Tarihin Ukraine

Matsugunin mutane na zamani a Yukren da kewaye ya samo asali ne tun 32,000 KZ, tare da shaidar al'adun Gravetian a cikin tsaunin Crimean.A shekara ta 4,500 KZ, al'adun Neolithic Cucuteni-Trypillia sun bunƙasa a wurare masu faɗi na Ukraine na zamani, ciki har da Trypillia da dukan yankin Dnieper-Dniester.Har ila yau, ana la'akari da Ukraine a matsayin wuri mai yuwuwa na farkon cikin gida na doki.A lokacin Iron Age, ƙasar Cimmerians, Scythians, da Sarmatians ne suka zauna.Tsakanin 700 KZ da 200 KZ wani yanki ne na masarautar Sikiyan.Daga karni na 6 KZ, an kafa yankunan Girka , Roman, da Byzantine a arewa maso gabas ga bakin Tekun Bahar, kamar a Tyras, Olbia, da Chersonesus.Waɗannan sun bunƙasa a cikin ƙarni na 6 AD.Goths sun zauna a yankin, amma sun zo ƙarƙashin ikon Huns daga 370s.A cikin karni na 7, yankin da ke gabashin Ukraine ya kasance tsakiyar Old Great Bulgaria .A ƙarshen karni, yawancin kabilun Bulgar sun yi hijira a wurare daban-daban, kuma Khazars sun mamaye yawancin ƙasar.A cikin karni na 5th da 6th, farkon Slavic, mutanen Antes sun zauna a Ukraine.Antes sune kakannin 'yan Ukrain: White Croats, Severians, Polans na Gabas, Drevlyans, Dulebes, Ulichians, da Tiverians.Hijira daga yankunan Ukraine na yau a ko'ina cikin Balkans sun kafa al'ummomin Kudancin Slavic.Hijirar Arewa, ta kai kusan tafkin Ilmen, ta haifar da bullar Ilmen Slavs, Krivichs, da Radimichs, ƙungiyoyin kakanni ga Rashawa.Bayan farmakin Avar a shekara ta 602 da rugujewar ƙungiyar Antes, yawancin waɗannan mutanen sun rayu a matsayin ƙabilu daban-daban har zuwa farkon karni na biyu.

Al'adun Kyiv ko al'adun Kiev al'ada ce ta archaeological tun daga kusan ƙarni na 3 zuwa na 5, mai suna Kyiv, babban birnin Ukraine.An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin al'adun archaeological na Slavic na farko da za a iya gane shi.Ya kasance daidai da (kuma yana mafi yawa a arewacin) al'adun Chernyakhov.Ana samun matsugunan galibi a bakin kogi, akai-akai ko dai a kan manyan duwatsu ko dama gefen koguna.Gidajen suna da yawa na nau'in yanki na karkashin kasa (na kowa a tsakanin Celtic da Jamusanci da kuma daga baya a tsakanin al'adun Slavic), sau da yawa murabba'i (kimanin mita hudu da hudu), tare da bude wuta a kusurwa.Galibin ƙauyuka sun ƙunshi gidaje kaɗan ne kawai.Akwai kadan shaida game da rabon aiki, ko da yake a wani yanayi wani kauye na al'adun Kiev yana shirya siraran tururuwa na tururuwa don a ƙara sake yin aiki a cikin sanannun antler combs na Gothic, a wani ƙauyen al'adun Chernyakhov na kusa.Zuriyar al'adun Kyiv - Prague-Korchak, Penkovka da al'adun Kolochin - wanda aka kafa a karni na 5 a Gabashin Turai.Akwai, duk da haka, akwai rashin jituwa mai mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar kimiyya game da ainihin magabatan al'adun Kyiv, tare da wasu masana tarihi da masu binciken archaeologists suna gano ta kai tsaye daga al'adun Milograd, wasu, daga al'adun Chernoles (manoma Scythian na Herodotus) ta hanyar Zarubintsy. al'adu, wasu ta hanyar al'adun Przeworkk da al'adun Zarubintsy.

Kiristanci na mutanen Rus ya kamata ya fara ne a cikin 860s kuma shine mataki na farko a cikin tsarin Kiristanci na Gabas Slavs wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 11.Duk da mahimmancin tarihi da al'adu, bayanan da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da taron suna da wuya a samu, kuma da alama an manta da lokacin Baftismar Vladimir na Kiev a cikin 980s.Madogara mafi iko akan Kiristanci na farko na Rus' shine wasiƙar encyclical na Patriarch Photius na Konstantinoful, wanda aka rubuta zuwa farkon 867. Da yake magana akan yakin Rus'-Byzantine na 860 , Photius ya sanar da magabata na Gabas da bishop cewa, bayan Bulgars sun juya. zuwa ga Kristi a shekara ta 863, Rus ya bi sahu da himma har ya ga yana da kyau ya aika da bishop zuwa ƙasarsu.

A 882, Kyiv aka kafa ta Varangian mai daraja Oleh (Oleg), wanda ya fara dogon lokaci na mulkin Rurikid sarakuna.A wannan lokacin, yawancin kabilun Slavic sun kasance 'yan asalin ƙasar Ukraine, ciki har da Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Ulichs, Tiverians, White Croats da Dulebes.Kasancewa a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci masu riba, Kyiv a cikin Polans ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin tsakiyar babban yankin Slavic na Kievan Rus .A cikin karni na 11, Kievan Rus' ta kasance jiha mafi girma a Turai, ta zama sananne a sauran Turai kamar Ruthenia (sunan Latin don Rus'), musamman ga shugabannin yammacin Rus' bayan mamayewar Mongol.Sunan "Ukraine", ma'ana "a cikin ƙasa" ko "ƙasar ƙasa", yawanci ana fassara shi da "ƙasar kan iyakoki", ya fara bayyana a cikin takaddun tarihi na karni na 12 sannan kuma akan taswirar tarihi na zamanin karni na 16.Wannan kalma da alama ya yi daidai da ƙasar Rus'proria—sarakunan Kyiv, Chernihiv da Pereiaslav.An yi amfani da kalmar "Greater Rus" don amfani da duk ƙasashen Kievan Rus, ciki har da waɗanda ba kawai Slavic ba, amma har da Uralic a yankunan arewa maso gabas na jihar.Rus na yanki na yanki sun bayyana a cikin zuciyar Slavic, ciki har da "Belarus" (White Rasha), "Chorna Rus" (Black Rasha) da "Cherven'Rus" (Red Rasha) a arewa maso yamma da yammacin Ukraine.

Jihar magaji zuwa Kievan Rus 'a wani ɓangare na ƙasar Ukraine a yau shi ne mulkin Galicia-Volhynia.A baya, Vladimir mai girma ya kafa biranen Halich da Ladomir a matsayin manyan yankuna.Wannan jihar ta dogara ne akan kabilun Dulebe, Tiverian da Farin Croat.Zuriyar Yaroslav mai hikima da Vladimir Monomakh ne suka mulki jihar.Na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne ke mulkin jihar.Haka kuma an yi fafatawa da jahohin Poland da Lithuania da ke makwabtaka da juna, da kuma yakin tsakani da masarautar Ruthenia mai cin gashin kanta ta Chernihiv a gabas.A mafi girman girman yankin Galicia-Volhynia ya haɗa da Wallachia/Bessarabia daga baya, don haka ya isa gaɓar Tekun Bahar Rum.A cikin wannan lokacin (kusan 1200-1400), kowace mulki ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga ɗayan na ɗan lokaci.Jihar Halich-Volynia a ƙarshe ta zama ƙwazo ga daular Mongol , amma ƙoƙarin samun goyon bayan Turai don adawa da Mongols ya ci gaba.Wannan lokacin alama ta farko "Sarkin Rus";a baya, sarakunan Rus' ana kiransu "Grand Dukes" ko "Princes."

Mamaya na Mongol na ƙarni na 13 ya lalata Kievan Rus’ kuma Kyiv ya lalace gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 1240. A yankin Yukren na yau, sarakunan Halych da Volodymyr-Volynskyi sun tashi, kuma aka haɗa su cikin jihar Galicia–Volhynia.Daniel na Galicia, ɗan Roman Mai Girma, ya sake haɗa yawancin kudu maso yammacin Rus, ciki har da Volhynia, Galicia da tsohon babban birnin Kyiv.Daga baya babban limamin Paparoma ya naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin sarkin farko na sabuwar Masarautar Ruthenia a shekara ta 1253.

Grand Duchy na Lithuania, daya daga cikin manyan jihohi a Turai a lokacin, ya zama magaji na al'adun Kievan Rus '.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki da al'adu, ƙasashen Rutheinian sun fi na Lithuania haɓaka sosai.Manyan Rutheinian sun kafa fuskar kasar Lithuania kuma.An koyi ƙa'idodi da yawa na dokokin Rutheinian, lakabi na mukamai, gidaje, tsarin gudanarwa, da sauransu.Rutheinian ya zama harshen hukuma na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don takardun kasuwanci.Yawancin Ukraine suna iyaka da sassan Lithuania, wasu kuma sun ce sunan "Ukraine" ya fito ne daga kalmar gida don "iyaka," ko da yake an yi amfani da sunan "Ukraine" ƙarni a baya.Kuma da alama sunan yana nuni ne ga noman hatsin da ake nomawa a kasar.Lithuania ta karbe iko da jihar Volynia a arewaci da arewa maso yammacin Ukraine, ciki har da yankin da ke kusa da Kyiv (Rus), sannan sarakunan Lithuania suka karbi lakabin mai mulkin Rasha.Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen Ukrain (wanda aka sani da Ruthenia) sun kasance a cikin manyan mukamai a Grand Duchy na Lithuania, wanda ya ƙunshi sarakunan gida, masu mulki, har ma da Lithuania Crown kanta.A wannan lokacin, Ukrain da Ukrainians sun ga wadatar dangi da 'yancin kai, tare da Duchy suna aiki kamar haɗin gwiwar Lithuanian-Ukrainian jihar, tare da 'yancin yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox, suna magana da Ukrainian (musamman an nuna shi ta hanyar haɓakar ƙananan harshe tsakanin harsunan Ukrainian da Lithuanian). ), kuma ci gaba da shiga cikin al'adun Ukrainian, saura ba tare da tsayawa ba.Bugu da kari, harshen hukuma na jihar shine yaren Ruthenian, ko kuma tsohon Ukrainian.

