da Rumawa suka fara nisantar da kansu daga kawancen su da Genoa kuma suka maido da dangantakarsu da Venice, tare da kulla yarjejeniyar rashin cin zarafi na shekaru biyar a 1268. Bayan Settepozzi. , 'Yan Genoese sun kauce wa yin arangama da sojojin ruwan Venetian, maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan hare-haren kasuwanci.Wannan bai hana wani ba, har ma da ƙari, ɓarke ​​​​da cikakkiyar nasara a Yaƙin Trapani a 1266.

Bayan yakin Prinitza, Constantine Palaiologos ya tattara sojojinsa, kuma a shekara ta gaba ya sake kaddamar da wani yakin cin nasara a Achaea.Kokarin nasa ya ci tura, sojojin hayar Turkiyya da ke korafin rashin albashi sun koma Acha.Daga nan sai William na biyu ya kai hari kan ruguzawan Rumawa ya kuma samu gagarumar nasara a yakin Makryplagi.Yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu na Prinitza da Makryplagi don haka ya kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙarin Michael Palaiologos na maido da gaba ɗaya na Morea, kuma ya tabbatar da mulkin Latin akan Morea na fiye da ƙarni.

Lokacin da aka kama tsohon Seljuk Sultan Kaykaus II a Daular Rumawa, ƙanensa Kayqubad II ya roƙi Berke.Tare da taimakon Masarautar Bulgeriya (Berke's vassal), Nogai ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1264. A shekara ta gaba, sojojin Mongol - Bulgaria sun isa Konstantinoful.Nogai ya tilasta Michael VIII Palaiologos ya saki Kaykaus kuma ya ba da haraji ga Horde.Berke ya ba Kaykaus Crimea a matsayin appanage kuma ya sa shi ya auri mace Mongol.Hulagu ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 1265 kuma Berke ya bi shekara ta gaba yayin da yake yakin neman zabe a Tiflis, wanda ya sa sojojinsa suka koma baya.

Fa'idodin sojan da Michael ya samu bayan kama Constantinople ya ƙafe a ƙarshen 126, amma zai nuna kwarewarsa ta diflomasiya don samun nasarar murmurewa daga waɗannan abubuwan.Bayan Settepozzi, Michael VIII ya kori 60 Genoese galleys da ya yi hayar a baya kuma ya fara kusanci da Venice.Michael ya yi yarjejeniya a asirce da 'yan Venetian don ba da sharuɗɗan kama da na Nymphaeum, amma Doge Raniero Zeno ya gaza amincewa da yarjejeniyar.Ya kuma sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a cikin 1263 tare da SarkinMamlukna Masar Baibars da Berke, Mongol Khan na Kipchak Khanate.

A lokacin mulkin Berke kuma an kai hari kan Thrace.A cikin hunturu na 1265, Sarkin Bulgaria , Constantine Tych, ya bukaci Mongol su shiga tsakani a kan Rumawa a cikin Balkans.Nogai Khan ya jagoranci wani hari na Mongol na dawakai 20,000 (tumen biyu) a kan yankunan Byzantine na gabas Thrace.A farkon 1265, Michael VIII Palaeologus ya fuskanci Mongols, amma ƙaramar tawagarsa a fili yana da ƙananan halin kirki kuma an yi nasara da sauri.Yawancinsu an yanke su yayin da suke gudu.An tilasta Mika'ilu ya koma Konstantinoful a kan jirgin ruwan Genoese yayin da sojojin Nogai suka washe dukan Thrace.Bayan wannan shan kashi, Sarkin Byzantine ya kulla kawance da Golden Horde (wanda ke da matukar amfani ga karshen), ya ba 'yarsa Euphrosyne auren Nogai.Michael kuma ya aika da masana'anta mai mahimmanci ga Golden Horde a matsayin haraji.

Ƙarshen Byzantine da Mongol ya faru a ƙarshen 13th da farkon karni na 14 tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Mongol Empire.Byzantium a zahiri ya yi ƙoƙari ya kula da dangantakar abokantaka tare da Golden Horde da kuma Ilkhanate , waɗanda sau da yawa suke yaƙi da juna.Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da musayar kyaututtuka da yawa, haɗin gwiwar soja da haɗin gwiwar aure, amma ya wargaje a tsakiyar karni na 14.Sarkin sarakuna Michael VIII Palaiologos ya kafa ƙawance tare da Mongols, waɗanda su kansu sun yarda da Kiristanci sosai, saboda tsiraru daga cikinsu Kiristoci ne na Nestorian.Ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a cikin 1266 tare da Mongol Khan na Kipchak (Golden Horde), kuma ya auri 'ya'yansa mata biyu (wanda aka haifa ta hanyar farka, Diplovatatzina) ga sarakunan Mongol: Euphrosyne Palaiologina, wanda ya auri Nogai Khan na Golden Horde. , da Maria Palaiologina, wacce ta auri Abaqa Khan na Ilkhanid Farisa .

Babban barazana ga Byzantium ba Musulmai ba ne amma takwarorinsu na Kirista a Yamma - Michael VIII ya san cewa Venetian da Franks ba shakka za su kaddamar da wani yunƙuri na kafa mulkin Latin a Konstantinoful.Lamarin ya yi muni sa’ad da Charles I na Anjou ya ci Sicily daga Hohenstaufens a shekara ta 1266. A shekara ta 1267, Paparoma Clement IV ya shirya wata yarjejeniya, ta yadda Charles zai sami fili a Gabas don taimakon wani sabon balaguron soji zuwa Constantinople.Jinkiri a ƙarshen Charles yana nufin cewa an ba Michael VIII isasshen lokaci don tattaunawa game da haɗin kai tsakanin Cocin Roma da na Constantinople a shekara ta 1274, don haka ya kawar da goyon bayan papal don mamaye Constantinople.

An kulla yarjejeniya ta farko a cikin 1265 amma Venice ba ta amince da ita ba.A ƙarshe, haɓakar Charles na Anjou a Italiya da burinsa na hegemonic a cikin yanki mai faɗi, wanda ke barazana ga Venice da Rumawa, ya ba da ƙarin ƙarfafawa ga duka iko don neman masauki.An kulla sabuwar yarjejeniya a cikin Afrilu 1268, tare da sharuɗɗa da kalmomin da suka fi dacewa ga Rumawa.Ya samar da sulhu na tsawon shekaru biyar, sakin fursunoni, kuma an sake amincewa da kuma daidaita kasancewar 'yan kasuwa na Venetian a cikin Daular.Yawancin gata na kasuwanci da suka samu a baya an sake dawo dasu, amma akan sharuɗɗan da ba su da fa'ida ga Venice fiye da abin da Palaiologos ya yarda ya amince da shi a shekara ta 1265. An tilasta wa Rumawa su gane mallakar Venetian na Crete da sauran wuraren da aka kama bayan yaƙin Crusade na huɗu . , amma ya yi nasara wajen gujewa cikakkar fashewa tare da Genoa , yayin da ya kawar da wani lokaci na barazanar jiragen ruwa na Venetian da ke taimaka wa Charles na Anjou a cikin shirinsa na kama Constantinople.

A farkon 1270s, Michael VIII Palaiologos ya ƙaddamar da babban yaƙin neman zaɓe akan John I Doukas, mai mulkin Thessaly.Dan uwansa ne zai jagorance shi, wato John Palaiologos.Don hana duk wani taimako da ya zo masa daga masarautun Latin, ya kuma aike da rundunar jiragen ruwa 73, karkashin jagorancin Philanthropenos, don su addabi bakin tekunsu.Sojojin Byzantine, duk da haka, an ci nasara a yakin Neopatras tare da taimakon sojoji daga Duchy na Athens.Da labarin haka, sarakunan Latin suka yi zuciya, suka yanke shawarar kai farmaki ga sojojin ruwa na Byzantine, da ke tashar jiragen ruwa na Demetrias.Jiragen yaƙin Latin sun kama Rumawa da mamaki, kuma harin farko da suka kai ya kasance tashin hankali har suka sami ci gaba mai kyau.Jiragen nasu, waɗanda aka kafa hasumiya mai tsayi na katako, sun sami fa'ida, kuma an kashe ma'aikatan ruwa da sojojin Rumawa da yawa ko kuma a nutse.Kamar dai yadda nasara ta kasance a cikin fahimtar Latins, duk da haka, ƙarfafawa ya zo karkashin jagorancin John Palaiologos.Yayin da suke ja da baya daga Neopatras, ƴan bindigar sun sami labarin yaƙin da ke tafe.Ya tattara duk abin da zai iya, ya yi tuƙi mil arba'in a cikin dare ɗaya, ya isa Dimitiriyas a daidai lokacin da rundunar Rumawa ta fara tangal-tangal.Zuwansa ya kara wa Rumawa kwarin guiwa, kuma mutanen Palaiologos, wadanda suka shiga cikin jiragen ruwa da kananan kwale-kwale, suka fara cika wadanda suka rasa rayukansu kuma suka juya.Aka ci gaba da gwabzawa duk rana, amma da dare, an kame duka jiragen ruwan Latin guda biyu, sai dai.Mutanen Latin da aka kashe sun yi yawa, kuma sun haɗa da triarch na Negroponte Guglielmo II da Verona.An kama wasu manyan mutane da yawa, ciki har da Venetian Fillippo Sanudo, wanda watakila shine babban kwamandan rundunar.Nasarar da aka samu a Demetrias ya yi nisa don magance bala'in Neopatras ga Rumawa.Har ila yau, alama ce ta farkon wani ci gaba mai dorewa a fadin Aegean

