Tarihin Albaniya

Matsugunin ɗan adam na tarihi a Albania ya fara daga baya fiye da sauran yankuna na Rum, tare da farkon shaidar Homo sapiens tun daga saman Paleolithic kusan 40,000 KZ a cikin kwarin Kryegjata kusa da Apollonia.Shafukan Paleolithic na gaba sun haɗa da kogon Konispol, wanda ya kasance kusan 24,700 KZ, da sauran wurare kamar wuraren kayan aikin dutse kusa da Xarrë da matsugunan kogon Blaz kusa da Urakë.A zamanin Mesolithic, an ƙera manyan duwatsu, ƙwanƙwasa, da kayan ƙaho, musamman a wuraren Kryegjata, Konispol, da Gajtan.Wani muhimmin rukunin masana'antu na Mesolithic shine ma'adinan dutse na Goranxi, yana aiki kusan 7,000 KZ.Zamanin Neolithic ya ga bullar noma na farko a Albaniya a wurin Vashtëmi a kusan 6,600 KZ, wanda ya riga ya yaɗuwar juyin juya halin noma na Neolithic a yankin.Wannan wurin kusa da kogin Devoll da tafkin Maliq ya haifar da haɓaka al'adun Maliq, wanda ya haɗa da ƙauyukan Vashtëmi, Dunavec, Maliq, da Podgorie.Tasirin wannan al'ada ya faɗaɗa ko'ina cikin gabashin Albaniya zuwa ƙarshen ƙananan Neolithic, wanda ke da tukwane, kayan tarihi na ruhaniya, da alaƙa da al'adun kwarin Adriatic da Danube.A lokacin tsakiyar Neolithic (5th-4th millennia KZ), an sami haɗin kan al'adu a fadin yankin, wanda ya bayyana a cikin amfani da baƙar fata da launin toka mai goge baki, abubuwan al'ada na yumbu, da siffofi na Uwar Duniya.Wannan haɗin kai ya ƙaru a cikin Late Neolithic tare da ɗaukar sabbin fasahohi kamar fartanya da ƙafafu na yau da kullun, da ci gaba a ƙirar yumbu.Lokacin Chalcolithic, a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 3 KZ, ya gabatar da kayan aikin jan karfe na farko, yana inganta aikin noma da masana'antu.Tukwane daga wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da al'adun Neolithic amma kuma sun sami tasiri daga wasu al'adun Balkan.A lokaci guda, wannan zamanin shine farkon ƙaura na Indo-Turai, tare da Proto-Indo-Turai suna ƙaura daga tsaunukan Gabashin Turai zuwa yankin.Wadannan ƙaura sun haifar da haɗaɗɗun al'adu, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga tushen kabilanci na Illyrians daga baya, kamar yadda binciken binciken archaeological da fassarorin da babban masanin ilimin kimiya na Albaniya Muzafer Korkuti ya tabbatar.

Tarihin farko na Albaniya a lokacin Indo-Turai na Balkans ya ga canje-canje masu mahimmanci saboda ƙaura daga Pontic steppe, gabatar da harsunan Indo-Turai da kuma ba da gudummawa ga samuwar mutanen Paleo-Balkan ta hanyar haɗuwa da masu magana da Indo-Turai tare da Neolithic na gida. yawan jama'a.A Albaniya, waɗannan raƙuman ƙaura, musamman daga yankunan arewa, sun taimaka wajen tsara al'adun zamanin Illyrian na farko.A ƙarshen shekarun Bronze Age (EBA), waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun sauƙaƙe bullowar ƙungiyoyin da aka gano a matsayin kakannin zamanin Illyrians na Iron Age, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da gina wuraren binne tumuli, wanda ke nuni da ƙungiyoyin dangi.Tuuli na farko a Albaniya, tun daga karni na 26 KZ, wani yanki ne na reshen kudancin al'adun Adriatic-Ljubljana, wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun Cetina na arewacin Balkans.Wannan rukunin al'adu, wanda ke faɗaɗa kudu tare da bakin tekun Adriatic, ya kafa irin wannan tudun binnewa a Montenegro da arewacin Albaniya, wanda ke nuna tasirin al'adu na farko kafin zamanin ƙarfe.A lokacin marigayi Bronze Age da farkon shekarun Iron, Albaniya ta sami ƙarin sauye-sauye na alƙaluma tare da ƙaurawar Bryges a yankunan kudanci masu iyaka da arewa maso yammacin Girka da ƙaura na kabilun Illyrian zuwa tsakiyar Albania.Waɗannan ƙaura suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar al'adun Indo-Turai a yammacin yankin Balkan.Zuwan kabilun Brygian ya yi daidai da farkon zamanin baƙin ƙarfe a cikin Balkans, a kusan farkon karni na 1 KZ, yana ƙara jaddada yanayin motsin jama'a da sauye-sauyen al'adu a Albaniya na farko.

Illyrians, mazauna yankin Balkan, sun dogara da farko akan gauraye noma a lokacin zamanin ƙarfe.Mabambantan yanayin yanki na yankin yana tallafawa aikin noma da kiwo.Daga cikin masarautun farko na Illyriya akwai ta Enchelei a kudancin Illyria, wadda ta yi bunƙasa a ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 7 KZ kafin ta ragu a ƙarni na 6 KZ.Rugujewarsu ta sauƙaƙa haɓakar ƙabilar Dassaretii a ƙarni na 5 KZ, wanda ke nuna sauyin ƙarfin iko a cikin Illyria.Kusa da Enchelei, Masarautar Taulantii ta fito, wacce ke da dabara a gabar tekun Adriatic na Albania ta zamani.Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin yankin, musamman a Epidamnus (Durrës na zamani), daga karni na 7 KZ zuwa karni na 4 KZ.Kololuwar su karkashin Sarki Glaaukias ya faru tsakanin 335 zuwa 302 KZ.Ƙabilun Illyrian sau da yawa suna yin arangama da maƙwabtan Masedoniyawa na dā kuma suna yin fashin teku.Sanannun tashe-tashen hankula sun haɗa da waɗanda suka yi wa Filibus na biyu na Makidoniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 4 KZ, wanda ya ci nasara da sarkin Illyrian Bardylis a 358 KZ.Wannan nasara ta haifar da mamayar Makidoniya akan muhimman sassa na Illyria.A karni na 3 KZ, kabilun Illyrian da dama sun hade zuwa wata kasa karkashin jagorancin Sarki Agron daga shekara ta 250 KZ, wanda ya shahara saboda dogaro da satar fasaha.Nasarar soja na Agron akan Aetolian a cikin 232 ko 231 KZ sun haɓaka arziƙin Illyrian sosai.Bayan mutuwar Agron, matar da mijinta ya mutu, Sarauniya Teuta, ta karbi ragamar mulki, wanda ya haifar da tuntuɓar diflomasiyya ta farko da Roma.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roma na gaba da Illyria (229 KZ, 219 KZ, da 168 KZ) da nufin hana satar fasaha da amintacciyar hanyar kasuwanci ta Romawa.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe na Illyrian daga ƙarshe sun haifar da mamayar Romawa a yankin, wanda ya kai ga rarraba zuwa lardunan Romawa na Pannonia da Dalmatiya a ƙarƙashin Augustus.A cikin waɗannan lokuttan, majiyoyin Girka da na Romawa galibi suna siffanta Illyrians a cikin mummunan haske, galibi suna lakafta su a matsayin "barbari" ko "zamantaka".

Romawa sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe uku na Illyriya daga 229 KZ zuwa 168 KZ, da nufin murkushe masu fashin teku na Illyrian da faɗaɗa da ke barazana ga yankunan Romawa da na Girka.Yaƙin Illyrian na farko (229-228 KZ) ya fara bayan harin Illyrian a kan jiragen ruwa na Romawa da manyan biranen Girka , wanda ya kai ga nasarar Romawa da zaman lafiya na wucin gadi.Sabbin tashe-tashen hankula a cikin 220 KZ, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin hare-haren Illyrian, ya haifar da yakin Illyrian na biyu (219-218 KZ), ya ƙare a wata nasara ta Romawa.Yaƙin Illyrian na uku (168 KZ) ya zo daidai da yaƙin Makidoniya na uku, lokacin da Illyriyawa suka goyi bayan Macedon a kan Roma.Romawa suka ci nasara da sauri Illyrians, suka kama sarkinsu na ƙarshe, Gentius, a Scodra, kuma suka kawo shi Roma a shekara ta 165 K.Z..Bayan haka, Roma ta narkar da daular Illyria, ta kafa lardin Illyricum wanda ya hada da yankuna daga kogin Drilon na Albania zuwa Istria da kogin Sava.Scodra ya fara zama babban birni, daga baya ya koma Salona.Bayan cin nasara, yankin ya sami canje-canjen gudanarwa da yawa, gami da rarrabuwa a cikin 10 CE zuwa lardunan Pannonia da Dalmatia, kodayake sunan Illyricum ya ci gaba a tarihi.Albaniya ta zamani ta haɗe cikin daular Roma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Illyricum da Roman Makidoniya.Illyricum, wanda ya tashi daga Kogin Drilon zuwa Istria da Kogin Sava, da farko ya haɗa da yawancin tsohuwar Illyria.Salona ta zama babban birninta.Yankin kudancin kogin Drin an san shi da Epirus Nova, wanda aka keɓance a ƙarƙashin Roman Makidoniya.Sanannen abubuwan more rayuwa na Roman a wannan yanki sun haɗa da Via Egnatia, wacce ta ratsa Albaniya ta ƙare a Dyrrachium (Durrës na zamani).A shekara ta 357 AZ, wannan yanki ya kasance wani yanki na Faɗaɗɗen Sarautar Masarautar Illyricum, babban yanki na gudanarwa na Marigayi Roman Empire.Ƙarin sake fasalin gudanarwa a cikin 395 CE ya haifar da rarraba yankin zuwa Diocese na Dacia (kamar Praevalitana) da Diocese na Macedonia (kamar Epirus Nova).A yau, yawancin Albaniya sun yi daidai da abin da yake a zamanin d Epirus Nova.

Kiristanci ya bazu zuwa Epirus Nova, wani yanki na lardin Romawa na Makidoniya, a cikin ƙarni na 3 da 4 AZ.A wannan lokacin, Kiristanci ya zama addini mafi girma a cikin Byzantium, ya maye gurbin bautar arna da kuma canza tushen al'adun Greco-Roman.An yi amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Durrës Amphitheater a Albaniya, babban abin tarihi na wannan lokacin, don wa'azin Kiristanci.Da aka raba daular Roma a shekara ta 395 A.Z., yankunan da ke gabashin Kogin Drinus, ciki har da ƙasar Albaniya a yanzu, sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Roma ta Gabas amma sun kasance suna da alaƙa da Roma ta hanyar coci.Wannan tsari ya ci gaba har zuwa 732 AZ lokacin da Sarkin Byzantine Leo III, a lokacin Rikicin Iconoclastic, ya yanke alakar cocin yankin da Roma kuma ya sanya shi a karkashin fadar sarki na Konstantinoful.Rikicin 1054, wanda ya raba Kiristanci zuwa Orthodoxy na Gabas da Katolika na Roman Katolika, ya haifar da kudancin Albaniya ya ci gaba da kulla dangantaka da Constantinople, yayin da arewa ta hade da Roma.Wannan rarrabuwa ta kara dagulewa ta hanyar kafa masarautar Slavic ta Dioclia ( Montenegro ta zamani) da kuma halittar Metropolitan see of Bar a shekara ta 1089, wanda ya sanya diocese na arewacin Albaniya kamar Shkodër da Ulcinj suffragans.A shekara ta 1019, dioceses na Albaniya da ke bin al'adun Byzantine an sanya su a ƙarƙashin sabuwar Archdiocese na Ohrid.Daga baya, a lokacin mamayar Venetian a karni na 13, an kafa Archdiocese na Durrës na Latin, wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin lokaci na tasirin coci da al'adu a yankin.

