Constantine Mai Girma

Flavius ​​Valerius Constantinus, kamar yadda ake kiransa da farko, an haife shi a birnin Naissus (yau Niš, Serbia), wani yanki na lardin Dardania na Moesia a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, mai yiwuwa c.AD 272. Mahaifinsa shi ne Flavius ​​Constantius, wanda aka haifa a Dacia Ripensis, kuma ɗan asalin lardin Moesia.Diocletian ya sake raba daular a AD 293, inda ya nada sarakuna biyu (kananan sarakuna) don su yi mulki a kan gabas da yamma.Kowannensu zai kasance ƙarƙashin Augustus (babban sarki) amma zai yi aiki da iko mafi girma a ƙasashen da aka ba shi.Daga baya za a kira wannan tsarin Tetrarch.Constantine ya tafi kotun Diocletian, inda ya zauna a matsayin magajin mahaifinsa.Constantine ya sami ilimi na yau da kullun a kotun Diocletian, inda ya koyi adabin Latin, Girkanci, da falsafa.

Diocletionic ko Babban Tsanani shine na ƙarshe kuma mafi tsanani da aka yi wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma.A cikin 303, sarakunan Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, da Constantius sun ba da jerin hukunce-hukuncen soke haƙƙin shari'a na Kirista kuma suna buƙatar su bi al'adun gargajiya na addini.Hukunce-hukuncen da suka biyo baya sun auna limaman coci kuma sun bukaci a yi hadaya ta duniya, ta umurci dukan mazaunan su yi hadaya ga alloli.Tsananta ya bambanta da ƙarfi a cikin daular-mafi rauni a Gaul da Biritaniya , inda aka yi amfani da dokar farko kawai, kuma mafi ƙarfi a lardunan Gabas.Sarakuna daban-daban sun soke dokokin tsanantawa (Galerius tare da Dokar Serdica a 311) a lokuta daban-daban, amma Constantine da Licinius' Edict na Milan (313) a al'ada sun nuna ƙarshen zalunci.

Constantine ya gane hatsarin da ke tattare da zama a kotun Galerius, inda aka yi garkuwa da shi a matsayin wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi.Sana'ar sa ta ta'allaka ne da kubutar da mahaifinsa a yamma.Constantius ya yi gaggawar shiga tsakani.A ƙarshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na AD 305, Constantius ya nemi izinin ɗansa don taimaka masa kamfen a Biritaniya .Bayan dogon maraice na shan giya, Galerius ya amince da bukatar.Farfagandar da Constantine ya yi daga baya ya kwatanta yadda ya gudu daga kotu da dare, kafin Galerius ya canja ra’ayinsa.Ya yi tafiya daga gidan bayan gida zuwa bayan gida da sauri, yana ƙugi kowane doki a farke.A lokacin da Galerius ya farka da safe, Constantine ya gudu da nisa don a kama shi.Constantine ya haɗu da mahaifinsa a Gaul, a Bononia (Boulogne) kafin lokacin rani na AD 305.

Daga Bononia, sun tsallaka tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Biritaniya kuma suka yi hanyar zuwa Eboracum (York), babban birnin lardin Britannia Secunda kuma gida ne ga wani babban sansanin soja.Constantine ya iya yin shekara guda a arewacin Biritaniya a gefen mahaifinsa, yana yaƙi da Hotunan da ke bayan bangon Hadrian a lokacin rani da kaka.Kamfen na Constantius, kamar na Septimius Severus a gabansa, mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba zuwa arewa ba tare da samun babban nasara ba.

Bayan ya gudu daga Galerius, Constantine ya bi mahaifinsa yaƙin neman zaɓe a Biritaniya .Duk da haka, mahaifinsa ya yi rashin lafiya a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 306. Ya sanya sunan Constantine magajinsa a matsayin Augustus, kuma Gaul da Biritaniya sun goyi bayan mulkinsa - ko da yake Iberia, wadda ba a daɗe da cinyewa ba, bai yarda ba.Galerius ya fusata da labarin, amma an tilasta masa ya yi sulhu kuma ya ba shi lakabin Kaisar.Constantine ya yarda ya tabbatar da da'awarsa.An ba shi iko bisa Biritaniya, Gaul, da Spain.