A cikin karni na 14, Poland da Lithuania sun gwabza yaki da mahara Mongol, kuma daga karshe akasarin Ukraine suka koma karkashin mulkin Poland da Lithuania.Musamman, Galicia (Gabashin Turai) ya zama wani ɓangare na Poland, yayin da Polotsk Voivodeship, Volynia, Chernihiv, da Kyiv ta 1362 bayan Yaƙin Blue Waters.

Daga karshe dai Poland ta karbe ikon yankin kudu maso yammacin kasar.Bayan gamayya tsakanin Poland da Lithuania, Poles, Jamusawa , Lithuania da Yahudawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin, wanda ya tilasta wa Ukrain daga mukaman da suka yi tarayya da Lithuania, tare da ƙarin 'yan Ukrain da aka tilastawa zuwa Ukraine ta Tsakiya saboda sakamakon ƙaura na Poland, polonization, da kuma Poland. sauran nau'o'in zalunci akan Ukraine da 'yan Ukrain, duk wanda ya fara zama cikakke.

Ƙarni na 15 na Golden Horde ya ba da damar kafuwar Crimean Khanate, wanda ya mamaye gabar tekun Black Sea a yau da kudancin Ukraine.Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, Crimean Khanate ya ci gaba da cinikin bayi tare da Daular Ottoman da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana fitar da bayi kimanin miliyan 2 daga Rasha da Ukraine a cikin lokacin 1500-1700.Ya ci gaba da zama a matsayin vassal daular Ottoman har zuwa 1774, lokacin da daular Rasha ta rushe a 1783.

A cikin 1490, saboda ƙara zalunci da Ukrainians a hannun Yaren mutanen Poland , jerin cin nasara tawaye ya jagoranci Ukrainian gwarzo Petro Mukha, shiga tare da sauran Ukrainians, kamar Cossacks na farko da Hutsuls, ban da Moldavia ( Romawa ).Wanda aka fi sani da Mukha's Rebellion, wannan jerin fadace-fadacen ya samu goyon bayan yariman Moldavia Stephen the Great, kuma yana daya daga cikin fitintinu na farko da 'yan Ukrain suka yi kan zaluncin Poland.Wadannan 'yan tawayen sun ga kwace garuruwa da dama na Pokuttya, kuma sun kai har zuwa yammacin Lviv, amma ba tare da kama na karshen ba.

Bayan Tarayyar Lublin a cikin 1569 da kuma samar da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth Ukraine ta fada karkashin gwamnatin Poland, ta zama wani ɓangare na Crown na Masarautar Poland.Lokacin nan da nan bayan ƙirƙirar Commonwealth ya ga babban farfaɗo a ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka.An kafa sabbin birane da ƙauyuka da yawa & alaƙa tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na Ukrainian, kamar Galicia da Volyn an ƙara su sosai.Sabbin makarantu suna yada ra'ayoyin Renaissance;Mazaunan ƙasar Poland sun isa da yawa kuma cikin sauri suka gauraye da jama'ar yankin;A wannan lokacin, yawancin sarakunan Ukrainian sun zama masu rinjaye kuma sun koma Katolika, kuma yayin da yawancin masu magana da Ruthenia suka kasance a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, tashin hankalin zamantakewa ya tashi.Wasu daga cikin motsi na polonized zai haifar da al'adun Poland sosai, alal misali, Stanisław Orzechowski.Mazaunan Ruthenia waɗanda suka guje wa ƙoƙarin tilasta su shiga aikin bautar sun zama sanannun da Cossacks kuma sun sami suna don ruhun yaƙi.Wasu Cossacks sun shiga cikin Commonwealth a matsayin sojoji don kare iyakokin kudu maso gabashin Commonwealth daga Tatars ko kuma sun shiga cikin yakin kasashen waje (kamar Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny a yakin Khotyn 1621).Ƙungiyoyin Cossack kuma sun kasance suna aiki a yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth da Tsardom na Rasha .Duk da fa'idar sojan Cossack, Commonwealth, wacce manyanta suka mamaye, ta ki ba su wani muhimmin yancin cin gashin kai, a maimakon haka ta yi ƙoƙarin mayar da mafi yawan al'ummar Cossack su zama 'yan ta'adda.Wannan ya haifar da karuwar yawan tawayen Cossack da ke nufin Commonwealth.

Cossack Hetmanate, a hukumance Mai watsa shiri na Zaporizhian ko Sojan Zaporizhia, wata jiha ce ta Cossack a yankin da ke tsakiyar Ukraine a yau tsakanin 1648 da 1764 (ko da yake tsarin gudanarwa da shari'a ya ci gaba har zuwa 1782).Hetmanate ya kafa Hetman na Zaporizhian Mai watsa shiri Bohdan Khmelnytsky a lokacin tashin 1648-57 a yankunan gabas na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth.Ƙaddamar da dangantaka ta vassal tare da Tsardom na Rasha a cikin yarjejeniyar Pereyaslav na 1654 ana daukarsa a matsayin alamar Cossack Hetmanate a cikin tarihin Soviet, Ukrainian, da Rasha.Majalisar Pereyaslav ta biyu a shekara ta 1659 ta ƙara taƙaita 'yancin kai na Hetmanate, kuma daga ɓangaren Rasha an yi ƙoƙarin bayyana yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tare da Yurii Khmelnytsky a 1659 a matsayin ba kome ba face "yarjejeniyoyi na tsohon Bohdan" na 1654. Yarjejeniyar 1667 ta Andrusovo - An gudanar da shi ba tare da wani wakilci daga Cossack Hetmanate - kafa iyakoki tsakanin kasashen Poland da Rasha, raba Hetmanate a cikin rabin tare da Dnieper da kuma sanya Zaporozhian Sich karkashin wani m hadin gwiwa gwamnatin Rasha da Poland.Bayan yunƙurin karya ƙungiyar da Rasha ta Ivan Mazepa a cikin 1708, an haɗa yankin gabaɗaya a cikin Gwamnatin Kiev kuma an taƙaita ikon cin gashin kansa na Cossack sosai.Catherine II ta Rasha a hukumance ta soke Cibiyar Hetman a 1764, kuma a cikin 1764-1781 an kafa Cossack Hetmanate a matsayin karamar Hukumar Rasha karkashin jagorancin Pyotr Rumyantsev, tare da ragowar karshe na tsarin gudanarwa na Hetmanate a cikin 1781.

Tawayen Ukrainian Cossack (Kozak) na 1648 ko Tashin Khmelnytsky, wanda ya fara wani zamanin da ake kira Ruin (a cikin tarihin Poland kamar Ruwan Ruwa), ya rushe tushe da kwanciyar hankali na Commonwealth.Jihar Cossack da aka haifa, Cossack Hetmanate, wadda galibi ana kallonta a matsayin mafarin Ukraine, ta sami kanta a cikin yakin soja da na diflomasiyya mai bangarori uku tare da Turkawa Ottoman, wadanda ke iko da Tatar a kudu, Commonwealth na Poland da Lithuania, da Tsardom. na Muscovy zuwa Gabas.

Mai watsa shiri na Zaporizhian, domin ya fice daga Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania, ya nemi yarjejeniya ta kariya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654. An san wannan yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniyar Pereyaslav.Hukumomin Commonwealth sun nemi sasantawa da kasar Cossack ta Ukrainian ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hadiach a shekara ta 1658, amma - bayan shekaru goma sha uku na yakin basasa - daga baya yarjejeniyar ta 1667 ta Poland da Rasha ta Andrusovo, wadda ta raba yankin Ukrainian tsakanin Commonwealth. da kuma Rasha.A karkashin Rasha, da farko Cossacks sun ci gaba da cin gashin kansu a cikin Hetmanate.Na wani lokaci, sun kuma ci gaba da kasancewa jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta a Zaporozhia, da kuma mallaka a kan iyakar Rasha a Sloboda Ukraine.Khmelnytsky ya ba da kariya ta soja na Tsardom na Rasha don musanya mubaya'a ga Tsar.An yi rantsuwar mubaya'a ga sarkin Rasha daga jagorancin Cossack Hetmanate, jim kadan bayan haka wasu jami'ai da malamai da kuma mazauna birnin Hetmanate suka yi mubaya'a.Haƙiƙanin yanayin dangantakar da yarjejeniyar Hetmanate da Rasha ta gindaya, lamari ne da ke haifar da cece-kuce na masana.Majalisar Pereiaslav ta biyo bayan musayar takardun hukuma: Labaran Maris (daga Cossack Hetmanate) da Sanarwar Tsar (daga Muscovy).

Koliivshchyna wata babbar tawaye ce ta haidamaky wacce ta barke a bankin Dama-Ukrain a watan Yuni 1768, wanda ya haifar da kudi (Dutch ducats coined in Saint Petersburg) da Rasha ta aika zuwa Ukraine don biyan mutanen gida da ke fada da Bar Confederation, rashin gamsuwar manoma. tare da kula da Katolika na Gabas da Kiristocin Orthodox ta hanyar Bar Confederation da kuma barazanar lalata da kuma adawa ga masu mulki da Poles ta Cossacks da manoma.Rikicin ya kasance tare da cin zarafi akan 'yan majalisa da magoya bayan kungiyar lauyoyi, 'yan sanda, Yahudawa da Roman Katolika musamman ma limaman hadin kai wanda ya kai ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa Uman.An kiyasta adadin wadanda abin ya shafa daga 100,000 zuwa 200,000, saboda yawancin al'ummomi na 'yan tsiraru na kasa (kamar Tsofaffin Muminai, Armeniya , Musulmi da Girkawa) sun bace gaba daya a yankin da aka yi tashe-tashen hankula.