Bayan cin nasara da Romawa suka yi a shekara ta 168 K.Z., yankin da aka fi sani da Albaniya ya kasance cikin Epirus Nova, wani yanki na lardin Romawa na Makidoniya.Bayan rabuwar daular Roma a shekara ta 395 AZ, wannan yanki ya kasance ƙarƙashin daular Byzantine.A cikin ƙarni na farko na mulkin Byzantine, Epirus Nova ya fuskanci mamayewa da yawa, na farko da Goths da Huns suka yi a karni na 4, sannan Avars a 570 CE, sannan Slavs a farkon karni na 7.A ƙarshen karni na 7, Bulgars sun kwace iko da yawancin Balkans, ciki har da tsakiyar Albaniya.Wadannan hare-haren sun haifar da lalacewa da raunana cibiyoyin al'adun Romawa da na Byzantine a fadin yankin.Kiristanci ya kasance addinin da aka kafa a Daular Gabashin Roman tun daga karni na daya da na biyu, yana maye gurbin shirkar maguzawa.Ko a matsayin ɓangare na Byzantium, al'ummomin Kirista a wannan yanki sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma na Roma har zuwa 732 AD.A wannan shekarar, Sarkin Bizantine Leo III, don mayar da martani ga goyon bayan da limaman cocin gida suka ba Roma a lokacin Rigimar Iconoclastic, ya ware cocin daga Roma kuma ya sanya ta a ƙarƙashin Patriarchate na Konstantinoful.Ikilisiyar Kirista ta rabu a shekara ta 1054 zuwa Orthodoxy na Gabas da Katolika na Roman Katolika, tare da kudancin Albaniya suna ci gaba da kulla alaka da Constantinople, yayin da yankunan arewa suka koma Roma.Gwamnatin Byzantine ta kafa taken Dyrrhachium a farkon karni na 9, wanda ya mai da hankali a kusa da birnin Dyrrhachium (Durrës na zamani), wanda ya mamaye yawancin yankunan bakin teku, yayin da ciki ya kasance a karkashin Slavic kuma daga bisani Bulgarian iko.An sake kafa cikakken ikon Byzantine akan Albaniya ne kawai bayan cin nasarar Bulgaria a farkon karni na 11.A ƙarshen karni na 11, an lura da ƙabilun da aka bayyana a matsayin Albaniya a cikin tarihin tarihi;sun rungumi addinin Kirista gaba daya a wannan lokacin.A ƙarshen karni na 11 da na 12, yankin ya kasance filin yaƙi mai mahimmanci a cikin Yaƙin Byzantine-Norman , tare da Dyrrhachium birni ne mai mahimmanci saboda matsayinsa a ƙarshen Via Egnatia, wanda ke jagorantar kai tsaye zuwa Constantinople.A ƙarshen karni na 12, yayin da ikon Rumawa ya raunana, yankin Arbanon ya zama masarautu mai cin gashin kansa, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar sarakunan feudal na gida irin su Thopias, Balshas, ​​da Kastriotis, wanda a ƙarshe ya sami 'yancin kai daga mulkin Byzantine.Sicilians sun kafa Masarautar Albaniya a takaice a cikin 1258, wanda ya mamaye sassan gabar tekun Albaniya da tsibiran da ke kusa, wanda ke zama tushen dabarun mamaye daular Byzantine.Duk da haka, yawancin Albaniya da Rumawa suka kwato a shekara ta 1274, sai dai wasu garuruwan bakin teku.Yankin ya kasance a karkashin ikon Byzantine har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 14 lokacin da ya fada karkashin mulkin Serbia a lokacin yakin basasa na Byzantine.

A cikin ƙarni na farko na mulkin Byzantine, har zuwa kusan 461 AZ, yankin Epirus Nova, wani ɓangare na abin da yake yanzu Albania, ya fuskanci mummunan hare-hare daga Visigoths, Huns, da Ostrogoths.Wadannan mamayewa wani bangare ne na babban tsarin kutse na baraguza wanda ya fara shafar daular Roma tun daga karni na 4 zuwa gaba, tare da Goths na Jamus da Huns na Asiya da suka jagoranci hare-haren farko.A karni na 6 da na 7, hijirar Slavic zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Turai ya kara dagula al'amuran yankin.Waɗannan sababbin mazauna sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin yankuna na Romawa, suna tilasta wa ’yan ƙasar Albaniya da Vlach su koma cikin yankunan tsaunuka, yin salon rayuwa na makiyaya, ko kuma gudu zuwa wurare mafi aminci na Girka ta Byzantine.A kusa da ƙarshen karni na 6, wani tashin hankali na Avars ya faru, jim kadan bayan haka Bulgars, wanda a kusan karni na 7 ya ci yawancin yankin Balkan, ciki har da ƙananan wurare na tsakiyar Albania.Wadannan hare-haren wuce gona da iri na mamayewa ba kawai sun rushe tsarin zamantakewa da na siyasa na gida ba amma kuma sun haifar da lalacewa ko raunana cibiyoyin al'adun Rumawa da na Rumawa a duk yankin.Wannan lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a yankin Balkan, inda ya aza harsashi ga sarkakiyar yanayin kabilanci da na siyasa wanda zai nuna yankin a zamanin da.

A cikin karni na 6, yankin Balkan, gami da Albaniya, galibi Slavs ne suka yi hijira daga arewa.Daular Byzantine , ta kasa kare yankunanta na Balkan yadda ya kamata, ta ga yawancin ƴan asalinta na komawa zuwa manyan garuruwan bakin teku ko kuma Slavs na cikin gida sun mamaye su.Zuwan Bulgars a karni na 7 ya kara canza yanayin al'umma da yanayin siyasar yankin, tare da wata kungiya karkashin jagorancin Kuber ta zauna a Macedonia da gabashin Albaniya.Kafa daular Bulgariya ta farko a karkashin Khan Asparukh a shekara ta 681 wani gagarumin ci gaba ne.Ya haɗu da Bulgars da Slavs a kan daular Byzantine, ta samar da kasa mai karfi da ta fadada zuwa abin da ke yanzu Albania da Macedonia a karkashin mulkin Presian a cikin 840s.Bayan da Bulgaria ta musulunta zuwa Kiristanci a tsakiyar karni na 9 a karkashin Boris I, garuruwan kudanci da gabashin Albaniya sun zama muhimman cibiyoyin al'adu, wanda Makarantar Adabi ta Ohrid ta yi tasiri.Ribar yankunan Bulgeriya sun haɗa da ci gaba mai mahimmanci a kusa da Dyrrhachium (Durrës na zamani), kodayake birnin da kansa ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine har sai da Sarki Samuil ya kama shi a ƙarshen karni na 10.Mulkin Samuil ya ga ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ikon Bulgaria akan Dyrrhachium, kodayake sojojin Byzantine sun sake kama shi a 1005.Bayan mummunan shan kashi a yakin Kleidion a shekara ta 1014, ikon Bulgaria ya ragu, kuma yankin ya ga tsayin daka da kuma tawaye ga mulkin Byzantine.Musamman ma, tawaye a cikin 1040 wanda Tihomir ya jagoranta a kusa da Durrës, ko da yake da farko ya yi nasara, a ƙarshe ya gaza, tare da ikon Byzantine ya dawo da 1041.Yankin ya ɗan ɗanɗana sake haɗawa cikin daular Bulgaria a ƙarƙashin Kaloyan (1197-1207) amma ya koma Despotate na Epiros bayan mutuwarsa.Duk da haka, a cikin 1230, Sarkin Bulgaria Ivan Asen II ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Epirote da gaske, wanda ya sake tabbatar da ikon Bulgaria a kan Albaniya.Duk da wannan nasarar, rikice-rikice na cikin gida da batutuwan da suka shafi gado sun haifar da asarar yawancin yankunan Albaniya a shekara ta 1256, tare da raguwar tasirin Bulgaria a yankin daga baya.Wadannan ƙarni sun nuna wani lokaci mai tsanani na rikici da sauye-sauyen al'adu a Albaniya, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar hulɗar da ke tsakanin Rumawa, Bulgarians, da Slavic na gida da Albania.

Arbanon, wanda kuma aka sani a tarihi a matsayin Arbën (a cikin Old Gheg) ko Arbër (a cikin Old Tosk), kuma ana magana da shi a cikin Latin kamar Arbanum, sarauta ce ta tsakiyar zamanin da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu Albania.An kafa ta ne a cikin 1190 ta hanyar Archon Progon na Albaniya a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da Kruja, gabas da arewa maso gabas na yankunan da Venetian ke sarrafawa.Wannan sarauta, wacce dangin Progoni na asali ke mulki, tana wakiltar ƙasar Albaniya ta farko da aka rubuta a tarihi.Progon ya gaje shi da 'ya'yansa, Gjin sannan Demetrius (Dhimitër).A karkashin jagorancin su, Arbanon ya ci gaba da samun yancin kai daga Daular Byzantine .Masarautar ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai na siyasa a cikin 1204, tare da yin amfani da hargitsi a cikin Constantinople bayan korar da aka yi a lokacin yakin Crusade na hudu .Duk da haka, wannan 'yancin kai bai daɗe ba.Kusan 1216, mai mulkin Epirus, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ya fara mamayewa wanda ya fadada arewa zuwa Albaniya da Makidoniya, ya kama Kruja kuma ya kawo karshen mulkin cin gashin kansa.Bayan mutuwar Demetrius, na ƙarshe na masu mulkin Progoni, Arbanon ya ci gaba da sarrafa shi ta hannun Despotate na Epirus, daular Bulgaria , kuma, daga 1235, Daular Nicaea.A cikin lokaci na gaba, Arbanon ya mallaki mulkin Greco-Albaniya ubangiji Gregorios Kamonas, wanda ya auri gwauruwar Demetrius, Komnena Nemanjić na Serbia.Bayan Kamonas, masarautar ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Golem (Gulam), wani mai martaba wanda ya auri Kamonas da ɗiyar Komnena.Babi na ƙarshe na sarauta ya zo lokacin da ɗan ƙasar Bizantine George Akropolites ya haɗa shi a cikin hunturu na 1256-57, bayan haka Golem ya ɓace daga tarihin tarihi.Babban tushen tarihin marigayi Arbanon sun fito ne daga tarihin George Akropolites, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan lokacin a tarihin Albaniya.

