Crusade Na Hudu

Tsakanin 1176 da 1187, Sarkin Ayyubid Saladin ya ci yawancin jihohin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin Levant.An yi hasarar Urushalima a hannun Ayyubids bayan harin da aka yi wa Urushalima a shekara ta 1187. An kaddamar da yakin Crusade na uku (1189-1192) a matsayin martani ga faduwar Urushalima, da nufin kwato birnin.Ya yi nasarar kwato yanki mai faɗi, yana mai da Mulkin Urushalima da kyau.Ko da yake Urushalima kanta ba a maido ba, muhimman garuruwan Acre da Jaffa na bakin teku sun kasance.A ranar 2 ga Satumba 1192, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Jaffa tare da Saladin, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin.Tsagaitawar za ta dauki tsawon shekaru uku da watanni takwas.Salahuddin ya rasu ne a ranar 4 ga Maris 1193, kafin wa’adin sulhu ya kare, kuma aka yi hamayya da daularsa, aka raba tsakanin ‘ya’yansa uku da ‘yan’uwansa biyu.Sabon sarkin Masarautar Kudus, Henry II na Champagne, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita zaman sulhu da Sultan al-Aziz Uthmanna Masar .A cikin 1197, Henry ya mutu kuma Aimery na Cyprus ya gaje shi, wanda ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da al-Adil na shekaru biyar da watanni takwas a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1198.

Paparoma Innocent III ya ci sarautar Paparoma a watan Janairun 1198, kuma wa'azin sabon yaƙin yaƙi ya zama babban makasudin fafutukarsa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin bijimin sa Post misrabile.Sarakunan Turai sun yi watsi da kiransa da yawa: Jamusawa suna kokawa da ikon Paparoma, kuma Ingila da Faransa suna ci gaba da yaƙi da juna.;

Boniface da sauran shugabannin sun aika da jakadu zuwa Venice , Genoa , da sauran biranen birni a cikin 1200 don tattaunawa kan kwangilar jigilar kayayyaki zuwaMasar , makasudin yakin da suka yi.Tun da farko yaƙe-yaƙe da aka mayar da hankali kan Falasdinu sun haɗa da tafiyar hawainiya da manyan rundunan ƙasa da ba su da tsari a cikin yankin Anatoliya gabaɗaya.Masar a yanzu ita ce ke da rinjayen musulmi a gabashin tekun Mediterranean amma kuma babbar abokiyar kasuwanci ce ta Venice.Harin da aka kaiwa Masar a fili zai zama kasuwancin teku, yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar jiragen ruwa.Genoa ba ta da sha'awar, amma a cikin Maris 1201 an buɗe shawarwari tare da Venice, wanda ya amince da jigilar 33,500 'yan Salibiyya, adadi mai yawa.Wannan yarjejeniya ta bukaci cikakken shiri na tsawon shekara guda daga bangaren Venetian don kera jiragen ruwa da yawa da horar da ma’aikatan jirgin da za su rika kula da su, duk a lokacin da ake dakile ayyukan kasuwanci na birnin.;

A watan Mayu 1202, an tattara yawancin sojojin 'yan Salibiyya a Venice , kodayake tare da lambobi kaɗan fiye da yadda ake tsammani: kimanin 12,000 (4-5,000 knights da 8,000 ƙafa sojoji) maimakon 33,500.'Yan Venetian sun yi aikinsu na yarjejeniyar: an jira jiragen yaki 50 da jigilar kaya 450 - wanda ya isa sau uku sojojin da suka taru.'Yan kasar Venetia, karkashin tsoho kuma makaho Doge Dandolo, ba za su bari 'yan Salibiyya su tafi ba ba tare da biyan cikakken adadin da aka amince da su ba, asali makin azurfa 85,000.'Yan Salibiyya za su iya fara biyan makin azurfa 35,000 ne kawai.Dandolo da Venetian sun yi la'akari da abin da za su yi da yakin 'yan tawaye.Dandolo ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan Salibiyya su biya basussukan su ta hanyar tsoratar da yawancin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da garuruwan da ke cikin Adriatic, wanda ya kai ga farmaki a tashar jiragen ruwa na Zara a Dalmatiya.