Rabon Constantine na Daular ya ƙunshi Biritaniya, Gaul, da Spain, kuma ya umarci ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin Romawa waɗanda ke tare da muhimmin kan iyakar Rhine.Ya ci gaba da zama a Biritaniya bayan daukakarsa zuwa sarki, ya kori kabilun Picts tare da tabbatar da ikonsa a cikin dioceses na arewa maso yamma.Ya kammala aikin sake gina sansanonin soji da aka fara a karkashin mulkin mahaifinsa, sannan ya ba da umarnin gyara hanyoyin yankin.Daga nan sai ya tafi Augusta Treverorum (Trier) a Gaul, babban birnin Tetrarchic na daular arewa maso yammacin Roman Empire.Franks sun koyi yadda Constantine ya yi nasara kuma suka mamaye Gaul a fadin Rhine na ƙasa a cikin hunturu na 306-307 AD.Ya kora su hayin Kogin Rhine, ya kama sarakunan Ascaric da Merogais.an ciyar da sarakuna da sojojinsu ga dabbobin Trier's amphitheater a cikin bikin isowa ( isowa) wanda ya biyo baya.

Bayan Galerius ya amince da Constantine a matsayin Kaisar, an kawo hoton Constantine zuwa Roma, kamar yadda aka saba.Maxentius ya yi ba'a game da batun hoton a matsayin ɗan karuwa kuma ya koka da rashin ƙarfinsa.Maxentius, yana kishin ikon Constantine, ya kwace sarautar sarki a ranar 28 ga Oktoba AD 306. Galerius ya ƙi ya gane shi amma ya kasa kwance shi.Galerius ya aika Severus a kan Maxentius, amma a lokacin yakin, sojojin Severus, a baya a karkashin jagorancin mahaifin Maxentius Maximian, sun yi watsi da su, kuma Severus ya kama shi kuma aka tsare shi.Maximian, wanda tawayen ɗansa ya fito da shi daga ritaya, ya tafi Gaul don yin magana da Constantine a ƙarshen AD 307. Ya yi tayin auren 'yarsa Fausta ga Constantine kuma ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa ga watan Agusta.A sakamakon haka, Constantine zai sake tabbatar da tsohuwar ƙawancen iyali tsakanin Maximian da Constantius kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga dalilin Maxentius a Italiya.Constantine ya yarda kuma ya auri Fausta a Trier a ƙarshen lokacin rani AD 307. Yanzu Constantine ya ba Maxentius ƙaramin goyon baya, yana ba Maxentius amincewar siyasa.

A cikin AD 310, wani Maximian da aka kora ya yi tawaye ga Constantine yayin da Constantine ya tafi yaƙi da Franks.An aika Maximian kudu zuwa Arles tare da tawagar sojojin Constantine, a shirye-shiryen duk wani hari da Maxentius zai kai a kudancin Gaul.Ya sanar da cewa Constantine ya mutu, kuma ya ɗauki shunayya na sarki.Duk da ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga duk wanda zai goyi bayansa a matsayin sarki, yawancin sojojin Constantine sun kasance da aminci ga sarkinsu, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka tilasta Maximian ya tafi.Ba da daɗewa ba Constantine ya ji labarin tawayen, ya yi watsi da yaƙin da yake yi da Franks, kuma ya haye sojojinsa zuwa Rhine.A Cabillunum (Chalon-sur-Saône), ya motsa sojojinsa a kan jiragen jirage don yin jigilar ruwa a hankali na Saône zuwa ruwa mafi sauri na Rhone.Ya sauka a Lugdunum (Lyon).Maximian ya gudu zuwa Massilia (Marseille), garin da ya fi Arles iya jure wa dogon zango.Ya ɗan bambanta, duk da haka, yayin da ’yan ƙasa masu aminci suka buɗe ƙofofin baya ga Constantine.An kama Maximian kuma an hukunta shi saboda laifukan da ya aikata.Constantine ya ba da wasu sassauci, amma yana ƙarfafa kashe kansa sosai.A watan Yuli AD 310, Maximian ya rataye kansa.