A cikin 1266 ko 1268, Michael II na Epirus ya mutu, kuma an raba dukiyarsa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza: babban ɗansa na gaskiya, Nikephoros, ya gaji abin da ya rage na Epirus daidai, yayin da Yahaya ya karbi Thessaly tare da babban birninsa a Neopatras.Dukansu ’yan’uwa sun yi adawa da Daular Byzantine da aka maido, da nufin kwato yankunansu, kuma suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da jihohin Latin da ke kudancin Girka.Michael ya kaddamar da hare-hare a kan mallakar Sicilian a Albania, da kuma John Doukas a Thessaly.Michael ya tattara babban ƙarfi.Sojojin ruwa na Byzantine sun aike da wannan rundunar yaki da Thessaly.Yunkurin da sojojin daular suka yi ya kama Doukas kwata-kwata da mamaki, kuma ya cika da mutane kalilan a babban birninsa.Doukas ya nemi taimakon John I de la Roche, Duke na Athens.Sojojin Byzantine sun firgita a ƙarƙashin harin kwatsam na ƙarami amma masu horo na Latin, kuma sun karye gaba ɗaya lokacin da ƙungiyar Cuman ta juya ba zato ba tsammani.Duk da yunkurin da John Palaiologos ya yi na hada karfi da karfe, sai suka gudu suka watse.

A shekara ta 1277 a wani boren da Ivailo ya jagoranta ya barke a arewa maso gabashin Bulgeriya don adawa da gazawar sarki Constantine Tikh Asen don tinkarar mamayar Mongol da akai-akai wanda ya lalata kasar tsawon shekaru.Sarkin Byzantine Michael VIII Palaiologos ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da rashin zaman lafiya a Bulgaria.Ya aika da sojoji don dora abokinsa Ivan Asen III a kan karaga.Ivan Asen III ya sami iko da yankin tsakanin Vidin da Cherven.Mongols sun kewaye Ivailo a Drastar (Silistra) kuma masu girma a babban birnin Tarnovo sun yarda da Ivan Asen III ga Sarkin sarakuna.A cikin wannan shekarar, duk da haka, Ivailo ya sami nasarar yin nasara a Drastar kuma ya nufi babban birnin kasar.Domin ya taimaka wa abokin nasa, Michael na VIII ya aika da sojoji 10,000 zuwa Bulgaria karkashin Murin.Lokacin da Ivailo ya sami labarin wannan kamfen, ya yi watsi da tafiyarsa zuwa Tarnovo.Duk da cewa sojojinsa sun fi yawa, shugaban Bulgaria ya kai hari a Murin a cikin Kotel Pass a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1279 kuma an fatattaki Rumawa gaba daya.Yawancinsu sun mutu a yaƙin, sauran kuma aka kama su kuma aka kashe su da umarnin Ivailo.Bayan shan kaye Michael na VIII ya aika da wani dakaru 5,000 karkashin Aprin amma kuma Ivailo ya ci su kafin ya isa tsaunin Balkan.Ba tare da tallafi ba, Ivan Asen III ya gudu zuwa Constantinople.Rikicin cikin gida a Bulgaria ya ci gaba har zuwa 1280 lokacin da Ivailo ya gudu zuwa Mongols kuma George I Terter ya hau gadon sarauta.

DakarunMasarautar Angevin na Sicily sun kewaye Berat a ƙasar Albaniya a kan sansanin Rumawa na birnin a 1280-1281.Berat wani kagara ne mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, wanda mallakarsa zai ba da damar Angevins su shiga cikin zuciyar Daular Byzantine.Rundunar sojojin Byzantine ta isa a cikin bazara na 1281, kuma ta yi nasarar kama kwamandan Angevin, Hugo de Sully.Daga nan sai sojojin Angevin suka firgita suka gudu, suka yi hasarar hasarar rayuka da jikkata yayin da Rumawa suka kai musu hari.Wannan shan kashi ya kawo karshen barazanar mamaye daular Byzantine, kuma tare da Sicilian Vespers sun nuna ƙarshen barazanar da yammacin Turai ke yi na sake mamaye Byzantium.

Michael VIII ya tallafa wa Peter III na ƙoƙarin Aragon na kwace Sicily daga Charles I na Anjou.Ƙoƙarin Mika'ilu ya sami sakamako mai kyau bayan barkewar Sicilian Vespers, tawaye mai nasara wanda ya hambarar da Sarkin Angevin na Sicily kuma ya nada Peter III na Aragon a matsayin Sarkin Sicily a shekara ta 1281. Ya barke a ranar Easter 1282 don adawa da mulkin sarki haifaffen Faransa. Charles I na Anjou, wanda ya mulki Masarautar Sicily tun shekara ta 1266. A cikin makonni shida, ’yan tawaye sun kashe Faransawa maza da mata kusan 13,000, kuma gwamnatin Charles ta rasa iko da tsibirin.Wannan ya fara Yaƙin Sicilian Vespers.Yaƙin ya haifar da rabuwar tsohuwarMasarautar Sicily ;a Caltabelllotta, an tabbatar da Charles II a matsayin sarkin yankin Sicily, yayin da aka tabbatar da Frederick III a matsayin sarkin tsibirin.

Mulkin Andronikos II Palaiologos ya kasance alama ce ta farkon faduwar daular Rumawa.A lokacin mulkinsa, Turkawa sun mamaye yawancin yankunan yammacin Anadolu na Daular, kuma a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkinsa, ya kuma yi yaƙi da jikansa Andronikos a yakin basasa na farko na Palaiologan.Yaƙin basasa ya ƙare a lokacin da Andronikos II ya yi murabus a tilas a shekara ta 1328 bayan haka ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan sufi, inda ya shafe shekaru huɗu na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa.

Andronikos II ya fuskanci matsalolin tattalin arziki.A lokacin mulkinsa darajar hyperpyron na Byzantine ta ragu sosai, yayin da baitul malin gwamnati ta tara kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin bakwai na kudaden shiga (a cikin tsabar kuɗi na ƙima) wanda yake da shi a baya.Neman haɓaka kudaden shiga da rage kashe kuɗi, Andronikos II ya haɓaka haraji, rage keɓancewar haraji, kuma ya wargaza jiragen ruwa na Byzantine (jiragen ruwa 80) a cikin 1285, wanda hakan ya sa Daular ta ƙara dogaro da jumhuriyar Venice da Genoa .A cikin 1291, ya yi hayar jiragen ruwa 50-60 na Genoese, amma raunin Byzantine sakamakon rashin sojojin ruwa ya zama mai raɗaɗi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu da Venice a 1296-1302 da 1306-10.Daga baya, a shekara ta 1320, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tayar da sojojin ruwa ta hanyar gina jiragen ruwa guda 20, amma ya kasa.

Osman Bey, bayan mutuwar Bayhoca, dan dan uwansa Savcı Bey, a yakin Dutsen Armeniya, ya ci Kulaca Hisar Castle, wanda ke da 'yan wasan wasanni daga İnegöl kuma yana gefen Emirdağ.Sakamakon wani samame da aka kai cikin dare da dakaru 300 Turkawa sun kame katangar.Wannan shine karo na farko a tarihin daular Usmaniyya .Tun da Kiristocin Kulaca Hisar sun yarda da mulkin Osman Bey, mutanen da ke wurin ba a cutar da su ba.

Michael IX Palaiologos shi ne Sarkin Byzantine tare da mahaifinsa Andronikos II Palaiologos daga 1294 har zuwa mutuwarsa.Andronikos II da Michael IX sun yi mulki a matsayin masu mulki daidai gwargwado, dukansu suna amfani da autokrator na take.Duk da darajar soja, ya sha wahala da dama, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba: rashin iyawarsa a matsayin kwamandan, mummunan halin sojojin Byzantine ko kawai mummunan sa'a.Sarkin Palaiologan daya tilo da ya riga mahaifinsa rasuwa, mutuwarsa da bai kai shekara 43 ba, an danganta shi da wani bangare na bakin ciki game da kisan gilla da aka yi wa karamin dansa Manuel Palaiologos da masu rike da babban dansa suka yi daga baya kuma sarki Andronikos III Palaiologos.

