Daular Byzantine: Daular Mala'iku

Isaac II Angelos shi ne Sarkin Byzantine daga 1185 zuwa 1195, kuma daga 1203 zuwa 1204. Mahaifinsa Andronikos Doukas Angelos shi ne shugaban soja a Asiya Ƙarama (c. 1122 - aft. 1185) wanda ya auri Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa (c. 1125 - aft. 1195).Andronikos Doukas Angelos ɗan Constantine Angelos ne da Theodora Komnene (b. 15 Janairu 1096/1097), ƙaramar 'yar Sarki Alexios I Komnenos da Irene Doukaina.Don haka Ishaku ya kasance memba na dangin sarki na Komnenoi.

Isaac ya kaddamar da mulkinsa da gagarumin nasara a kan Sarkin Norman na Sicily, William II, a yakin Demetritzes a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1185. William ya mamaye yankin Balkan tare da mutane 80,000 da jiragen ruwa 200 a karshen mulkin Andronikos na I.Kwanan nan William II ya kori kuma ya kwace birni na biyu na Daular Byzantine, Tasalonika.Babban nasara ce ta Byzantine, wanda ya kai ga sake mamaye Tasalonika nan da nan kuma ya kawo karshen barazanar Norman ga Daular.Ragowar sojojin Norman sun gudu ta teku tare da jiragen ruwa da yawa daga baya sun yi hasarar guguwa.Sojojin Alan na sojojin Rumawa sun kashe duk wani ɗan Norman da bai sami nasarar tserewa daga Tasalonika ba don ramuwar gayya ga mutuwar danginsa lokacin da aka kori birnin.Rundunar Norman karkashin Tancred na Lecce, wanda ke cikin Tekun Marmara, su ma sun janye.Birnin Dyrrhachium da ke gabar tekun Adriatic shi ne kawai ɓangaren Balkans da ya rage a hannun Norman kuma wannan ya faɗi a cikin bazara mai zuwa bayan wani kewaye, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yunƙurin mamaye Sicilian na Daular.Masarautar Sicily ta sha asara mai yawa wajen kashewa da kamawa.An aika da fursunoni fiye da dubu huɗu zuwa Konstantinoful, inda suka sha wahala mai yawa a hannun Ishaku na biyu.

A ƙarshen 1185, Ishaku ya aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa 80 don 'yantar da ɗan'uwansa Alexius III daga Acre, amma Normans na Sicily suka lalata rundunar.Daga nan sai ya aika da tawaga na jiragen ruwa 70, amma ta kasa kwato Cyprus daga hannun dan tawaye Isaac Komnenos, saboda tsoma bakin Norman.

Zaluntar haraji na Isaac II, ya karu don biyan sojojinsa da kuma biyan kuɗin aurensa, ya haifar da tawayen Vlach-Bulgarian a ƙarshen 1185. Tashin Asen da Peter tawaye ne na Bulgarians da Vlachs da ke zaune a Moesia da tsaunin Balkan, sannan Taken Paristrion na Daular Byzantine, wanda ya haifar da karuwar haraji.An fara ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1185, ranar idi na St. Demetrius na Tasalonika, kuma ya ƙare tare da maido da Bulgaria tare da ƙirƙirar daular Bulgaria ta biyu , wanda daular Asen ke mulki.

