Daular Byzantine: Daular Komneniya

Bayan wani lokaci na dangi na nasara da fadadawa a karkashin daular Makidoniya (c. 867-c. 1054), Byzantium ya fuskanci tsaiko da raguwa da yawa a shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya ƙare a cikin mummunar lalacewa a cikin soja, yanki, tattalin arziki da siyasa na Byzantine. Daular ta hanyar hawan Alexios I Komnenos a cikin 1081.Matsalolin da daular ta fuskanta sun samo asali ne daga wani bangare na tasiri da karfin ikon sarakuna, wanda ya raunana tsarin soja na daular ta hanyar lalata tsarin jigo da ke horar da dakarunta.Ragowar rundunonin sojan da aka dade da yawa an bar su su lalace, har ta kai ga ba za su iya yin aikin soja ba.Zuwan sabbin makiya masu tsaurin ra'ayi a lokaci guda - Turkawa a gabas da Normans a yamma - wani abu ne da ya taimaka.A cikin 1040, 'yan Norman, waɗanda asalinsu 'yan hayar da ba su da ƙasa daga sassan arewacin Turai don neman ganima, sun fara kai hari ga maboyar Rumawa a kudancinItaliya .Turkawa na Seljuk sun kai jerin hare-hare da suka yi barna a cikin Armeniya da gabashin Anatoliya - babban wurin daukar sojojin na Byzantine.Yakin Manzikert a shekara ta 1071 zai haifar da asarar jimillar Anatoliya ta Byzantine.

Isaac da Alexios Komnenos sun gudanar da juyin mulki a kan Nikephoros III Botaneiates.Alexios da sojojinsa sun kutsa cikin bangon Konstantinoful a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1081 kuma suka kori birnin;Patriarch Cosmas ya shawo kan Nikephoros ya yi murabus ga Alexios maimakon tsawaita yakin basasa.Alexios ya zama sabon Sarkin Byzantine.A farkon mulkinsa, Alexios ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa.Dole ne ya fuskanci mummunar barazanar Normans karkashin Robert Guiscard da dansa Bohemond na Taranto.Har ila yau, haraji da tattalin arziki sun kasance cikin rudani.Haushi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya yi ta tabarbarewa, tsabar kudi ta ragu sosai, tsarin kasafin kudi ya rude (akwai nomismata guda shida daban-daban a wurare dabam-dabam), kuma baitul malin sarki ba kowa.A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, an tilasta Alexios ya ba da kuɗin yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Normans ta hanyar amfani da dukiyar Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, wanda Uban Constantinople ya ba shi.

Normans sun yi amfani da ƙaddamar da tsohon sarki Michael na Nicephorus Botaneiates a matsayin casus belli don mamaye Balkans.Wannan ya ba wa Robert dalilin da ya sa ya mamaye daular yana da'awar an wulakanta 'yarsa.An gwabza yakin Dyrrhachium tsakanin Daular Byzantine, karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Alexios I Komnenos, da Normans na kudancin Italiya karkashin Robert Guiscard, Duke na Apulia da Calabria.Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasara Norman kuma ya kasance babban kaye ga Alexios.Masanin tarihi Jonathan Harris ya ce cin kashin da aka yi “kowane mai tsanani kamar na Manzikert.”Ya rasa kusan 5,000 daga cikin mutanensa, ciki har da yawancin Varangians.Ba a san asarar Norman ba, amma John Haldon ya yi iƙirarin suna da yawa yayin da fikafikan biyu suka karye kuma suka gudu.

Alexios ya ba wa Sarkin Jamus Henry IV cin hanci da zinare 360,000 don kai hari ga Normans a Italiya , wanda ya tilasta Robert Guiscard da Normans su mai da hankali kan kariyar su a gida a 1083-84.Alexios kuma ya tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar Henry, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, wanda ke sarrafa yankin Gargano.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1082, Normans sun kewaye birnin Larissa.A farkon lokacin sanyi na shekara ta 1082, Alexios ya sami nasarar samun sojojin haya na sojoji 7,000 daga sarkin kasar Turkiyya Seljuk Suleiman ibn Qutulmish.Wani Janar mai suna Kamyres ne ya jagoranci tawagar.Alexios ya ci gaba da tara sojoji a Konstantinoful.A cikin Maris 1083, Alexios ya tashi daga Konstantinoful a shugaban sojojin da suka yi tafiya zuwa Larissa.A cikin watan Yuli, Alexios ya kai hari kan sojojin da ke tare da sojojin, inda ya tursasa ta da maharba na Turkiyya tare da yada rashin jituwa a tsakanin dakarunta ta hanyar dabarun diflomasiyya.An tilasta wa Normans da suka raunana su rabu da kewayen.Rikici ya ci gaba da yaduwa a cikin sojojin Norman, yayin da jami'anta suka bukaci a biya bashin shekaru biyu da rabi, adadin Bohemond bai mallaka ba.Yawancin sojojin Norman sun koma gaɓar teku suka komaItaliya , suka bar ƙaramin gari a Kastoria.A halin yanzu, Alexios ya bai wa Venetian mulkin mallaka na kasuwanci a Constantinople, da kuma keɓancewa daga ayyukan ciniki don dawo da taimakon da suka sabunta.Sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kwato Dyrrhachium da Corfu tare da mayar da su zuwa Daular Rumawa.Mutuwar Robert Guiscard a cikin 1085 da waɗannan nasarori sun mayar da daular zuwa matsayinta na baya kuma ya nuna farkon maido da Komneniya.