A cikin 1296, mazaunan Genoese na gida na Constantinople sun lalata kwata na Venetian kuma sun kashe farar hular Venetian da yawa.Duk da rikicin Byzantine-Venetian na 1285, Sarkin Byzantine Andronikos II Palaiologos nan da nan ya nuna goyon baya ga abokansa na Genoese ta hanyar kama wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Venetian, ciki har da belin Venetian Marco Bembo.Venice ta yi barazanar yaki da Daular Rumawa, inda ta bukaci a biya su fansa kan cin zarafin da suka sha.A cikin Yuli 1296, jiragen ruwa na Venetian sun mamaye Bosphorus.A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, an kama wasu kayayyaki na Genoes a Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya, ciki har da birnin Phocaea.Budaddiyar yaki tsakanin Venice da Rumawa bai fara ba sai bayan yakin Curzola da kuma karshen yakin da aka yi da Genoa a cikin yarjejeniyar 1299 na Milan, wanda ya bar Venice 'yanci don ci gaba da yakinta da Girkawa.Rundunar Venetian, da masu zaman kansu suka ƙarfafa su, sun fara kama tsibiran Byzantine daban-daban a cikin Tekun Aegean, waɗanda yawancinsu Rumawa ne kawai suka mamaye su daga sarakunan Latin kimanin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce.Gwamnatin Byzantine don ba da shawara ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1302. Bisa ga sharuddan, Venetian sun dawo da mafi yawan yakinsu.Rumawa kuma sun amince su biya Venetian asarar da suka yi a lokacin kisan gillar da aka yi wa mazauna Venetian a 1296.

A farkon bazara na shekara ta 1302, Michael IX ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya don samun damar tabbatar da kansa a yaƙi.A karkashin jagorancinsa, an tara sojoji har 16,000, 10,000 daga cikinsu na rundunar sojojin haya ne Alans;Amma na baya-bayan nan, sun yi aikinsu da mugun nufi, sun kuma wawashe al’ummar Turkiyya da na Girka da kishi daidai gwargwado.Turkawa sun zabi lokacin kuma suka sauko daga tsaunuka.Michael IX ya ba da umarnin a shirya yaƙi, amma ba wanda ya saurare shi.Bayan shan kaye da ɗan gajeren zama a sansanin Magnesia, Michael IX ya koma Pergamum, sa'an nan ya tafi Adramyttium, inda ya sadu da sabuwar shekara ta 1303, kuma a lokacin rani ya kasance a birnin Cyzicus.Har yanzu bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen kokarin tattara sabbin sojoji domin maye gurbin da ya wargaje da kuma inganta al'amura.Amma a wannan lokacin Turkawa sun riga sun kwace yankin da ke kan iyakar kogin (Sangarius) Sakarya tare da fatattakar wani sojojin Girka a garin Bapheus, kusa da Nicomedia (27 ga Yuli 1302).Ya bayyana ga kowa da kowa cewa Rumawa sun yi rashin nasara a yakin.

Osman Na yi nasara a shugabancin danginsa a c.1281, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa sun ƙaddamar da jerin hare-hare masu zurfi a cikin iyakokin Byzantine na Bithynia.A shekara ta 1301, Ottomans sun kewaye Nicaea, tsohuwar babban birnin daular, kuma suna cin zarafin Prusa.Harin na Turkiyya ya kuma yi barazana ga birnin Nicomedia mai tashar jiragen ruwa da yunwa, yayin da suke yawo a cikin karkara tare da hana tattara amfanin gonakin.A cikin bazara na 1302, Sarkin sarakuna Michael IX ya kaddamar da yakin da ya kai kudu zuwa Magnesia.Turkawa da manyan sojojinsa suka tsorata, sun kauce daga yaki.Don magance barazanar Nicomedia, mahaifin Michael, Andronikos II Palaiologos, ya aika da sojojin Rumawa na kimanin mutane 2,000 (rabi daga cikinsu an yi hayar Alan haya a kwanan nan), a karkashin manyan hetaireiarches, George Mouzalon, don haye Bosporus kuma su kwantar da hankalin birnin. .A filin Bapheus, Rumawa sun hadu da sojojin Turkiyya na sojojin dawakai masu haske kimanin 5,000 karkashin Osman da kansa, wadanda suka hada da sojojinsa da kuma abokan kawance daga kabilun Paphlagonia na Turkiyya da yankin kogin Maeander.Sojojin dawakan Turkiyya sun yi wa Rumawa tuhume-tuhume, wadanda rundunarsu ta Alan ba ta shiga yakin ba.Turkawa sun karya layin Byzantine, wanda ya tilasta Mouzalon ya janye zuwa Nicomedia a karkashin rundunar Alan.Bapheus ita ce babbar nasara ta farko ga Ottoman Beylik, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga faɗaɗa ta nan gaba: Rumawa sun rasa iko da ƙauyen Bitiniya yadda ya kamata, suka ja da baya zuwa gagararsu, wanda, keɓe, ya faɗi ɗaya bayan ɗaya.Haka nan shan kashi na Byzantine ya haifar da kwararowar al'ummar kiristoci daga yankin zuwa sassan Turai na daular, wanda ya kara canza ma'aunin al'umma a yankin.

Bayan gazawar da sarki Michael na IX ya yi don hana ci gaban Turkiyya a Asiya Ƙarama a 1302 da kuma mummunan yakin Bapheus, gwamnatin Byzantine ta dauki hayar Kamfanin Catalan na Almogavars ('yan kasuwa dagaCatalonia ) wanda Roger de Flor ya jagoranta don kawar da Asiya ta Bizantine. Ƙananan abokan gaba.Duk da wasu nasarorin da aka samu, 'yan Catalan sun kasa samun ci gaba mai dorewa.Da yake sun fi abokan gaba da suka yi niyyar cin galaba a kansu, sun yi jayayya da Michael IX, kuma a ƙarshe sun fito fili suka juya ga ma'aikatansu na Byzantine bayan kisan da aka yi wa Roger de Flor a 1305;tare da wata ƙungiya ta Turkawa masu son rai sun lalata Thrace, Makidoniya, da Thessaly a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Latin da suka mamaye kudancin Girka .A can suka ci Duchy na Athens da Thebes.

Bayan yakin Bapheus a shekara ta 1302, Turkawa daga dukkan sassan yankin Anatoliya sun fara kai farmaki kan yankunan Rumawa.Sarkin Byzantine Andronikos II Palaiologos yayi ƙoƙari ya kulla kawance da Mongols Ilkhanid a kan barazanar Ottoman .Rashin tabbatar da iyakokin da kawance ya yanke shawarar kai wa Ottoman hari da sojojinsa.Sojojin Anatoliya na Daular Rumawa sun ƙunshi sojojin runduna na gida kamar Adranos, Bidnos, Kestel da Kete.A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1303, sojojin Byzantine sun ci gaba zuwa Yenişehir, wani muhimmin birnin Ottoman a arewa maso gabashin Bursa.Osman Na doke su a kusa da hanyar Dimbos akan hanyar zuwa Yenişehir.A yayin yakin, bangarorin biyu sun yi mummunar barna.

An yi yakin Cyzicus a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1303 tsakanin Kamfanin Catalan na Gabas karkashin Roger de Flor, wanda ke aiki a matsayin sojojin haya a madadin Daular Rumawa, da Turkawa Karasid karkashin Karesi Bey.Wannan shi ne karon farko na alƙawura da dama tsakanin sassan biyu yayin Gangamin Kamfen ɗin Anatoli na Kamfanin Kataloniya.Sakamakon ya kasance babban nasara a yankin Catalan.Almogavars na Kamfanin Kataloniya sun kai wani harin ba-zata a sansanin Oghuz na Turkiyya da ke Cape Artake, inda suka kashe sojojin dawakai kimanin 3000 da sojojin kasa 10,000 tare da kame mata da yara da dama.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1304 ya fara ne da jinkirin wata ɗaya saboda ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin almogavars da abokansu na Alan, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 300 a cikin sojojin na ƙarshen.A ƙarshe, a farkon watan Mayu, Roger de Flor ya fara kamfen don tayar da kewayen Philadelphia tare da almogavar 6,000 da Alans 1,000.Philadelphia a wancan lokacin tana fama da kewayen Yakup bin Ali Şir, gwamnan Germiyaniya na masarautar Germiyan-oğhlu.Bayan 'yan kwanaki, almogavars sun isa birnin Achyraus na Byzantine kuma suka gangaro daga kwarin kogin Kaikos har sai da suka isa birnin Germe (wanda ake kira Soma), wani katangar Rumawa wanda a baya ya fada hannun Turkawa.Turkawa da ke wurin sun yi kokarin gudu da sauri, amma sojojin Roger de Flor sun kai wa masu tsaron bayansu hari a wani abin da aka kira Yakin Germe.