Branas ya rike sabon sarki Isaac II Angelos a wulakanci, wannan, tare da nasarorinsa a matsayin janar da kuma haɗin kai ga tsohon daular mulkin Komnenoi , ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi burin kursiyin.A cikin 1187, an aika Branas don yaƙar Vlach- Bulgaria Rebellion kuma Niketas Choniates ya yaba masa don ayyukan da ya yi a kan 'yan tawaye.A wannan karon, ya bambanta da amincinsa ga Andronikos I, ya yi tawaye;an naɗa shi sarki ne a garinsu na Adrianople, inda ya tara sojojinsa kuma ya sami goyon bayan danginsa.Daga nan sai Branas ya ci gaba zuwa Konstantinoful, inda sojojinsa suka sami nasara a farko a kan sojojin da ke karewa.Sai dai ya kasa hudawa ko wucewa ta hanyar tsaron birnin, ko kuma ya danne masu tsaron gida, kuma ya kasa shiga ta kowace hanya.Sojojin daular karkashin jagorancin Conrad na Montferrat, surukin sarki, sun yi wani shiri.Sojojin Branas sun fara ba da gudumawa a karkashin matsin lamba daga dakarun Conrad masu dauke da makamai.A mayar da martani Branas da kansa ya kai wa Conrad hari, amma bugun mashinsa bai yi wani lahani ba.Daga nan sai Conrad ya kori Branas, mashinsa yana bugun kuncin kwalkwali na Branas.Da zarar ya sauka kasa, an fille kai Alexios Branas da goyon bayan Conrad.Da shugabansu ya mutu, sojojin 'yan tawayen sun gudu daga filin.An kai shugaban Branas zuwa fadar sarki, inda aka dauke shi kamar wasan kwallon kafa, sannan aka aika zuwa ga matarsa ​​Anna, wanda (a cewar masanin tarihi Niketas Choniates) ya yi jarumtaka ga abin mamaki.

A cikin 1189 Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Frederick I Barbarossa ya nemi kuma ya sami izini ya jagoranci dakarunsa a yakin Crusade na uku ta hanyar Daular Byzantine.Amma Ishaku ya yi shakku kan cewa Barbarossa na son ya ci Bizantium: dalilan da suka haifar da wannan hali na shakku su ne huldar diflomasiyya da Frederick da Bulgeriya da Sabiya, makiya daular Rumawa a wannan lokacin, da kuma rikicin baya Barbarossa da Manuel.Har yanzu ana tunawa da jita-jita na 1160 game da mamayewar Jamus a daular Rumawa a kotun Rumawa a zamanin Ishaku.A cikin ramuwar gayya ne sojojin Barbarossa suka mamaye birnin Philippopolis tare da fatattakar sojojin Byzantine mai mutane 3,000 da suka yi yunkurin kwato birnin.Dakarun Rumawa sun ci gaba da yi wa 'yan Salibiyya cin zarafi da samun nasara amma wasu gungun Armeniyawa sun bayyana wa Jamus dabarun dabarun Rumawa.‘Yan Salibiyya wadanda suka zarce na Rumawa, sun kama su ba tare da shiri ba, suka yi galaba a kansu.Don haka an tilasta wa Ishaku II cika alkawuransa a shekara ta 1190, lokacin da ya saki jakadun Jamus da aka tsare da su a Konstantinoful, kuma suka yi garkuwa da Barbarossa, a matsayin tabbacin cewa 'yan Salibiyya ba za su kori matsugunan cikin gida ba har sai sun tashi. yankin Byzantine.

Crusade na uku (1189-1192) wani ƙoƙari ne na sarakunan Turai uku na Kiristanci na Yamma (Philip II na Faransa, Richard I na Ingila da Frederick I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki) don sake mamaye ƙasa mai tsarki bayan kama Urushalima da sarkin Ayyubid ya yi. Salahaddin a shekara ta 1187. Don haka ne ake kira da ‘Yan Salibiyya na uku da ake kira da ‘Yan Salibiyya na Sarakuna.An samu wani bangare na nasara, inda aka sake kwato muhimman garuruwan Acre da Jaffa, tare da sauya akasarin yakin da Saladin ya yi, amma ya kasa kwato birnin Kudus, wanda shi ne babban makasudin yakin Crusade da addininsa.Ƙaunar addini ta ƙarfafa shi, Sarkin Ingila Henry II da Sarkin Faransa Philip II (wanda aka sani da "Philip Augustus") sun kawo karshen rikicinsu da juna don jagorantar wani sabon yakin.Mutuwar Henry (6 Yuli 1189), duk da haka, yana nufin ƙungiyar Ingilishi ta zo ƙarƙashin umarnin magajinsa, Sarki Richard I na Ingila.Shi ma tsohon sarkin kasar Jamus Frederick Barbarossa ya amsa kiran da aka yi masa na neman makamai, inda ya jagoranci dakaru masu tarin yawa a yankin Balkan da Anatoliya.