Despotate na Epirus yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu maye gurbin Girka da yawa waɗanda aka kafa daga ragowar ragowar daular Byzantine bayan yakin Crusade na huɗu a 1204. Wani reshe na daular Angelos ne ya kafa shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi, tare da Daular Nicaea da Daular Trebizond, wacce ta yi iƙirarin halaccinta a matsayin magajin Daular Byzantine.Duk da cewa lokaci-lokaci ta kan sanya kanta a matsayin Daular Tasalonika tsakanin 1227 zuwa 1242 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Theodore Komnenos Doukas, masana tarihi na zamani suna amfani da wannan sunan da farko maimakon tushen zamani.A geographically, zuciyar Despotate yana cikin yankin Epirus, amma a matakinsa, ya kuma ƙunshi sassan yammacin Girkanci Macedonia, Albania, Thessaly, da yammacin Girka har zuwa Nafpaktos.Theodore Komnenos Doukas ya faɗaɗa yankin da ƙarfi ya haɗa da tsakiyar Makidoniya har ma da sassan Thrace, ya kai gabas kamar Didymoteicho da Adrianople.Burinsa ya kusa dawo da Daular Rumawa, yayin da ya matso kusa da kwato Konstantinoful.Sai dai kokarinsa ya ci tura a yakin Klokotnitsa a shekara ta 1230, inda daular Bulgariya ta yi nasara a kansa, lamarin da ya kai ga raguwar yankunan Despotate da tasirinsa sosai.Bayan wannan shan kashi, Despotate na Epirus ya sake yin kwangilar komawa yankunansa na Epirus da Thessaly kuma ya zama kasa mai mulkin mallaka ga yankuna daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Ta ci gaba da samun yancin kai har sai da Daular Byzantine ta Palaiologan ta sake mamaye ta a kusa da 1337.

A tsakiyar karni na 13, raunin daular Rumawa da Bulgaria ya ba da damar fadada tasirin Serbia zuwa Albaniya ta zamani.Da farko wani ɓangare na Grand Principality na Serbia kuma daga baya daular Serbia, ikon Serbia a kudancin Albania ya ci gaba da yin muhawara, tare da wasu masana tarihi suna nuna cewa tasirin Serbia yana iya iyakancewa ga ƙaddamar da ƙididdiga daga kabilun Albania na gida maimakon sarrafa kai tsaye.A wannan lokacin, yankunan arewacin Albaniya sun kasance mafi mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Serbia, ciki har da manyan birane kamar Shkodër, Dajç, da Drivat.Sojoji da ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin Serbia ne suka jagoranci faɗaɗa ƙasar Serbia, musamman a ƙarƙashin masu mulki irin su Stefan Dušan, waɗanda suka yi amfani da dukiyoyin da suka samu daga hakar ma'adinai da kasuwanci don ɗaukar manyan sojojin haya da suka haɗa da kabilu daban-daban kamar Albaniyawa.A shekara ta 1345, Stefan Dušan ya yi shelar kansa "Sarkin Sabiyawa da Helenawa," yana nuna kololuwar yankin Serbia wanda ya hada da ƙasashen Albaniya.Yankin kuma ya kasance na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Angevins, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Albaniya tsakanin 1272 zuwa 1368, wanda ya ƙunshi wasu sassa na Albania na zamani.A ƙarshen karni na 14, tare da raguwar ikon Serbia bayan mutuwar Stefan Dušan, da dama daga cikin manyan hukumomin Albaniya sun bayyana, yana nuna sake tabbatar da ikon gida.A duk tsawon mulkin Serbia, gudunmawar soja na Albaniyawa ta kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Sarkin sarakuna Stefan Dušan ya dauki wani fitaccen rukunin sojojin doki 15,000 na Albaniya.An nuna muhimmancin dabarun yankin ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin manyan mu'amalar siyasa ta wannan lokacin, gami da rikice-rikice da kawance da kasashe makwabta irin su Daular Byzantine da daular Usmaniyya mai tasowa.Gudanar da Albaniya ya zama batu mai cike da takaddama bayan zamanin Dusan, musamman a cikin Despotate of Epirus, inda sarakunan Albania na gida kamar Peter Losha da Gjin Bua Shpata suka kafa nasu mulkin a ƙarshen karni na 14, suna kafa jihohin da suka kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga Serbian ko kuma. Gudanar da Byzantine.Wadannan jahohin da Albaniya ke jagoranta sun nuna rarrabuwar kawuna da yanayin siyasa na Albaniya na tsaka-tsaki, wanda ya kai ga kuma lokacin ci gaban Ottoman zuwa kasashen Balkan.

An kafa Masarautar Albaniya, wanda Charles na Anjou ya kafa a shekara ta 1271, ta hanyar mamaye daular Byzantine , tare da goyon bayan manyan al'ummar Albaniya.Masarautar, wacce aka ayyana a cikin Fabrairu 1272, ta tashi daga Durazzo (Durrës na zamani) kudu zuwa Butrint.Burinta na turawa zuwa Constantinople ya rushe a Siege na Berat a cikin 1280-1281, kuma hare-haren Byzantine na gaba ya rufe Angevins zuwa wani karamin yanki kusa da Durazzo.A wannan zamanin, sauye-sauyen iko daban-daban sun faru da suka shafi Despotate na Epirus da Daular Nicaea.Misali, ubangiji Golem na Kruja da farko ya goyi bayan Epirus a shekara ta 1253 amma ya koma Nicaea bayan wata yarjejeniya da John Vatatzes, wanda ya yi alkawarin mutunta 'yancin kai.Waɗannan hulɗar tana kwatanta yanayin yanayin siyasa mai sarƙaƙƙiya kuma sau da yawa maras ƙarfi na Albaniya na tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki.Mutanen Nicae sun sami nasarar yin iko a kan yankuna kamar Durrës a shekara ta 1256, suna ƙoƙarin sake shigar da ikon Byzantine, wanda ya haifar da tawayen Albaniya na gida.Halin siyasa ya kara dagulewa da Manfred na mamayar Sicily, ya yi amfani da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin, da kuma kwace yankuna masu muhimmanci a bakin tekun Albaniya a shekara ta 1261. Duk da haka, mutuwar Manfred a 1266 ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Viterbo, wadda ta ba wa Charles na Anjou mulkin Albaniya.Mulkin Charles da farko ya ga ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ikonsa ta hanyar tilastawa soja da rage cin gashin kai na gida, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin manyan Albaniya.Sarkin Byzantine Michael na VIII ya yi amfani da rashin jin daɗinsa, wanda ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a Albaniya ta 1274, yana kama manyan biranen kamar Berat kuma ya haifar da canjin ƙawance na gida zuwa yankin Rumawa.Duk da wannan koma-baya, Charles na Anjou ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin siyasar yankin, inda ya tabbatar da amincewar shugabannin yankin da kuma yunkurin kara yakin neman zabe.Duk da haka, tsare-tsaren nasa sun ci tura akai-akai ta hanyar juriya na Byzantine da kuma tsare-tsaren dabarun Papacy, wanda ke neman hana ci gaba da rikici tsakanin jihohin Kirista.A ƙarshen karni na 13, Masarautar Albaniya ta ragu sosai, tare da Charles yana riƙe da iko a kan manyan wuraren bakin teku kamar Durazzo.Tasirin masarautar ya kara raguwa bayan mutuwar Charles, tare da magadansa sun kasa samun iko mai karfi a kan yankunan Albaniya a cikin matsin lamba na Byzantine da kuma karuwar iko na kananan hukumomin Albania.

A cikin karni na 14 da farkon 15, lokacin da Daular Serbia ta koma baya da kuma gabanin mamayewar Ottoman , sarakunan Albaniya da dama sun bullo a karkashin jagorancin manyan mutane.Wannan lokacin ya ga haɓakar ƙasashe masu iko yayin da sarakunan Albaniya suka yi amfani da rashin ikon yanki.Wani muhimmin lamari ya faru a lokacin rani na 1358, lokacin da Nikephoros II Orsini, wurin zama na ƙarshe na Epirus daga daular Orsini, ya yi karo da sarakunan Albaniya a Acheloos a Acarnania.Sojojin Albaniya sun yi nasara kuma daga baya suka kafa sabbin jihohi biyu a cikin yankunan kudu na Despotate na Epirus.Waɗannan nasarorin sun ba su lakabin "masu ƙayatarwa," matsayi na Rumawa, wanda Tsar Serbian ya ba su don tabbatar da amincinsu.Jihohin da aka kafa sun kasance karkashin jagorancin manyan mutanen Albaniya: Pjetër Losha, wanda ya kafa babban birninsa a Arta, da Gjin Bua Shpata, wanda ke tsakiya a Angelokastron.Bayan mutuwar Losha a shekara ta 1374, yankuna biyu sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gjin Bua Shpata.Daga 1335 zuwa 1432, manyan hukumomi hudu sun tabbatar da yanayin siyasar Albaniya:Muzakaj Principality na Berat : An kafa shi a cikin 1335 a Berat da Myzeqe.Masarautar Albaniya : Wannan ya fito ne daga ragowar Masarautar Albaniya kuma Karl Thopia ne ya jagorance ta da farko.An sami sabani tsakanin daular Thopia da Balsha har zuwa lokacin da ta fada karkashin mulkin Ottoman a shekara ta 1392. Duk da haka, an sami ɗan gajeren lokaci na 'yanci a ƙarƙashin Skanderbeg, wanda kuma ya sake tsara mulkin Kastrioti.Andrea II Thopia daga baya ya sake samun iko kafin ya shiga kungiyar Lezhë a 1444.Mulkin Kastrioti : Da farko Gjon Kastrioti ya kafa shi, ya zama sananne lokacin da Skanderbeg, gwarzon Albaniya ya karbo daga ikon Ottoman.Mulkin Dukagjini : An tashi daga yankin Malësia zuwa Prishtina a cikin Kosovo.Wadannan masarautun ba wai kawai suna nuna rarrabuwar kawuna da rugujewar yanayin siyasar Albaniya ta tsakiyar kasar ba ne, har ma suna nuna tsayin daka da dabarun da shugabannin Albaniya suka yi wajen tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kai a tsakanin barazanar waje da kishiyoyinta na cikin gida.Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Lezhë a shekara ta 1444, ƙungiyar waɗannan sarakunan da Skanderbeg ke jagoranta, ta nuna matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗin kai na Albaniyawa ga Ottomans, wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Albaniya.