Bayan nasara a Germe, Kamfanin ya ci gaba da tafiya, ya ratsa ta Chliara da Tayatira kuma ya shiga kwarin kogin Hermos.A kan hanyarsu ne suka tsaya a wurare daban-daban, suna cin zarafin gwamnonin Rumawa saboda rashin jajircewa.Har ma Roger de Flor ya shirya rataye wasu daga cikinsu;Sunayen kyaftin din Bulgaria Sausi Crisanislao, wanda a karshe ya samu afuwa.Bayan da aka samu labarin zuwan babban kamfani Bey Yakup bin Ali Şir, shugaban hadakar sojojin Turkiyya na masarautun Germiyan-oğhlu da Aydın-oğhlu, ya yanke shawarar janye kewayen da ke Philadelphia tare da fuskantar Kamfanin a wani mataki na gaba. wurin da ya dace (Aulax) tare da sojojin dawakinsa 8,000 da dakarun sa-kai 12,000.Roger de Flor ya dauki kwamandan sojojin doki na Kamfanin, inda ya raba shi zuwa rukuni uku (Alans, Catalans da Romawa), yayin da Corbarán na Alet ya yi haka tare da sojojin.'Yan Kataloniya sun samu gagarumar nasara a kan Turkawa a wani abin da za a kira yakin Aulax, inda sojojin Turkiyya 500 ne kawai da mayaƙan doki 1,000 suka yi nasarar tserewa da ransu.Bayan wannan yaƙin de Flor ya yi nasarar shiga Philadelphia, inda alkalai da bishop Teolepto suka karɓe shi.Bayan da ya riga ya cika babban aikin da sarki ya ba shi, Roger de Flor ya yanke shawarar karfafa tsaron Philadelphia ta hanyar cin galaba a kan garu na kusa da suka fada hannun Turkawa.Don haka almogavars suka yi tattaki zuwa arewa zuwa sansanin Kula, inda suka tilasta wa Turkawa da ke wurin gudu.Sojojin Girka na Kula sun karbi de Flor a matsayin mai 'yantar da su, amma bai fahimci yadda za a bar sansanin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba ya fada hannun Turkawa ba tare da yaki ba, ya fille kan gwamna kuma ya yanke wa kwamandan hukuncin kisa.An yi amfani da irin wannan tsangwama lokacin da, bayan kwanaki, almogavars suka ɗauki katangar Furnes, wanda ke kusa da arewa.Bayan haka, de Flor ya dawo tare da sojojinsa zuwa Philadelphia don neman biyan bashin yakin da ya yi nasara.

A lokacin 1303-1304 Tsar Theodore Svetoslav na Bulgaria ya mamaye Gabashin Thrace.Ya nemi daukar fansa kan harin da Tatar ta kai jihar a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.An fara hukunta masu cin amanar kasa, ciki har da sarki Joachim III, wanda aka same shi da laifin taimakawa abokan gaba na kambi.Daga nan sai sarkin ya juya zuwa Byzantium, wanda ya zaburar da Tatar mamayar kuma ya yi nasarar cin nasara a kan manyan garu na Bulgaria a Thrace.A cikin 1303, sojojinsa sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu kuma sun sake samun garuruwa da yawa.A cikin shekara mai zuwa ne Rumawa suka kai hari inda sojojin biyu suka hadu a kusa da kogin Skafida.Michael IX a wannan lokaci ya shiga yaƙi da Kamfanin Kataloniya na tawaye, wanda shugabansa, Roger de Flor, ya ƙi yaƙar Bulgeriya idan Michael IX da mahaifinsa ba su biya shi adadin kuɗin da aka amince da su ba.A farkon yakin, Michael IX, wanda ya yi yaƙi da jaruntaka a gaba, ya sami fa'ida akan abokan gaba.Ya tilasta wa Bulgarian su ja da baya a kan hanyar zuwa Apolonia, amma ya kasa ci gaba da zafafa sojojinsa a bi.Tsakanin Rumawa da 'yan Bulgaria masu gudun hijira, akwai kogin Skafida mai zurfi da tashin hankali, gada daya tilo da 'yan Bulgaria suka lalata kafin yakin.Lokacin da sojojin Rumawa a cikin jama'a da yawa suka yi ƙoƙarin haye gadar, sai ta rushe.Yawancin sojojin sun nutse, sauran suka fara firgita.A wannan lokacin ne 'yan Bulgaria suka koma gada suka yanke shawarar sakamakon yakin, suna kwace nasara daga abokan gaba.

Bayan shekaru biyu na nasara yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Turks da rashin ladabi da kuma hali na kasashen waje sojojin a cikin zuciyar daular da aka gani a matsayin girma hatsari, da kuma Afrilu 30 1305 dan sarki (Michael IX Palaiologos) ya umurci sojan haya Alans kashe Roger. de Flor da lalata Kamfanin a Adrianople yayin da suka halarci liyafa da Sarkin sarakuna ya shirya.Kimanin mayaƙan doki 100 da sojojin ƙasa 1,000 ne suka halaka.Bayan kisan de Flor al'ummar Rumawa na gida sun taso kan 'yan Kataloniya a Constantinople kuma sun kashe da yawa daga cikinsu, ciki har da babban barikin.Yarima Michael ya tabbatar da cewa an kashe masu yawa kafin labari ya isa ga babban rundunar a Gallipoli.Sai dai wasu sun tsere kuma suka kai labarin kisan gilla zuwa Gallipoli bayan haka 'yan Kataloniya suka ci gaba da kashe kansu, inda suka kashe dukkan Rumawa na yankin.

Yakin Apros ya faru ne tsakanin sojojin Daular Byzantine, karkashin jagorancin sarki Michael IX Palaiologos, da sojojin Kamfanin Catalan, a Apros a watan Yuli 1305. Rumawa sun yi hayar Kamfanin Catalan a matsayin 'yan haya ga Turkawa. amma duk da nasarorin da Kataloniya suka samu kan Turkawa, kawancen biyu sun ki amincewa da juna, kuma dangantakarsu ta yi tsami saboda bukatun kudi na Catalan.A ƙarshe, Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos da ɗansa kuma mai mulki Michael IX sun kashe shugaban Catalan, Roger de Flor, tare da tawagarsa a cikin Afrilu 1305.A watan Yuli ne sojojin Rumawa da suka hada da tarin Alans da kuma Turcopoles da dama, sun yi tir da ‘yan Kataloniya da nasu kawayen Turkiyya a kusa da Apros a Thrace.Duk da fifikon da sojojin Imperial suka yi, Alans sun janye bayan tuhumar farko, inda Turcopoles suka bar yankin zuwa yankin Catalan.Yarima Michael ya ji rauni kuma ya bar filin kuma 'yan Catalan sun yi nasara a ranar.Kataloniya sun ci gaba da lalata Thrace na tsawon shekaru biyu, kafin su wuce yamma da kudu ta Thessaly, don cin nasara kan Duchy Latin na Athens a 1311.

Bayan faduwar Acre a cikin 1291, odar ta koma Limassol a Cyprus.Matsayinsu a Cyprus ya kasance mai ban tsoro;karancin kudin shigar da suke samu ya sanya su dogara da gudummawar da suke samu daga yammacin Turai, sannan suka shiga rikici da Sarki Henry na biyu na Cyprus, yayin da asarar Acre da kasa mai tsarki ya haifar da yawan tambaya kan manufar umarnin zuhudu, da kuma shawarwarin kwace dukiyoyinsu. .A cewar Gérard de Monréal, da zaran an zabe shi a matsayin Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller a shekara ta 1305, Foulques de Villaret ya shirya cin nasarar Rhodes, wanda zai tabbatar masa da ‘yancin yin aiki da ba zai iya samu ba muddin Odar ta kasance. a Cyprus, kuma zai samar da wani sabon sansanin yaki da Turkawa.Rhodes ya kasance manufa mai ban sha'awa: tsibiri mai albarka, yana kusa da gabar kudu maso yammacin Asiya Ƙaramar Asiya, yana karkatar da hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Constantinople ko Alexandria da Levant.Tsibirin mallakin Rumawa ne, amma daular da ke da rauni a bayyane ta kasa kare dukiyoyinta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kama Chios a 1304 ta Genoese Benedetto Zaccaria, wanda ya sami amincewar mallakarsa daga Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282-1328), da kuma ayyukan gasa na Genoese da Venetian a yankin Dodecanese.Nasara na Asibiti na Rhodes ya faru a cikin 1306-1310.Ma'aikacin Asibitin Knights, wanda Grand Master Foulques de Villaret ya jagoranta, ya sauka a tsibirin a lokacin rani na 1306 kuma cikin sauri ya ci yawancinsa sai dai birnin Rhodes, wanda ya kasance a hannun Byzantine.Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos ya aika da ƙarfafawa, wanda ya ba da damar birnin ya tunkude harin farko na Asibitoci, kuma ya dage har sai da aka kama shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1310. Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun mayar da sansaninsu zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya zama cibiyar ayyukansu har sai da ya ci nasara da shi. Daular Ottoman a 1522.