Galerius ya yi rashin lafiya a shekara ta 311, kuma a matsayinsa na ƙarshe a mulki, ya aika da wasiƙar da ta maido da ’yancin addini ga Kiristoci.Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu bayan haka.Wannan ya haifar da yaƙi tsakanin Constantine da Maxentius, wanda ya shinge kansa a Roma.

Maximunus ya shirya yaƙi da Licinius, kuma ya kama Asiya Ƙarama.An sanya hannu a cikin gaggawa a kan jirgin ruwa a tsakiyar Bosphorus.Yayin da Constantine ya ziyarci Birtaniya da Gaul, Maxentius ya shirya don yaki.Ya ƙarfafa arewacin Italiya, kuma ya ƙarfafa goyon bayansa a cikin ikilisiyar Kirista ta wajen ƙyale ta ta zaɓi sabon Bishop na Roma, Eusebius.Mulkin Maxentius ba shi da tsaro duk da haka.Tallafin da ya yi tun farko ya wargaje sakamakon hauhawar farashin haraji da tabarbarewar ciniki;tarzoma ta barke a Roma da Carthage.A lokacin rani na AD 311, Maxentius ya yi yaƙi da Constantine yayin da Licinius ya shagaltu da al'amura a Gabas.Ya shelanta yaki a kan Constantine, yana mai shan alwashin daukar fansa “kisan mahaifinsa”.Don hana Maxentius yin ƙawance a kansa da Licinius, Constantine ya kulla nasa ƙawance da Licinius a cikin hunturu na AD 311-312, kuma ya ba shi 'yar uwarsa Constantia aure.Maximunus ya ɗauki tsarin Constantine tare da Licinius a matsayin cin zarafi ga ikonsa.A mayar da martani, ya aika da jakadu zuwa Roma, yana ba da amincewar siyasa ga Maxentius don musanya goyon bayan soja.Maxentius ya karɓa.A cewar Eusebius, tafiye-tafiye tsakanin yankuna ya zama ba zai yiwu ba, kuma an sami yawan sojoji a ko'ina.

A gabas zuwa yamma na muhimmin birnin Augusta Taurinorum (Turin, Italiya), Constantine ya gamu da wani babban runduna na sojan doki Maxentian dauke da makamai.A yaƙin da ya biyo baya Sojojin Konstantin sun kewaye mahaya na Maxentius, suka kewaye su da nasa mahaya, kuma suka sauko da su da duka daga sandunan ƙarfe na sojojinsa.Sojojin Constantine sun yi nasara.Turin ya ki ba da mafaka ga sojojin da suka koma baya na Maxentius, inda suka bude ƙofofinsa zuwa Constantine a maimakon haka.Sauran garuruwan arewacin Italiya sun aika da ofisoshin jakadancin Constantine taya murna saboda nasarar da ya samu.Ya wuce Milan, inda ya gamu da buɗaɗɗen ƙofofi da murna.Constantine ya huta da sojojinsa a Milan har zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani AD 312, lokacin da ya koma Brixia (Brescia).Constantine ya yi nasara a yakin, yana nuna misali na farko na fasaha na dabara wanda shine ya kwatanta aikinsa na soja.