Daular Usmaniyya ta fara tabbatar da ikonta a yammacin Balkans bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Savra a shekara ta 1385. A shekara ta 1415, Daular Usmaniyya ta kafa Sanjak na Albania a hukumance, bangaren gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi yankuna da suka mike daga kogin Mat a arewa. zuwa Chameria a kudu.An nada Gjirokastra a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na wannan Sanjak a cikin 1419, yana nuna mahimmancin dabarunsa a yankin.Duk da shigar da mulkin Ottoman, sarakunan arewacin Albaniya sun ci gaba da samun yancin kai, suna gudanar da mulkin ƙasarsu a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki.Duk da haka, yanayin kudancin Albaniya ya bambanta sosai;An sanya yankin karkashin ikon Ottoman kai tsaye.Wannan sauyi ya ƙunshi ƙaura daga matsugunan gida tare da masu gidajen Ottoman da aiwatar da tsarin mulki na tsakiya da haraji.Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haifar da juriya mai ƙarfi a tsakanin jama'ar yankin da kuma manyan mutane, wanda ya haifar da sanannen tawaye wanda Gjergj Arianiti ya jagoranta.Matakin farko na wannan tawaye ya ga gagarumin mataki a kan Ottoman, tare da kashe ko korar masu timar da yawa (masu mallakar filaye a ƙarƙashin tsarin bayar da ƙasar Ottoman).Tawayen dai ya samu karbuwa yayin da manyan baki da aka kora suka dawo domin shiga tada kayar bayan da aka yi yunkurin kulla kawance da kasashen waje kamar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu na farko, gami da kama manyan wurare kamar Dagnum, tawayen ya yi ƙoƙari don ci gaba da ci gaba.Rashin iya kwace manyan garuruwan da ke cikin Sanjak na Albaniya, tare da tsawaita ayyukan da suka yi kamar kewayen Gjirokastër, ya ba wa Ottoman lokaci don jagorantar manyan sojoji daga ko'ina cikin daular.Tsarin ba da umarni na tawaye na Albaniya, wanda ke nuna ayyukan cin gashin kai daga manyan iyalai irin su Dukagjini, Zenebishi, Thopia, Kastrioti, da Arianiti, ya hana ingantaccen daidaituwa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga gazawar tawayen a ƙarshen 1436. Bayan haka. Daular Usmaniyya sun gudanar da jerin gwano na kisan kiyashi domin karfafa ikonsu da kuma dakile tada kayar baya a nan gaba, tare da kara karfafa karfinsu a yankin.Wannan lokaci ya nuna gagarumin ƙarfafa ikon Ottoman a Albaniya, wanda ya kafa matakin ci gaba da fadada su da iko a cikin Balkans.

Tsarin Musulunci a tsakanin al'ummar Albaniya ya yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar shigarsu cikin tsarin soja da tsarin mulki na Ottoman, musamman ta hanyar tsarin Bektashi, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada addinin Musulunci.Umarnin Bektashi, wanda aka sani da ƙarin ayyuka na heterodox da matakan haƙuri, ya yi kira ga Albaniyawa da yawa saboda ƙarancin tsarinsa ga tsarin addinin Islama da haɗin kai cikin tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewar Daular Ottoman.Ma'aikata na Janissary da Tsarin DevşirmeMatakan farko na musuluntar da su sun yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar daukar Albaniyawa zuwa cikin rundunonin sojan Ottoman, musamman Janissaries, ta hanyar tsarin Devşirme.Wannan tsari wanda ya kunshi tara yara maza kiristoci wadanda aka musulunta aka horar da su a matsayin manyan sojoji, ya samar da hanyar ci gaban zamantakewa da siyasa cikin tsarin daular Usmaniyya.Ko da yake da farko ba son rai ba ne, martaba da damar da ke tattare da zama Janisary ya sa albaniya da yawa da son rai suka musulunta don samun irin wannan fa'ida.Tashi Ya Kasance Mai Girma A Daular UsmaniyyaA karni na 15 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 16 da na 17, yayin da albaniya da yawa suka musulunta, sun fara taka rawa sosai a cikin daular Usmaniyya.Wannan lokacin ya nuna karuwar yawan Albaniyawan da ke mamaye manyan mukaman soji da na gudanarwa, wanda ya yi tasiri ga mulkin daular dangane da yawan al'ummarsu.Shahararriyar Albaniyawa a cikin tsarin mulkin Ottoman ya fito fili ta yadda manyan Viziers 48 na asalin Albaniya sun gudanar da al'amuran jihar kusan shekaru 190.Fitattun adadi daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg : Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Ottoman kafin ya jagoranci tawaye ga Ottoman.Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha : Babban Vizier a karkashin Suleiman Mai Girma, wanda aka sani da gagarumin tasirinsa a harkokin mulkin daular.Köprülü Mehmed Pasha : Wanda ya kafa daular siyasa ta Köprülü wacce za ta mamaye daular Usmaniyya a tsakiyar karni na 17.Muhammad Ali na Masar : Ko da yake daga baya, ya kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta wacce ta rabu da ikon Ottoman kai tsaye, ta sabunta Masar sosai.Ali Pasha na Ioannina : Wani ɗan Albaniya mai tasiri wanda ya mulki Pashalik na Yanina, kusan mai cin gashin kansa daga Sarkin Ottoman.Gudunmawar SojaAlbaniyawa sun kasance masu mahimmanci a yaƙe-yaƙe na Ottoman daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da Yaƙin Ottoman-Venetian, Yaƙin Ottoman-Hungary, da rikice-rikicen Habsburgs.Kwarewarsu na soja ba wai kawai ta taimaka a cikin waɗannan rikice-rikice ba, har ma da tabbatar da cewa Albaniyawa za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga dabarun sojan Ottoman, musamman a matsayin sojojin haya, har zuwa farkon karni na 19.

Ƙarni na 14 da musamman na 15th sune mahimmanci ga juriyar Albaniya akan faɗaɗa Ottoman.Wannan lokacin ya ga fitowar Skanderbeg, wani adadi wanda zai zama gwarzon Albaniya kuma alamar juriya ga Daular Ottoman .Rayuwar Farko da LalacewaGjon Kastrioti na Krujë, daya daga cikin sarakunan Albaniya, ya mika wuya ga mulkin Ottoman a 1425 kuma an tilasta masa ya aika da 'ya'yansa maza guda hudu, ciki har da ƙaramin George Kastrioti (1403-1468), zuwa kotun Ottoman.A can ne aka mayar da George suna Iskander bayan ya Musulunta kuma ya zama fitaccen janar na Ottoman.A cikin 1443, yayin yakin neman zabe a kusa da Niš, Skanderbeg ya fice daga sojojin Ottoman, ya koma Krujë inda ya kwace kagara ta hanyar yaudarar sojojin Turkiyya.Sannan ya yi watsi da Musulunci, ya koma Roman Katolika, ya kuma shelanta yaki mai tsarki da Daular Usmaniyya.Kafa kungiyar LezhëA ranar 1 ga Maris, 1444, sarakunan Albaniya, tare da wakilai daga Venice da Montenegro , sun yi taro a babban cocin Lezhë.Sun ayyana Skanderbeg a matsayin kwamandan gwagwarmayar Albaniya.Yayin da shugabannin yankin suka ci gaba da kula da yankunansu, sun hada kai karkashin jagorancin Skanderbeg don yakar abokan gaba daya.Yakin Soja da JuriyaSkanderbeg ya tattara kimanin mutane 10,000-15,000, kuma a karkashin jagorancinsa, sun yi tsayayya da yakin Ottoman na shekaru 24 har zuwa mutuwarsa, da kuma wasu shekaru 11 bayan haka.Musamman ma, Albaniyawa sun ci nasara a kan Krujë guda uku, ciki har da gagarumar nasara a kan Sultan Murad II a 1450. Skanderbeg kuma ya goyi bayan Sarki Alfonso I na Naples a kan abokan hamayyarsa a KudancinItaliya kuma ya sami nasara a kan Venice a lokacin yakin Albaniya-Venetian.Bayan Shekaru da GadoDuk da rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma haɗin gwiwa na gida lokaci-lokaci tare da Ottomans, juriya na Skanderbeg ya sami wasu tallafi daga Masarautar Naples da Vatican.Bayan mutuwar Skanderbeg a 1468, Krujë ya kasance har zuwa 1478, kuma Shkodër ya fadi a 1479 bayan wani mummunan hari wanda ya kai Venice ya ba da birnin ga Ottomans.Faduwar waɗannan kagara ya haifar da ƙaurawar manyan albaniya zuwa Italiya, Venice, da sauran yankuna, inda suka ci gaba da yin tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasar Albaniya.Waɗannan ƙaura sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye addinin Katolika a arewacin Albaniya kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga asalin ƙasar Albaniya.Juriyar Skanderbeg ba kawai ta ƙarfafa haɗin kai da ainihi na Albaniya ba har ma ya zama wani tushe na tushe don gwagwarmayar haɗin kai da 'yanci na ƙasa daga baya.Gadonsa yana kunshe ne a cikin tutar Albaniya, wanda alama ce ta danginsa ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kuma ana tunawa da ƙoƙarinsa a matsayin wani muhimmin babi na tsaro da mulkin Ottoman a kudu maso gabashin Turai.

Ƙungiyar Lezhë, wadda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1444, ta Skanderbeg da sauran sarakunan Albaniya, ta wakilci wani lokaci a tarihin Albaniya, wanda ke nuna karo na farko da shugabannin yankin suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tuta guda don tsayayya da kutsawa na Ottoman .Wannan kawancen soja da diflomasiyya, da aka kafa a birnin Lezhë, ya taka rawar gani wajen samar da fahimtar hadin kan kasa kuma ya zama mafarin abin da ake ganin ita ce kasa ta Albaniya mai cin gashin kanta ta farko a zamanin da.Samuwar da TsarinManyan iyalai Albaniya ne suka kafa ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da Kastrioti, Arianiti, Zaharia, Muzaka, Sipaniya, Thopia, Balsha, da Crnojević.Waɗannan iyalai an haɗa su ta hanyar matriline ko ta hanyar aure, suna haɓaka haɗin kai na cikin gida.Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawar sojoji da albarkatun kuɗi yayin da suke riƙe da iko a kan yankunansu.Wannan tsarin ya ba da damar haɗin kai na tsaro a kan Ottoman, tare da kiyaye cin gashin kansa na kowane yanki mai daraja.Kalubale da RigingimuKungiyar ta fuskanci kalubale kai tsaye, musamman daga Balšići da dangin Crnojevići, wadanda suka fice daga kawancen , wanda ya kai ga yakin Albaniya – Venetian (1447–48).Duk da waɗannan rikice-rikice na cikin gida, an amince da ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Venice a cikin 1448, wanda ke nuna gagarumar nasarar diplomasiyya.Yakin Soja da TasirinA karkashin jagorancin Skanderbeg, kungiyar ta yi nasarar dakile hare-haren Ottoman da dama, inda ta sami gagarumar nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe irin su Torvioll (1444), Otonetë (1446), da kuma kewaye da Krujë (1450).Waɗannan nasarorin sun ƙarfafa sunan Skanderbeg a duk faɗin Turai kuma suna da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Albaniya a lokacin rayuwarsa.Rushewa da GadoDuk da nasarar da kungiyar ta samu a farko, kungiyar ta fara wargajewa jim kadan bayan kafuwarta saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da mabanbantan muradun mambobinta.A tsakiyar 1450s, ƙawancen ya daina aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin haɗin kai, ko da yake Skanderbeg ya ci gaba da yin tsayayya da ci gaban Ottoman har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1468. Bayan ya wuce, ƙungiyar ta wargaje gaba ɗaya, kuma a 1479, juriya na Albaniya ya rushe, wanda ya jagoranci. zuwa mamayar Ottoman akan yankin.Ƙungiyar Lezhë ta kasance alama ce ta haɗin kai da tsayin daka na Albaniya kuma ana yin bikin a matsayin babban babi a tarihin al'ummar.Ya misalta yuwuwar aiwatar da ayyukan gama-gari a kan manyan makiya tare da kafa tatsuniyoyi na asali na kasa.Gadon ƙungiyar, musamman jagorancin Skanderbeg, yana ci gaba da ƙarfafa al'adun al'adu kuma ana tunawa da shi a cikin tarihin ƙasar Albaniya.