Yaƙin Halmyros, wanda malaman farko suka sani da Yaƙin Cephissus ko Yaƙin Orchomenos, an yi yaƙin ne a ranar 15 ga Maris 1311, tsakanin sojojin Faransa Duchy na Athens da 'yan baranda a ƙarƙashin Walter na Brienne a kan 'yan haya na Kamfanin Catalan. , wanda ya haifar da gagarumar nasara ga sojojin haya.Yaƙin ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin tarihin Girka na Faransa;kusan daukacin jiga-jigan 'yan kasar Faransa na Athens da jahohin vassal sun mutu a filin wasa ko kuma a cikin bauta, kuma lokacin da 'yan Kataloniya suka koma kasashen Duchy, an sami juriya kadan.Mazaunan Livadeia na Girka nan da nan sun mika wuya ga garinsu mai ƙarfi, wanda saboda haka ya sami lada da haƙƙin ƴan ƙasar Faransa.Thebes, babban birnin Duchy, yawancin mazaunanta ne suka yi watsi da su, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa matsugunin Venetia na Negroponte, kuma sojojin Kataloniya suka yi wa ganima.A ƙarshe, gwauruwar Walter, Joanna na Châtillon, ta mika wa Athens ga masu nasara.Dukan Attica da Boeotia sun wuce cikin lumana zuwa hannun Catalan.Kataloniya sun raba yankin Duchy a tsakaninsu.Rushewar ’yan mulkin mallaka na baya-bayan nan ya ba wa Catalan damar mallaka cikin sauƙi, a yawancin lokuta suna auren zawarawa da iyayen mazan da suka kashe a Halmyros.Kawayen Catalan na Turkiyya, duk da haka, sun ki amincewa da tayin zama a Duchy.Turkawa na Halil sun dauki kaso nasu na ganima, suka nufi yankin Asiya karama, sai da sojojin hadin gwiwa na Rumawa da na Genoawa suka far musu sannan suka kusan halaka su a lokacin da suke kokarin tsallakawa Dardanelles bayan 'yan watanni.

Öz Beg, wanda jimillar sojojinsa ya zarce 300,000, ya kai hari a Thrace akai-akai don taimakon yakin Bulgeriya da Byzantium da Serbia tun daga shekara ta 1319. Daular Rumawa karkashin Andronikos II Palaiologos da Andronikos III Palaiologos da Golden Horde suka kai hari a tsakanin 1320 zuwa 1341. An mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vicina Macaria.An kafa dangantakar abokantaka tare da Daular Rumawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan Öz Beg ya auri Andronikos III Palaiologos 'yar shege, wacce aka fi sani da Bayalun.A cikin 1333, an ba ta izinin ziyartar mahaifinta a Konstantinoful kuma ba ta dawo ba, da alama tana tsoron shiga Musulunci ta tilastawa.Sojojin Öz Beg sun yi garkuwa da Thrace na kwanaki arba'in a shekara ta 1324 da kuma na kwanaki 15 a shekara ta 1337, inda suka kama mutane 300,000.A cikin 1330, Öz Beg ya aika da sojoji 15,000 zuwa Serbia a 1330 amma aka ci nasara.Tare da Öz Beg, Basarab I na Wallachia ya ayyana kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga kambin Hungarian a 1330.

Siege na Bursa ya faru ne daga 1317 har zuwa kama a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1326, lokacin da Ottomans suka tura wani shiri mai karfi don kwace Prusa (Bursa ta zamani, Turkiyya).Daular Usmaniyya ba su ci wani gari ba a da;rashin kwarewa da isassun kayan yaki a wannan mataki na yaki ya sa birnin ya fadi sai bayan shekaru shida ko tara.Bayan faduwar birnin, dansa kuma magajinsa Orhan ya sanya Bursa zama babban birnin Ottoman na farko kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1366, lokacin da Edirne ya zama sabon babban birnin kasar.

Mulkin Andronikos III Palaiologos ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na gazawar Turkawa Ottoman a Bitiniya da shan kashi a Rusokastro a kan Bulgeriya , amma kuma nasarar dawo da Chios, Lesbos, Phocaea, Thessaly, da Epirus.Mutuwarsa ta farko ta bar ikon da ya haifar da mummunan yakin basasa tsakanin gwauruwarsa, Anna na Savoy, da kuma babban abokinsa kuma mai goyon bayansa, John VI Kantakouzenos, wanda ya kai ga kafa daular Serbia .

Bayan hawan Andronicus a cikin 1328, yankunan daular Anatoliya sun ragu sosai daga kusan dukkanin yammacin Turkiyya na zamani shekaru arba'in da suka wuce zuwa wasu wuraren da suka warwatse a bakin Tekun Aegean da wani karamin lardi na kusa da Nicomedia a cikin kimanin kilomita 150. babban birnin kasar Constantinoful.Kwanan nan Turkawa Ottoman sun kwace muhimmin birnin Prusa (Bursa) a Bitiniya.Andronicus ya yanke shawarar sauke muhimman biranen Nicomedia da Nicaea da aka yi wa kawanya, kuma ya yi fatan maido da iyaka zuwa ga daidaito.Andronicus ya jagoranci runduna ta kusan 4,000, wanda shine mafi girma da zai iya tarawa.Sun yi tafiya tare da Tekun Marmara zuwa Nicomedia.A Pelekanon, sojojin Turkiyya karkashin jagorancin Orhan I sun yi sansani a kan tuddai don samun fa'ida mai mahimmanci kuma sun tare hanyar zuwa Nicomedia.A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, Orhan ya aika da maharba 300 na doki zuwa ƙasa don jawo Rumawa zuwa tsaunuka, amma Rumawa suka kore su, waɗanda ba sa son ci gaba.Dakarun mayaƙan sun yi ta fafatawa da ba a san ko su waye ba har dare ya yi.Sojojin Byzantine sun shirya ja da baya, amma Turkawa ba su da wata dama.Dukansu Andronicus da Cantacuzene sun sami rauni mai sauƙi, yayin da jita-jita ke yaɗa cewa an kashe Sarkin sarakuna ko kuma ya ji rauni, wanda ya haifar da firgita.Daga karshe dai ja da baya ya rikide zuwa gagarumi tare da jikkatar masu yawa a bangaren Rumawa.Cantacuzene ya jagoranci sauran sojojin Byzantine zuwa Konstantinoful ta teku.

A shekara ta 1328, hawan wani sabon sarki mai kuzari, Andronikos III Palaiologos, zuwa ga kursiyin Byzantine, ya nuna alamar sauyi a dangantaka.Daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Chian, Leo Kalothetos, ya je ya gana da sabon sarki da babban ministansa, John Kantakouzenos, don ba da shawarar sake mamaye tsibirin.Andronikos III ya amince da hakan.A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1329 Andronikos III ya tara tasoshin jiragen ruwa 105 - ciki har da sojojin Duke na Naxos na Latin, Nicholas I Sanudo - kuma ya tashi zuwa Chios.Ko da bayan rundunar sojojin daular ta isa tsibirin, Andronikos III ya ba da izinin barin Martino ya ajiye kayansa don musanyawa don shigar da sansanin Byzantine da kuma biyan haraji na shekara-shekara, amma Martino ya ƙi.Ya nutse a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa guda uku, ya hana al'ummar Girika ɗaukar makamai, ya kuma kulle kansa da mutane 800 a kagararsa, inda ya ɗaga tutarsa ​​maimakon ta sarki.Nufinsa na yin tsayayya ya karye, duk da haka, lokacin da Benedetto ya ba da katangarsa ga Rumawa, kuma da ya ga mutanen gari suna maraba da su, nan da nan aka tilasta masa mika wuya.