Kawayen Zara ko kewayen Zadar shine babban mataki na farko na yakin Crusade na hudu kuma harin farko da 'yan Salibiyya Katolika suka kai kan wani birnin Katolika.'Yan Salibiyya sun yi yarjejeniya da Venice don jigilar teku, amma farashin ya wuce abin da suka iya biya.Venice ta kafa yanayin da 'yan Salibiyya ke taimaka musu su kama Zadar (ko Zara), filin yaƙin da ke tsakanin Venice a gefe ɗaya da Croatia da Hungary a daya bangaren, wanda sarkinsa Emeric, ya yi alkawarin shiga yakin Crusade.Ko da yake wasu daga cikin ‘yan Salibiyya sun ki shiga cikin wannan kawanya, an fara kai wa Zadar hari ne a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1202 duk da wasiƙun da Paparoma Innocent III ya rubuta na hana irin wannan mataki da barazanar korar shi.Zadar ya fadi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba kuma 'yan Venetia da 'yan Salibiyya suka kori birnin.Bayan lokacin sanyi a Zadar, Crusade na huɗu ya ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya kai ga kewaye Konstantinoful.

Alexios IV yayi tayin biyan duk bashin da ake bin Venetian , ya ba da maki 200,000 na azurfa ga 'yan Salibiyya, 10,000 ƙwararrun sojojin Byzantine don Crusade, kula da maƙiyi 500 a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki, sabis na sojojin ruwa na Byzantine don jigilar Sojojin Crusader. zuwaMasar , da kuma sanya Cocin Orthodox na Gabas a ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma, idan za su tashi zuwa Byzantium kuma su hambarar da sarki Alexios III Angelos, ɗan'uwan Isaac II.Wannan tayin, mai gwada kasuwancin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi, ya kai ga shugabannin Crusade a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1203 yayin da suke sanyi a Zara.Count Boniface ya yarda kuma Alexios IV ya dawo tare da Marquess don komawa cikin jirgin ruwa a Corfu bayan ya tashi daga Zara.Yawancin sauran jagororin 'yan ta'addan da suka samu kwarin guiwa da cin hanci daga Dandolo, daga karshe su ma suka amince da shirin.Duk da haka, an sami masu adawa.Renaud na Montmirail ya jagoranta, waɗanda suka ƙi shiga cikin shirin kai wa Constantinople hari suka tashi zuwa Siriya.Ragowar jirage masu saukar ungulu na jiragen yaki 60, jigilar dawakai 100, da manyan jiragen ruwa 50 (dukansu ma’aikata 10,000 ne na jirgin ruwan Venetia da ma’aikatan ruwa) suka yi tafiya a ƙarshen Afrilu 1203. Ƙari ga haka, an kawo injuna 300 a cikin jirgin.Da jin shawarar da suka yanke, Paparoma ya yi katanga tare da ba da oda a kan duk wani hari da aka kai wa Kiristoci sai dai idan suna kawo cikas ga yunkurin ‘Yan Salibiyya, amma bai yi Allah wadai da shirin ba.

Sifen Constantinoful a shekara ta 1203 wani hari ne na 'yan Salibiyya na babban birnin Daular Rumawa, domin goyon bayan hambararren sarki Isaac II Angelos da dansa Alexios IV Angelos.Ya nuna babban sakamakon yakin Crusade na hudu.Don ɗaukar birnin da ƙarfi, da farko 'yan Salibiyya sun buƙaci ketare Bosphorus.Kimanin jiragen ruwa 200, jigilar dawakai da kuma jiragen ruwa ne za su dauki nauyin isar da sojojin da ke yaki a mashigar mashigar, inda Alexios III ya jera sojojin Byzantine a fagen yaki a gabar tekun, arewacin yankin Galata.'Yan Salibiyya sun yi caji kai tsaye daga jigilar doki, kuma sojojin Byzantine suka gudu zuwa kudu.'Yan Salibiyya sun bi kudanci, suka kai hari kan Hasumiyar Galata, wacce ke rike da karshen sarkar da ta toshe hanyar shiga Kahon Zinare.Hasumiyar Galata tana riƙe da sansanin sojojin haya na Ingilishi, Danish, da Italiyanci.Yayin da 'yan Salibiyya suka kewaye Hasumiyar, masu tsaron gida sukan yi yunƙurin nuna rashin amincewarsu da wasu iyakacin nasara, amma sukan yi hasarar jini.A wani lokaci masu tsaron baya sun yi waje amma ba su iya komawa ga tsaron hasumiya a cikin lokaci ba, sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun yi mugun hari, inda aka sare akasarin masu tsaron gida ko kuma a nutse a cikin Bosporus a kokarinsu na tserewa.Kahon Zinariya yanzu yana buɗewa ga 'yan Salibiyya, kuma rundunar Venetian ta shiga.