Masarautar Galicia da Lodomeria, wanda kuma aka sani da Galicia Austrian, wata masarauta ce a cikin Daular Austriya, daga baya Cisleithanian yanki na Daular Austro-Hungarian, wanda aka kafa a 1772 a matsayin kambi na masarautar Habsburg.Ya ƙunshi yankuna waɗanda Sashe na Farko na Poland ya samu.Matsayinsa bai canza ba har zuwa rushewar sarauta a 1918.An fara sassaƙa yankin a cikin 1772 daga yankin kudu maso yamma na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth.A cikin waɗannan lokuta, canje-canjen yanki da yawa sun faru.A cikin 1795 Masarautar Habsburg ta shiga cikin kashi na uku na Poland tare da haɗa ƙarin yankin da Poland ke riƙe, wanda aka sake masa suna West Galicia.An yi hasarar wannan yanki a shekara ta 1809. Bayan 1849, iyakokin ƙasar sun ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa 1918.Sunan "Galicia" wani nau'i ne na Latinized na Halych, ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna na tsakiyar Kievan Rus '.Sunan "Lodomeria" kuma wani nau'i ne na Latinized na asalin sunan Slavic na Volodymyr, wanda Vladimir Mai Girma ya kafa a karni na 10.Lakabin "Sarkin Galicia da Lodomeria" ya kasance lakabin sarauta na marigayi na tsakiya wanda Andrew na biyu na Hungary ya kirkiro a lokacin da ya mamaye yankin a karni na 13.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Galicia-Volhynia, Masarautar Poland ta mamaye yankin a cikin ƙarni na 14 kuma ya kasance a cikin Poland har zuwa ɓarna na ƙarni na 18.Sakamakon sauye-sauyen kan iyaka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yankin Galicia ya rabu tsakanin Poland da Ukraine.Cibiyar tarihi Galicia ta ƙunshi yankunan Lviv na zamani, Ternopil, da Ivano-Frankivsk na yammacin Ukraine.

Yayin da bankin dama na Ukraine ya kasance na Commonwealth-Lithuania Commonwealth har zuwa ƙarshen 1793, bankin hagu na Ukraine an haɗa shi cikin Tsardom na Rasha a cikin 1667 (a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Andrusovo).A shekara ta 1672, Daular Ottoman ta Turkiyya ta mamaye Podolia, yayin da Kyiv da Braclav suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Hetman Petro Doroshenko har zuwa 1681, lokacin da Turkawa suka kama su, amma a cikin 1699 Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta mayar da waɗannan ƙasashe ga Commonwealth.Yawancin Ukraine sun fada hannun Daular Rasha a karkashin mulkin Catherine Mai Girma;a cikin 1793 Rasha ta mamaye bankin dama na Ukraine a bangare na biyu na Poland.Rasha, saboda tsoron ballewa, ta sanya tsauraran matakai kan yunkurin daukaka harshe da al'adun Ukraine, har ma da hana amfani da karatu.Manufofin Russophile na Russification da Panslavism sun haifar da ƙaura na yawan masu ilimin Ukrainian zuwa Yammacin Ukraine.Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen Ukrain sun yarda da makomarsu a cikin daular Rasha kuma wasu sun sami damar samun babban nasara a can.Karamar Rasha kalma ce ta yanki da tarihi da ake amfani da ita don kwatanta yankuna na zamani na Ukraine.

Bayan ɓangarorin Poland a cikin 1772, 1793 da 1795, matsanancin yammacin Ukraine ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon Austrians, sauran sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha .Sakamakon yakin Russo-Turkiyya, ikon daular Ottoman ya janye daga kudu maso tsakiyar Ukraine, yayin da mulkin Hungary ya ci gaba da mulkin yankin Transcarpathian.Kashi na uku na Poland (1795) shine na ƙarshe a cikin jerin ɓangarori na Poland-Lithuania da ƙasar Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth tsakanin Prussia, daular Habsburg, da Daular Rasha wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Poland-Lithuania har sai 1918.Makomar 'yan Ukrain ya sha bamban a karkashin Daular Austriya inda suka sami kansu a matsayin 'yan amshin shata na gwagwarmayar ikon Rasha da Ostiriya na Tsakiya da Kudancin Turai.Ba kamar a cikin Rasha ba, yawancin jiga-jigan da suka yi mulkin Galicia 'yan asalin Austria ne ko kuma na Poland, tare da Ruthenian kusan ana kiyaye su a cikin manoma.A cikin karni na 19, Russophilia ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin al'ummar Slavic, amma yawan gudun hijirar masu ilimin Ukraine da suka tsere daga zaluncin Rasha a gabashin Ukraine, da kuma shiga tsakani na hukumomin Austria, ya sa Ukrainophilia ya maye gurbin motsin, wanda zai iya maye gurbinsa. sa'an nan kuma haye zuwa cikin daular Rasha.A farkon yakin duniya na daya , sojojin Austriya sun tara duk wadanda ke goyon bayan Rasha kuma aka tsare su a wani sansanin taro a Talerhof inda mutane da yawa suka mutu.Galicia ya fada hannun Daular Austriya, da sauran Ukraine zuwa Daular Rasha.

Farfadowar ƙasa ta Ukrainian a cikin ƙasa abin da yake a yau Yammacin Ukraine ana ɗaukarsa ya fara kusan 1837, lokacin da Markiyan Shashkevych, Ivan Vahylevych da Yakiv Holovatsky suka buga Rusalka Dnistrovaya, almanac na waƙoƙin jama'ar Ukrainian a Buda, Hungary.A lokacin juyin juya halin 1848, an kafa Majalisar Koli ta Ruthenian a Lviv, ta zama ƙungiyar siyasa ta farko ta Yukren.A cikin Mayu 1848, Zoria Halytska ta fara bugawa a matsayin jarida ta farko a cikin harshen Ukrainian.A cikin 1890, an kafa Jam'iyyar Radical ta Ukrainian, jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Ukraine.Farfaɗowar ƙasa ta Yukren ta faru ne a cikin wani lokaci na tarihi lokacin da ƙasar Ukraine ta zamani ta raba tsakanin daular Austriya, Masarautar Hungary da daular Rasha bayan rabuwar Poland a ƙarshen karni na 18.Wannan lokacin ya faru ne jim kaɗan bayan Tashin Haidamaka (wanda aka fi sani da Koliivshchyna) ya girgiza ƙasashen tsohon Cossack Hetmanate.Lokaci ne da aka yi kusan murkushe juriya ta kasa baki daya kuma ta shiga karkashin kasa gaba daya.Dukkanin cibiyoyin jihar na Cossack Hetmanate sun lalace gaba daya tare da motsi na Cossack.Yankin Turai na daular Rasha ya sami nasarar ketare Dnieper kuma ya mika zuwa tsakiyar Turai, tare da isa ga bakin tekun Black Sea.Duk da haka, lokacin kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin farkon wallafe-wallafen zamani na Ukrainian, musamman ayyukan Ivan Kotliarevsky.Yawancin masana tarihi na Ukrainian kamar Volodymyr Doroshenko da Mykhailo Hrushevsky sun raba lokacin zuwa matakai uku.Matakin farko ya taso ne daga karshen karni na 18 zuwa 1840, mataki na biyu ya shafi tsawon shekarun 1840-1850, mataki na uku kuma shi ne rabin na biyu na karni na 19.

Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na daya , Ukraine, kamar yadda ya kasance, alal misali, Ireland da Indiya a lokacin, sun kasance a matsayin tsohuwar al'umma da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, amma ba a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta siyasa ko jiha ba.Yankin da ya kasance kasar Ukraine ta zamani wani bangare ne na Daular Rasha tare da wani yanki na kudu maso yamma wanda daular Austro-Hungary ke gudanarwa, da kuma iyakar da ke tsakaninsu tun daga Majalisar Vienna a shekara ta 1815.Yunkurin ci gaban Rasha zuwa Galicia ya fara ne a watan Agustan 1914. A lokacin farmakin, sojojin Rasha sun yi nasarar tura 'yan Austriya har zuwa tsaunin Carpathian yadda ya kamata suka kwace dukkan yankunan da ke cikin kasa, tare da cika dogon burinsu na hade yankin.An raba 'yan Ukrain zuwa runduna biyu daban-daban kuma masu adawa.Miliyoyin 3.5 sun yi yaƙi da Sojojin Rasha na Imperial, yayin da 250,000 suka yi yaƙi ga Sojojin Austro-Hungary.Da yawa Ukrainians ta haka kawo karshen fada da juna.Har ila yau, yawancin fararen hula na Ukrain sun sha wahala yayin da sojoji suka harbe su kuma suka kashe su bayan sun zarge su da hada kai da sojojin da ke adawa da su (duba Ukrainian Austrian internment).

Ukraine, wacce ta hada da Crimea, da Kuban, da wasu yankuna na Don Cossack da ke da yawan jama'ar Ukrain (tare da 'yan kabilar Rasha, da Yahudawa), sun yi kokarin ballewa daga Rasha bayan juyin juya halin Fabrairu 1917 a St. Petersburg.Masanin tarihi Paul Kubicek ya ce:Tsakanin 1917 zuwa 1920, ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke burin zama jihohin Ukraine masu cin gashin kansu sun wanzu.Wannan lokacin, duk da haka, ya kasance mai cike da hargitsi, wanda ke tattare da juyin juya hali, yakin duniya da na basasa, da rashin cikakken iko na tsakiya.Bangarorin da dama sun yi takara a yankin da ke Ukraine a yau, kuma ba duka kungiyoyi ne ke son ballewar kasar ta Ukraine ba.A ƙarshe, 'yancin kai na Ukrainian ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, saboda yawancin ƙasashen Ukrainian an haɗa su cikin Tarayyar Soviet kuma sauran, a yammacin Ukraine, an raba su tsakanin Poland , Czechoslovakia, da Romania .Masanin Kanada Orest Subtelny yana ba da mahallin daga dogon tarihin Turai:A cikin 1919 gabaɗaya hargitsi ya mamaye Ukraine.Hakika, a cikin tarihin zamani na Turai, babu wata ƙasa da ta fuskanci irin wannan cikakkiyar rashin zaman lafiya, rikicin cikin gida, da rugujewar iko gaba ɗaya kamar Ukraine a wannan lokacin.Sojoji daban-daban guda shida - na Ukrainian, Bolsheviks, farar fata, Faransa, Poles da 'yan adawa - sun yi aiki a yankinsa.Kyiv ya canza hannu sau biyar a cikin ƙasa da shekara guda.An raba birane da yankuna da juna ta fuskoki masu yawa.Sadarwa da duniyar waje ta lalace kusan gaba ɗaya.Garuruwan da ke fama da yunwa sun bazu yayin da jama'a ke ƙaura zuwa ƙauye don neman abinci.Bangarorin daban-daban sun gwabza fada a kan yankin Ukraine bayan rugujewar daular Rasha bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917 da kuma bayan yakin duniya na farko a shekara ta 1918, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar Ostiriya-Hungary, wacce ta yi mulkin Galicia na Ukraine.Rugujewar dauloli ya yi tasiri sosai kan yunkurin kishin kasa na kasar Ukraine, kuma cikin kankanin lokaci na shekaru hudu da dama daga cikin gwamnatocin kasar ta Yukren suka kafa.Wannan lokacin ya kasance da kyakkyawan fata da gina kasa, gami da rudani da yakin basasa.Al'amura sun daidaita dan kadan a cikin 1921 tare da yankin Ukraine na zamani ya raba tsakanin Soviet Ukrain (wanda zai zama jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet a 1922) da Poland, kuma tare da ƙananan ƙabilanci-Ukrainian yankuna na Czechoslovakia da Romania.