Bayan kwato Constantinople daga Latins , Rumawa sun mayar da hankali kan kokarinsu na maido da ikonsu a Girka.Dole ne a kwashe dakaru daga gabas ta Gabas a Anatoliya da kuma cikin Peloponnese, tare da mummunan sakamakon cewa ƙasar da Daular Nica ta ke da ita a Anatoliya ta kasance a buɗe ga hare-haren Ottoman.Tare da karuwar yawan hare-hare da tsaurin kai, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Byzantine sun ja da baya daga Anatoliya.A shekara ta 1326, ƙasashe da ke kewayen Nicaea sun faɗa hannun Osman I. Ya kuma kama birnin Bursa, ya kafa babban birnin da ke kusa da babban birnin Byzantine na Constantinople.A cikin 1328, Orhan, ɗan Osman, ya fara kewayen Nicaea, wanda ke cikin wani shinge na wucin gadi tun shekara ta 1301. Daular Usmaniyya ba ta da ikon sarrafa hanyar shiga garin ta hanyar tashar ruwa ta tafkin.Sakamakon haka, kewayen ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa ba tare da ƙarewa ba.A cikin 1329, Sarkin sarakuna Andronicus III ya yi ƙoƙari ya karya kewaye.Ya jagoranci rundunar agaji don kori Ottoman daga Nicomedia da Nicaea.Bayan wasu ƙananan nasarori, duk da haka, rundunar ta sha wahala a Pelekanon kuma ta janye.Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa babu wani tasiri na Imperial da zai iya mayar da iyaka da kuma kori Ottomans, birnin ya fadi a 1331.

Kungiyar mai tsarki ta kasance kawancen soji ne na manyan jahohin Kirista na Tekun Aegean da Gabashin Mediterrenean domin nuna adawa da karuwar hare-haren da mayakan beylik na Turkiyya na yankin Anatoliya ke yi.Babban rundunar sojojin ruwa na yankin, Jamhuriyar Venice ne ke jagorantar kawancen, kuma ya hada da mai kula da Asibitin Knights , da Masarautar Cyprus , da Daular Byzantine, yayin da wasu jihohi kuma suka yi alkawarin tallafawa.Bayan gagarumar nasara a yakin Adramyttion, barazanar sojojin ruwan Turkiyya ta ja baya na wani dan lokaci;haɗe tare da bambance-bambancen bukatun membobinta, ƙungiyar ta ƙare kuma ta ƙare a cikin 1336/7.

Domin ya shawo kan gazawarsa wajen samun galaba a kan Sabiyawa, Andronikos III ya yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙasar Bulgeriya Thrace, amma sabon sarki Ivan Alexander na Bulgeriya ya ci sojojin Rusokastro na Rusokastro a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1332. A lokacin rani na wannan shekarar ne Rumawa suka taru. Sojoji kuma ba tare da ayyana yaki ba suka nufi kasar Bulgeriya, suna kwasar ganima da kwace kauyukan da ke kan hanyarsu.Rumawa sun kwace manyan gidaje da dama saboda hankalin Ivan Alexander ya karkata ga yaki da tawayen kawunsa Belaur a Vidin.Ya yi kokarin yin shawarwari da makiya ba tare da nasara ba.Sarkin ya yanke shawarar yin gaggawa cikin kwanaki biyar, lokacin da sojojin dawakansa suka yi tafiyar kilomita 230 don isa Aitos su fuskanci maharan.An fara yakin ne da karfe shida na safe aka ci gaba da gwabzawa har tsawon sa'o'i uku.Rumawa sun yi ƙoƙarin hana sojojin dawakan Bulgaria kewaye da su, amma abin da suka yi ya ci tura.Sojojin dawakai sun zagaya layin Rumawa na farko, suka bar shi ga sojojin da ke ci gaba da cajin gefen gefensu.Bayan da aka gwabza kazamin fada da Rusokastro ya yi fatali da sojojin Rumawa, suka yi watsi da fagen daga suka fake a Rusokastro.

Dan Öljaitü, Ilkhan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan na karshe, an nada shi ne a shekara ta 1316. Ya fuskanci tawaye a shekara ta 1318 daga Chagatayids da Qara'unas a Khorasan, da kuma mamayewar Golden Horde a lokaci guda.Wani sarkin Anatoliya Irenchin shima yayi tawaye.Chupan na Taichiud ya murkushe Irenchin a yakin Zanjan-Rud a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1319. A karkashin jagorancin Chupan, Ilkhanate sun yi sulhu da Chagatais, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen murkushe tawayen Chagatayid, daMamluks .A cikin 1327, Abu-Sai'd ya maye gurbin Chupan da "Big" Hasan.An tuhumi Hasan da yunkurin kashe khan kuma aka kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Anatoliya a shekara ta 1332. Sarakunan da ba na Mongol ba, Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah da Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad, an ba su ikon soji da ba a taba yin irinsa ba, wanda ya harzuka sarakunan Mongol.A cikin 1330s, fashewar Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta lalata Ilkhanate kuma an kashe Abu-Sai'd da 'ya'yansa a 1335 ta hanyar annoba.Ghiyas-ud-Din ya sa zuriyar Ariq Böke, Arpa Ke'un, bisa karagar mulki, inda ya haifar da gajeriyar khans na gajeren lokaci har zuwa lokacin da "Little" Hasan ya kama Azerbaijan a 1338. A 1357, Jani Beg na Golden Horde ya ci Chupanid. -An gudanar da Tabriz na tsawon shekara guda, yana kawo ƙarshen ragowar Ilkhanate.

A shekara ta 1337 sabon sarki Andronikos III Palaiologos, ya yi amfani da rikicin ballewa, ya isa arewacin Epirus tare da sojojin da suka kunshi Turkawa 2,000 wanda abokinsa Umur na Aydın ya bayar.Andronikos ya fara magance tashe-tashen hankula saboda hare-haren da Albaniyawan suka kai masa, sannan ya mayar da sha’awarsa ga ‘yan tawaye.Anna ta yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari tare da samun Despotate ga ɗanta lokacin da ya girma, amma Andronikos ya buƙaci cikakken mika wuya na Despotate wanda a ƙarshe ta yarda.Don haka Epirus ya zo cikin lumana ƙarƙashin mulkin daular, tare da Theodore Synadenos a matsayin gwamna.

Yakin basasar Rumawa na 1341-1347, wani lokaci ana kiransa da yakin basasa na Palaiologan na biyu, rikici ne da ya barke a Daular Rumawa bayan mutuwar Andronikos III Palaiologos kan kula da dansa mai shekaru tara da magaji. John V Palaiologos.A gefe guda kuma babban ministan Andronikos III, John VI Kantakouzenos, kuma a daya bangaren mulki karkashin jagorancin Empress-Dowager Anna na Savoy, Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV Kalekas, da megas doux Alexios Apokaukos.Yaƙin ya daidaita al'ummar Byzantine tare da layi na aji, tare da aristocracy goyon bayan Kantakouzenos da ƙananan da na tsakiya masu goyon bayan tsarin mulki.A takaice dai, rikicin ya sami isassun maganganu na addini;Byzantium ya shiga cikin rigimar Hesychast, kuma riko da koyarwar sufanci na Hesychasm galibi ana daidaita shi da goyan bayan Kantakouzenos.

John VI Kantakouzenos ɗan ƙasar Girka ne, ɗan majalisa, kuma janar.Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban gida a ƙarƙashin Andronikos III Palaiologos kuma mai mulki na John V Palaiologos kafin ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarkin Rumawa a haƙƙinsa daga 1347 zuwa 1354. Tsohon gundumarsa ta kore shi, an tilasta masa ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan sufi da sunan Joasaph Christodoulos kuma ya kashe shi. ragowar rayuwarsa a matsayinsa na sufaye kuma masanin tarihi.Yana da shekara 90 ko 91 a mutuwarsa, shi ne mafi dadewa a cikin sarakunan Romawa.A lokacin sarautar Yohanna, daular—ta riga ta wargaje, ta talauce, kuma ta raunana—ya ci gaba da kai hari a kowane bangare.

An ba da rahoton cewa an fara bullo da annoba a Turai ta hanyar ‘yan kasuwan Genoa daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin Kaffa da ke yankin Crimea a shekara ta 1347. A lokacin da aka dauki tsawon lokaci ana killace birnin, a shekara ta 1345-1346 sojojin Mongol Golden Horde na Jani Beg, wadanda galibin dakarun Tatar ke fama da matsalar. cutar, ta harba gawarwakin da suka kamu da cutar a kan katangar birnin Kaffa don harba mutanen, duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar berayen da suka kamu da cutar sun bi ta layin da aka killace don yada cutar ga mazauna.Yayin da cutar ta kama, 'yan kasuwa na Genoese sun gudu ta haye tekun Black Sea zuwa Constantinople, inda cutar ta fara isa Turai a lokacin rani na 1347.Annobar da aka yi a wurin ta kashe ɗan Sarkin Rumawa, John VI Kantakouzenos, ɗan shekara 13, wanda ya rubuta kwatancin cutar da aka kwatanta da labarin Thucydides na Annobar Athens ta ƙarni na 5 KZ, amma ya lura da yaduwar Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta jirgin ruwa. tsakanin garuruwan ruwa.Nicephorus Gregoras kuma ya bayyana a rubuce zuwa ga Demetrios Kydones adadin masu mutuwa, rashin amfanin magani, da firgicin 'yan ƙasa.Barkewar farko a Konstantinoful ta kasance shekara guda, amma cutar ta sake fitowa sau goma kafin shekara ta 1400.