Pashaliks na Albaniya suna wakiltar wani lokaci na musamman a cikin tarihin Balkans a lokacin da shugabannin Albaniya suka gudanar da cikakken ikon cin gashin kansu don tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kansu kan yankuna masu yawa a cikin daular Ottoman da ke durkushewa.Wannan zamanin yana da haɓakar fitattun iyalai na Albaniya kamar Bushatis a Shkodër da Ali Pasha na Tepelene a Ioannina, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar raunana ta tsakiya don faɗaɗa tasirinsu da yankuna.Tashi na Albaniya PashaliksRashin raunin tsarin timar Ottoman da ikon tsakiya a cikin karni na 18 ya haifar da gagarumin cin gashin kai na yanki a yankunan Albaniya.Iyalin Bushati a Shkodër da Ali Pasha a Ioannina sun fito a matsayin masu mulki a yankin.Dukansu biyu sun tsunduma cikin dabarun kawance tare da gwamnatin tsakiya ta Ottoman lokacin da suke da fa'ida amma kuma sun yi aiki da kansu lokacin da ya dace da bukatunsu.Pashalik na Shkodër: Mulkin dangin Bushati, wanda aka kafa a 1757, ya rufe wani yanki mai fadi da suka hada da Arewacin Albania, sassan Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, da kudancin Serbia.Bushatis sun yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da 'yancin kansu, inda suka kwatanta da mulkin Mehmed Ali Pasha mai cin gashin kansa a Masar.Kara Mahmud Bushati ya ci gaba da bazuwa da kokarin samun karbuwa daga kasashen waje kamar Ostiriya har sai da ya sha kaye da kuma mutuwarsa a Montenegro a shekara ta 1796. Magadansa sun ci gaba da gudanar da mulki tare da mubaya'a iri-iri ga Daular Usmaniyya har zuwa lokacin da Pashalik ya rushe a shekara ta 1831 bayan juyin mulki. Yakin sojan Ottoman.Pashalik na Janina: Ali Pasha ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1787, wannan pashalik a zenith dinsa ya hada da sassan kasar Girka, kudanci da tsakiyar Albaniya, da kudu maso yammacin Macedonia.Ali Pasha, wanda aka sani da wayo da mulkin rashin tausayi, ya sa Ioannina ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu da tattalin arziki.Mulkinsa ya ci gaba har zuwa 1822 lokacin da jami'an Ottoman suka kashe shi, wanda ya kawo karshen matsayin Pashalik na Janina mai cin gashin kansa.Tasiri da RagewaPashaliks na Albaniya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen siyasar yankin Balkan ta hanyar cike gurbin ikon da gwamnatin Ottoman ke ja da baya.Sun ba da gudummawa ga bunƙasa al'adu da tattalin arziƙin yankunansu amma kuma sun ba da misali da ƙalubalen kiyaye manyan yankuna masu cin gashin kansu a cikin daular da ta keɓaɓɓu.A farkon karni na 19, hawan yunƙurin kishin ƙasa da ci gaba da rashin zaman lafiya ya sa Daular Ottoman ta fara aiwatar da gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci da nufin ƙaddamar da iko na baya-bayan nan da kuma rage cin gashin kan yankin pashas.Canjin Tanzimat a tsakiyar karni na 19 da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa na baya da nufin haɗa yankunan Albaniya kai tsaye cikin tsarin daular.Waɗannan sauye-sauyen, haɗe da yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da jagororin Albaniya, a hankali sun lalata ƴancin kai na pashaliks.

Kisan Kisan Albanian Beys a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1830, ya nuna wani lamari mai mahimmanci da tashin hankali a tarihin Albaniya a karkashin mulkin Ottoman .Wannan taron ba wai kawai ya gurgunta shugabancin beys na Albaniya ba, har ma ya raunana tsarin tsarin mulki da 'yancin cin gashin kai da wadannan shugabannin kananan hukumomi suka yi a kudancin Albaniya, wanda ya kafa tarihi na murkushe Pashalik na arewacin Albaniya na Scutari daga baya.FageA cikin shekarun 1820, musamman bayan Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai na Girka , ƴan ƙasar Albaniya na gida sun nemi sake samun da kuma ƙarfafa ikonsu, wanda asarar Pashalik na Yanina ya raunana.Dangane da raguwar tasirinsu, shugabannin Albaniya sun yi taro a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1828 a taron Berat, wanda manyan mutane irin su Ismail Bey Qemali na gidan Vlora suka jagoranta.Wannan taron yana da nufin maido da ikon gargajiya na sarakunan Albaniya.Duk da haka, daular Ottoman tana aiwatar da gyare-gyare na tsakiya da na zamani a lokaci guda a karkashin Mahmud II, wanda ya yi barazana ga 'yancin cin gashin kai na yankuna kamar Albanian beys.Kisan KisaA wani yunƙuri na kwantar da tarzoma da sake tabbatar da ikon tsakiya, Sublime Porte, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Reşid Mehmed Pasha, ya shirya wata ganawa da manyan shugabannin ƙasar Albaniya, a ƙarƙashin sunan ba su lada saboda amincinsu.Wannan taro dai an shirya kwanton bauna ne.Yayin da ’yan Albaniyawan beys da masu gadinsu suka isa wurin taron a Monastir (Bitola ta Arewa Masedoniya ta yanzu), an kai su wani filin da aka killace aka yi musu kisan kiyashi da sojojin daular Usmaniyya ke jira a wani abin da ake ganin kamar bikin ne.Kisan gillar ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan 500 beys na Albaniya da masu gadinsu.Bayan da TasiriKisan kiyashin ya wargaza sauran tsarin mulkin Albaniya a cikin daular Usmaniyya.Ta hanyar kawar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na shugabancin Albaniya, hukumar ta Ottoman ta sami damar fadada ikonta sosai a fadin yankin.A shekara ta 1831, daular Ottoman suka murkushe Pashalik na Scutari, tare da kara karfafa karfinsu a kan yankunan Albaniya.Kawar da wadannan shugabanni na gari ya haifar da sauyi a harkokin tafiyar da al'amuran Albaniya.Daular Usmaniyya sun kafa jagoranci wanda galibi ya fi dacewa da tsarin tsakiya da manufofin daular Musulunci, wanda ya shafi yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a lokacin farkawa ta kasa ta Albaniya.Bugu da kari, kisan kiyashi da kuma matakan soja da suka dauka kan wasu shugabannin Albaniya sun aike da sako karara ga sauran 'yan adawa, lamarin da ya rage yiyuwar yin tsayin daka a nan gaba.GadoDuk da mummunan rauni da kisan kiyashin ya sha, tsayin daka na Albaniya bai lafa ba.An sami ƙarin tawaye a cikin 1830s da 1847, wanda ke nuna tashin hankali da kuma sha'awar cin gashin kai a cikin yankin.Har ila yau, taron ya yi tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwar Albaniya da ainihi, yana ciyarwa cikin labarun juriya da gwagwarmaya na kasa wanda zai iya kwatanta farkawa ta kasa ta Albaniya da kuma a ƙarshe yunkurin neman 'yancin kai a farkon karni na 20.

Jerin tawaye na Albaniya daga 1833 zuwa 1839 yana nuna adawa da ci gaba da adawa da ikon tsakiyar Ottoman, yana nuna rashin jin daɗi tsakanin shugabannin Albaniya da al'ummomin Albaniya game da sauye-sauyen Ottoman da ayyukan gudanarwa.Wadannan boren sun kasance ne ta hanyar hadakar burin yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida, korafe-korafe na tattalin arziki, da adawa da daidaita sauye-sauyen da Daular Ottoman ta gabatar.FageBayan faduwar fitattun jagororin Albaniya a lokacin Kisan Albanian Beys a shekara ta 1830, an samu rashin iko a yankin.Wannan lokaci ya ga raguwar tasirin sarakunan gargajiya kamar beys da agas, waɗanda suka taɓa yin tasiri a yankunan Albaniya.Gwamnatin Ottoman ta tsakiya ta nemi yin amfani da wannan damar ta hanyar aiwatar da sauye-sauye don tabbatar da iko, amma hakan ya fuskanci turjiya, wanda ya haifar da jerin gwano a duk fadin kasar Albania.Tashin hankaliTashin hankali a Shkodër, 1833 : Albaniyawa kusan 4,000 ne suka faro daga Shkodër da kewaye, wannan boren ya kasance martani ne ga haraji na zalunci da kuma watsi da gata da aka bayar a baya.'Yan tawayen sun mamaye wurare masu mahimmanci kuma sun bukaci a soke sabbin haraji tare da maido da tsofaffin hakkoki.Duk da tattaunawar farko, rikici ya barke lokacin da sojojin Ottoman suka yi yunkurin kwato iko, wanda ya haifar da tsayin daka da tsayin daka wanda daga karshe ya tilasta wa Ottoman rangwame.Tashe-tashen hankula a Kudancin Albaniya, 1833 : A daidai lokacin da tawayen arewa, kudancin Albaniya ma ya ga gagarumin tarzoma.Karkashin jagorancin wasu mutane irin su Balil Nesho da Tafil Buzi, wannan boren ya kasance da yaduwa a fadin kasa da kuma yadda sojoji suka yi ta kai ruwa rana.Bukatun ‘yan tawayen dai sun ta’allaka ne kan nadin jami’an Albaniya da sauke nauyin haraji na zalunci.Nasarar arangamar tasu ta farko ta kai ga kame wasu muhimman wurare kamar Berat, lamarin da ya sa gwamnatin Ottoman ta yi shawarwari tare da amincewa da wasu bukatun 'yan tawayen.Tashe-tashen hankula na 1834-1835 : Waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ga sakamako mai gauraya, tare da nasara a arewacin Albaniya amma koma baya a kudanci.Arewa ta ci gajiyar hadin gwiwar shugabannin yankin da suka yi nasarar dakile yunkurin sojojin daular Usmaniyya yadda ya kamata.Sabanin haka, tashe-tashen hankula na kudancin kasar, duk da nasarorin da aka samu a farko, sun fuskanci tsauraran matakai, saboda irin dabarun da yankin ke da shi ga daular Usmaniyya.Tashe-tashen hankula na 1836-1839 a Kudancin Albaniya : Shekarun baya na 1830s sun ga sake dawowar ayyukan 'yan tawaye a kudancin Albaniya, wanda ke nuna nasara ta wucin gadi da danniya.Tawayen da aka yi a shekara ta 1839 a Berat da yankunan da ke kewaye ya nuna yadda ake ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da mulkin Ottoman da kuma sha'awar gudanar da mulki na cikin gida, wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa duk da gagarumin kalubalen soji da na siyasa.