An tarwatsa sojojin Brescia cikin sauƙi, kuma Constantine da sauri ya ci gaba zuwa Verona, inda aka yi sansani mai girma na Maxentian.Ruricius Pompeianus, Janar na sojojin Veronese da Maxentius 'Praetorian prefect, ya kasance a cikin wani wuri mai karfi na tsaro, tun da Adige ya kewaye garin ta bangarori uku.Constantine ya aika da wata ‘yar karamar runduna zuwa arewacin garin a kokarin haye kogin ba tare da an gane ba.Ruricius ya aika da wani babban runduna don tunkarar rundunar ƙwazo na Constantine, amma aka ci nasara.Sojojin Constantine sun yi nasarar kewaye garin tare da kewaye.Ruricius ya ba Constantine zamewa kuma ya dawo tare da babban karfi don adawa da Constantine.Constantine ya ƙi ya daina yaƙin, kuma ya aika da ƙaramin ƙarfi kawai don su yi hamayya da shi.A cikin mummunan fada da ya biyo baya, an kashe Ruricius kuma an hallaka sojojinsa.Verona ta mika wuya ba da daɗewa ba, sai Aquileia, Mutina (Modena), da Ravenna.Hanyar zuwa Roma ta kasance a buɗe ga Constantine.

Yaƙin gadar Milvian ya faru tsakanin sarakunan Romawa Constantine I da Maxentius a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 312. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga gadar Milvian, hanya mai mahimmanci akan Tiber.Constantine ya ci yaƙin kuma ya fara kan hanyar da ta kai shi ga kawo ƙarshen Tetrarchy kuma ya zama mai mulkin daular Roma.Maxentius ya nutse a cikin Tiber a lokacin yakin;Daga baya ne aka dauke gawarsa daga kogin aka yanke masa kai, sannan aka zagaya da kansa a kan titunan birnin Rome a ranar da ya biyo bayan yakin kafin a kai shi Afrika.Kamar yadda marubutan tarihi irin su Eusebius na Kaisariya da Lactantius suka ce, yaƙin ya zama farkon tubar Constantine zuwa Kiristanci .Eusebius na Kaisariya ya ba da labarin cewa Constantine da sojojinsa sun sami wahayi daga Allah Kirista.An fassara wannan a matsayin alkawarin nasara idan an zana alamar Chi Rho, haruffa biyu na farko na sunan Kristi a cikin Hellenanci, a kan garkuwar sojoji.Arch of Constantine, wanda aka gina don murnar nasarar, tabbas yana danganta nasarar Constantine ga shiga tsakani na Allah;duk da haka, abin tunawa ba ya nuna wata alama ta Kirista a sarari.

Constantine Mai Girma ya gabatar da solidus a c.AD 312 kuma an haɗa shi da ɗan ƙaramin gwal.An bugi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan Constantine a ƙimar 72 zuwa fam na Roman (kimanin 326.6 g) na zinariya;kowace tsabar tana auna carats 24 na Greco-Roman (189 MG kowanne), ko kuma kusan giram 4.5 na zinari a kowace tsabar kudi.Ya zuwa wannan lokacin, adadin ya kai 275,000 da ke ƙara raguwar dinari, kowane dinari yana ɗauke da kawai 5% na azurfa (ko kashi ɗaya na ashirin) na adadin da yake da shi ƙarni uku da rabi a baya.Ban da batutuwan farko na Constantine Mai Girma da kuma ’yan fashin da ba su dace ba, mai ƙarfi a yau tsabar kuɗin Romawa ne mai araha mai araha don tarawa, idan aka kwatanta da tsohuwar aureus, musamman na Valens, Honorius da kuma batutuwan Byzantine daga baya.