Yaƙin Byzantine-Genoese na 1348-1349 an yi yaƙi da shi akan sarrafa haƙƙin al'ada ta hanyar Bosphorus.Rumawa sun yi yunƙurin karya dogaron abinci da kasuwancin teku a kan 'yan kasuwar Genoes na Galata, da kuma sake gina nasu ikon na ruwa.Sabbin sojojin ruwansu da aka gina duk da haka 'yan Genoese ne suka kama su, kuma aka kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Kasawar da Rumawa suka yi na korar Genoese daga Galata yana nufin ba za su taba dawo da karfin teku ba, kuma za su dogara ga Genoa ko Venice don taimakon ruwa.Daga shekara ta 1350, Rumawa sun haɗa kansu zuwa Jamhuriyar Venice, wanda kuma ke yaƙi da Genoa.Duk da haka, kamar yadda Galata ya kasance mai ƙiyayya, an tilasta wa Rumawa su sasanta rikici a cikin sulhu a cikin watan Mayu 1352.

Yaƙin basasar Rumawa na 1352-1357 ya nuna ci gaba da ƙarewar wani rikici na baya wanda ya kasance daga 1341 zuwa 1347. Ya ƙunshi John V Palaiologos da Kantakouzenoi biyu, John VI Kantakouzenos da babban ɗansa Matthew Kantakouzenos.John V ya yi nasara a matsayin sarki daya tilo na Daular Rumawa, amma sake dawo da yakin basasa ya kawo karshen rikicin da ya barke a baya, wanda ya bar kasar ta Rumawa kango.

A yakin basasar Rumawa wanda ya fara a 1352, John Palaiologos ya sami taimakon Serbia, yayin da John Kantakouzenos ya nemi taimako daga Orhan I, Ottoman bey.Kantakouzenos ya shiga cikin Thrace don ya ceci ɗansa, Matiyu, wanda Palaiologos ya kai wa hari jim kaɗan bayan an ba shi wannan appanage sannan ya ƙi amincewa da John Palaiologos a matsayin magajin sarauta.Dakarun Ottoman sun sake kwace wasu garuruwan da suka mika wuya ga John Palaiologos, kuma Kantakouzenos ya kyale sojojin su wawashe garuruwan, ciki har da Adrianople, don haka da alama Kantakouzenos ya yi nasara kan John Palaiologos, wanda yanzu ya koma Sabiya.Sarkin sarakuna Stefan Dušan ya aika da Palaiologos sojojin dawakai na 4,000 ko 6,000 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Gradislav Borilović yayin da Orhan I ya ba Kantakouzenos mahayan dawakai 10,000.Haka kuma Sarkin Bulgaria Ivan Alexander ya aika da dakaru da ba a san adadinsu ba don tallafawa Palaiologos da Dušan.Sojojin biyu sun hadu a wani fage na fage kusa da Demotika (na zamani Didymoteicho) a watan Oktoba 1352, wanda zai yanke shawarar makomar Daular Rumawa, ba tare da shigar da Rumawa kai tsaye ba.Yawancin Ottomans sun ci nasara da Sabiyawa, kuma Kantakouzenos ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko, yayin da Palaiologos ya gudu zuwa Venetian Tenedos.A cewar Kantakouzenos kimanin Serbs 7,000 ne suka fadi a yakin (wanda aka yi la'akari da ƙari), yayin da Nikephoros Gregoras (1295-1360) ya ba da lambar a matsayin 4,000.Yakin shi ne babban yakin farko na Daular Usmaniyya a kasar Turai, kuma ya sanya Stefan Dušan ya fahimci babbar barazanar daular Usmaniyya ga Gabashin Turai.

A ranar 2 ga Maris 1354, girgizar kasa ta afku a yankin da ta lalata daruruwan kauyuka da garuruwan yankin.Kusan kowane gini a Gallipoli ya ruguje, wanda ya sa mazauna Girka suka fice daga birnin.A cikin wata guda, Süleyman Pasha ya kwace wurin, inda ya yi gaggawar karfafa shi tare da cika shi da iyalan Turkawa da aka dauko daga Anatoliya.

Yakin basasar Rumawa na 1373-1379 rikici ne na soji da aka gwabza a Daular Rumawa tsakanin Sarkin Rumawa John V Palaiologos da dansa Andronikos IV Palaiologos, wanda kuma ya zama yakin basasar Ottoman , lokacin da Savcı Bey dan Sarkin Ottoman. Murad I ya shiga Andronikos a cikin tawaye tare da ubanninsu.Ya fara sa’ad da Andronikos ya nemi ya hambarar da mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1373. Ko da yake bai yi nasara ba, tare da taimakon Genoese , Andronikos ya iya hambarar da John V kuma ya daure shi a shekara ta 1376. A shekara ta 1379, John V ya tsere, kuma tare da taimakon Ottoman, ya sake samun kursiyin.Yaƙin basasa ya ƙara raunana daular Rumawa, wadda tuni ta sha fama da munanan yaƙe-yaƙe da dama a farkon ƙarni.Manyan wadanda suka ci moriyar yakin su ne Daular Usmaniyya, wadanda Rumawa suka zama masu fada a ji yadda ya kamata.

Manuel II shi ne marubucin ayyuka da yawa na halaye daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da haruffa, waƙa, Rayuwar Saint, littattafai akan tiyoloji da magana, da kuma abin koyi ga ɗan'uwansa Theodore I Palaiologos da madubin sarakuna ga ɗansa da magaji Yahaya.Wannan madubi na sarakuna yana da daraja ta musamman, domin shi ne samfurin ƙarshe na wannan nau'in adabi da Rumawa suka yi mana wasiyya.Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, an ba shi wani ɗan zuhudu kuma ya karɓi sunan Matiyu.Matarsa ​​Helena Dragaš ta ga cewa 'ya'yansu, John VIII Palaiologos da Constantine XI Palaiologos, sun zama sarakuna.

Sifen Constantinoful a shekara ta 1394-1402 ya kasance dogon katanga na babban birnin daular Byzantine da Sultan Bayezid na Ottoman ya yi. Tuni a shekara ta 1391, saurin mamayar daular Usmaniyya a yankin Balkan ya katse birnin daga bayansa.Bayan gina katanga na Anadoluhisarı don sarrafa mashigin Bosporus, tun daga shekara ta 1394, Bayezid ya yi kokarin kashe garin don mika wuya ta hanyar killace shi ta kasa da kuma ta ruwa.An kaddamar da yakin Crusade na Nicopolis don taimakawa birnin, amma Ottoman ya ci nasara da shi sosai.A shekara ta 1399, sojojin Faransa a karkashin Marshal de Boucicaut sun isa, amma sun kasa cimma nasara.Lamarin ya yi muni sosai har a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1399 Sarkin Rumawa Manuel II Palaiologos ya bar birnin don rangadin kotunan Yammacin Turai a wani yunƙuri na neman taimakon soja.An yi wa sarkin maraba da karramawa, amma bai samu takamammen alkawarin goyon baya ba.Constantinople ya sami ceto lokacin da Bayezid ya fuskanci mamayar Timur a 1402. Bayezid ya sha kashi a yakin Ankara a 1402, da yakin basasar Ottoman da ya biyo baya, har ma ya ba wa Rumawa damar dawo da wasu yankuna da suka bata, a cikin yarjejeniyar Gallipoli.

Yaƙin Nicopolis ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Satumbar 1396 kuma ya haifar da fatattakar sojojin 'yan tawaye na Hungarian , Croatian, Bulgarian , Wallachian , Faransanci , Burgundian, Jamusanci , da dakaru daban-daban (taimakawa da sojojin ruwa na Venetian ) a hannun wani sojan ruwa. Daular Ottoman , ta tayar da kewayen sansanin Danubian na Nicopolis kuma ya kai ga ƙarshen daular Bulgaria ta biyu .Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa da Crusade na Nicopolis kamar yadda ya kasance ɗayan manyan Crusades na ƙarshe na Tsakiyar Tsakiya, tare da Crusade na Varna a 1443-1444.

