Yakin Peloponnesia

Yaƙin Peloponnesiya ya samo asali ne sakamakon tsoron Sparta na girma da tasirin daular Athenia.Bayan kawo karshen yakin Farisa a shekara ta 449 K.Z., kasashen biyu sun kasa cimma matsaya a kan bangarorin da suka shafi tasirinsu idan babu tasirin Farisa .Wannan rashin jituwa a ƙarshe ya haifar da rikici da yaƙe-yaƙe.Bugu da kari, burin Athens da al'ummarta sun taimaka wajen kara rashin zaman lafiya a kasar Girka .Banbancin akida da zamantakewa tsakanin Athens da Sparta su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen barkewar yakin.Athens, mafi girma a teku a cikin Aegean, ya mamaye Delian League a lokacin Golden Age, wanda ya zo daidai da rayuwar mutane masu tasiri kamar Plato, Socrates, da Aristotle.Duk da haka, a hankali Athens ta mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa Masarautar kuma ta yi amfani da manyan sojojin ruwanta don tsoratar da abokanta, tare da mayar da su zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi.Sparta, a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙungiyar Peloponnesia wanda ya ƙunshi manyan jahohi da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da Korintiyawa da Thebes, sun ƙara nuna shakku game da haɓakar ƙarfin Athens, musamman ikonta na tekun Girka.

Dabarar Spartan a lokacin yakin farko, wanda aka sani da Yaƙin Archidamian (431-421 KZ) bayan Sarkin Sparta Archidamus II, shine ya mamaye ƙasar da ke kewaye da Athens.Yayin da wannan mamayewa ya hana mutanen Atina ƙasar albarkar da ke kewaye da birninsu, ita kanta Athens ta sami damar shiga tekun, kuma ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.Yawancin mutanen Attica sun yi watsi da gonakinsu suka koma cikin Dogon Ganuwar, wanda ya haɗa Athens zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Piraeus.A ƙarshen shekara ta farko na yaƙi, Pericles ya ba da sanannen jana'izarsa (431 KZ).Dabarun Athenian sun fara jagorantar dabarun, ko kuma na gaba ɗaya, Pericles, wanda ya shawarci mutanen Athens su guje wa yakin da aka yi da Spartan hoplites da yawa da kuma horar da su, suna dogara a maimakon jiragen ruwa.

A shekara ta 430 K.Z., annoba ta barke a Athens.Annobar ta mamaye birnin mai cike da cunkoson jama'a, kuma a cikin dogon lokaci, ita ce muhimmiyar dalilin shan kashi na karshe.Annobar ta shafe sama da ’yan ƙasa 30,000, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da sojoji, gami da Pericles da ’ya’yansa maza.Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar Athens sun mutu.Hakazalika an rage yawan ma'aikatan Atheniya kuma har ma sojojin haya na kasashen waje sun ki yin hayar kansu zuwa wani birni mai fama da annoba.Tsoron annoba ya yadu sosai cewa an yi watsi da mamayewar Spartan na Attica, sojojinsu ba sa son yin haɗari da abokan gaba marasa lafiya.

Yaƙin Naupactus, wanda ya faru mako guda bayan nasarar Athenian a Rhium, ya kafa rundunar Atheniya na jiragen ruwa ashirin, wanda Phormio ya umarta, a kan rundunar Peloponnesia na jiragen ruwa saba'in da bakwai, wanda Cnemus ya umarta.Nasarar Athens a Naupactus ta kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙarin Sparta na ƙalubalantar Athens a cikin gulf na Korinti da Arewa maso Yamma, kuma ya tabbatar da ikon Athens a teku.A Naupactus, bayan Athens sun kasance a bango;shan kaye a can da ya rasa tushen Athens a cikin gulf na Koranti kuma ya ƙarfafa Peloponnesians su yi ƙoƙari su kara kai farmaki a teku.

Birnin Mytilene ya yi yunkurin hada kan tsibirin Lesbos da ke karkashin ikonsa da kuma tawaye daga Daular Atheniya.A shekara ta 428 KZ, gwamnatin Mytilene ta shirya tawaye tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Sparta, Boeotia, da wasu biranen tsibirin, kuma suka fara shirin yin tawaye ta hanyar ƙarfafa birnin da kuma ajiye kayan aiki don yakin da aka dade.An katse waɗannan shirye-shiryen ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na Athens, waɗanda aka sanar da shirin.Jirgin ruwan Atheniya sun tare Mytilene ta teku.A kan Lesbos, a halin yanzu, zuwan 1,000 na Athens hoplites ya ba wa Athens damar kammala saka hannun jari na Mytilene ta hanyar shinge shi a ƙasa.Ko da yake a ƙarshe Sparta ta aika da jiragen ruwa a lokacin rani na shekara ta 427 K.Z., ta ci gaba da taka tsantsan da kuma jinkiri da yawa har ta isa kusa da Lesbos kawai a lokacin da ta sami labarin sallamar Mytilene.