A cikin 1087, Alexios ya fuskanci sabon mamayewa.A wannan karon maharan sun ƙunshi gungun Pechenegs 80,000 daga arewacin Danube, kuma suna kan hanyar zuwa Konstantinoful.Alexios ya tsallaka zuwa Moesia don ramawa amma ya kasa daukar Dorostolon.A lokacin da ya koma baya, sarki Pechenegs sun kewaye shi kuma suka gaji, suka tilasta masa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhu da kuma biyan kuɗin kariya.A cikin 1090 Pechenegs sun sake mamaye Thrace, yayin da Tzachas, surukin Sultan na Rum, ya kaddamar da jiragen ruwa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya shirya haɗin gwiwa na Constantinople tare da Pechenegs.Ba tare da isassun sojoji da za su tunkude wannan sabuwar barazanar ba, Alexios ya yi amfani da diflomasiyya don cimma nasara a kan rashin daidaito.Alexios ya shawo kan wannan rikicin ta hanyar ba da cin hanci ga gungun mutane 40,000 na Cumans, wanda tare da taimakonsa ya ba da mamaki kuma ya hallaka Pechenegs a yakin Levounion a Thrace a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1091.Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen barazanar Pecheneg, amma a shekara ta 1094 Cumans sun fara kai farmaki ga yankunan daular Balkan.Wani mai riya da ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Constantine Diogenes, ɗan Sarki Romanos na huɗu da ya daɗe ya mutu, Cumans suka tsallaka tsaunuka suka kai farmaki a gabashin Thrace har sai da aka kawar da shugabansu a Adrianople.Tare da yankin Balkan fiye ko žasa da kwanciyar hankali, yanzu Alexios zai iya mayar da hankalinsa ga Asiya Ƙarama, wanda Turks Seljuk suka kusan mamaye shi.

Daga shekara ta 1088, Tzachas ya yi amfani da tushe a Smyrna don yaƙi da Rumawa.Da yake ɗaukar masu fasaha na Kirista aiki, ya gina jirgin ruwa, wanda da su ya kama Phocaea da tsibirin Aegean na Lesbos na gabas (ban da kagara na Methymna), Samos, Chios da Rhodes.An aika da rundunar sojojin Rumawa karkashin Niketas Kastamonites a kansa, amma Tzachas ya ci su a yaƙi.Wasu malaman zamani sun yi hasashen cewa ayyukansa a wannan lokacin wataƙila sun kasance tare, kuma wataƙila ma sun haɗa kai, tare da ’yan tawayen Byzantine guda biyu na zamani, Rhapsomates a Cyprus, da Karykes a Crete.A cikin 1090/91, Rumawa karkashin Constantine Dalasenos sun dawo da Chios.Tzachas bai karaya ba, ya sake gina dakarunsa, ya ci gaba da kai hare-hare.A cikin 1092, Dalassenos da sabon megas doux, John Doukas, an aika da Tzachas, kuma suka kai hari ga sansanin Mytilene a Lesbos.Tzachas ya yi tsayin daka na tsawon watanni uku, amma a karshe ya yi shawarwari don mika wuya ga sansanin soja.A lokacin da ya koma Smyrna, Dalasenos ya kai hari ga jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya, wanda ya kusan halaka.

Duk da ci gaban da ya samu, Alexios ba shi da isasshen ƙarfin da zai iya kwato yankunan da suka ɓace a Asiya Ƙarama.Da yake an burge shi da iyawar sojojin dokin Norman a Dyrrhachium, ya aika jakadu zuwa yamma don neman ƙarfafawa daga Turai.An cimma wannan manufa da kyau - a Majalisar Piacenza a 1095, Paparoma Urban II ya burge da roko na Alexios na neman taimako, wanda ya yi magana game da wahalar Kiristocin gabas kuma ya yi nuni ga yuwuwar haɗin gwiwar majami'u na gabas da yamma.A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1095, Urban II ya kira Majalisar Clermont a Faransa .A can, a cikin taron dubban dubban mutane da suka zo domin jin kalamansa, ya bukaci duk wadanda suka halarci taron da su dauki makami karkashin tutar giciye tare da kaddamar da yaki mai tsarki domin kwato Kudus da gabas daga hannun ‘yan uwa musulmi ‘kafirai’.Dole ne a ba da kyauta ga duk waɗanda suka shiga cikin babban kasuwancin.Mutane da yawa sun yi alkawarin aiwatar da umurnin Paparoma, kuma nan da nan maganar Crusade ta yadu a yammacin Turai.Alexios ya yi tsammanin taimako ta hanyar sojojin haya daga Yamma, kuma bai shirya tsaf ba ga manyan runduna marasa tarbiyya waɗanda ba da daɗewa ba suka iso, abin mamaki da kunya.