Dokar Milan ita ce yarjejeniya ta Fabrairu AD 313 don kyautata wa Kiristoci a cikin Daular Roma.Sarkin Roma na Yamma Constantine I da Sarkin sarakuna Licinius, wanda ke iko da Balkans, sun hadu a Mediolanum (Milan ta zamani) kuma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, sun amince su canza manufofin Kiristoci bayan Dokar Haƙuri da Sarkin sarakuna Galerius ya bayar shekaru biyu da suka shige a Serdica.Dokar Milan ta ba da matsayin Kiristanci na doka da kuma jinkiri daga tsanantawa amma bai mai da ita cocin jiha na Daular Roma ba.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, a hankali Constantine ya ƙarfafa ikonsa na soja bisa abokan hamayyarsa a cikin Tetrarchy mai rugujewa.A cikin 313, ya sadu da Licinius a Milan don tabbatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar auren Licinius da 'yar'uwar Constantine Constantia.A lokacin wannan taron, sarakunan sun amince da abin da ake kira Edict na Milan, wanda a hukumance ya ba da cikakken haƙuri ga Kiristanci da dukan addinai na Daular.An katse taron, duk da haka, lokacin da labari ya isa ga Licinius cewa abokin hamayyarsa Maximinus ya ketare Bosporus ya mamaye yankin Turai.Licinius ya tafi kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci Maximinus, yana samun iko a kan dukan rabin gabas na Daular Roma.Dangantaka tsakanin sarakunan biyu da suka rage ta tabarbare, yayin da Constantine ya sha fama da yunkurin kisa a hannun wani hali da Licinius yake so a daukaka shi zuwa matsayin Kaisar;Licinius, a nasa bangaren, ya sa aka lalata mutum-mutumin Constantine a Emona.

An yi yakin Cibalae a shekara ta 316 tsakanin sarakunan Romawa biyu Constantine I (r. 306-337) da Licinius (r. 308-324).Wurin da aka gwabza, kusa da garin Cibalae (yanzu Vinkovci, Croatia) a lardin Roman Pannonia Secunda, ya kai kimanin kilomita 350 a cikin yankin Licinius.Constantine ya samu gagarumar nasara duk da cewa ba shi da yawa.

An yi yakin Adrianople a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 324, a lokacin yakin basasa na Roma, na biyu da aka yi tsakanin sarakuna biyu Constantine I da Licinius.Licinius ya sha kashi sosai, sojojinsa sun yi rauni a sakamakon haka.Constantine ya haɓaka ƙarfin soja, ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙasa da teku, daga ƙarshe ya kai ga cin nasara na ƙarshe na Licinius a Chrysopolis.A cikin 326, Constantine ya zama sarki tilo na Daular Roma.

Yakin Hellespont, wanda ya kunshi fadace-fadacen sojan ruwa guda biyu, an gwabza ne a shekara ta 324 tsakanin wani jirgin ruwa na Constantine, wanda babban dan Constantine I, Crispus;da kuma manyan jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin Admiral Licinius, Abantus (ko Amandus).Duk da cewa an fi yawa, Crispus ya sami cikakkiyar nasara.

An yi yakin Chrysopolis a ranar 18 ga Satumba 324 a Chrysopolis ( Üsküdar na zamani), kusa da Chalcedon (Kadiköy na zamani), tsakanin sarakunan Romawa biyu Constantine I da Licinius.Yakin dai shine karo na karshe tsakanin sarakunan biyu.Bayan da sojojin ruwa suka sha kashi a yakin Hellespont, Licinius ya janye sojojinsa daga birnin Byzantium a haye Bosphorus zuwa Chalcedon a Bithynia.Constantine ya bi, kuma ya ci nasara a yakin na gaba.Wannan ya bar Constantine a matsayin sarki kaɗai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin Tetrarchy.

Majalisar farko ta Nicaea majalisa ce ta bishop bishop na Kirista da aka yi a birnin Bitiniya na Nicaea (yanzu İznik, Turkiyya) da Sarkin Roma Constantine I ya yi a AD 325. Wannan majalisa ce ta farko don samun daidaito a cikin coci ta hanyar taro. wakiltar dukan Kiristendam.Wataƙila Hosius na Corduba ya jagoranci tattaunawar ta.Babban abin da ya cim ma shi ne warware batun Kiristi na halin Allahntakar Allah Ɗa da dangantakarsa da Allah Uba, gina sashe na farko na Ƙidaya ta Nice, da ba da umarni da kiyaye ranar Ista, da kuma ba da sanarwar farko na Canon. doka.