Farkawa ta Ƙasar Albaniya, wanda kuma aka sani da Rilindja Kombëtare ko Renaissance na Albaniya, ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20 lokacin da Albaniya ta sami gagarumin motsin al'adu, siyasa, da zamantakewa.Wannan zamanin yana da alaƙa da haɗakar fahimtar al'ummar Albaniya da ƙoƙarin kafa al'adu da siyasa mai zaman kanta, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙasar Albaniya ta zamani.FageKusan ƙarni biyar, Albaniya tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman , wanda ya danne duk wani nau'i na haɗin kan ƙasa ko kuma bayyananniyar asalin Albaniya.Gwamnatin Ottoman ta aiwatar da manufofin da ke da nufin dakile ci gaban kishin kasa a tsakanin al'ummarta, ciki har da Albaniyawa.Asalin farkawa ta ƙasar AlbaniyaAna ta muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi game da ainihin tushen al'amuran al'ummar Albaniya.Wasu suna jayayya cewa motsi ya fara ne da 1830s tawaye ga kokarin Ottoman tsakiya, wanda za a iya gani a matsayin farkon furci na 'yancin kai na siyasa na Albaniya.Wasu kuma suna nuni ga buga daidaitattun haruffan Albaniya na farko na Naum Veqilharxhi a cikin 1844 a matsayin muhimmin ci gaba na al'adu wanda ya taimaka haɓaka asalin ƙasa.Bugu da ƙari, rushewar ƙungiyar Prizren a lokacin Rikicin Gabas a 1881 ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin wani muhimmin juzu'i wanda ya haifar da buri na kishin ƙasa na Albaniya.Juyin HalittaDa farko dai wannan yunkuri na al'adu da adabi ne, wanda al'ummar Albaniya da ma'abota ilimi ne suka jagoranci wannan yunkuri na kawo sauyi na ilimi da zamantakewa.Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙirƙirar wallafe-wallafe da ayyukan ilimi a cikin harshen Albaniya, waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka fahimtar asalin ƙasa.A ƙarshen karni na 19, waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na al'adu sun rikide zuwa wani yunkuri na siyasa na kishin ƙasa.Mahimman abubuwan da suka faru irin su League of Prizren, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1878 don ba da ra'ayin kare hakkin Albaniya a cikin Daular Ottoman, ya nuna wannan canji.Tun farko da kungiyar ta mayar da hankali wajen kare kasashen Albaniya daga rabe-rabe da kuma ba da ra'ayin cin gashin kai ya nuna yadda harkar siyasa ke kara bunkasa.Ganewar DuniyaA ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1912 ne aka cimma nasarar wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na kishin ƙasa, lokacin da taron jakadu a London ya amince da ’yancin kan Albaniya a kan iyakokinta na yau.Wannan karramawa wata gagarumar nasara ce ga kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Albaniya, tare da tabbatar da nasarar gwagwarmaya da bayar da shawarwari na shekaru da dama.

Rikicin Dervish Cara (1843-1844) ya kasance gagarumin tawaye a arewacin Ottoman Albania don adawa da sauye-sauyen Tanzimat da Daular Usmaniyya ta fara a 1839. Wadannan sauye-sauyen, da nufin zamanantar da tsarin mulki da soja na Ottoman, sun rushe gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya da kuma gine-gine. ya yi barazanar cin gashin kansa na shugabannin yankin, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da tsayin daka a cikin lardunan Balkan ta yamma.Abin da ya haifar da boren nan take shi ne kamawa da kisa da aka yi wa fitattun jagororin kasar Albaniya, wanda ya tunzura makami a karkashin jagorancin Dervish Cara.Tawayen ya fara ne a Üsküb (yanzu Skopje) a cikin Yuli 1843, da sauri ya faɗaɗa wasu yankuna da suka haɗa da Gostivar, Kalkandelen (Tetovo), kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai birane kamar Pristina, Gjakova, da Shkodër.Masu tada kayar bayan da suka hada da Albaniyawa Musulmi da Kirista, da nufin kawar da shiga aikin soja ga Albaniyawa, da daukar nauyin shugabannin yankin da suka san harshen Albaniya, da kuma amincewa da ‘yancin cin gashin kan Albaniya, irin wanda aka bai wa Serbia a shekara ta 1830.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a farko, da suka hada da kafa Babban Majalisa da ikon wucin gadi a garuruwa da dama, 'yan tawayen sun fuskanci mummunan farmaki karkashin jagorancin Omer Pasha da kuma wani babban dakarun Ottoman.A watan Mayun 1844, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani da koma baya, tawayen ya kasance mafi muni, tare da manyan yankunan da sojojin Ottoman suka sake kama su kuma Dervish Cara sun kama su a kurkuku.A halin da ake ciki kuma, a Dibër, an ci gaba da tada kayar bayan da aka kama Cara, karkashin jagorancin Sheh Mustafa Zerqani da wasu shugabannin yankin.Duk da matsananciyar tsayin daka, gami da gagarumar gudummawar jama'ar yankin, manyan sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun murkushe tawayen a hankali.Martanin da Ottoman ya yi ya hada da ramuwar gayya da tilastawa gudun hijira, ko da yake a karshe sun jinkirta aiwatar da sauye-sauyen Tanzimat don mayar da martani ga tsayin daka.Tashin hankalin Dervish Cara ya bayyana kalubalen da Daular Usmaniyya ke fuskanta wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauye a yankuna masu bambancin kabila da masu cin gashin kansu.Har ila yau, ya jaddada rikitacciyar mu'amalar kishin kasa da kuma biyayyar gargajiya ta fuskar sake fasalin daular.

Tawayen Albaniya na 1847 ya kasance babbar bore a kudancin Albaniya don adawa da sauye-sauyen Ottoman Tanzimat.Wadannan gyare-gyaren da aka gabatar don zamanantar da gwamnatin Ottoman, sun fara shafar Albaniya a cikin shekarun 1840, wanda ya haifar da karuwar haraji, kwance damara, da nada sabbin jami'an Ottoman, wanda al'ummar Albaniya suka kosa.Tawayen ya kasance gabanin juyin juya halin Dervish Cara a 1844, wanda ke nuna ci gaba da tsayin daka ga manufofin Ottoman a yankin.A shekara ta 1846, an gabatar da sauye-sauyen Tanzimat a kudancin Albaniya, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali saboda manyan hanyoyin tattara haraji da kuma kwance damara da masu rike da Ottoman na gida kamar Hysen Pasha Vrioni suka jagoranta.Rashin jin daɗi ya ƙare a Majalisar Mesaplik a watan Yuni 1847, inda shugabannin Albaniyawa daga al'ummomi daban-daban, Musulmi da Kirista, suka haɗa kai don kin amincewa da sabon haraji, shiga aikin soja, da canje-canjen gudanarwa da Ottoman suka sanya.Wannan taron ya zama farkon farkon tawaye, karkashin jagorancin mutane kamar Zenel Gjoleka da Rrapo Hekali.Nan take ‘yan tawayen suka karbe iko da garuruwa da dama da suka hada da Delvië da Gjirokastër, inda suka fatattaki sojojin daular Usmania a arangama da dama.Duk da yunkurin da gwamnatin Ottoman ta yi na murkushe boren ta hanyar karfin soji da kuma yin shawarwari, 'yan tawayen sun yi nasarar yin turjiya, tare da cin gajiyar 'yan kankanen lokaci kan muhimman yankuna.Rikicin ya tsananta tare da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a Berat da kewaye.Dakarun Ottoman, duk da koma bayan da aka samu a farko, daga karshe sun kai wani gagarumin farmaki wanda ya hada da dubban sojoji daga sassa daban-daban na daular.'Yan tawayen sun fuskanci kawanya da adadi mai yawa, wanda ya kai ga kamawa tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan manyan shugabanni, da kuma murkushe kungiyoyin adawa.An yi watsi da tawayen a ƙarshen 1847, tare da sakamako mai tsanani ga jama'ar yankin, ciki har da kama, kora, da kisa na shugabanni kamar Rrapo Hekali.Duk da shan kaye, tawayen da aka yi a shekara ta 1847 wani muhimmin lamari ne a tarihin juriyar Albaniya da mulkin Ottoman, wanda ke nuni da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin sauye-sauye na tsakiya da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida.

The League of Prizren, bisa hukuma da aka sani da League for Defence of the Rights of Albania, an kafa shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1878, a garin Prizren a cikin Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman .Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta fito ne a matsayin mayar da martani kai tsaye bayan yakin Rasha-Turkiyya na 1877-1878 da kuma yarjejeniyar San Stefano da Berlin da suka biyo baya, wadanda suka yi barazanar raba yankunan Albaniya da ke zaune a tsakanin kasashen Balkan da ke makwabtaka da su.FageYakin Russo-Turkiyya ya yi matukar raunana karfin daular Ottoman a kan kasashen Balkan, lamarin da ya haifar da fargaba a tsakanin Albaniyawan na raba yankin.Yarjejeniyar San Stefano a cikin Maris 1878 ta ba da shawarar irin wannan rarrabuwa, inda aka ba da yankunan Albaniya zuwa Serbia, Montenegro , da Bulgaria .Wannan shiri ya rushe ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Austria- Hungary da Burtaniya , wanda ya kai ga Majalisar Berlin daga baya a waccan shekarar.Majalisar ta yi niyya don magance waɗannan rikice-rikice na yanki amma a ƙarshe ta sanya takunkumin canja wurin yankunan Albaniya zuwa Montenegro da Serbia, tare da yin watsi da iƙirarin Albaniya.Ƙirƙira da ManufarDangane da martani, shugabannin Albaniya sun kira League of Prizren don bayyana matsayar kasa baki daya.Da farko dai kungiyar ta yi niyyar kiyaye yankunan Albaniya a cikin tsarin Ottoman, tare da tallafawa daular a kan cin zarafin jihohin da ke makwabtaka da ita.Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan mutane kamar Abdyl Frashëri, manufofin ƙungiyar sun koma neman babban yancin kai, kuma daga ƙarshe, ta ɗauki matsayi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na neman 'yancin kai na Albaniya.Ayyuka da Juriya na SojaKungiyar ta kafa wani kwamiti na tsakiya, ta tara sojoji, ta kuma sanya haraji don gudanar da ayyukanta.Ta shiga ayyukan soji don kare yankunan Albaniya daga mamayewa.Musamman ma, ƙungiyar ta yi yaƙi don riƙe yankunan Plav da Gusinje a kan ikon Montenegrin kamar yadda Majalisar Berlin ta ba da umarni.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu na farko, Daular Ottoman, saboda tsoron tashin Albaniya, ta koma ta murkushe kungiyar.A watan Afrilun 1881, sojojin Ottoman sun yi nasara a kan sojojin League, sun kama manyan shugabanni tare da rushe tsarin gudanarwa.Legacy da BayansaDanniya da kungiyar bai kashe masu kishin kasar Albaniya ba.Ya ba da haske na musamman na ƙasa a tsakanin Albaniyawa kuma ya kafa matakin ci gaba da ƙoƙarin kishin ƙasa, kamar League of Peja.Ƙoƙarin Ƙungiyoyin Prizren sun yi nasarar rage girman yankin Albaniya da aka ba da su zuwa Montenegro da Girka , don haka kiyaye wani muhimmin yanki na al'ummar Albaniya a cikin Daular Ottoman.Ayyukan ƙungiyar a wannan lokacin tashin hankali sun nuna haɗaɗɗiyar hulɗar kishin ƙasa, amincin daular, da diflomasiyya mai ƙarfi a ƙarshen karni na 19 na Balkan.Ya yi nuni da gagarumin, ko da yake da farko bai yi nasara ba, yunƙurin haɗa al'ummar Albaniya a ƙarƙashin wata manufa ta ƙasa ɗaya, ta kafa misali ga ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na gaba a yankin.