Sparta ya dogara ne akan masu samun ilimi, waɗanda ke kula da filayen yayin da 'yan ƙasarta ke horar da su zama sojoji.Abubuwan da aka samu sun sa tsarin Spartan ya yiwu, amma yanzu wurin da aka kashe Pylos ya fara jan hankalin masu gudu.Bugu da kari, tsoron wani babban tawaye na helots wanda ke kusa da Athenia ya karfafawa Spartans aiki wanda ya ƙare da nasarar sojojin ruwa na Athens a yakin Pylos.Wani guguwa ya kori wani jirgin ruwa na Atheniya a bakin teku a Pylos, kuma, a sakamakon yunƙurin Demosthenes, sojojin Athenia sun ƙarfafa tsibirin, kuma an bar wani ƙaramin ƙarfi a wurin lokacin da rundunar ta sake tashi.Ƙaddamar da sansanin Athenia a yankin Spartan ya tsoratar da jagorancin Spartan, kuma sojojin Spartan, wadanda suka yi wa Attica barazana a karkashin jagorancin Agis, sun kawo karshen balaguron su (aikin ya ɗauki kwanaki 15 kawai) kuma suka koma gida, yayin da rundunar Spartan a cikin jirgin. Corcyra ya tashi zuwa Pylos.

Bayan yakin Pylos, wanda ya haifar da ware fiye da sojojin Spartan 400 a tsibirin Sphacteria, Sparta ta kai karar zaman lafiya, kuma, bayan da ta shirya wani yaki a Pylos ta hanyar mika jiragen ruwa na Peloponnesia a matsayin tsaro, ya aika da ofishin jakadanci Athens don yin sulhu.Wadannan shawarwarin, duk da haka, ba su da amfani, kuma da labarin gazawarsu, rundunar sojojin ta zo karshe;Amma mutanen Athens, sun ki mayar da jiragen ruwan Peloponnesia, suna zargin cewa an kai hari kan maboyarsu a lokacin sulhun.Spartans, karkashin kwamandansu Epitadas, sun yi ƙoƙari su zo su ci karo da hoplite na Athenia kuma su tura abokan gaba su koma cikin teku, amma Demosthenes ya yi cikakken bayani game da sojojinsa masu dauke da makamai, a cikin kamfanoni kimanin 200, don mamaye manyan wurare da kuma tursasa abokan gaba da su. harba makami mai linzami duk lokacin da suka tunkara.Lokacin da Spartans suka ruga a gaban masu azabtar da su, sojojin da ba su da ƙarfi, waɗanda ba su da nauyi da manyan sulke, sun sami damar gudu zuwa aminci.An dau tsaiko na wani lokaci, tare da Atheniya na ƙoƙarin kawar da Spartans daga matsayi mai ƙarfi nasu ba tare da nasara ba.A wannan lokaci, kwamandan rundunar Messenia a cikin sojojin Athens, Comon, ya tunkari Demosthenes kuma ya nemi a ba shi sojojin da za su bi ta hanyar da ake ganin ba za a iya wucewa ba a bakin tekun tsibirin.An amince da buƙatarsa, kuma Comon ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa cikin bayan Spartan ta hanyar da ba a kiyaye ba saboda rashin tsaro.Lokacin da ya fito da rundunarsa, Spartans, cikin kafirci, suka yi watsi da kariyarsu;Mutanen Athens sun kama hanyoyin da za a bi don kagara, kuma sojojin Spartan sun tsaya a kan gefen halaka.A wannan lokacin, Cleon da Demosthenes sun ƙi ƙara tura harin, sun gwammace ɗaukar Spartans da yawa kamar yadda za su iya fursuna.Wani mai shela na Athens ya ba wa Spartans damar mika wuya, kuma Spartans, sun watsar da garkuwarsu, sun amince a karshe don yin shawarwari.Daga cikin 440 na Spartans da suka haye zuwa Sphacteria, 292 sun tsira don mika wuya;Daga cikin wadannan, 120 maza ne na masu fada aji na Spartiate."Sakamakon," Donald Kagan ya lura, "ya girgiza duniyar Girka."Spartans, da an yi zaton, ba za su taba mika wuya ba.Sphacteria ya canza yanayin yakin.