Bayan da aka yi zargin ya ga wahayin gicciye a sararin sama a shekara ta 312, Constantine Mai Girma ya koma Kiristanci , ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Milan ta halatta addinin, kuma ya aika mahaifiyarsa Helena zuwa Urushalima don neman kabarin Kristi.Tare da taimakon Bishop na Kaisariya Eusebius da Bishop na Urushalima Macarius, an sami giciye guda uku kusa da wani kabari, wanda ya sa Romawa su yarda cewa sun sami Kalfari.Constantine ya ba da umarnin a cikin kusan 326 cewa a maye gurbin haikalin zuwa Jupiter / Venus da coci.Bayan da aka rushe haikalin kuma aka kawar da kango, an cire ƙasar daga cikin kogon, kuma hakan ya nuna wani kabari da aka sassaƙa dutse da Helena da Macarius suka bayyana a matsayin wurin binne Yesu.An gina wani wurin bauta, wanda ya rufe bangon kabarin dutsen a cikin nasa.

Constantine ya gane cewa an sauya tsakiyar daular daular daga nesa mai nisa da ƙazamar yamma zuwa manyan biranen gabas masu arziƙi, da kuma muhimmancin dabarun soja na kare Danube daga balaguron balaguro da Asiya daga Farisa maƙiya wajen zaɓar sabon babban birninsa. da kuma iya sa ido kan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa tsakanin tekun Black Sea da Bahar Rum.A ƙarshe, duk da haka, Constantine ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan birnin Byzantium na Girka, wanda ya ba da fa'idar kasancewar an riga an sake gina shi sosai akan tsarin biranen Romawa, a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata, ta Septimius Severus da Caracalla, waɗanda suka riga sun yarda da dabarunsa.Don haka aka kafa birnin a cikin 324, aka keɓe ranar 11 ga Mayu 330 kuma aka sake masa suna Constantinopolis.

Constantine ya sake hade daular a karkashin sarki daya, kuma ya ci nasara a kan Franks da Alamanni a 306-308, Franks kuma a 313-314, Goths a 332, da Sarmatians a 334. A 336, ya sake mamaye mafi yawansu. Lardin Dacia da aka dade da rasawa wanda Aurelian ya tilasta yin watsi da shi a cikin 271.A fannin al'adu, Constantine ya farfado da tsaftataccen salon aski na sarakunan farko, wanda Scipio Africanus ya gabatar a tsakanin Romawa da farko kuma ya canza zuwa sa gemu ta Hadrian.Wannan sabon salon mulkin Romawa ya kasance har zuwa zamanin Phocas.Daular Roma Mai Tsarki ta lissafta Constantine a cikin fitattun al'adunsa.A kasar Rumawa daga baya, ya zama babban abin alfahari ga wani sarki da aka yi masa lakabi da "sabon Constantine";sarakuna goma ne ke ɗauke da sunan, ciki har da sarki na ƙarshe na Daular Roma ta Gabas.Charlemagne ya yi amfani da siffofi na Constantine mai ban mamaki a cikin kotunsa don nuna cewa shi ne magajin Constantine kuma daidai.Constantine ya sami rawar tatsuniya a matsayin jarumi da arna.Da alama liyafarsa a matsayinsa na waliyyi ya yadu a cikin daular Rumawa a lokacin yake-yake da Farisawa Sasaniya da Musulmai a karshen karni na shida da na bakwai.Tushen maƙiyin ɗan dawaki na Romanesque, wanda aka ɗaura a matsayin sarkin Roma mai nasara, ya zama abin kwatance na gani a cikin mutum-mutumi don yabon masu taimakon gida.Sunan "Constantine" da kansa ya ji daɗin sabonta shahara a yammacin Faransa a ƙarni na sha ɗaya da sha biyu.