Yaƙin Tryavna ya faru a cikin 1190, a cikin tsaunuka da ke kusa da garin Tryavna na zamani, tsakiyar Bulgaria .Sakamakon haka shi ne nasarar Bulgaria a kan Daular Byzantine, wanda ya tabbatar da nasarorin da aka samu tun farkon tawayen Asen da Peter a 1185.

Hanyar teku ta Richard da Philip na nufin ba za su dogara ga takwarorinsu na Girka don samun kayayyaki ko izinin wucewa ba.Wani abin ban mamaki ya zo lokacin da Richard ya murkushe tawayen Ishaku Komnenos kuma ya ƙi mika tsibirin Cyprus zuwa ga Byzantium, inda ya yi amfani da shi a maimakon haka don horar da ɗan tawaye Guy na Lusignan, tsohon Sarkin Urushalima .Sabuwar Masarautar Cyprus za ta kasance daga 1192 zuwa 1489 kafin Jamhuriyar Venice ta mamaye ta.

Bayan babban nasarar Bulgaria a yakin Tryavna a 1190 sojojinsu sun kaddamar da hare-hare akai-akai akan Thrace da Macedonia.Rumawa ba za su iya fuskantar dawakai na sojojin Bulgaria masu sauri ba wadanda suka kai hari daga bangarori daban-daban a wani yanki mai fadi.Zuwa 1194 Ivan Asen na ɗauki muhimmin birnin Sofia da kewaye da kuma babban kwarin kogin Struma daga inda sojojinsa suka yi zurfi zuwa Makidoniya.Don kawar da hankalinsa Rumawa sun yanke shawarar kai hari a gabas.Sun tattara sojojin Gabas karkashin kwamandansu Alexios Gidos da sojojin Yamma a karkashin Basil Vatatzes na cikin gida don dakatar da tashin hankali na ikon Bulgaria.Kusa da Arcadiopolis a Gabashin Thrace sun hadu da sojojin Bulgaria.Bayan an gwabza kazamin yaki an hallaka sojojin Rumawa.Yawancin sojojin Gidos sun halaka kuma dole ne ya gudu don tsira da ransa, yayin da sojojin Yamma suka kashe gaba daya kuma aka kashe Basil Vatatzes a fagen fama.Bayan shan kaye Isaac II Angelos ya kulla kawance da Sarkin Hungarian Bela III kan abokan gaba.Dole ne Byzantium ya kai hari daga kudanci kuma Hungary ita ce ta mamaye yankunan arewa maso yammacin Bulgaria kuma ta dauki Belgrade, Branichevo da Vidin amma shirin ya ci tura.

Alexios III Angelos ya yi mulki a karkashin sunan Alexios Komnenos, yana danganta kansa da daular Komnenos .Wani memba na dangin sarki, Alexios ya hau karagar mulki bayan ya tsige shi, ya makanta da kuma daure kaninsa Isaac II Angelos.Babban abin da ya fi muhimmanci a mulkinsa shi ne harin Crusade na hudu a Konstantinoful a 1203, a madadin Alexios IV Angelos.Alexios na Uku ya karbi ragamar tsaron birnin, wanda bai gudanar da shi ba, sannan ya gudu daga birnin cikin dare tare da daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata uku.Daga Adrianople, sannan kuma Mosynopolis, ya yi yunƙurin tara magoya bayansa bai yi nasara ba, sai dai ya kai ga kama Marquis Boniface na Montferrat.An fanshi shi, aka aika zuwa Asiya Ƙarama inda ya yi wa surukinsa Theodore Laskaris makirci, amma a ƙarshe aka kama shi kuma ya yi kwanakinsa na ƙarshe a gidan sufi na Hyakinthos a Nicaea, inda ya mutu.