Lokacin da armistice ya ƙare a cikin 422, Cleon ya isa Thrace tare da rundunar jiragen ruwa 30, 1,200 hoplites, da mayaƙa 300, tare da wasu dakaru da yawa daga abokan Athens.Ya sake kama Torone da Scione.Brasidas yana da kimanin 2,000 hoplites da 300 na sojan doki, tare da wasu sojoji a Amphipolis, amma bai ji cewa zai iya cin nasara a Cleon a yakin ba.Daga nan sai Brasidas ya komar da sojojinsa zuwa cikin Amphipolis kuma ya shirya kai hari;lokacin da Cleon ya gane cewa harin yana zuwa, kuma ya ƙi yin yaƙi kafin ƙarfafawar da ake tsammanin ya zo, sai ya fara ja da baya;An shirya ja da baya sosai kuma Brasidas ya kai hari da gaba gaɗi a kan abokan gaba da ba su da tsari, ya kai ga nasara.Bayan yaƙin, ba Atheniya ko Spartans ba su so su ci gaba da yaƙin (Cleon kasancewarsa mafi girma daga Athens), kuma an sanya hannu kan Amincin Nicias a cikin 421 KZ.

A cikin 425 KZ, Spartans sun yi hasarar yakin Pylos da Sphacteria, rashin nasara mai tsanani wanda ya haifar da Atheniya suna rike da fursunoni 292.Akalla 120 Spartiates ne, waɗanda suka murmure ta 424 KZ, lokacin da Brasidas na Spartan ya kama Amphipolis.A cikin wannan shekarar, mutanen Athens sun sha babban kaye a Boeotia a yakin Delium, kuma a shekara ta 422 KZ, an sake cin nasara a yakin Amphipolis a yunkurinsu na mayar da birnin.Dukansu Brasidas, babban shugaban Spartan janar, da Cleon, babban ɗan siyasa a Athens, an kashe su a Amphipolis.A lokacin, bangarorin biyu sun gaji kuma a shirye suke don samun zaman lafiya.Ya ƙare rabin farko na Yaƙin Peloponnesia.

Yaƙin Mantinea shi ne yaƙi mafi girma da aka yi a ƙasar Girka a lokacin Yaƙin Peloponnesia.Lacedaemonia, tare da maƙwabtansu Tegeans, sun fuskanci rundunonin sojojin Argos, Athens, Mantinea, da Arcadia.A yakin, kawancen kawancen ya samu nasarori da wuri, amma sun kasa cin gajiyar su, wanda hakan ya baiwa dakarun Spartan damar fatattakar sojojin da ke gaba da su.Sakamakon ya kasance cikakkiyar nasara ga Spartans, wanda ya kubutar da garinsu daga cikin dabarar shan kashi.An wargaje ƙawancen dimokraɗiyya, kuma yawancin membobinta an sake haɗa su cikin ƙungiyar Peloponnesia.Tare da nasarar da ta samu a Mantinea, Sparta ta ja da baya daga gaɓar rashin nasara, kuma ta sake kafa mulkinta a ko'ina cikin Peloponnese.

A cikin shekara ta 17 na yaƙi, labari ya zo Athens cewa ɗaya daga cikin abokansu na nesa a Sicily yana fuskantar hari daga Syracuse.Mutanen Syracuse na kabilar Dorian ne (kamar yadda Spartans suke), yayin da Atinawa, da abokansu a Sicilia, Ionian ne.Mutanen Athens sun ji cewa wajibi ne su taimaki abokansu.Bayan shan kashin da mutanen Athens suka yi a Sicily, an yi imanin cewa ƙarshen daular Atheniya ya kusa.Baitul malinsu ya kusa zama babu kowa, mashiganta sun ƙare, kuma yawancin matasan Atheniya sun mutu ko kuma an ɗaure su a wata ƙasa.

Daga 414 KZ, Darius II, mai mulkin Achaemenid Empire ya fara fushi da karuwar ikon Athens a cikin Aegean kuma ya sa satrap Tissaphernes ya shiga kawance da Sparta a kan Atina, wanda a cikin 412 KZ ya kai ga sake mamaye Farisa na babban ɓangare na Aegean. Ionia.Tissaphernes kuma ya taimaka wajen tallafawa jiragen ruwa na Peloponnesia.

Bayan halakar balaguron Sicilian, Lacedaemon ya ƙarfafa tawaye na abokan adawar Athens, kuma lalle ne, yawancin Ionia ya tashi cikin tawaye ga Athens.Syracusans sun aika da rundunarsu zuwa Peloponnesians, kuma Farisa sun yanke shawarar tallafa wa Spartans da kudi da jiragen ruwa.Tawaye da ƙungiya sun yi barazana a Athens kanta.Mutanen Athens sun yi nasarar tsira saboda dalilai da yawa.Na farko, abokan gaba ba su da himma.Koranti da Syracuse sun yi jinkirin kawo jiragensu zuwa cikin Aegean, kuma sauran abokan na Sparta ma sun yi jinkirin samar da sojoji ko jiragen ruwa.Jihohin Ionian da suka yi tawaye ana tsammanin kariya, kuma da yawa sun koma bangaren Atheniya.Farisa sun yi jinkirin ba da kuɗi da jiragen ruwa da aka alkawarta, abin takaici da shirin yaƙi.A farkon yaƙin, mutanen Athens cikin hikima sun ware wasu kuɗi da jiragen ruwa 100 da za a yi amfani da su a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe kawai.A cikin 411 KZ, wannan rundunar ta yi yaƙi da Spartans a Yaƙin Syme.Rundunar ta nada Alcibiades shugabansu, suka ci gaba da yaki da sunan Athens.adawar su ta kai ga mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya a Athens cikin shekaru biyu.