The "Prince's Crusade", a hankali ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Constantinople, wanda ya jagoranci sassan Godfrey na Bouillon, Bohemond na Taranto, Raymond IV na Toulouse, da sauran muhimman membobin yammacin duniya.Alexios ya yi amfani da damar ya gana da shugabannin 'yan Salibiyya daban-daban yayin da suka isa, inda ya zare rantsuwar mubaya'a daga gare su da kuma alkawarin mai da kasashen da aka ci wa Daular Rumawa.Canja wurin kowane rukuni zuwa Asiya, Alexios ya yi alkawarin samar musu da abinci a madadin rantsuwar mubaya'a.Yakin yakin basasa ya kasance babban nasara ga Byzantium, yayin da Alexios ya kwato wasu muhimman birane da tsibirai.Sifen da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi wa birnin Nicaea ya tilasta wa birnin mika wuya ga sarki a shekara ta 1097, kuma nasarar da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi a Dorylaeum na baya-bayan nan ya baiwa sojojin Rumawa damar kwato yawancin yammacin Asiya Ƙarama.John Doukas ya sake kafa mulkin Byzantine a Chios, Rhodes, Smyrna, Afisa, Sardis, da Philadelphia a cikin 1097-1099.Wannan nasarar da 'yar Alexios Anna ta danganta shi da manufofinsa da diflomasiyya, amma masana tarihi na Latin na yakin basasa ga ha'incinsa da yaudara.

Duk da nasarorin da ya samu, a cikin shekaru ashirin na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa Alexios ya rasa yawancin shahararsa.Hakan ya faru ne saboda tsauraran matakan da aka tilasta masa ya ɗauka don ceton daular da ke fama da rikici.An shigar da aikin shigar da sojoji, wanda ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin manoma, duk da bukatar da ake da ita na sabbin wadanda za su dauka aikin soja na daular.Domin a maido da baitul malin sarki, Alexios ya ɗauki matakan harajin aristocracy da yawa;ya kuma soke da yawa daga cikin keɓewa daga haraji da cocin ke morewa a baya.Domin tabbatar da cewa an biya dukkan haraji gaba daya, kuma a dakatar da zagayowar tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, gaba daya ya sake fasalin kudin, inda ya fitar da sabon tsabar kudin zinari (hyperpyron) mai inganci.A shekara ta 1109, ya yi nasarar dawo da tsari ta hanyar yin aiki mai kyau na musanya don dukan tsabar kudi.Sabon hyperpyron nasa zai zama daidaitaccen tsabar kudin Byzantine na shekaru dari biyu masu zuwa.Shekaru na ƙarshe na sarautar Alexios sun kasance alama ce ta tsananta wa mabiyan bidi'a na Paulician da Bogomil - ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na ƙarshe shine ya ƙone a kan gungume shugaban Bogomil, Basil Likita;ta sabon gwagwarmaya tare da Turkawa (1110-1117).

Bayan gazawar yakin Crusade na shekara ta 1101, Turkawa Seljuq da Danishmend sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan Rumawa.Bayan shan kashin da suka yi, 'yan Seljuq karkashin Malik Shah sun kwato ikon tsakiyar Anatoliya, tare da sake kafa wata kasa mai inganci a kewayen birnin Iconium.Sarkin sarakuna Alexios I Komnenos, wanda ya tsufa kuma yana fama da rashin lafiya wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ya ƙare, ya kasa hana hare-haren Turkiyya zuwa yankunan da aka dawo da su na Byzantine Anatolia, ko da yake wani yunkurin daukar Nicaea a 1113 ya ci tura daga Rumawa.A cikin 1116 Alexios ya sami damar shiga filin da kansa kuma ya shiga ayyukan tsaro a arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya.Dakarun Seljuk sun kai wa sojojin Byzantine hari sau da dama ba tare da wani tasiri ba.Bayan da ya sha asara ga sojojinsa a cikin wadannan hare-haren, Malik Shah ya aika wa Alexios wata shawara ta zaman lafiya da ta shafi dakatar da hare-haren Turkiyya.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kasance mai ban mamaki saboda babban matakin da sojojin Rumawa suka nuna.Alexios ya nuna cewa zai iya tafiya sojojinsa ba tare da wani hukunci ba ta cikin yankunan da Turkiyya ta mamaye.