Yakin Soviet-Ukrainian shine kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita a bayan Tarayyar Soviet don abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin 1917-21, a zamanin yau ana daukar su da gaske a matsayin yaki tsakanin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrainian da Bolsheviks (Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Ukraine da RSFSR).Yakin ya faru ne jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba lokacin da Lenin ya aika da tawagar Antonov zuwa Ukraine da Kudancin Rasha.Al'adar tarihi ta Soviet tana kallonsa a matsayin mamayar da sojojin yammacin Turai da tsakiyar Turai suka yi a Ukraine, gami da sojojin Jamhuriyar Poland - nasarar Bolshevik wanda ya zama 'yantar da Ukraine daga wadannan sojojin.Akasin haka, masana tarihi na Ukrainian na zamani sun ɗauka a matsayin yaƙin cin gashin kai da jamhuriyar jama'ar Ukrain ta yi da Bolsheviks.

Yakin 'yancin kai na Ukrainian ya kasance jerin rikice-rikice da suka shafi abokan gaba da yawa wadanda suka dade daga 1917 zuwa 1921 kuma ya haifar da kafa da ci gaban jamhuriyar Ukrainian, mafi yawansu daga baya sun shiga cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin Jamhuriyar Social Socialist ta Ukrainian 1922- 1991.Yakin dai ya kunshi fadace-fadacen soji tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da na siyasa da na soji daban-daban.Masu zanga-zangar sun hada da 'yan kishin kasa na Ukraine, 'yan adawa na Ukraine, Bolsheviks, sojojin Jamus da Ostiriya-Hungary, Rundunar Sojojin sa kai ta Rasha, da sojojin Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu.Sun yi gwagwarmayar neman iko da Ukraine bayan juyin juya halin Fabrairu (Maris 1917) a cikin Daular Rasha .Sojojin kawance na Romania da Faransa ma sun shiga hannu.An yi gwagwarmaya daga Fabrairu 1917 zuwa Nuwamba 1921 kuma ya haifar da rabuwar Ukraine tsakanin Bolshevik Ukrainian SSR, Poland , Romania, da Czechoslovakia.Ana kallon rikici akai-akai a cikin tsarin Kudancin Front na yakin basasar Rasha na 1917-1922, da kuma matakin rufe Gabashin Gabas na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko na 1914-1918.

Makhnovshchina wani yunƙuri ne na samar da wata al'umma mai mulkin kama karya a sassan Ukraine a lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917-1923.Ya wanzu daga 1918 zuwa 1921, a lokacin ne 'yan Soviet da kuma 'yan kwaminisanci suka yi aiki a karkashin kariya na Nestor Makhno's Revolutionary Insurgent Army.Yankin yana da mutane kusan miliyan bakwai.An kafa Makhnovshchina tare da kame Huliaipole da sojojin Makhno suka yi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1918. An kafa ma'aikatan 'yan tawaye a cikin birnin, wanda ya zama babban birnin yankin.Sojojin Rasha na kungiyar fararen fata, karkashin Anton Denikin, sun mamaye wani yanki na yankin kuma suka kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Kudancin Rasha a cikin Maris 1920, wanda ya haifar da babban birnin kasar a takaice zuwa Katerynoslav (Dnipro na zamani).A karshen watan Maris na shekarar 1920 ne sojojin Denikin suka ja da baya daga yankin, bayan da dakarun Red Army tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin Makhno suka fatattake su, wadanda sassansu suka gudanar da yakin neman zabe a bayan layin Denikin.A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1921 ne aka kakkafa Makhnovshchina, lokacin da wani mummunan rauni Makhno da 77 daga cikin mutanensa suka tsere ta Romania bayan da sojojin Bolshevik suka kashe wasu manyan jami'ai.Remnants na Black Army sun ci gaba da yaki har zuwa karshen 1922.

Yakin Poland-Ukrainian, daga Nuwamba 1918 zuwa Yuli 1919, rikici ne tsakanin Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu da sojojin Ukraine (duka jamhuriyar Jama'ar Yukren ta Yamma da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrain).Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga kabilanci, al'adu da bambance-bambancen siyasa tsakanin al'ummar Poland da Ukrain da ke zaune a yankin, kamar yadda Poland da duka jamhuriyar Ukraine suka kasance jihohin da suka gaji daulolin Rasha da Austriya.Yakin ya fara ne a Gabashin Galicia bayan rugujewar daular Austro-Hungary ya kuma fantsama zuwa yankunan Chełm Land da Volhynia (Wołyń) da ke karkashin Daular Rasha a da, wadanda kasar Ukrainian (wata jihar abokin ciniki ta Daular Jamus) ta yi ikirarin cewa. ) da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrainian.Poland ta sake mamaye yankin da ake takaddama a kai a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1919.

Tattaunawa a cikin Ukraine, a hukumance Jamhuriyar Soviet Socialist na Ukrainian, wani bangare ne na manufofin tattarawa a cikin USSR da dekulakization da aka bi tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1933 tare da manufar haɓaka ƙasa da aiki a cikin gonaki na gama gari da ake kira kolkhoz da kawar da abokan gaba. aji aji.Makiyaya suna ganin ra'ayin noma na gama kai a matsayin farfaɗo da ƙwazo.A cikin Ukraine wannan manufar ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a kan al'ummar Ukrainian da al'adunta yayin da kashi 86% na yawan jama'ar ke zaune a yankunan karkara.Gabatar da ƙaƙƙarfar manufofin tattarawa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da Holodomor.A cikin Ukraine tattarawa yana da takamaiman manufa da sakamako.Dole ne a fahimci manufofin Tarayyar Soviet da ke da alaƙa da tattarawa a cikin babban mahallin zamantakewa "juyin juya hali daga sama" wanda ya faru a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin.Samuwar gonakin gama gari ya dogara ne akan manyan gonakin ƙauye a cikin haɗin gwiwar mazauna ƙauyen.An yi hasashen yawan amfanin gona zai karu da kashi 150%.Babban burin tarawa shine warware "matsalolin hatsi" na ƙarshen 1920s.A farkon shekarun 1920 kashi 3% na manoman Tarayyar Soviet ne kawai aka tara.A cikin shirin farko na shekaru biyar, kashi 20% na gidajen manoma za a tattara, kodayake a Ukraine an saita adadin zuwa 30%.

Holodomor, ko Yunwar Yukren, yunwa ce da mutum ya yi wanda ya faru a cikin Tarayyar Soviet daga 1932 zuwa 1933, wani ɓangare na yunwar Soviet da ta shafi yankuna masu samar da hatsi.Ya yi sanadin mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a cikin 'yan Ukrain.Yayin da aka yarda cewa yunwar ta mutum ce, ra'ayoyi sun bambanta kan ko ta kasance kisan kiyashi.Wasu na ganin kokarin da Joseph Stalin ya yi ne na murkushe yunkurin 'yancin kai na Ukraine, yayin da wasu ke kallonsa a matsayin sakamakon samar da masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet da manufofin tattarawa.Wani ra'ayi na tsakiya ya nuna cewa an fara amfani da dalilai na farko ba tare da gangan ba don kai hari ga 'yan Ukrain, da azabtar da su saboda kishin kasa da kuma tsayin daka ga tattarawa.Yukren, babbar mai noman hatsi, ta fuskanci kaso mai yawa na hatsi, wanda ya ta'azzara tsananin yunwar a can.Alkaluman wadanda suka mutu ya sha banban, inda alkalumman farko suka nuna mutane miliyan 7 zuwa 10 da abin ya shafa, amma tallafin karatu na baya-bayan nan ya kiyasta miliyan 3.5 zuwa 5.Tasirin yunwar na da matukar muhimmanci a Ukraine.Tun daga shekara ta 2006, Ukraine, da sauran kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 33, da Majalisar Turai, da kuma jihohi 35 na Amurka, sun amince da Holodomor a matsayin kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Soviet ta yi wa 'yan Ukraine.