Alcibiades ya rinjayi rundunar Atheniya da su kai wa Spartans hari a yakin Cyzicus a shekara ta 410. A cikin yakin, Atheniya sun shafe rundunar sojojin Spartan, kuma sun yi nasarar sake kafa tushen kudi na Daular Athenia.Tsakanin 410 zuwa 406, Athens ta ci gaba da samun nasara, kuma daga ƙarshe ta dawo da babban yanki na daularta.Duk wannan ya kasance saboda, ba ƙaramin sashi ba, ga Alcibiades.

Kafin yaƙin, kwamandan Atens, Alcibiades, ya bar shugabansa, Antiochus, a matsayin shugaban rundunar sojojin Atheniya, wanda ke tare da rundunar Spartan a Afisa.Don cin zarafin umarninsa, Antiochus ya yi ƙoƙari ya jawo Spartans zuwa yaƙi ta hanyar gwada su da ƙaramin ƙarfi.Dabararsa ta ci tura, kuma Spartans a ƙarƙashin Lysander sun sami nasara kaɗan amma a alamance akan rundunar Athenia.Wannan nasara ta haifar da faduwar Alcibiades, kuma ta kafa Lysander a matsayin kwamandan da zai iya kayar da Atheniya a teku.

A yakin Arginusae , wani jirgin ruwa na Athenia wanda strategoi takwas ya umarta ya ci nasara da rundunar Spartan karkashin Callicratidas.Yaƙin ya ci karo da nasara ta Spartan wanda ya kai ga tsare sojojin Athenia a ƙarƙashin Conon a Mytilene;don sauƙaƙawa Conon, mutanen Athenia sun haɗu da ƙarfin da ya ƙunshi sabbin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin ke kula da su.Wannan rundunar da ba ta da kwarewa a cikin dabara ta kasance kasa da na Spartans, amma kwamandojinsa sun sami damar shawo kan wannan matsala ta hanyar amfani da sabbin dabaru da sabani, wanda ya bai wa Athens damar samun nasara mai ban mamaki da ba zato ba tsammani.An ba bayi da masana da suka halarci yaƙin zama ɗan ƙasar Atina.

A yakin Aegospotami, rundunar sojojin Spartan karkashin Lysander sun lalata sojojin ruwa na Athenia.Wannan ya kawo karshen yakin, tun da Athens ba ta iya shigo da hatsi ko sadarwa da daularta ba tare da sarrafa teku ba.

Da yake fuskantar yunwa da cututtuka daga tsawaita kewayen, Athens ta miƙa wuya a shekara ta 404 KZ, kuma ba da daɗewa ba abokanta sun mika wuya.Masu mulkin demokraɗiyya a Samos, masu biyayya ga mai ɗaci na ƙarshe, sun ɗan daɗe, kuma an bar su su gudu da rayukansu.Miyar da kai ta kwace katangunta, da jiragenta, da duk wani abu nata na ketare.Korinti da Thebes sun bukaci a halaka Atina kuma a bautar da dukan mutanenta.Duk da haka, Spartans sun ba da sanarwar ƙin lalata wani birni wanda ya yi aiki mai kyau a lokacin babban haɗari ga Girka, kuma sun dauki Athens a cikin tsarin nasu.Athens ta kasance "ta kasance da abokai da abokan gaba iri ɗaya" kamar yadda Sparta.

Babban tasirin yaƙi a Girka daidai shine maye gurbin daular Athenia tare da daular Spartan.Bayan yakin Aegospotami, Sparta ta karbi mulkin Athenia kuma ta ajiye duk kudaden harajin da ta samu;Abokan Sparta, waɗanda suka yi sadaukarwa don ƙoƙarin yaƙi fiye da Sparta, ba su sami komai ba.Ko da yake ikon Athens ya karye, ya yi wani abu na farfadowa a sakamakon Yaƙin Korinti kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawa a siyasar Girka.Daga baya Thebes ya ƙasƙantar da Sparta a Yaƙin Leuctra a shekara ta 371 KZ, amma an kawo ƙarshen hamayyar da ke tsakanin Athens da Sparta bayan ƴan shekarun da suka gabata lokacin da Philip na biyu na Macedon ya ci dukan ƙasar Girka in ban da Sparta, wanda daga baya ɗan Filibus ya rinjaye shi. Alexander a 331 KZ.