An yi takara da Yahaya.Yayin da Alexios ke mutuwa a gidan sufi na Mangana a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1118, John, dogara ga amintattun dangi, musamman ɗan'uwansa Isaac Komnenos, ya sami shiga cikin gidan sufi kuma ya sami zoben sa hannu na sarki daga mahaifinsa.Daga nan sai ya tara mabiyansa dauke da makamai ya doki zuwa Babban Fada, inda ya tattara goyon bayan ’yan kasa a kan hanya.Da farko mai gadin fadar ya ƙi yarda da John ba tare da tabbatacciyar hujjar abin da mahaifinsa ke so ba, duk da haka, ’yan gungun da ke kewaye da sabon sarkin sun tilasta wa shiga.A cikin fadar aka ba Yohanna yabo a matsayin sarki.Irene, cikin mamaki, ta kasa ko dai ta shawo kan danta ya yi murabus, ko kuma ta sa Nikephoros ya tsaya takarar kujerar sarauta.Alexios ya mutu da daddare biyo bayan yunƙurin da ɗansa ya ɗauka na karɓar mulki.John ya ki halartar jana’izar mahaifinsa, duk da rokon da mahaifiyarsa ta yi masa, saboda yana tsoron kada a yi masa juyin mulki.Duk da haka, cikin 'yan kwanaki, matsayinsa ya zama kamar amintacce.A cikin shekara guda da hawansa mulki, John II ya bankado wata makarkashiya da aka kulla domin kifar da shi wanda ya shafi mahaifiyarsa da 'yar uwarsa.Mijin Anna Nikephoros bai ji tausayin burinta ba, kuma rashin goyon bayansa ne ya halaka wannan makirci.An kwace wa Anna dukiyarta, wanda aka ba wa abokin sarki John Axouch.Axouch cikin hikima ya ƙi kuma tasirinsa ya tabbatar da cewa an mayar da dukiyar Anna zuwa gare ta kuma John II da 'yar uwarsa sun yi sulhu, aƙalla zuwa mataki.Irene ta yi ritaya zuwa gidan sufi kuma da alama Anna an cire ta sosai daga rayuwar jama'a, ta ɗauki ƙarancin aikin ɗan tarihi.

A cikin 1122, Pechenegs daga Pontic steppes sun mamaye Daular Byzantine ta hanyar ketare iyakar Danube zuwa yankin Byzantine.A cewar Michael Angold, mai yiyuwa ne mamaya nasu ya faru ne tare da hadin gwiwar Vladimir Monomakh (r. 1113-1125), mai mulkin Kiev , ganin cewa Pechenegs sun taba zama mataimakansa.An rubuta cewa an kori ragowar Oghuz da Pechenegs daga Rasha a shekara ta 1121. Mamaya ya haifar da babbar barazana ga ikon Byzantine a arewacin Balkans.Sarki John II Komnenos na Byzantium, ya ƙudurta ya gamu da mahara a cikin filin ya kori su, ya tura sojojin filinsa daga Asiya Ƙarama (inda aka yi yaƙi da Turkawa Seljuk ) zuwa Turai, kuma ya shirya tafiya arewa.Nasarar Byzantine ta lalata Pechenegs yadda ya kamata a matsayin karfi mai zaman kansa.Na wani lokaci, manyan al'ummomi na Pechenegs sun kasance a Hungary , amma daga bisani Pechenegs sun daina zama mutane daban-daban kuma an kama su da makwabta kamar Bulgarians da Magyars .Ga Rumawa, nasarar ba ta kai ga samun zaman lafiya nan da nan ba tun lokacin da Hungarian suka kai hari Branitshevo, sansanin sojojin Byzantine a Danube, a shekara ta 1128. Duk da haka, nasarar da aka samu a kan Pechenegs, da kuma daga baya Hungarian, ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin tsibirin Balkan zai ci gaba da kasancewa. Byzantine, ƙyale John ya mai da hankali kan fadada ikon Byzantine da tasiri a cikin Ƙananan Asiya da Ƙasa mai Tsarki.

Bayan hawansa, John II ya ƙi tabbatar da yarjejeniyar 1082 mahaifinsa da Jamhuriyar Venice , wanda ya ba Jamhuriyar Italiya ta musamman da kuma haƙƙin ciniki mai karimci a cikin Daular Byzantine.Amma duk da haka canjin manufofin bai motsa shi ta hanyar matsalolin kuɗi ba.Wani lamari da ya shafi cin zarafin wani dan gidan sarauta da 'yan Venetian suka yi ya haifar da rikici mai hatsari, musamman ma da Byzantium ya dogara da Venice don ƙarfin sojojin ruwa.Bayan harin ramuwar gayya na Byzantine a kan Kerkyra, Yahaya ya kori 'yan kasuwa na Venetian daga Konstantinoful.Amma wannan ya haifar da ƙarin ramuwar gayya, kuma rundunar sojojin Venetian na jiragen ruwa 72 sun waci Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, Andros kuma suka kama Kefalonia a cikin Tekun Ionian.Daga ƙarshe an tilasta wa Yohanna ya zo da sharadi;yakin yana kashe shi fiye da kimarsa, kuma bai shirya mika kudade daga sojojin kasa na daular zuwa ga sojojin ruwa don kera sabbin jiragen ruwa ba.John ya sake tabbatar da yarjejeniyar 1082, a cikin Agusta 1126.

Auren John da gimbiya Hungarian Piroska ya sa shi cikin gwagwarmayar daular daular Hungary .A cikin ba da mafaka ga Álmos, makafi mai da’awar kursiyin Hungarian, John ya ta da zargin Hungarian.Hungarian, karkashin jagorancin Stephen II, sannan suka mamaye lardunan Balkan na Byzantium a shekara ta 1127, ana gwabza fada har zuwa 1129. Hungarian sun kai hari Belgrade, Nish da Sofia;John, wanda ke kusa da Philippopolis a Thrace, ya kai hari, wanda ke samun goyon bayan wani jirgin ruwa da ke aiki a Danube.Bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda cikakkun bayanansa ba su da tabbas, sarkin ya yi nasarar fatattakar Hungarian da abokansu na Serbia a sansanin Haram ko Chramon, wanda shine Nova Palanka na zamani.Bayan haka mutanen Hungarian sun sake sabunta tashin hankali ta hanyar kai hari Braničevo, wanda nan da nan John ya sake gina shi.Ƙarin nasarorin soja na Byzantine, Choniates ya ambaci alkawura da yawa, ya haifar da maido da zaman lafiya.An tabbatar da iyakar Danube sosai.