Yaƙin Duniya na biyu ya fara ne a watan Satumba na 1939, lokacin da Hitler da Stalin suka mamaye Poland , Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓe mafi yawan Gabashin Poland.Jamus na Nazi tare da kawayenta sun mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1941. Wasu 'yan Ukrain da farko sun ɗauki sojojin Wehrmacht a matsayin masu 'yantar da mulkin Soviet, yayin da wasu suka kafa ƙungiyar bangaranci.Wasu abubuwa na 'yan kishin kasa na Ukrainian karkashin kasa sun kafa rundunar 'yan tawaye ta Yukren da suka yaki sojojin Soviet da na Nazi.Wasu kuma sun hada kai da Jamusawa.A Volhynia, mayakan Ukraine sun yi kisan kiyashi kan fararen hula 100,000 na Poland.Ragowar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na UPA-partisans sun yi aiki a kusa da iyakar Poland da Soviet har zuwa shekarun 1950.Galicia, Volhynia, Kudancin Bessarabia, Arewacin Bukovina, da Carpathian Ruthenia an ƙara su ne sakamakon yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop a 1939 da nasarar Soviet a kan Jamus a yakin duniya na biyu, 1939-45.Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an yarda da wasu gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ukrainian SSR, wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin wani batu na dokokin kasa da kasa a wasu lokuta kuma har zuwa wani lokaci, ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet a lokaci guda.Musamman, waɗannan gyare-gyare sun ba da izinin SSR na Ukrainian ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) tare da Tarayyar Soviet da Byelorussian SSR.Wannan wani bangare ne na yarjejeniya tare da Amurka don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin Babban Taro, wanda, USSR ta ra'ayi, ba shi da daidaituwa don goyon bayan Western Bloc.A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, SSR ta Ukrainian ta kasance memba a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1948-1949 da 1984-1985.Crimean Oblast aka canjawa wuri daga RSFSR zuwa Ukrainian SSR a 1954.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (wanda aka gajarta a matsayin RKU) shine mulkin mallaka na farar hula na yawancin Jamusanci na Nazi - Ukraine (wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kusa da Belarus na zamani da Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu kafin yakin).Ma'aikatar Reich ce ta Ma'aikatar Gabas ta Gabas karkashin jagorancin Alfred Rosenberg.Tsakanin Satumba 1941 da Agusta 1944, Erich Koch ne ke gudanar da Reichskommissariat a matsayin Reichskommissar.Ayyukan gwamnatin sun hada da samar da zaman lafiya a yankin da kuma yin amfani da su, don amfanin Jamus, da albarkatunsa da jama'arta.Adolf Hitler ya ba da Dokar Führer da ke bayyana yadda ake gudanar da sabbin yankuna na Gabas a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1941.Kafin mamayewar Jamus, Yukren wata jamhuriya ce ta Tarayyar Soviet , ƴan ƙasar Ukrainawa ke zaune tare da 'yan tsiraru na Rasha, Romania , Yahudanci , Yahudu, Belarusiya, Jamusanci, Romani da Crimean Tatar.Ya kasance wani muhimmin batu na shirin Nazi don faɗaɗa ƙasar Jamus bayan yakin.Manufar kawar da Nazi a Ukraine, tare da taimakon masu haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida, sun kawo karshen rayuwar miliyoyin fararen hula a cikin Holocaust da sauran kisan gillar Nazi: an kiyasta 900,000 zuwa 1.6 yahudawa da 3 zuwa 4 miliyan 'yan Ukrain da ba Yahudawa ba. a lokacin aikin;Wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa fararen hula miliyan 5.2 na Ukrain (daga dukkan kabilu) sun halaka saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, cututtuka masu alaka da yaki, da yunwa da suka kai fiye da kashi 12% na al'ummar Ukraine a lokacin.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , Tarayyar Soviet ta fuskanci hasarar mutane da dukiya, inda aka kiyasta kimanin mayakan Soviet miliyan 8.6 da kusan fararen hula miliyan 18.Ukraine, wani yanki na Tarayyar Soviet, ta sha wahala sosai, inda aka kashe fararen hula miliyan 6.8 da sojojinta, miliyan 3.9 aka kwashe zuwa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma miliyan 2.2 da Jamusawa suka aika zuwa sansanonin tilastawa.Rushewar abubuwa a Ukraine ya yi yawa saboda umarnin Hitler na ƙirƙirar "yankin halaka" a 1943 da kuma tsarin zafin duniya na sojojin Soviet a 1941, wanda ya haifar da lalata fiye da ƙauyuka 28,000, birane da garuruwa 714, tare da barin mutane miliyan 19. marasa gida.Kamfanonin masana'antu da na noma suma sun fuskanci barna mai yawa.Bayan yakin, yankin SSR na Ukrainian ya fadada, ya sami yammacin Ukraine daga Poland har zuwa layin Curzon, yankunan kusa da Izmail daga Romania, da Carpathian Ruthenia daga Czechoslovakia, ya kara kusan kilomita 167,000 (64,500 sq mi) da mutane miliyan 11 ga yawanta. .Canje-canje ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ukrainian SSR bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin wani yanki na daban a cikin dokokin duniya yayin da ya rage na Tarayyar Soviet.Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun baiwa Ukraine damar zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma yin aiki a Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1948-1949 da 1984-1985, wanda ke nuna karin girman da ta samu bayan yakin da kuma ribar yankuna.

Bayan mutuwar Stalin a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1953, jagoranci na gama gari ciki har da Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov, da Beria sun fara de-Stalinization, wanda ke nuna canji daga manufofin Stalin, ciki har da tsarin rusasa.Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukraine (CPU) ce ta fito fili ta bayyana sukar wadannan manufofin tun a watan Yunin 1953. Muhimmi a wannan lokacin shi ne nadin Aleksey Kirichenko, dan kabilar Ukrainian, a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPU, na farko tun cikin shekarun 1920. .De-Stalinization ya haɗa da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na tsakiya da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce.A cikin wani gagarumin aiki na tsakiya, RSFSR ta mayar da Crimea zuwa Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 1954, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 na sake hadewar Ukraine da Rasha, wanda ke nuna labarin dangantakar 'yan uwantaka tsakanin 'yan Ukraine da Rasha.Zaman, wanda aka fi sani da "Thaw," da nufin samun 'yanci kuma ya haɗa da afuwa ga waɗanda aka samu da laifin aikata laifuka a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin, kafa aikin farko na Ukraine zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1958, da karuwa a yawan 'yan Ukrain a ciki. CPU da gwamnati.Wannan lokacin kuma ya shaida al'ada da kuma m Ukrainization narke.Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da Khrushchev a cikin Oktoba 1964 da hawan Brezhnev ya nuna farkon zamanin Stagnation, wanda ke nuna halin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Brezhnev ya sake bullo da manufofin rusasa a ƙarƙashin sunan haɗin kan ƙasashen Soviet zuwa asalin Soviet guda ɗaya, daidai da hangen nesa na Lenin na matakin ƙarshe na gurguzu.Wannan lokacin karkashin Brezhnev kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar akidar ra'ayi na "Ci gaban Socialism," yana jinkirta wa'adin kwaminisanci.Mutuwar Brezhnev a shekara ta 1982 ta haifar da ci gaba, taƙaitaccen lokacin Andropov da Chernenko, sannan Mikhail Gorbachev ya tashi a 1985, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Era of Stagnation da farkon manyan gyare-gyaren da ke haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.

A ƙarshen zamanin Soviet , Ukraine ta sami jinkirin tasiri na manufofin Mikhail Gorbachev na perestroika (sake fasalin) da glasnost (buɗewa) da farko saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya na Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, Sakatare na Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukrainian.Duk da tattaunawar garambawul, ta 1990, 95% na masana'antu da aikin gona na Ukrainian sun kasance mallakin gwamnati, wanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi da adawa a tsakanin 'yan Ukrain, wanda bala'in Chernobyl ya tsananta a 1986, ƙoƙarin rusasa, da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Manufar glasnost ta sauƙaƙa sake haɗawa da mazaunan Ukrainian da ƙasarsu ta asali, ta farfado da ayyukan addini, kuma ta haifar da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na adawa.Koyaya, sauye-sauye na zahiri da perestroika yayi alkawari sun kasance ba a aiwatar da su ba, suna haifar da rashin jin daɗi.Yunkurin yunƙurin neman 'yancin kai ya ƙara tsananta bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a watan Agusta a birnin Moscow a watan Agustan 1991. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta Ukraine ta ayyana Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Ukrainian ƴancin kai, tare da canza mata suna Ukraine.Kuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1991, ta ga gagarumin goyon bayan 92.3% na samun 'yancin kai a duk yankuna, ciki har da rinjaye a Crimea, wanda aka canjawa wuri daga RSFSR zuwa Ukraine a 1954. Wannan kuri'a ta 'yancin kai wani yunkuri ne na tarihi don cin gashin kansa. ba tare da shiga tsakani na kasashen waje ko yakin basasa ba, samun karbuwa a duniya cikin gaggawa.Zaben Leonid Kravchuk a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1991, da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada, ya karfafa hanyar Ukraine ta samun 'yancin kai.Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Belovezh da Ukraine, Rasha, da Belarus suka yi a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1991, ta ayyana rushewar Tarayyar Soviet yadda ya kamata, wanda ya kai ga kafa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).Wannan yarjejeniya, wadda yarjejeniyar Alma-Ata ta faɗaɗa tare da ƙarin tsoffin jumhuriyar Soviet, ta nuna alamar ƙarshen Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1991, ta haka ne aka rufe wani muhimmin babi a tarihin ƙarni na 20 tare da nuna alamar Yukren a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. .

A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1991 ne aka kafa hanyar Ukraine ta samun 'yancin kai, lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ce kasar ba za ta kara bin dokokin USSR ba, tare da tabbatar da rabuwarta da Tarayyar Soviet .Wannan sanarwar ta sami goyon bayan gagarumin rinjaye da kuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1991, inda sama da kashi 90% na 'yan kasar Ukraine suka kada kuri'ar neman 'yancin kai, wanda ke nuna rinjaye a kowane yanki, ciki har da gagarumin kuri'a daga Crimea, duk da yawancin 'yan kabilar Rasha.Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1991, bayan yarjejeniyar da shugabannin Ukraine, Belarus da Rasha suka yi, a hukumance ta nuna 'yancin kai na Ukraine a fagen kasa da kasa.Poland da Kanada su ne kasashe na farko da suka amince da ‘yancin kai na Ukraine a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1991. A farkon shekarun da Ukraine ta samu ‘yancin kai, karkashin shugabannin Leonid Kravchuk da Leonid Kuchma, sun kasance da wani yanayi na rikon kwarya, inda duk da ‘yancin cin gashin kai, Ukraine ta ci gaba da kulla alaka da Rasha. .A bangaren kwance damarar makamai, Ukraine ta zama kasa da ba ta da makaman nukiliya a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1996, inda ta yi watsi da na karshe na makaman nukiliya 1,900 da ta gada daga Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Rasha, bayan alkawarin da ta yi na yarjejeniyar Budapest kan Tabbatar da Tsaro a cikin Janairu 1994.Amincewa da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 1996, ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki na ci gaban kasar Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, wanda ya shimfida tsarin doka na kasar.

Da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991, Ukraine ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, wadda aka tsara ta da kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Disamba 1991. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1990, 'yan Ukrain fiye da 300,000 suka shirya jerin gwanon 'yan adam don 'yancin kai na Ukraine tsakanin Kyiv da Lviv.Ukraine a hukumance ta ayyana kanta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a ranar 24 ga Agustan 1991, lokacin da koli na 'yan gurguzu (majalisar) ta Ukraine ta yi shelar cewa Ukraine ba za ta ci gaba da bin dokokin USSR ba kuma kawai dokokin Ukrainian SSR, abin da ya tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Ukraine daga Tarayyar Soviet. ƘungiyarA ranar 1 ga Disamba, masu jefa ƙuri'a sun amince da ƙuri'ar raba gardama da ke tabbatar da 'yancin kai daga Tarayyar Soviet.Fiye da kashi 90% na 'yan ƙasar Ukraine sun zaɓi 'yancin kai, tare da rinjaye a kowane yanki, ciki har da 56% a Crimea.Tarayyar Soviet a hukumance ta daina wanzuwa a ranar 26 ga Disamba, lokacin da shugabannin Ukraine, Belarus da Rasha (mambobin da suka kafa USSR) suka hadu a dajin Białowieża don rushe Tarayyar bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Soviet.Da wannan, 'yancin kai na Ukraine ya kasance bisa ka'ida de jure kuma kasashen duniya sun amince da shi.Har ila yau, a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1991, masu jefa kuri'a na Ukraine a zaben shugaban kasa na farko sun zabi Leonid Kravchuk.A lokacin shugabancinsa, tattalin arzikin Ukraine ya ragu da fiye da 10% a kowace shekara (a cikin 1994 da fiye da 20%).Shugaban kasa (1994 – 2005) na shugaban 2nd na Ukraine, Leonid Kuchma, ya kewaye shi da tarin badakalar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rage ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai, gami da badakalar Cassette.A lokacin shugabancin Kuchma, tattalin arzikin ya farfado, inda aka samu karuwar GDP da kusan kashi 10% a shekara a shekarun da ya yi a kan karagar mulki.