An yi shelar Albaniya mai zaman kanta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1912, a Vlorë, a cikin tashin hankali na Yaƙin Balkan na Farko .Wannan ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a yankin Balkan yayin da Albaniya ke neman kafa kanta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta da ba ta da mulkin Ottoman .Gabatarwa zuwa IndependenceTun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, yankin ya gamu da tarzoma, sakamakon sauye-sauyen da matasan Turkawa suka yi, wanda ya hada da shiga aikin soja da kuma kwance damarar ‘yan Albaniya.Tawayen Albaniya na 1912, wanda ya yi nasara a cikin buƙatunsa na samun yancin kai a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyen Albaniya, ya jaddada raunin daular Ottoman.Bayan haka, yakin Balkan na farko ya ga kungiyar Balkan suna yaki da Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya kara dagula zaman lafiya a yankin.Sanarwa da Kalubalen Ƙasashen DuniyaA ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1912, shugabannin Albaniya sun taru a Vlorë sun ayyana 'yancin kai daga Daular Ottoman.Jim kadan bayan haka aka kafa gwamnati da majalisar dattawa.Duk da haka, samun amincewar ƙasashen duniya ya zama ƙalubale.A taron London na 1913, shawarwarin farko sun sanya Albania ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman tare da gudanar da mulkin mallaka.Yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe ta rage ƙasar Albaniya sosai, ban da ƴan kabilar Albaniya da dama da kuma sanya ƙasar da ta fara zama ƙarƙashin kariyar manyan ƙasashe.Wakilan Albaniya sun yi aiki tuƙuru don sanin iyakokin ƙasarsu wanda zai haɗa da dukan ƴan ƙabilar Albaniya.Duk da ƙoƙarin da suka yi, yerjejeniyar London (Mayu 30, 1913) ta tabbatar da rarrabuwar wasu yankuna masu da'awar Albaniya a tsakanin Serbia, Girka, da Montenegro.Albaniya ta tsakiya ce kawai ta kasance a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin sarauta.Bayan yarjejeniyar, Albaniya ta fuskanci ƙalubale na yanki da na cikin gida nan take.Sojojin Serbia sun kama Durrës a watan Nuwamba 1912, ko da yake sun janye daga baya.A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Albaniya ta yi niyyar daidaita yankin da ke karkashinta, da samar da zaman lafiya da kaucewa rikici ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin.A cikin shekara ta 1913, shugabannin Albaniya, ciki har da Ismail Kemal, sun ci gaba da ba da ra'ayin tabbatar da ikon kasarsu da cikakken yankinsu.Sun goyi bayan tashe-tashen hankula na yanki na adawa da ikon Serbia tare da yin huldar diplomasiyya da manyan kasashen duniya.Duk da haka, Jamhuriyar Albaniya ta Tsakiya, wanda Essad Pasha Toptani ya ayyana a watan Oktoban 1913, ya bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida da ke gudana da kuma sarkakiyar kafa gwamnatin kasa daya.Bayan hakaDuk da waɗannan ƙalubalen ƙalubale, ayyana ’yancin kai a shekara ta 1912 wani muhimmin mataki ne a doguwar tafiyar Albaniya zuwa ga ikon mallakar ƙasa.Shekarun farko na Albaniya mai cin gashin kanta sun kasance suna da gwagwarmayar diflomasiyya, rikice-rikice na yanki, da ci gaba da neman karbuwa da kwanciyar hankali a tsakanin kasashen Balkans.Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a wannan lokacin ya kafa ginshiƙi na makomar Albaniya a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci, da ke zagaya da sarƙaƙƙiyar yanayin siyasar farkon ƙarni na 20 na Turai.

Tawayen Albaniya na 1912, wanda ya faru daga watan Janairu zuwa Agusta na wannan shekarar, shine babban boren karshe na adawa da mulkin Ottoman a Albaniya.Ta yi nasarar tilasta wa gwamnatin Ottoman biyan bukatun 'yan tawayen Albaniya, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauye a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1912. Wannan tawaye mafi rinjaye a Albaniyawa musulmi ne suka jagoranta a kan gwamnatin matasan Turkawa, wadda ta aiwatar da manufofin da ba a yarda da su ba kamar karin haraji da kuma wajibi. aikin yi.FageTawayen Albaniya a shekara ta 1910 da juyin juya halin matasa na Turkawa ne suka kafa fagen boren 1912.Albaniyawa sun kara nuna takaici da manufofin matasan Turkawa, wadanda suka hada da kwance damarar fararen hula da shigar da Albaniyawan shiga sojojin Ottoman.Wannan rashin jin daɗi wani bangare ne na tashe-tashen hankula a ko'ina cikin daular, gami da tashe-tashen hankula a Siriya da yankin Larabawa.Gabatarwa zuwa TawayeA ƙarshen 1911, alƙalai irin su Hasan Prishtina da Ismail Qemali, waɗanda suka yunƙura a sami ƙarin haƙƙin Albaniya sun yi magana game da rashin gamsuwar Albaniya a majalisar Ottoman.Yunkurin nasu ya kai ga wani yunkuri da suka shirya bayan tarurrukan tarurrukan da suka yi a Istanbul da kuma otal din Pera Palace, inda suka aza harsashi na hadin gwiwa na daukar matakan soji da na siyasa a kan mulkin Ottoman.TawayeTawayen ya fara ne a yammacin Kosovo Vilayet, tare da manyan mutane kamar Hasan Prishtina da Nexhip Draga suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.Masu tayar da kayar bayan sun sami goyon bayan kasa da kasa, musamman daga Birtaniya da Bulgaria , na karshen ganin cewa akwai yuwuwar kawar da ita wajen samar da kasar Albaniya-Macedoniya.'Yan tawayen sun samu gagarumar nasara na soji, inda da yawa daga cikin sojojin Albaniya suka bar sojojin Ottoman don shiga cikin tawaye.Bukatu da Ƙaddamarwa'Yan tawayen suna da cikakkun bukatu da suka hada da nadin jami'an Albaniya, kafa makarantu masu amfani da harshen Albaniya, da kuma aikin soja da aka takaita a cikin yankunan Albania.A watan Agustan 1912, waɗannan buƙatun sun samo asali zuwa kiran gudanar da mulki da adalci a yankunan Albaniyawan da ke da yawan jama'a, da kafa sabbin cibiyoyin ilimi, da yancin al'adu da jama'a.A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1912, gwamnatin Ottoman ta kaddamar da mafi yawan bukatun Albaniya, ban da shari'ar jami'an Ottoman da suka yi kokarin murkushe tawaye.Wannan rangwame ya kawo karshen tawayen, wanda ke nuna gagarumar nasara ga cin gashin kan Albaniya a cikin daular.Bayan hakaTawaye mai nasara da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a lokaci guda kamar yakinItalo -Turkish ya nuna raunin daular Ottoman a cikin Balkans, yana ƙarfafa mambobin kungiyar Balkan don ganin damar da za su iya shiga.Sakamakon tawayen Albaniya a kaikaice ya kafa fagen yaƙin Balkan na farko , kamar yadda jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su suka fahimci daular Usmaniyya a matsayin mai rauni kuma ba za su iya kula da yankunanta ba.Wannan tawaye ya yi tasiri wajen daidaita muradin al'ummar Albaniya da kuma kafa harsashin shelanta 'yancin kai na Albaniya daga baya a cikin watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1912. Ya nuna hadaddiyar cudanya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a cikin Daular Ottoman da muradun geopolitical na kewayen ƙasashen Turai.