A cikin Levant, sarki ya nemi ƙarfafa iƙirarin Byzantine na suzerainty akan Jihohin Crusader da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsa akan Antakiya.A 1137 ya ci Tarsus, Adana, da Mopsuestia daga Masarautar Armenian Kilicia , kuma a cikin 1138 an kai Yarima Levon I na Armeniya da yawancin danginsa fursuna zuwa Constantinople. Poitiers, Yariman Antakiya, da Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, sun gane kansu a matsayin ƙwararrun sarki a shekara ta 1137. Har Raymond II, Ƙididdiga na Tripoli, ya gaggauta zuwa arewa don yin mubaya'a ga Yahaya, yana maimaita girmamawar da magabata ya yi wa John's. baba in 1109.

An 'yantar da shi daga barazanar waje a yankin Balkan ko kuma a Anatoliya, bayan da ya ci Hungarian a 1129, kuma ya tilasta wa Turkawa Anadolu a kan tsaro, Sarkin Byzantine John II Komnenos zai iya karkata hankalinsa ga Levant, inda ya nemi karfafa da'awar Byzantium. don yin biyayya ga Jihohin Salibiyya da tabbatar da haƙƙinsa da ikonsa akan Antakiya.Gudanar da Kilicia ya buɗe hanya zuwa Masarautar Antakiya don Rumawa.Da yake fuskantar gabatowar ƙaƙƙarfan sojojin Byzantine, Raymond na Poitiers, yarima na Antakiya, da Joscelin II, ƙidaya na Edessa, sun yi gaggawar amincewa da sarautar Sarkin sarakuna.Yahaya ya bukaci mika wuya na Antakiya ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma, bayan ya nemi izinin Fulk, Sarkin Urushalima, Raymond na Poitiers ya amince ya mika birnin ga Yahaya.An kai wa Shaizar kawanya daga ranar 28 ga Afrilu zuwa 21 ga Mayu, 1138. Sojojin da ke kawance da Daular Rumawa, Daular Antakiya da gundumar Edessa sun mamaye musulmin Siriya.Bayan da aka fatattake su daga babbar manufarsu ta birnin Aleppo, hadin gwiwar sojojin kiristoci sun kai hari da dama daga cikin kagara, inda daga karshe suka yiwa Shaizar babban birnin Masarautar Munqidhi kawanya.Dakarun sun mamaye birnin, amma sun kasa ɗaukar kagara;wanda hakan ya sa Sarkin Sha'azar ya biya diyya kuma ya zama basaraken sarkin Rumawa.Dakarun Zengi, babban yarima musulmin yankin, sun yi arangama da sojojin kawance amma sun yi karfin da ba za su iya yin kasada ba.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya jadada ƙayyadaddun yanayin suzerainty na Byzantine a kan jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na arewa da kuma rashin manufa guda tsakanin sarakunan Latin da sarkin Byzantine.

Bayan da ya shirya sojojinsa don sake kai hari a Antakiya, Yohanna ya yi wa kansa nishadi ta hanyar farautar namun daji a Dutsen Taurus da ke Kilicia, inda da gangan ya yanke kansa a hannu da kibiya mai guba.Da farko John ya yi watsi da raunin kuma ya kamu da cutar.Ya mutu kwanaki da yawa bayan hatsarin, a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1143, mai yiwuwa na ciwon jini.Ayyukan ƙarshe na Yohanna a matsayin sarki shi ne ya zaɓi Manuel, ƙaramin ’ya’yansa da suka tsira ya zama magajinsa.An rubuta John a matsayin yana ambaton manyan dalilai guda biyu na zabar Manuel a kan babban ɗan'uwansa Ishaku: Ƙaunar Ishaku, da ƙarfin hali da Manuel ya nuna a yaƙin neman zaɓe a Neocaesarea.Wata ka’idar kuma ta ce dalilin da ya sa aka zaɓi wannan shi ne annabcin AIMA, wanda ya annabta cewa magajin Yahaya ya zama wanda sunan sa ya fara da “M”.Hakazalika, abokin John Axouch na kud da kud, ko da yake an rubuta shi a matsayin ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don shawo kan sarkin da ke mutuwa cewa Ishaku ne ɗan takarar da ya fi dacewa ya yi nasara, ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa ɗaukan mulkin Manuel ya kasance ba tare da wata hamayya ba.Gabaɗaya, John II Komnenos ya bar daular sosai fiye da yadda ya same ta.An kwato yankuna masu mahimmanci, kuma nasarorin da ya samu a kan mahara Petchenegs, Serbs da Seljuk Turks , tare da ƙoƙarinsa na kafa tsarin mulkin Byzantine a kan Jihohin Crusader a Antakiya da Edessa, sun yi yawa don dawo da martabar daularsa.Hankalin da ya bi wajen yaki a tsanake, ya kare daular daga kasadar shan kashi ba zato ba tsammani, yayin da himma da fasaha ya ba shi damar tattara jerin jerin hare-hare da suka yi nasara a kan tungar abokan gaba.A lokacin mutuwarsa, ya sami kusanci kusa da duniya, har ma daga 'yan Salibiyya, saboda ƙarfin hali, sadaukarwarsa da ibadarsa.