Juyin Juyin Juya Hali (Ukrainian: Помаранчева революція, romanized: Pomarancheva revoliutsiia) wani jerin zanga-zanga ne da al'amuran siyasa da suka faru a Ukraine daga karshen watan Nuwamba 2004 zuwa Janairu 2005, a daidai lokacin da zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasar Ukrainian 2004 zaben, wanda aka yi ikirarin cewa an yi fama da dimbin almundahana, tsoratar da masu zabe da kuma magudin zabe.Kyiv, babban birnin Ukraine, shi ne cibiyar gangamin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar jama'a, inda dubban masu zanga-zanga ke gudanar da zanga-zanga a kullum.A duk fadin kasar, juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi nuni da jerin ayyukan rashin biyayya, zaman dirka da yajin aikin gama-gari da 'yan adawa suka shirya.Zanga-zangar dai ta samo asali ne sakamakon rahotanni daga masu sa ido kan zaben na cikin gida da na waje da kuma yadda jama'a suka yi ta rade-radin cewa sakamakon zaben zagaye na biyu na zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004 tsakanin manyan 'yan takara Viktor Yushchenko da Viktor Yanukovych da hukumomi suka yi na magudi. daga baya.Zanga-zangar a duk fadin kasar ta yi nasara ne lokacin da aka soke sakamakon zaben fidda gwani na farko, kuma kotun kolin Ukraine ta ba da umarnin soke zaben a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2004. A karkashin tsauraran bincike da masu sa ido na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa suka yi, an ayyana zagaye na biyu a matsayin ‘yanci. da adalci".Sakamakon karshe ya nuna cewa Yushchenko ya samu kusan kashi 52% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da Yanukovych ya samu kashi 45%.An ayyana Yushchenko a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a hukumance kuma tare da rantsar da shi a ranar 23 ga Janairu 2005 a Kyiv, juyin juya halin Orange ya ƙare.A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, juyin juya halin Orange yana da mummunar ma'ana a tsakanin masu goyon bayan gwamnati a Belarus da Rasha.A zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2010, Yanukovych ya zama magajin Yushchenko a matsayin shugaban kasar Ukraine bayan da hukumar zabe ta tsakiya da masu sa ido na kasa da kasa suka bayyana cewa an gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa cikin adalci.An hambarar da Yanukovych daga mulki bayan shekaru hudu bayan rikicin Euromaidan na watan Fabrairun 2014 a dandalin 'yancin kai na Kyiv.Ba kamar juyin juya halin Orange mara jini ba, waɗannan zanga-zangar sun haifar da mutuwar mutane sama da 100, waɗanda ke faruwa galibi tsakanin 18 da 20 ga Fabrairu 2014.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ukraine ya kai ga kafa "Coalition Anti-Crisis Coalition," wanda ya hada da jam'iyyar yankuna, jam'iyyar gurguzu, da jam'iyyar Socialist, na karshen ya fice daga "Coalition Orange."Wannan sabon kawancen ya nada Viktor Yanukovych a matsayin Firayim Minista, da Oleksander Moroz na jam'iyyar Socialist ya samu mukamin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar, matakin da mutane da yawa ke ganin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ficewa daga jam'iyyar Orange Coalition.Shugaba Yushchenko dai ya rusa kungiyar Verkhovna Rada a watan Afrilun 2007, saboda sauya sheka daga jam'iyyarsa zuwa jam'iyyar adawa, matakin da 'yan adawar ke zarginsa da rashin bin tsarin mulkin kasar.A lokacin shugabancin Yushchenko, dangantakar Ukraine da Rasha ta yi tsami, musamman ma takun sakar farashin iskar gas da kamfanin Gazprom ya yi a shekarar 2005, wanda kuma ya shafi kasashen Turai da suka dogara da iskar gas da ke ratsawa ta Ukraine.A ƙarshe dai an cimma matsaya kan wannan batu a watan Janairun 2006, tare da ƙarin yarjejeniya a shekara ta 2010 wajen daidaita farashin iskar gas na Rasha.Zaben shugaban kasa na 2010 ya ga tsoffin abokan Yushchenko da Tymoshenko, manyan jigo a juyin juya halin Orange, sun zama abokan gaba.Yushchenko na kin goyon bayan Tymoshenko a kan Yanukovych ya taimaka wajen raba kan kuri'un masu adawa da Yanukovych, wanda ya kai ga zaben Yanukovych a matsayin shugaban kasa da kashi 48% na kuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu da Tymoshenko, wanda ya samu kashi 45%.Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin tsoffin abokan juyin juya halin Orange ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Ukraine.

A lokacin shugabancin Viktor Yanukovych, ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhume na sanya tsauraran takunkumin hana yada labarai da kuma yunkurin majalisar dokokin kasar na tauye ‘yancin yin taro.Abubuwan da ya gabata sun haɗa da hukuncin sata, sata, da ɓarna a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da a ƙarshe aka ninka su.Wani muhimmin abin suka shi ne kame Yulia Tymoshenko a watan Agustan 2011, tare da wasu abokan hamayyar siyasa da ke fuskantar binciken laifuka, wanda ke nuni da kokarin da Yanukovych ke yi na karfafa mulki.An yanke wa Tymoshenko hukuncin daurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari a watan Oktoban 2011 bisa laifin cin zarafin ofishin da ya shafi yarjejeniyar iskar gas da aka kulla da Rasha a shekara ta 2009, matakin da Tarayyar Turai da sauran hukumomi suka yi Allah wadai da shi da cewa yana da alaka da siyasa.A watan Nuwamban 2013, shawarar da Yanukovych ya yanke na kin rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Yukren, inda ya zabi a kara kulla alaka da Rasha, ya haifar da zanga-zanga.Masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye Maidan Nezalezhnosti a Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga kwace gine-ginen gwamnati da rikici da 'yan sanda, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan tamanin a watan Fabrairun 2014.Tashin hankalin da aka yi ya kai ga sauya goyon bayan majalisar daga Yanukovych, har ya kai ga tsige shi daga mukaminsa a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2014, da kuma sakin Tymoshenko daga kurkuku.Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, Yanukovych ya tsere daga Kyiv, kuma Oleksandr Turchynov, abokin Tymoshenko, an nada shi shugaban rikon kwarya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Ukraine.

Euromaidan, ko tashin hankalin Maidan, ya kasance guguwar zanga-zanga da tashe-tashen hankula a Ukraine, wanda ya fara a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2013 tare da manyan zanga-zangar a Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Dandalin Independence) a Kyiv.Zanga-zangar dai ta samo asali ne sakamakon matakin da gwamnatin Ukraine ta dauka ba zato ba tsammani na kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Ukraine, a maimakon haka ta zabi kulla alaka da Rasha da kungiyar tattalin arzikin Eurasia.Majalisar dokokin Ukraine ta amince da gagarumin rinjaye na kammala yarjejeniyar da Tarayyar Turai, yayin da Rasha ta matsa lamba kan Ukraine ta ki amincewa da shi.Fannin zanga-zangar ya kara fadada, tare da yin kira ga shugaba Viktor Yanukovych da gwamnatin Azarov su yi murabus.Masu zanga-zangar sun yi adawa da abin da suke gani a matsayin cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tasirin oligarchs, cin zarafi da cin zarafin bil adama a Ukraine.Kungiyar Transparency International ta bayyana Yanukovych a matsayin babban misali na cin hanci da rashawa a duniya.Mummunan tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba ya haifar da karin fushi.Euromaidan ya jagoranci juyin juya halin mutunci na 2014.A lokacin boren, dandalin Independence (Maidan) da ke Kyiv wani katon sansanin zanga-zanga ne wanda dubban masu zanga-zangar suka mamaye kuma aka samu kariya daga shingaye na wucin gadi.Tana da wuraren dafa abinci, wuraren bayar da agaji na farko da wuraren watsa shirye-shirye, da matakan jawabai, laccoci, muhawara da wasan kwaikwayo.Jami’an ‘Maidan Self-Defense’ ne suke gadinsa da suka kunshi ‘yan sa-kai sanye da kayan kwalliya da kwalkwali, dauke da garkuwa dauke da sanduna da duwatsu da bama-baman fetur.An kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar a wasu yankuna da dama na kasar Ukraine.A Kyiv, an yi artabu da 'yan sanda a ranar 1 ga Disamba;kuma ‘yan sanda sun afkawa sansanin a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba.Zanga-zangar ta karu daga tsakiyar watan Janairu, a matsayin mayar da martani ga gwamnati da ta gabatar da tsauraran dokokin hana zanga-zangar.An yi tashe tashen hankula a kan titin Hrushevsky a ranar 19-22 ga Janairu.Masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye gine-ginen gwamnati a yankuna da dama na Ukraine.Tashin hankalin ya kaure ne a ranar 18-20 ga Fabrairu, lokacin da kazamin fada a Kyiv tsakanin masu fafutuka na Maidan da 'yan sanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar masu zanga-zangar kusan 100 da 'yan sanda 13.Sakamakon haka, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 2014 ne Yanukovych da shugabannin 'yan adawa na majalisar suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta yi kira da a kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta wucin gadi, da sake fasalin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma zabukan da wuri.Jim kadan bayan yarjejeniyar, Yanukovych da wasu ministocin gwamnati sun fice daga kasar.Majalisar ta kuma cire Yanukovych daga mukaminsa tare da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi.Ba da jimawa ba juyin juya halin mutuntaka ya biyo bayan mamaye yankin Crimea da Rasha ta yi da kuma tashe-tashen hankulan da ke goyon bayan Rasha a gabashin Ukraine, wanda daga karshe ya koma yakin Rasha da Ukraine.