An yi yakin Serres a shekara ta 1196 a kusa da garin Serres na kasar Girka ta zamani tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria da daular Byzantine.Sakamakon ya kasance nasarar Bulgaria .Maimakon dawowar nasara, hanyar komawa babban birnin Bulgaria ta ƙare da ban tausayi.Kafin ya isa Tarnovo, ɗan uwansa Ivanko ya kashe Ivan Asen I, wanda Rumawa suka ba shi cin hanci.Duk da haka, yunƙurin su na dakatar da Bulgarian ya ci tura: Ivanko ba zai iya ɗaukar kursiyin ba kuma ya gudu zuwa Byzantium.Bulgarian sun ci gaba a zamanin mulkin Kaloyan

Crusade na 1197 wani yaki ne da Sarkin Hohenstaufen Henry VI ya kaddamar don mayar da martani ga yunkurin da mahaifinsa, Emperor Frederick I ya yi, a lokacin Crusade na uku a 1189-90.Yayin da dakarunsa ke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasa mai tsarki, Henry na VI ya mutu kafin tafiyarsa a Messina a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1197. Rikicin kursiyin da ya kunno kai tsakanin dan uwansa Philip na Swabia da abokin hamayyar Welf Otto na Brunswick ya sa da yawa daga cikin manyan 'yan Salibiyya suka dawo. zuwa Jamus domin kare muradun su a zaben da za a yi na masarauta mai zuwa.Manyan mutanen da suka rage a yakin sun kwace gabar tekun Levant tsakanin Tire da Tripoli kafin su koma Jamus.Yakin Salibiyyar ya kawo karshe bayan da Kiristoci suka kwace Sidon da Beirut daga hannun Musulmi a shekara ta 1198.Henry na shida ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da barazanar da mahaifinsa ya yi wa Daular Rumawa, wanda tawaye a Serbia da Bulgeriya ya shafa da kuma hare-haren Seljuk.Sarkin sarakuna Isaac II Angelos ya ci gaba da kulla alaka ta kud da kud da Sarkin Sicilian Tancred na Lecce, amma an hambarar da shi a watan Afrilu 1195 da dan uwansa Alexios III Angelos.Henry ya dauki wannan lokacin don yabo kuma ya aika wasiƙar barazana ga Alexios III domin ya ba da kuɗin Crusade da aka shirya.Nan da nan Alexius ya mika kai ga buƙatun tributary kuma ya biya haraji mai yawa daga talakawansa don biyan 'yan Salibiyya fam 5,000 na zinariya.Henry kuma ya kulla kawance da Sarkin Amalric na Cyprus da kuma Yarima Leo na Kilicia.

Crusade na Hudu (1202-1204) wani balaguron makamai ne na kirista na Latin da Paparoma Innocent III ya kira.Manufar ziyarar ita ce kwato birnin Kudus da musulmi ke iko da shi, ta hanyar fatattakar daular Ayyubid Sultanatena Masar mai karfi, kasar musulmi mafi karfi a lokacin.Duk da haka, jerin abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki da siyasa sun ƙare a cikin 1202 na sojojin Crusader na Zara da kuma buhu 1204 na Constantinople, babban birnin Daular Byzantine na Girka da Kiristanci ke sarrafawa, maimakon Masar kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko.Wannan ya kai ga raba daular Rumawa da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi .

An daure matashin Alexios a 1195 lokacin da Alexios III ya hambarar da Isaac II a wani juyin mulki.A cikin 1201, wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu na Pisan sun yi aiki don yin jigilar Alexios daga Constantinople zuwa Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, inda ya nemi mafaka tare da surukinsa Philip na Swabia, Sarkin Jamus.A cewar labarin Robert na Clari na zamani, a lokacin da Alexios ya kasance a kotun Swabia ya sadu da Marquis Boniface na Montferrat, dan uwan ​​Philip, wanda aka zaba ya jagoranci Crusade na hudu , amma ya bar Crusade na dan lokaci a lokacin da aka kewaye. Zara a cikin 1202 don ziyarci Philip.Boniface da Alexios sun yi zargin cewa sun tattauna karkatar da Crusade zuwa Constantinople domin a mayar da Alexios kan karagar mahaifinsa.Montferrat ya koma Crusade yayin da ya yi sanyi a Zara kuma ba da daɗewa ba wakilan Yarima Alexios suka bi shi wanda ya ba wa 'yan Salibiyya 10,000 na sojojin Byzantine don taimakawa yaki a cikin Crusade, kula da 500 Knights a cikin Kasa Mai Tsarki, sabis na sojojin ruwa na Byzantine (20). jiragen ruwa) a cikin jigilar sojojin 'yan Salibiyya zuwaMasar , da kuma kuɗin biyan bashin 'yan Salibiyya zuwa Jamhuriyar Venice tare da alamun azurfa 200,000.Ƙari ga haka, ya yi alkawari zai sa Cocin Orthodox na Girka ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma.

Sifen Constantinoful a shekara ta 1203 wani hari ne na 'yan Salibiyya na babban birnin Daular Rumawa, domin goyon bayan hambararren sarki Isaac II Angelos da dansa Alexios IV Angelos.Ya nuna babban sakamako na Crusade na huɗu .

Mutanen Constantinople sun yi tawaye a ƙarshen Janairu 1204, kuma a cikin hargitsin wani baƙon sarki mai suna Nicholas Kanabos an yaba masa a matsayin sarki, ko da yake bai yarda ya karɓi kambi ba.Sarakunan biyu tare da hadin gwiwar sun yi wa kansu katanga a fadar Blachernae tare da bai wa Mourtzouphlos aikin neman taimako daga ‘yan Salibiyya, ko kuma sun sanar da shi manufarsu.Maimakon tuntuɓar 'yan Salibiyya, Mourtzouphlos, a daren 28-29 ga Janairu 1204, ya yi amfani da damar zuwa fadar don ba da cin hanci ga "masu ɗaukar gatari" (Ma'aikatan Varangian), tare da goyon bayansu sun kama sarakuna.Da alama goyon bayan 'yan Varangians na da matukar muhimmanci wajen nasarar juyin mulkin, ko da yake Mourzouflos ma ya samu taimako daga alakarsa da abokan huldarsa.Daga karshe an shake matashin Alexios IV a gidan yari;yayin da ubansa Ishaku, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi da makaho, ya mutu a kusan lokacin juyin mulkin, mutuwarsa dabam-dabam ana danganta ta da tsoro, baƙin ciki, ko kuma zalunci.Da farko Kanabos ya tsira kuma ya ba da ofishi a karkashin Alexios V, amma ya ki yarda da wannan duka da kuma karin sammacin da sarki ya yi masa kuma ya dauki wuri mai tsarki a Hagia Sophia;an cire shi da karfi kuma aka kashe shi a kan matakan babban cocin.

Alexios V Doukas ya kasance sarkin Byzantine daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu 1204, kafin a kori buhun Konstantinoful da mahalarta yakin Crusade na hudu .Sunan danginsa Doukas, amma kuma an san shi da laƙabin Mourtzouphlos, yana nufin ko dai bushe-bushe, rataye gashin gira ko wani hali mai ban tsoro.Ya samu mulki ne ta hanyar juyin mulkin fada, inda ya kashe magabata a cikin haka.Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don kare Konstantinoful daga sojojin 'yan Salibiyya, ƙoƙarinsa na soja bai yi tasiri ba.Ayyukansa sun sami goyon bayan ɗimbin jama'a, amma ya kawar da manyan mutanen birnin.Bayan faɗuwar, buhu, da mamaye birnin, Alexios V ya makantar da wani tsohon sarki kuma daga baya sabon tsarin mulkin Latin ya kashe shi.Shi ne sarki na karshe na Byzantine da ya yi mulki a Konstantinoful har sai da Rumawa suka sake kwace Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1261.