A ranar 10 ga Disamba 1399, Manuel II ya yi tafiya zuwa Morea, inda ya bar matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa tare da ɗan'uwansa Theodore I Palaiologos don a kare shi daga niyyar ɗan'uwansa.Daga baya ya sauka a Venice a cikin Afrilu 1400, sannan ya tafi Padua, Vicenza da Pavia, har ya isa Milan, inda ya sadu da Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti, da kuma babban abokinsa Manuel Chrysoloras.Bayan haka, ya sadu da Charles VI na Faransa a Charenton a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1400. A lokacin zamansa a Faransa, Manuel II ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar sarakunan Turai.A cikin Disamba 1400, ya tashi zuwa Ingila don saduwa da Henry IV na Ingila wanda ya karbe shi a Blackheath a ranar 21 ga wannan watan, wanda ya sa shi kaɗai ne sarkin Byzantine da ya ziyarci Ingila , inda ya zauna a fadar Eltham har zuwa tsakiyar Fabrairu 1401, kuma an yi ta murna don girmama shi.Bugu da ƙari, ya karɓi fam 2,000, inda ya amince da karɓar kuɗin a cikin takardar Latin kuma ya rufe su da nasa bijimin zinariya.

An yi yakin Ankara ko Angora a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1402 a filin Çubuk kusa da Ankara, tsakanin sojojin Sultan Bayezid na Ottoman na Ottoman da Sarkin Daular Timurid, Timur .Yaƙin ya kasance babban nasara ga Timur, kuma ya kai ga Ottoman Interregnum.Rumawa za su amfana da wannan ɗan gajeren hutu.

A shekarar 1422 ne aka yi kaca-kaca da Ottoman na farko a birnin Constantinoful a shekara ta 1422 sakamakon yunkurin da Sarkin Rumawa Manuel II ya yi na yin katsalandan a kan gadon sarautar Daular Usmaniyya, bayan rasuwar Mehmed I a shekara ta 1421. An yi amfani da wannan manufa ta Rumawa sau da yawa cikin nasara. wajen raunana makwabtansu.Lokacin da Murad II ya fito a matsayin magajin mahaifinsa, ya zarce zuwa yankin Byzantine.Turkawa sun sami nasu igwa a karon farko ta hanyar kewaye na 1422, "falcons", wanda gajere ne amma fadi.Bangarorin biyu sun yi daidai da juna ta hanyar fasaha, kuma Turkawa sun gina shingaye "domin karbar ... duwatsun bama-bamai".

John VIII Palaiologos ko Palaeologus shi ne sarki na Byzantine, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1425 zuwa 1448. A watan Yuni 1422, John VIII Palaiologos ya kula da tsaron Constantinople a lokacin da Murad II ya yi wa yaƙi, amma dole ne ya yarda da asarar Tasalonika, wanda ɗan'uwansa Andron ya yi. An ba Venice a shekara ta 1423. Don a sami kariya daga Ottomans , ya yi tafiya biyu zuwaItaliya a 1423 da 1439. A 1423 ya zama sarkin Byzantine na ƙarshe (na farko tun ziyarar sarki Constans II a 663) don yin ziyara a Roma. .A lokacin tafiya ta biyu ya ziyarci Paparoma Eugene IV a Ferrara kuma ya amince da haɗin gwiwar majami'un Girka da na Romawa.An amince da Ƙungiyar a Majalisar Florence a cikin 1439, wanda Yahaya ya halarta tare da mabiya 700 ciki har da Patriarch Joseph II na Constantinople da George Gemistos Plethon, wani masanin falsafa na Neoplaton mai tasiri a cikin malaman ilimi na Italiya.

Crusade na Varna wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na soja da bai yi nasara ba wanda shugabannin Turai da dama suka yi don duba faɗaɗa daular Usmania zuwa tsakiyar Turai, musamman yankin Balkan tsakanin 1443 da 1444. Paparoma Eugene IV ne ya kira shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1443 kuma Sarki Władysław ya jagoranta. III na Poland , John Hunyadi , Voivode na Transylvania , da Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy .Crusade na Varna ya ƙare a cikin gagarumin nasarar Ottoman akan kawancen 'yan Salibiyya a yakin Varna a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1444, inda aka kashe Władysław da wakilin Papal na balaguron Julian Cesarini.

Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos shi ne sarki na ƙarshe na Byzantine, yana mulki daga 1449 har zuwa mutuwarsa a yaƙi a Faɗuwar Constantinople a 1453. Mutuwar Constantine ta nuna ƙarshen daular Byzantine, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tushen Constantine Babban kafuwar Constantinoful a matsayin Roman. Sabon babban birnin daular a cikin 330. Ganin cewa Daular Rumawa ita ce ci gaban daular Roma ta tsakiya, tare da 'yan kasarta suna ci gaba da kiran kansu a matsayin Romawa, mutuwar Constantine XI da faduwar Constantinople kuma alama ce ta tabbataccen ƙarshen Daular Roma, wanda Augustus ya kafa kusan 1,500. shekaru baya.Constantine shi ne shugaban Kirista na ƙarshe na Konstantinoful, wanda tare da jarumtakarsa a faɗuwar birnin ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin mutum na kusa da tarihi a tarihin baya da tarihin Girkanci.

Guguwar ƙaura na malaman Girka na Byzantine da émigrés a cikin lokacin da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen Daular Rumawa a 1453, masana da yawa suna la'akari da mahimmancin farfaɗowar karatun Girkanci wanda ya haifar da haɓaka ɗan adam na Renaissance da kimiyya.Waɗannan ƴan ƙaura sun kawo wa Yammacin Turai ragowar da aka adana da kyau da kuma tarin ilimin wayewar kansu (Girkanci), waɗanda galibi ba su tsira a tsakiyar zamanai na yamma ba.The Encyclopædia Britannica ya yi iƙirarin cewa: “Malaman zamani da yawa kuma sun yarda cewa ƙaurawar Helenawa zuwaItaliya a sakamakon wannan al’amari ya nuna ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya da farkon Farfaɗowar Zamani”, ko da yake masana kaɗan ne suka ƙididdige farkon Renaissance na Italiya. marigayi.

Faduwar Konstantinoful ita ce kame babban birnin Daular Rumawa da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi.Birnin ya fadi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1453, wanda ya kawo karshen harin kwanaki 53 wanda ya fara a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1453. Sojojin Ottoman da suka kai hari, wanda ya zarce yawan masu kare Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II mai shekaru 21 (daga baya ake kiransa da shi). " Mehmed the Conqueror "), yayin da sojojin Rumawa ke karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Constantine XI Palaiologos.Bayan ya ci birnin, Mehmed na biyu ya mai da Constantinople sabon babban birnin Ottoman, ya maye gurbin Adrianople.Cin nasara da Konstantinoful da faduwar daular Byzantine ya kasance magudanar ruwa na Marigayi Tsakiyar Zamani kuma ana la'akari da ƙarshen zamanin da.Faduwar garin kuma ta tsaya a matsayin wani sauyi a tarihin soja.Tun a zamanin d ¯ a, birane da ƙauyuka sun dogara da ginshiƙai da bango don tunkuɗe mahara.Ganuwar Konstantinoful, musamman bangon Theodosian, sun kasance wasu manyan tsare-tsare na tsaro a duniya.An shawo kan waɗannan katangar ta hanyar amfani da foda, musamman a cikin nau'ikan manyan bindigogi da bama-bamai, wanda ke ba da sanarwar sauyin yaƙin kewaye.

A matsayinta na daya tilo mai tsayin daka na dogon lokaci a Turai a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya take, Byzantium ta keɓance Yammacin Turai daga sabbin rundunonin da ke tasowa zuwa Gabas.Ci gaba da kai hari akai-akai, ya nisanta Yammacin Turai daga Farisawa , Larabawa, Turkawa Seljuk , da kuma na Ottoman na ɗan lokaci.Ta wata fuskar daban, tun daga karni na 7, juyin halitta da sake fasalin kasar Rumawa suna da alaka kai tsaye da ci gaban Musulunci.Wasu malaman sun mayar da hankali kan kyawawan al'adun Rumawa da gado, masanin tarihi na Faransa Charles Diehl ya bayyana daular Rumawa da cewa:Byzantium ya haifar da al'ada mai haske, yana iya zama, mafi kyawun lokacin dukan zamanai na tsakiya, ko shakka babu wanda ya kasance a cikin Kiristanci Turai kafin karni na XI.Shekaru da yawa, Constantinople ya kasance babban birni ɗaya tilo na Kiristancin Turai a matsayi na biyu ba tare da ɗaukaka ba.Adabin Byzantium da fasaha sun yi tasiri sosai a kan mutanen da ke kewaye da shi.Abubuwan tarihi na tarihi da manyan ayyukan fasaha, waɗanda suka rage bayansa, suna nuna mana gabaɗayan al'adun Byzantine.Shi ya sa Byzantium ke da matsayi mai mahimmanci a tarihin zamanai na tsakiya kuma, dole ne mutum ya yarda da shi, wanda ya cancanta.