Juyin juya halin mutunci, wanda aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Maidan da juyin juya halin Ukraine, ya faru ne a cikin watan Fabrairun 2014 a karshen zanga-zangar Euromaidan, lokacin da kazamin fada tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro a Kyiv babban birnin kasar Ukraine ya kai ga korar 'yan tawayen. zababben shugaban kasar Viktor Yanukovych, barkewar yakin Rasha da Ukraine, da hambarar da gwamnatin Ukraine.A watan Nuwambar 2013, zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan ta barke a matsayin mayar da martani ga matakin da shugaba Yanukovych ya dauka ba zato ba tsammani na kin sanya hannu kan wata kungiyar siyasa da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci da Tarayyar Turai (EU), maimakon haka ya zabi kusanci da Rasha da kuma Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Eurasian.A cikin watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Verkhovna Rada (majalisar dokokin Ukraine) ta amince da gagarumin rinjaye a kammala yarjejeniyar da EU.Rasha ta matsa wa Ukraine lamba don ta ki amincewa da ita.An ci gaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar tsawon watanni;Fannin su ya fadada, tare da yin kira ga Yanukovych da gwamnatin Azarov su yi murabus.Masu zanga-zangar sun yi adawa da abin da suke gani a matsayin cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, da tasirin oligarchs, zaluncin 'yan sanda, da take hakkin dan Adam a Ukraine.Dokokin adawa da zanga-zangar danniya sun kara haifar da fushi.Wani babban sansanin zanga-zangar da aka killace ya mamaye dandalin Independence a tsakiyar Kyiv a duk fadin 'Tashin hankalin Maidan'.A watan Janairu da Fabrairun 2014, rikici a Kyiv tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma na musamman na Berkut ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar masu zanga-zangar 108 da 'yan sanda 13, tare da jikkata wasu da dama.An kashe masu zanga-zangar farko a wani kazamin artabu da 'yan sanda a kan titin Hrushevsky a ranar 19-22 ga Janairu.Bayan haka, masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye gine-ginen gwamnati a duk fadin kasar.Rikicin mafi muni shine tsakanin 18 – 20 ga watan Fabrairu, wanda ya gamu da tashin hankali mafi muni a Ukraine tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai.Dubban masu zanga-zangar ne suka nufi majalisar dokokin kasar, karkashin jagorancin masu fafutuka dauke da garkuwa da kwalkwali, inda ‘yan sanda maharba suka yi musu luguden wuta.A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin shugaba Yanukovych da shugabannin 'yan adawa na majalisar dokokin kasar, wadda ta bukaci kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta wucin gadi, da yin kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zabukan da wuri.Washegari, 'yan sanda sun janye daga tsakiyar Kyiv, wanda ke karkashin ikon masu zanga-zangar.Yanukovych ya gudu daga birnin.A wannan rana, majalisar dokokin Ukraine ta kada kuri'ar tsige Yanukovych daga mukaminsa da kashi 328 zuwa 0 (72.8% na mambobin majalisar 450).Yanukovych ya ce wannan kuri'ar ba ta kan ka'ida ba, kuma mai yiyuwa ne an tilastawa, ya kuma nemi Rasha ta taimaka.Rasha ta dauki hambarar da Yanukovych a matsayin juyin mulki ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma ba ta amince da gwamnatin wucin gadi ba.Zanga-zangar adawa da juyin-juya-hali da aka yi a gabashi da kudancin Ukraine, a baya-bayan nan ne Yanukovych ya samu gagarumin goyon baya a zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2010.Wannan zanga-zangar ta rikide zuwa tashin hankali, lamarin da ya haifar da tarzoma tsakanin magoya bayan Rasha a duk fadin kasar ta Ukraine, musamman a yankunan kudanci da gabashin kasar.Don haka, ba da dadewa ba farkon yakin Russo-Ukrain ya rikide zuwa shiga tsakani na sojan kasar Rasha, da mamaye yankin Crimea da Rasha ta yi, da kuma kafa jihohin Donetsk da Luhansk masu cin gashin kansu.Wannan ya haifar da yakin Donbas, kuma ya ƙare tare da Rasha ta fara mamaye ƙasar a cikin 2022.Gwamnatin rikon kwarya karkashin jagorancin Arseniy Yatsenyuk, ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kungiyar EU tare da rusa Berkut.Petro Poroshenko ya zama shugaban kasa bayan nasara a zaben shugaban kasa na 2014 (54.7% na kuri'un da aka kada a zagayen farko).Sabuwar gwamnatin ta mayar da gyare-gyaren 2004 ga kundin tsarin mulkin Ukraine wanda aka soke a matsayin wanda ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2010, kuma ta kaddamar da korar ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da alaka da gwamnatin da aka hambarar.Haka kuma an yi ta wargajewa a kasar.

Yakin Russo-Ukrainian yaki ne da ke gudana tsakanin Rasha (tare da dakarun 'yan aware masu goyon bayan Rasha) da kuma Ukraine.Rasha ce ta fara shi a watan Fabrairun 2014 bayan juyin juya halin Yukren na Mutunci, kuma da farko ya mai da hankali kan matsayin Crimea da Donbas, wanda duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin wani yanki na Ukraine.Shekaru takwas na farko na rikice-rikice sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwar Rasha na Crimea (2014) da yakin Donbas (2014-present) tsakanin Ukraine da 'yan aware masu goyon bayan Rasha, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na ruwa, cyberwarfare, da rikice-rikicen siyasa.Biyo bayan harin da sojojin Rasha suka yi a kan iyakar Rasha da Ukraine daga karshen shekarar 2021, rikicin ya fadada sosai lokacin da Rasha ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki a Ukraine a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2022.Bayan zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin-juya hali da ya yi sanadiyar hambarar da shugaba Viktor Yanukovych mai goyon bayan Rasha a watan Fabrairun 2014, tarzomar goyon bayan Rasha ta barke a wasu sassan Ukraine.Sojojin Rasha ba tare da wata alama ba sun mamaye wurare masu mahimmanci da ababen more rayuwa a yankin Crimea na Ukraine, kuma sun kwace majalisar dokokin Crimea.Rasha ta shirya kuri'ar raba gardama mai cike da cece-kuce, wanda sakamakonsa ya kasance Crimea ta shiga Rasha.Wannan ya haifar da annexation na Crimea.A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2014, zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan Rasha suka yi a Donbas ta rikide zuwa yaki tsakanin sojojin kasar Ukraine da 'yan aware masu samun goyon bayan Rasha na jamhuriyar Donetsk da Luhansk da suka ayyana kansu.A watan Agustan 2014, motocin sojan Rasha da ba su da alama sun tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa jamhuriyar Donetsk.An fara yakin da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin dakarun Ukraine a bangare guda, kuma 'yan awaren sun yi cudanya da sojojin Rasha a daya bangaren, duk da cewa Rasha ta yi yunkurin boye hannunta.Yakin ya daidaita cikin rikici, inda aka yi ta kokarin tsagaita bude wuta.A cikin 2015, Rasha da Ukraine sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin Minsk II, amma yawancin rikice-rikice sun hana aiwatar da su gaba ɗaya.A shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Ukraine ta ware kashi 7% na Ukraine a matsayin yankunan da aka mamaye na wucin gadi.A cikin 2021 da farkon 2022, an yi wani gagarumin aikin sojan Rasha a kusa da iyakokin Ukraine.Kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta zargi Rasha da shirin kai hari, wanda ta musanta.Shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin ya soki karuwar kungiyar tsaro ta NATO da cewa barazana ce ga kasarsa sannan ya bukaci a hana Ukraine shiga cikin kawancen soji.Ya kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba su yarda da shi ba, ya nuna kokwanton 'yancin zama na Ukraine, ya kuma yi karyar cewa Vladimir Lenin ne ya kafa Ukraine.A ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta amince da jihohin biyu da suka ayyana ‘yan aware a Donbas a hukumance, kuma ta aike da sojoji a fili cikin yankunan.Bayan kwana uku, Rasha ta mamaye Ukraine.Da yawa daga cikin kasashen duniya sun yi kakkausar suka ga kasar Rasha kan matakin da ta dauka a Ukraine, inda suka zarge ta da keta dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma keta hurumin kasar Ukraine.Kasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan Rasha, daidaikun Rasha, ko kamfanoni, musamman bayan mamayewar 2022.

A cikin Fabrairu da Maris 2014, Rasha ta mamaye kuma daga baya ta mamaye yankin Crimea daga Ukraine.Wannan lamari ya faru ne bayan juyin juya halin mutuntaka kuma wani bangare ne na yakin Russo da Ukraine.Abubuwan da suka faru a Kyiv da suka hambarar da shugaban Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych sun haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Ukraine.A lokaci guda shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya tattauna abubuwan da ke faruwa a Ukraine tare da shugabannin hukumomin tsaro yana mai cewa "dole ne mu fara aikin mayar da Crimea zuwa Rasha".A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Rasha sun kame wurare masu mahimmanci a cikin Crimea.Wannan ya kai ga girka gwamnatin Aksyonov mai goyon bayan Rasha a Crimea, da zaben raba gardama na matsayin Crimea da kuma ayyana 'yancin kan Crimea a ranar 16 ga Maris 2014. Duk da cewa da farko Rasha ta yi ikirarin cewa sojojinsu ba su da hannu a cikin lamarin, amma daga baya ta yarda cewa suna da hannu a cikin lamarin.Rasha a hukumance ta haɗa Crimea a kan Maris 18, 2014.Bayan mamayar, Rasha ta kara yawan sojojinta a mashigin tekun tare da yin barazanar nukiliya don tabbatar da sabon matsayin da ake da shi a kasa.Ukraine da wasu kasashe da dama sun yi Allah wadai da mamayar da kuma daukar matakin a matsayin cin zarafin dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma yarjejeniyar Rasha da ke kare martabar yankin Ukraine.Hare-haren ya kai ga sauran mambobin G8 na lokacin sun dakatar da Rasha daga kungiyar tare da sanya takunkumi.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma yi watsi da kuri'ar raba gardama da mamaye kasar, inda ta amince da wani kuduri da ke tabbatar da "yancin yankin Ukraine a cikin iyakokin da kasashen duniya suka amince da shi".Gwamnatin Rasha tana adawa da lakabin "mallaka", tare da Putin ya kare kuri'ar raba gardama a matsayin wanda ya dace da ka'idar 'yancin kai na al'umma.