Buhun Konstantinoful ya faru ne a cikin Afrilu 1204 kuma ya nuna ƙarshen yakin Crusade na huɗu .Dakarun 'yan Salibiyya sun kama, sun kwashi ganima, sun lalata sassan Constantinople, a lokacin babban birnin Daular Byzantine.Bayan kama birnin, an kafa Daular Latin (wanda aka sani da Rumawa da sunan Frankokratia ko Ma'aikatar Latin) kuma Baldwin na Flanders ya zama Sarkin sarakuna Baldwin I na Konstantinoful a Hagia Sophia.Bayan da aka kori birnin, akasarin yankunan Daular Rumawa sun rabu a tsakanin 'yan Salibiyya.Mahukuntan Byzantine kuma sun kafa wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Daular Nicaea, wanda a ƙarshe zai sake kwato Constantinople a 1261 kuma ya yi shelar maido da Daular.Duk da haka, daular da aka maido ba ta taba samun nasarar kwato tsohon yanki ko karfin tattalin arzikinta ba, kuma daga karshe ta fada hannun daular Ottoman mai tasowa a cikin 1453 Siege na Constantinople.Buhun Konstantinoful babban juyi ne a cikin tarihin tsakiyar zamanai.Matakin da 'yan Salibiyya suka dauka na kai hari kan birni mafi girma na Kirista a duniya ba a taba ganin irinsa ba kuma nan take ya jawo cece-kuce.Rahotanni na satar 'yan Salibiyya da cin zarafi sun ba da kunya kuma sun tsoratar da duniyar Orthodox;dangantaka tsakanin majami'un Katolika da na Orthodox sun sami mummunan rauni na tsawon ƙarni da yawa bayan haka, kuma ba za a gyara su sosai ba har sai zamani.Daular Rumawa ta kasance mafi talauci, karami, kuma a karshe ta kasa kare kanta daga yakin Seljuk da Ottoman da suka biyo baya;Ayyukan 'Yan Salibiyya ta haka ne kai tsaye ya kara rugujewar Kiristendam a gabas, kuma a cikin dogon lokaci ya taimaka wajen saukaka yakin Ottoman na Kudu maso Gabashin Turai.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Nicaean-Latin sun kasance jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Daular Latin da Daular Nicaea, waɗanda suka fara da rugujewar Daular Rumawa ta Crusade na huɗu a shekara ta 1204. Daular Latin ta sami taimakon wasu ƙasashe 'yan Salibiyya da aka kafa a yankin Rumawa bayan mulkin mallaka. Crusade na hudu, da kuma Jamhuriyar Venice , yayin da Daular Nicaea ta sami taimakon lokaci-lokaci ta Daular Bulgaria ta biyu , kuma ta nemi taimakon abokin hamayyar Venice, Jamhuriyar Genoa .Rikicin ya kuma shafi kasar Girka ta Epirus, wadda ita ma ta yi ikirarin gadon Rumawa da kuma adawa da mulkin Nicaean.Kwamandan Nicaea na Constantinople a shekara ta 1261 CE da kuma maido da Daular Rumawa a karkashin daular Palaiologos bai kawo karshen rikici ba, kamar yadda Rumawa suka kaddamar da yunkurin sake mamaye kudancin Girka (Shugaban Achaea da Duchy na Athens) da kuma Tsibirin Aegean har zuwa karni na 15, yayin da ikon Latin, karkashin jagorancin masarautar Angevin na Naples, sun yi kokarin maido da daular Latin tare da kaddamar da hare-hare a kan Daular Byzantine.