Manuel I Komnenos wani sarki ne na Byzantine na karni na 12 wanda ya yi sarauta a kan wani muhimmin sauyi a tarihin Byzantium da Bahar Rum.Mulkinsa ya ga fure na ƙarshe na maido da Komneniya, lokacin da Daular Rumawa ta ga farfadowar ƙarfin soja da ƙarfin tattalin arzikinta, kuma ta sami farfaɗowar al'adu.Ko da yake ya maido da daularsa zuwa ga daukakar da ta gabata a matsayin mai iko na duniyar Bahar Rum, Manuel ya bi manufofin kasashen waje mai kuzari da kishi.A cikin wannan tsari ya yi ƙawance tare da Paparoma Adrian IV da kuma yammacin sake dawowa.Ya mamaye Masarautar Norman ta Sicily , ko da yake bai yi nasara ba, kasancewar shi ne sarkin Roma na Gabas na ƙarshe da ya yi ƙoƙarin sake mamaye yammacin Bahar Rum.An gudanar da tafiyar Crusade ta biyu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin daularsa.Manuel ya kafa kariyar Byzantine akan Jihohin Crusader na Outremer .Da yake fuskantar ci gaban musulmi a kasa mai tsarki, ya kafa hujja da Masarautar Kudus kuma ya shiga cikin mamayewar FatimidMasar a hade.Manuel ya sake fasalin taswirar siyasa na yankin Balkan da gabashin Bahar Rum, inda ya sanya masarautun Hungary da Outremer karkashin mulkin Byzantine tare da yin kamfen da mugun nufi ga makwabtansa a yamma da gabas.Duk da haka, a ƙarshen mulkinsa, nasarorin da Manuel ya samu a gabas sun lalace ta hanyar shan kashi mai tsanani a Myriokephalon, wanda a babban bangare ya haifar da girman kai na kai hari ga wani matsayi na Seljuk mai karewa.Ko da yake Rumawa sun murmure kuma Manuel ya kammala zaman lafiya mai fa'ida da Sultan Kilij Arslan II, Myriokephalon ya zama na ƙarshe, ƙoƙarin da daular ta yi bai yi nasara ba don dawo da yankin Anatoliya daga Turkawa.Helenawa suna kira ho Megas, an san Manuel ya ƙarfafa aminci ga waɗanda suka bauta masa.Ya kuma bayyana a matsayin gwarzon tarihin da sakatarensa, John Kinnamos ya rubuta, wanda a cikinsa ake danganta kowane irin nagarta da shi.Manuel, wanda dangantakarsa da 'yan Salibiyya na yamma ya rinjaye shi, ya ji daɗin sunan "sarki mai albarka na Konstantinoful" a sassan duniya na Latin kuma.Masana tarihi na zamani, duk da haka, ba su da sha'awar shi.Wasu daga cikinsu sun ce wannan gagarumin iko da ya yi ba nasa ba ne, na daular da yake wakilta ne;suna kuma jayayya cewa, tun da ikon mulkin mallaka na Byzantine ya ragu da bala'i bayan mutuwar Manuel, abu ne kawai na dabi'a don neman musabbabin wannan raguwa a mulkinsa.

A cikin 1147 Manuel I ya ba da izini ta hanyar mulkinsa zuwa runduna biyu na Crusade na biyu karkashin Conrad III na Jamus da Louis VII na Faransa .A wannan lokacin, har yanzu akwai membobin kotun Byzantine waɗanda suka tuna da nassi na Crusade na farko .Masanin tarihin Byzantine na wannan zamani Kinnamos ya bayyana wani cikakken fada tsakanin sojojin Rumawa da wani bangare na sojojin Conrad, a wajen bangon Konstantinoful.Rumawa sun ci Jamusawa kuma, a idanun Rumawa, wannan juzu'i ya sa Conrad ya amince da cewa sojojinsa sun yi sauri su wuce Damalis a gabar Asiya na Bosphoros.Bayan 1147, duk da haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin shugabannin biyu ta zama abokantaka.A shekara ta 1148 Manuel ya ga hikimar kulla kawance da Conrad, wanda surukarsa Bertha na Sulzbach ya yi aure tun da farko;a zahiri ya rinjayi sarkin Jamus ya sabunta ƙawancensu da Roger II na Sicily.Abin baƙin ciki ga Sarkin Byzantine, Conrad ya mutu a shekara ta 1152, kuma duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi, Manuel ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya da magajinsa, Frederick Barbarossa.

Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin Rumawa suka matsa zuwa Antakiya .Raynald ya san cewa ba shi da bege na cin nasara a kan sarki, kuma ya san cewa ba zai iya tsammanin wani taimako daga Sarkin Baldwin III na Urushalima ba.Baldwin bai yarda da harin Raynald a Cyprus ba, kuma a kowane hali ya riga ya yi yarjejeniya da Manuel.Ta haka abokansa suka ware kuma suka yi watsi da su, Raynald ya yanke shawarar cewa rashin biyayya shine kawai begensa.Ya bayyana sanye da jaka da igiya daure a wuyansa, ya roki gafara.Manuel da farko ya yi watsi da sujada Raynald, yana tattaunawa da fadawansa.Daga ƙarshe, Manuel ya gafartawa Raynald bisa sharaɗin cewa zai zama mai mulkin Daular, ya ba da 'yancin kai na Antakiya ga Byzantium.Bayan an dawo da zaman lafiya, an gudanar da gagarumin jerin gwano a ranar 12 ga Afrilun 1159 don nasarar shigar sojojin Rumawa cikin birnin, tare da Manuel ya bi ta kan tituna a kan doki, yayin da Yariman Antakiya da Sarkin Urushalima suka bi da ƙafa.

Daga tsakiyar karni na 11, Masarautar Hungary ta kasance tana fadada yankinta da kuma yin tasiri a kudu, da nufin hade yankunan Dalmatiya da Croatia.Rumawa da Hungarian sun kaddamar da hare-haren wuce gona da iri a yankin juna, kuma Rumawa na taimaka wa masu yin riya ga kursiyin Hungarian a kai a kai.Tashe-tashen hankula da barkewar yakin basasa tsakanin Rumawa da Hungarian sun kai kololuwa a cikin 1150s da 1160s.Sarkin Byzantine Manuel I Komnenos ya yi ƙoƙarin cimma yarjejeniyar diflomasiya da daular da Masarautar Hungary.A cikin 1163, ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, an aika da Béla kanin Sarki Stephen III zuwa Konstantinoful don a girma a ƙarƙashin kulawar kansa na sarki kansa.A matsayin dangin Manuel (mahaifiyar Manuel yar gimbiya Hungarian ce) kuma saurayin 'yarsa, Béla ya zama Despotes (wani lakabi da aka kirkiro masa) kuma a cikin 1165 an nada shi magaji ga kursiyin, yana mai suna Alexios.Amma a cikin 1167, Sarki Stephen ya ƙi ba Manuel iko na tsoffin yankunan Byzantine da aka ware wa Béla-Alexios a matsayin appanage;wannan kai tsaye ya kai ga yakin da ya kare da yakin Sirmium.Rumawa sun samu gagarumar nasara, wanda ya tilasta wa Hungarian neman zaman lafiya bisa sharuddan Byzantine.Har ila yau, sun amince da samar da wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su don kyawawan halaye;don biya Byzantium haraji da samar da sojoji lokacin da aka nema.Yaƙin Sirmium ya kammala tuƙi Manuel don tabbatar da iyakar arewa.

A cikin kaka na 1169 Manuel ya aika da haɗin gwiwa tare da Amalric zuwaMisira : sojojin Byzantine da sojojin ruwa na 20 manyan jiragen ruwa na yaki, 150 galleys, da 60 transports sun haɗu tare da Amalric a Ascalon.Hadin gwiwar dakarun Manuel da Amalric sun yi wa Damietta kawanya a ranar 27 ga Oktoban 1169, amma kewayen bai yi nasara ba saboda gazawar 'yan Salibiyya da Rumawa wajen ba da hadin kai sosai.Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama, sojojin Latin da na Rumawa sun koma gida, ko da yake rabin sojojin Rumawa sun yi asarar a cikin guguwa kwatsam.

Yakin Myriokephalon wani yaki ne tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Turkawa Seljuk da ke Phrygia a kusa da tafkin Beyşehir a kudu maso yammacin Turkiyya a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1176. Yakin ya kasance wata dabara ce ga sojojin Rumawa, wadanda aka yi musu kwanton bauna a lokacin da suke tafiya ta wani dutse. wuce.Zai zama na karshe, kokarin da Rumawa ya yi na dawo da yankin Anatoliya daga hannun Turkawa Seljuk.

Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 11, 'yan kasuwa na Yamma, da farko daga jihohin Italiya - Venice , Genoa da Pisa, sun fara bayyana a Gabas.Na farko su ne Venetian, waɗanda suka sami babban rabon ciniki daga Sarkin Byzantine Alexios I Komnenos.Ƙwaƙwalwar waɗannan gata na gaba da rashin ƙarfi na sojojin ruwa na Byzantium a lokacin ya haifar da mulkin mallaka na teku da kuma mamaye daular ta Venetian.Jikan Alexios, Manuel I Komnenos, yana fatan rage tasirin su, ya fara rage gata na Venice yayin da yake kulla yarjejeniya da abokan hamayyarta: Pisa, Genoa da Amalfi.A hankali, an ba da izinin duk biranen Italiya guda huɗu su kafa nasu wuraren a arewacin Constantinople da kansa, zuwa kaho na Zinariya.Bayan mutuwar Manuel I a shekara ta 1180, gwauruwarsa, Gimbiya Latin Maria ta Antakiya, ta zama mai mulki ga ɗanta ɗanta Alexios II Komnenos.Mulkinta ya yi kaurin suna wajen nuna son kai ga 'yan kasuwan Latin da manyan masu mulkin mallaka, kuma Andronikos I Komnenos, wanda ya shiga birnin a cikin yunƙurin goyon bayan jama'a ya hambarar da shi a cikin Afrilu 1182.Kusan nan da nan, bikin ya rikide zuwa tashin hankali ga 'yan Latin da ake kyama, kuma bayan shiga yankin Latin na birnin, wasu gungun mutane sun fara kai hari ga mazauna.Mutane da yawa sun yi hasashen abubuwan da suka faru kuma sun tsere ta teku.Kisan kiyashin da ya biyo baya ba shi da bambanci: ba mata ko yara ba a tsira, kuma an kashe majinyatan Latin da ke kwance a gadaje asibiti.An wawashe gidaje da coci-coci da na agaji.limaman Latin sun sami kulawa ta musamman, kuma aka fille kan Cardinal John, shugaban Paparoma, kuma aka ja shi ta titi a wutsiyar kare.Ko da yake ba a sami takamaiman lambobi ba, yawancin al'ummar Latin, wanda Eusathius na Tasalonika ya ƙiyasta ya kai 60,000 a lokacin, an shafe su ko kuma aka tilasta musu gudu.Al’ummar Genoese da Pisan sun lalace musamman, kuma an sayar da wasu mutane 4,000 da suka tsira a matsayin bayi gaSarkin Musulmi (Turkiyya) na Rum .Kisan gillar ya kara dagula dangantaka da kuma kara kiyayya tsakanin majami'un Kirista na Yamma da Gabashin kasar, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan takun saka tsakanin bangarorin biyu.

Mutuwar Manuel a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1180, ta zama wani sauyi a cikin arzikin daular Byzantine.Andronikos ya fara mulkinsa da kyau.musamman matakan da ya dauka na yiwa gwamnatin kasar garambawul, masana tarihi sun yaba.A cikin larduna, gyare-gyaren Andronikos ya haifar da ci gaba cikin sauri kuma mai ma'ana.Tsananin yunƙurin Andronikos na kawar da rashawa da cin zarafi da yawa abin yabawa ne;karkashin Andronikos, an daina sayar da ofisoshi;zaɓi ya dogara ne akan cancanta, maimakon son zuciya;an biya jami’an albashi isasshe domin a rage jarabar cin hanci.An kawar da kowane nau'i na cin hanci da rashawa da ƙwazo.An yi tawaye da yawa, wanda ya kai ga mamayewar Sarki William II na Sicily.Andronikos ya yi gaggawar tara runduna daban-daban guda biyar don hana sojojin Sicilian isa Konstantinoful, amma sojojinsa sun kasa tsayawa, suka ja da baya zuwa tsaunukan da ke nesa.Andronikos kuma ya tara rundunar jiragen ruwa 100 don hana jiragen ruwan Norman shiga Tekun Marmara.Lokacin da Andronikos ya koma Konstantinoful, ya gano cewa an rushe ikonsa: An yi shelar Ishaku Angelos a matsayin sarki.Sarkin da aka tsige ya yi yunkurin tserewa a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da matarsa ​​Agnes da uwargidansa, amma an kama shi.Ishaq ya mika shi ga gungun jama'ar gari, ya yi kwana uku a fusace da bacin rai.Hannunsa na dama ya yanke, an cire masa hakora da sumarsa, an zare idonsa daya, sannan daga cikin wahalhalu da yawa, an zubar da tafasasshen ruwa a fuskarsa.Ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1185. Da labarin mutuwar sarki, an kashe ɗansa kuma babban sarki, Yohanna, sojojinsa a Thrace.

Isaac Doukas Komnenos ya kasance mai da'awar Daular Rumawa kuma mai mulkin Cyprus daga 1184 zuwa 1191. Majiyoyin zamani suna kiransa Sarkin Cyprus.Ya rasa tsibirin a hannun Sarki Richard I na Ingila a lokacin yakin Crusade na uku .

A lokacin Komneniya ne tuntuɓar da ke tsakanin Byzantium da 'Latin' Christian West, gami da jihohin 'yan Salibiyya , ta kasance a mataki mafi mahimmanci.Venetian da sauran 'yan kasuwa na Italiya sun zama mazauna a Constantinople da daular da yawa, kuma kasancewarsu tare da ɗimbin sojojin haya na Latin waɗanda Manuel ya yi aiki musamman sun taimaka wajen yada fasahar Byzantine, fasaha, adabi da al'adu a ko'ina cikin yammacin Roman Katolika .Fiye da duka, tasirin al'adu na fasahar Byzantine a yamma a wannan lokacin yana da girma kuma yana da mahimmanci mai dorewa.Komnenoi ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin Asiya Ƙarama.Ta hanyar cin galaba a yawancin yankin, Komnenoi ya ja baya da ci gaban Turkawa a yankin Anatoliya fiye da ƙarni biyu.Lokacin Komneniya ya biyo bayan daular Angeloi, wanda ya kula da watakila lokaci mafi mahimmanci a cikin Rushewar Daular Byzantine.Kwata na gaba na karni na gaba zai ga Constantinople ya fada hannun mamaya a karon farko a tarihinsa, da kuma asarar matsayi na 'babban iko' na daular.Duk da haka, tare da mutuwar Andronikos, daular Komneniya, wanda ya shafe shekaru 104, ya ƙare.