Shugabancin Petro Poroshenko, wanda ya fara da zabensa a watan Yunin 2014, ya faru ne a cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske da suka hada da adawar majalisa, rikicin tattalin arziki, da rikici.Jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, Poroshenko ya ayyana tsagaita bude wuta na tsawon mako guda a rikicin da ya barke tsakanin dakarun da ke marawa Rasha baya, wanda ya karu saboda tsoma bakin sojojin Rasha.Duk da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, rikicin ya daidaita, wanda yarjejeniyoyin Minsk suka mamaye, wanda aka tsara don daskare yaƙin tare da yin iyaka amma kuma yana ƙarfafa rashin tabbas a yankin Donbas.Tattalin arziki, Poroshenko's term was marked by the sign of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement on June 27, 2014, and gagarumin matakai zuwa Turai hadewa, ciki har da visa-free Schengen Area tafiya ga Ukrainians a 2017. Duk da haka, Ukraine fuskanci tsanani kudi matsaloli. tare da raguwar darajar kuɗin ƙasa a cikin 2014 da gagarumin raguwar GDP a cikin 2014 da 2015.Gwamnatin Poroshenko ta gudanar da gyare-gyare da dama, ciki har da sauye-sauyen soji da na 'yan sanda da nufin kusantar da Ukraine zuwa ga ka'idojin NATO da kuma mayar da Militsia zuwa 'yan sanda na kasa.Amma duk da haka, an soki waɗannan sauye-sauyen da rashin cika ko rabin zuciya.Halin tattalin arziki ya sami kwanciyar hankali tare da taimakon IMF, amma jayayya game da tasirin oligarchic da kaddarorin ƙasa sun lalata wa'adinsa.Nasarorin manufofin harkokin waje a karkashin Poroshenko sun hada da goyon bayan takunkumi na adawa da Rasha da kuma ci gaba da hadewar Ukraine ta Tarayyar Turai.A cikin gida, an fara yunkurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da gyare-gyaren shari'a, amma tare da takaitaccen nasara da kalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta, gami da badakala da kuma fahimtar tafiyar hawainiya na garambawul.Ƙirƙirar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Watsa Labarai da nufin magance farfagandar Rasha, duk da haka an yi tambaya game da tasiri.Matakin da Poroshenko ya yanke na dakatar da shigar Ukraine cikin kungiyar Commonwealth na kasashe masu zaman kansu a cikin 2018 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi daga tasirin Rasha.Har ila yau wa'adinsa ya ga nasarorin shari'a, irin su shari'ar Naftogaz ta ci nasara a kan Gazprom, da lokacin tashin hankali da Rasha, musamman abin da ya faru na Kerch Strait a 2018. Gyaran tsarin mulki a 2019 ya tabbatar da burin Ukraine na shiga Tarayyar Turai da NATO.Sai dai kuma cece-kuce irin su jinkirin sayar da masana'antar sa ta kayan abinci a Rasha, da badakalar "Panamagate" da kuma fafutukar yin gyare-gyaren kasa da kuma rike tsohon tsarin mulki ya dagula shugabancinsa.Duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu wajen gina kasa da kuma kokarin hadewar kasashen Turai, wa'adin Poroshenko shi ma wani lokaci ne na cece-kuce, wanda ke nuni da irin sarkakiyar rikon da Ukraine ta samu.

Nasarar Volodymyr Zelenskyy a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2019, da kashi 73.23% na kuri'un da aka kada, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Ukraine.rantsar da shi a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu ya kai ga rugujewar Verkhovna Rada da kuma sanar da zaben da wuri.Wadannan zabukan da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli sun baiwa jam'iyyar Zelenskyy's Servant of the People damar samun cikakken rinjaye, wanda shi ne na farko a tarihin kasar Ukraine, wanda ya ba da damar kafa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin firaminista Oleksii Honcharuk ba tare da bukatar hadin gwiwa ba.Koyaya, a cikin Maris 2020, an kori gwamnatin Honcharuk saboda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, kuma Denys Shmyhal ya zama Firayim Minista.Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan lokacin sun haɗa da aikin sake sakewa a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2019, wanda ya ga dawowar ma’aikatan ruwa 22 na Ukraine, jami’an tsaro 2, da fursunonin siyasa 11 daga Rasha.Rufe jirgin saman Ukraine International Airlines mai lamba 752 da dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran suka yi a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2020, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 176, lamarin da ya kara tada jijiyoyin wuya a duniya.Shirin Lublin Triangle, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da Poland da Lithuania a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2020, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da tallafawa burin Ukraine na EU da NATO.A cikin 2021, gwamnatin Zelenskyy ta ɗauki tsauraran matakai a kan ƙungiyoyin kafofin watsa labaru masu goyon bayan Rasha ta hanyar hana watsa shirye-shiryen tashoshi kamar 112 Ukraine, NewsOne, da ZIK, suna ambaton matsalolin tsaron ƙasa.An kuma sanya takunkumi kan daidaikun mutane da hukumomin da ke da alaka da ayyukan goyon bayan Rasha, ciki har da dan siyasa Viktor Medvedchuk.An kara jaddada hadewar kasar ta Yukren da yankin tekun Atlantika a taron kolin Brussels na watan Yunin 2021, inda shugabannin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO suka tabbatar da kasancewar kasar a gaba da kuma 'yancin tantance manufofinta na ketare.Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Trio a cikin Mayu 2021, tare da Jojiya da Moldova, sun ba da haske game da sadaukarwar ɓangare uku don kusantar dangantakar EU da yuwuwar kasancewa memba.Bukatar Ukraine ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a watan Fabrairun 2022 ta kasance wani muhimmin mataki na hadewar Turai, wanda ke nuna dabarun da ta ke bi wajen Yamma a cikin kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta.

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta mamaye Ukraine a wani gagarumin ci gaba na yakin Russo-Ukrain da ya fara a cikin 2014. Mamayen ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira mafi girma a Turai tun yakin duniya na biyu, tare da 'yan Ukraine fiye da miliyan 6.3 sun tsere daga kasar da kuma kashi uku na al'ummar kasar. gudun hijira.Har ila yau mamayewar ya haifar da karancin abinci a duniya.A shekara ta 2014, Rasha ta mamaye Crimea tare da mamaye yankin Crimea, sannan 'yan aware masu samun goyon bayan Rasha sun kwace wani yanki na yankin Donbas na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine, wanda ya kunshi yankunan Luhansk da Donetsk, lamarin da ya janyo yakin yankin.A shekara ta 2021, Rasha ta fara wani gagarumin aikin soja a kan iyakarta da Ukraine, inda ta tara dakaru 190,000 da kayan aikinsu.A wani jawabi da ya yi ta gidan telebijin jim kadan gabanin mamayewar, shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin ya amince da ra'ayoyin 'yan ra'ayin rikau, ya kalubalanci 'yancin Ukraine na zama kasa, ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa 'yan Nazi ne ke tafiyar da Ukraine a karkashin karya wadanda suka tsananta wa 'yan kabilar Rasha marasa rinjaye.A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Rasha ta amince da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk, wasu jahohi biyu da suka balle a Donbas.Washegari, Majalisar Tarayyar Rasha ta ba da izini a yi amfani da karfin soji, kuma sojojin Rasha suka ci gaba da mamaye yankunan biyu nan da nan.An fara mamayewa ne a safiyar ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, lokacin da Putin ya ba da sanarwar "aikin soji na musamman" don "rasa sojoji da hana" Ukraine.Bayan 'yan mintoci, an kai hare-hare da makamai masu linzami a duk fadin kasar Ukraine, ciki har da babban birnin kasar Kyiv.Babban mamayewar ƙasa ya biyo baya daga wurare da yawa.Shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy ya kafa dokar ta-baci da kuma taron gamayya na dukkan maza 'yan Ukraine tsakanin 18 zuwa 60, wadanda aka hana fita daga kasar.Da farko dai an fara kai hare-haren na Rasha ne a yankin arewaci daga Belarus zuwa Kyiv, da bangaren arewa maso gabas zuwa Kharkiv, yankin kudancin Crimea, da kuma gabas ta kudu maso gabas daga Luhansk da Donetsk.A cikin watan Maris, ci gaban da Rasha ta yi zuwa Kyiv ya tsaya cik.A cikin hasarar da aka yi da kuma juriyar Yukren, sojojin Rasha sun ja da baya daga yankin Kyiv a ranar 3 ga Afrilu.A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, Rasha ta sake kai hari kan Donbas, wanda ke tafiya a hankali a hankali, tare da kwace yankin Luhansk a ranar 3 ga Yuli, yayin da sauran bangarorin suka kasance a tsaye.A sa'i daya kuma, sojojin na Rasha sun ci gaba da yin ruwan bama-bamai a wuraren soji da na farar hula masu nisa daga fagen daga, ciki har da Kyiv, Lviv, Serhiivka kusa da Odesa da Kremenchuk da dai sauransu.A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Rasha Sergey Lavrov ya sanar da cewa, Rasha za ta mayar da martani kan karin tallafin soja da Ukraine ke karba daga ketare a matsayin hujjar fadada ayyukan ''musamman'' don hada manufofin soji a yankin Zaporizhzhia da Kherson. ainihin manufofin yankunan Donbas yankin.Wannan mamayar dai ya samu tofin Allah tsine ga kasashen duniya.Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kudiri na yin Allah wadai da mamayar tare da neman janyewar sojojin Rasha gaba daya.Kotun kasa da kasa ta umarci Rasha ta dakatar da ayyukan soji sannan majalisar Turai ta kori Rasha.Kasashe da dama sun kakabawa kasar Rasha takunkumi, lamarin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin Rasha da na duniya, tare da bayar da agajin jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine.An yi zanga-zanga a duniya;wadanda ke Rasha sun gamu da kame-kame da kuma kara yin katsalandan a kafafen yada labarai, gami da hana kalmomin "yaki" da "mamaye".Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta bude bincike kan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a kasar Ukraine tun daga shekarar 2013, da kuma laifukan yaki a harin da aka kai a shekarar 2022.