Buhun Konstantinoful ya faru a cikin Afrilu 1204 kuma ya nuna ƙarshen yakin Crusade na huɗu.Dakarun 'yan Salibiyya sun kama, sun kwashi ganima, sun lalata sassan Constantinople, a lokacin babban birnin Daular Byzantine.Bayan kama birnin, an kafa Daular Latin (wanda aka sani da Rumawa da sunan Frankokratia ko Ma'aikatar Latin) kuma Baldwin na Flanders ya zama Sarkin sarakuna Baldwin I na Konstantinoful a Hagia Sophia.Bayan da aka kori birnin, akasarin yankunan Daular Rumawa sun rabu a tsakanin 'yan Salibiyya.Mahukuntan Byzantine kuma sun kafa wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Daular Nicaea, wanda a ƙarshe zai sake kwato Constantinople a 1261 kuma ya yi shelar maido da Daular.Buhun Konstantinoful babban juyi ne a cikin tarihin tsakiyar zamanai.Matakin da 'yan Salibiyya suka dauka na kai hari kan birni mafi girma na Kirista a duniya ba a taba ganin irinsa ba kuma nan take ya jawo cece-kuce.Rahotanni na satar 'yan Salibiyya da cin zarafi sun ba da kunya kuma sun tsoratar da duniyar Orthodox;dangantaka tsakanin majami'un Katolika da na Orthodox sun sami mummunan rauni na tsawon ƙarni da yawa bayan haka, kuma ba za a gyara su sosai ba har sai zamani.

A cewar Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae , an raba daular tsakanin Venice da jagororin 'yan Salibiyya, kuma an kafa Daular Latin na Konstantinoful.Baldwin na Flanders a kan an nada shi sarki.Boniface ya ci gaba da samun Masarautar Tasalonika, jihar vassal na sabuwar Daular Latin .Venetian kuma sun kafa Duchy of Archipelago a cikin Tekun Aegean.A halin da ake ciki, 'yan gudun hijira na Byzantine sun kafa nasu jihohin, wanda ya fi dacewa da su shine Daular Nicaea karkashin Theodore Laskaris (dangin Alexios III), daular Trebizond, da Despotate of Epirus.

Daular Latin ta fuskanci makiya da dama.Bayan kowane jihohin Rump na Byzantine a Epirus da Nicaea, da kuma daular Bulgarian Kirista, akwai kuma Seljuk Sultanate .Ƙasashen Girka sun yi yaƙi don samun fifiko a kan duka Latins da juna.Cin nasara da Konstantinoful ya biyo bayan wargajewar daular Byzantine zuwa jihohi uku da ke tsakiyar Nicaea, Trebizond da Epirus.'Yan Salibiyya sun kafa wasu sabbin jihohin 'yan Salibiyya, da aka sani da Frankokratia, a tsohon yankin Byzantine, galibi sun rataya ne akan Daular Latin ta Konstantinoful.Kasancewar jihohin Crusader na Latin kusan nan da nan ya kai ga yaki da jihohin da suka gaje Byzantine da kuma daular Bulgaria.Daular Nica ta ƙarshe ta dawo da Konstantinoful kuma ta maido da Daular Byzantine a 1261.Crusade na Hudu ana ɗaukarsa ya ƙarfafa Gabas-Yamma Schism .Yakin na ‘yan Salibiyya ya yi mummunar illa ga Daular Rumawa, wanda ya taimaka wajen faduwa da faduwa.