A cikin 1912, a cikin Yaƙin Balkan , Albania ta ayyana ’yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba. Wannan ikirari na ikon mallakar ya zo ne a lokacin da ake tashin hankali lokacin da Ƙungiyar Balkan-wanda ta ƙunshi Serbia, Montenegro , da Girka - ta shiga cikin Ottomans sosai, da nufin yankunan da 'yan kabilar Albaniya ke zama.An yi wannan sanarwar ne yayin da tuni wadannan jihohi suka fara mamaye wasu sassan kasar ta Albaniya, lamarin da ya yi tasiri matuka ga yanayin kasa da na siyasa a sabuwar kasar da aka shelanta.Sojojin Serbia sun shiga yankunan Albaniya a watan Oktoban 1912, inda suka kame wurare masu mahimmanci ciki har da Durrës, tare da kafa tsarin gudanarwa don ƙarfafa aikinsu.Wannan sana'ar dai ta kasance da tsayin daka daga 'yan tawayen Albaniya kuma yana tare da tsauraran matakai daga bangaren Sabiya, da nufin sauya fasalin kabilun yankin.Mamaya na Serbia ya dade har sai da suka janye a watan Oktoban 1913, bayan yerjejeniyar London, wadda ta sake fasalta iyakokin yankin amma ba ta yi cikakken bayani kan iyakokin yankin Albaniya ba.Montenegro kuma, yana da burin yanki a Albaniya, yana mai da hankali kan kama Shkodër.Duk da kwace birnin a watan Afrilun 1913 bayan da aka dade ana yi masa kawanya, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa a taron jakadun London ya tilastawa Montenegro kwashe sojojinta daga birnin, wanda daga nan aka mayar da shi Albaniya.Da farko dai hare-haren sojojin Girka sun nufi kudancin Albaniya.Manjo Spyros Spyromilios ya jagoranci gagarumin tawaye ga Daular Usmaniyya a yankin Himara kafin ayyana 'yancin kai.Sojojin Girka sun mamaye wasu garuruwan kudanci na wani dan lokaci, wadanda kawai aka sallama bayan yarjejeniyar Florence a watan Disambar 1913, karkashin sharuddan da Girka ta janye, tare da mika iko ga Albaniya.A ƙarshen waɗannan rikice-rikice da kuma bayan manyan diflomasiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa, an rage iyakokin ƙasar Albaniya sosai idan aka kwatanta da sanarwar farko ta 1912.Sabuwar Masarautar Albaniya da aka kafa a 1913 ta ƙunshi kusan rabin al'ummar Albaniya, wanda ya bar adadi mai yawa a ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasashe makwabta.Wannan sake fasalin iyakoki da kafa ƙasar Albaniya sun sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar ayyuka da muradun ƙungiyar Balkan da hukunce-hukuncen manyan ƙasashe a lokacin yaƙin Balkan da kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Albaniya, ƙasa mai tasowa da ta ayyana ‘yancin kanta daga Daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1912, ta fuskanci ƙalubale masu tsanani na ciki da waje.Manyan Mahukunta sun amince da ita a matsayin Mulkin Albaniya a shekara ta 1913, da kyar ta sami damar kafa ikonta a lokacin da yakin ya barke a shekara ta 1914.Shekarun farko na ’yancin kai na Albaniya sun kasance cikin tashin hankali.Yarima Wilhelm na Wied, Bajamushe da aka nada a matsayin mai mulkin Albania, ya tilastawa barin kasar bayan 'yan watanni bayan da ya dare karagar mulki sakamakon wani bore da kuma barkewar rikici a yankin.Rikicin kasar ya kara ta'azzara ne sakamakon shigar kasashe makwabta da kuma manufofin manyan kasashen duniya.A kudu, tsirarun Girkawa a Arewacin Epirus, rashin gamsuwa da mulkin Albaniya, sun nemi 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar Corfu a cikin 1914 wanda ya ba su haƙƙoƙin yancin kai, duk da cewa ƙarƙashin ikon Albaniya na ƙima.Duk da haka, barkewar yakin duniya na daya da ayyukan soja na baya sun lalata wannan tsarin.Sojojin Girka sun sake mamaye yankin a watan Oktoban 1914, yayin da Italiya, da nufin kare muradunta, ta tura sojoji zuwa Vlorë.Yankunan arewa da tsakiyar Albaniya sun fada karkashin ikon Serbia da Montenegro da farko.Duk da haka, yayin da Serbia ta fuskanci koma baya na soji daga Tsakiyar Powers a cikin 1915, sojojinta sun koma ta Albania, wanda ya haifar da yanayi mai rudani inda shugabannin yakin na gida suka kwace iko.A cikin 1916, Ostiriya- Hungary ta kaddamar da mamayewa tare da mamaye wasu yankuna na Albania, suna gudanar da yankin tare da tsarin mulkin soja, yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan more rayuwa da ci gaban al'adu don samun tallafin gida.Sojojin Bulgeriya ma sun yi kutse amma sun fuskanci turjiya da koma baya.A shekara ta 1918, sa’ad da yaƙin ya kusa ƙarewa, Albaniya ta rabu a ƙarƙashin ikon dakaru daban-daban na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da sojojinItaliya da na Faransa .An bayyana muhimmancin ƙasar ta geopolitical a cikin sirrin yarjejeniyar London (1915), inda aka yi wa Italiya alƙawarin ba da kariya ga Albaniya, wanda ke tasiri ga shawarwarin yankunan bayan yakin.Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ga Albaniya a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna da ikon mallakarta ya yi barazana ga muradin yanki na Italiya, Yugoslavia, da Girka.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, tsoma bakin shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson a taron zaman lafiya na Paris ya taimaka wajen hana rabuwar ƙasar Albaniya, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da ita a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekara ta 1920.Gabaɗaya, Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya kawo cikas ga matsayin ƙasar Albaniya ta farko, tare da ayyukan ƙasashen waje da yawa da tawaye na cikin gida wanda ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na rashin kwanciyar hankali da gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na gaske.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya Albaniya na fama da matsananciyar rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da matsin lamba daga waje, inda al'ummar ƙasar ke fafutukar tabbatar da 'yancin kai a cikin muradun ƙasashe maƙwabta da kuma manyan ƙasashe.Albaniya, bayan da ta ayyana ‘yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya a shekarar 1912, ta fuskanci mamayar sojojin Sabiya dana Italiya a lokacin yakin.Wadannan sana'o'in sun ci gaba har zuwa lokacin yakin bayan yakin, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin rikici na yanki da na kasa.Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Albaniya ba ta da haɗin kai, gwamnati da aka sani.Rashin siyasa ya haifar da fargaba a tsakanin Albaniyawa cewa Italiya, Yugoslavia, da Girka za su raba kasar kuma su lalata ikonta.Domin mayar da martani ga waɗannan sana’o’i da yuwuwar yin hasarar yankin, Albaniya ta yi taron Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a Durrës a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1918. Taron ya yi nufin kiyaye mutuncin ƙasar Albaniya da ’yancin kai, tare da bayyana a shirye ta karɓi kāriyar Italiya idan ta tabbatar da kiyaye ƙasashen Albaniya.Taron zaman lafiya na Paris a 1920 ya gabatar da ƙalubale yayin da Albaniya ta fara hana wakilci a hukumance.Bayan haka, majalisar dokokin kasar Lushnjë ta yi watsi da ra'ayin raba kasa karkashin ikon kasashen waje tare da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, inda ta mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Tirana.Wannan gwamnati, wacce ke da wakilai hudu da majalisar wakilai ta wakilai, ta nemi ta kula da halin da Albaniya ke ciki.Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa Albaniya 'yancin kai a 1920 ta hanyar toshe yarjejeniyar rabuwa a taron zaman lafiya na Paris.Taimakon nasa, tare da amincewa da Albaniya daga baya daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya a cikin Disamba 1920, ya ƙarfafa matsayin Albaniya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta.Sai dai har yanzu ba a warware takaddamar yankunan ba, musamman bayan yakin Vlora a shekara ta 1920, wanda ya sa Albaniya ta dawo da iko da yankunan da Italiya ta mamaye, sai dai tsibirin Saseno mai mahimmanci.Yanayin siyasa a Albaniya a farkon shekarun 1920 ya kasance maras tabbas sosai, tare da saurin sauye-sauye a shugabancin gwamnati.A shekarar 1921, jam'iyyar Popular Party karkashin jagorancin Xhafer Ypi ta hau kan karagar mulki, inda Ahmed Bey Zogu ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida.Sai dai gwamnatin ta fuskanci kalubale nan take da suka hada da tayar da kayar baya da kuma rashin zaman lafiya a yankin.Kisan da aka yi wa Avni Rustemi a shekara ta 1924, shugaba mai kishin kasa, ya kara haifar da rudanin siyasa, wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin watan Yuni karkashin jagorancin Fan S. Noli.Gwamnatin Noli kuwa, ba ta daɗe ba, tana dawwama har zuwa Disamba 1924, lokacin da Zogu, tare da goyon bayan sojojin Yugoslavia da makamai, ya sake samun iko tare da hambarar da gwamnatin Noli.Bayan haka ne aka ayyana Albaniya a matsayin jamhuriya a shekara ta 1925 tare da Zogu a matsayin shugabanta, wanda daga baya ya zama sarki Zog na daya a 1928, ya mai da Albaniya ta zama sarauta.Mulkin Zog ya kasance da tsarin mulkin kama-karya, daidaitawa tare da muradun Italiya, da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na zamani da daidaitawa.Duk da wannan yunƙurin, Zog ya ci gaba da fuskantar barazana, daga cikin gida da waje, musamman daga Italiya da Yugoslavia, waɗanda ke da muradin ra'ayi da albarkatu na Albaniya.A tsawon wannan lokaci, Albaniya ta yi fama da rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida, da rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma ci gaba da barazanar mamayar kasashen waje, inda ta kafa fagen ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula da kuma mamayewar Italiya a shekarar 1939.

A cikin Afrilu 1939, yakin duniya na biyu ya fara zuwa Albaniya tare da mamaye Mussolini naItaliya , wanda ya kai ga kafa ta a matsayin 'yar tsana a karkashin ikon Italiya.Mamayewar Italiya wani bangare ne na babban burin Mussolini na daular a yankin Balkan.Duk da tsayin daka na farko, kamar kare Durrës da ƙaramin sojojin Albaniya suka yi, Albaniya cikin sauri ta miƙe ga ƙarfin sojan Italiya.An tilasta wa Sarki Zog gudun hijira, kuma Italiya ta hade Albaniya da masarautarta, tare da aiwatar da iko kai tsaye kan harkokin soja da gudanarwa.A lokacin mamayar Italiya, an kaddamar da ayyukan raya kasa iri-iri, kuma an yi yunkurin fara fatan alheri ta hanyar taimakon tattalin arziki da inganta ababen more rayuwa.Duk da haka, mamaya sun kuma yi niyyar haɗa Albaniya tare da Italiya, wanda ya haifar da ƙoƙari na Italiyanci.Bayan mamayar Italiya a shekarar 1943 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Jamus ta yi gaggawar mamaye kasar Albaniya.Dangane da mayar da martani, kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya daban-daban na Albaniya, da suka hada da National Liberation Movement (NLM) karkashin jagorancin gurguzu da kuma National Front mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (Balli Kombëtar), da farko sun yi yaki da masu karfin Axis amma kuma sun shiga rikici na cikin gida kan hangen nesansu na makomar Albaniya.Ƙungiyoyin gurguzu, karkashin jagorancin Enver Hoxha, sun sami nasara a ƙarshe, suna samun goyon bayan Yugoslavia Partisans da kuma manyan sojojin Allied.A karshen shekara ta 1944, sun kori sojojin Jamus tare da mamaye kasar, inda suka kafa tsarin mulkin gurguzu a Albaniya.A cikin mamaya da 'yantarwar da suka biyo baya, Albaniya ta fuskanci barna mai yawa, tare da asarar rayuka da dama, da barna mai yawa, da kuma fararen hular da suka shafa.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin yawan jama'a, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin da suka shafi rikicin kabilanci da danniya na siyasa, musamman ga wadanda ake gani a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa ko masu adawa da sabon tsarin gurguzu.Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya bar ƙasar Albaniya a cikin wani mawuyacin hali, wanda Yugoslavia da sauran ƙasashe ƙawance suka yi tasiri sosai, wanda ya kai ga lokacin haɗin gwiwar gurguzu a ƙarƙashin Hoxha.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu , Albaniya ta sami wani lokaci mai sauyi a karkashin mulkin gurguzu wanda ya sake fasalin al'ummarta, tattalin arzikinta, da dangantakar kasa da kasa.Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Albania, wacce aka fara jagorancin alkaluma irin su Enver Hoxha da Koçi Xoxe, cikin sauri sun matsa don ƙarfafa iko ta hanyar kai hari ga manyan masu fada a ji don warwarewa, ɗaurin kurkuku, ko gudun hijira.Wannan tsarkakewa ya shafi dubban mutane, ciki har da 'yan siyasar adawa, sarakunan dangi, da masana, wanda ya canza yanayin siyasa sosai.Sabon tsarin mulkin gurguzu ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matakai na farko shine sake fasalin noma wanda ya sake rarraba filaye daga manyan gidaje zuwa manoma, tare da wargaza gonakin bey.Hakan ya biyo bayan mayar da masana'antu kasa da kuma tattara ayyukan noma, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1960.Waɗannan manufofin da nufin mayar da Albaniya zuwa ƙasar gurguzu mai tsarin tattalin arziƙin tsakiya.Gwamnatin ta kuma gabatar da sauye-sauye a manufofin zamantakewa, musamman game da 'yancin mata.An ba wa mata daidaito a shari'a da maza, wanda ya haifar da shiga cikin kowane fanni na rayuwar jama'a, wanda ya bambanta sosai da matsayinsu na al'ada a cikin al'ummar Albaniya.A duk faɗin duniya, daidaitawar Albaniya ta canja sosai a cikin shekarun bayan yaƙi.Da farko tauraron dan adam na Yugoslavia, dangantaka ta yi tsami saboda rashin jituwar tattalin arziki da kuma zargin cin zarafin Yugoslavia.Bayan karyawa da Yugoslavia a 1948, Albaniya ta yi cudanya da Tarayyar Soviet , tana samun taimakon tattalin arziki da tallafi na fasaha.Wannan alakar ta dade har sai da manufofin de-Stalinization na shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960 suka haifar da tashin hankali kan tsaftar akida da kuma tsananin Stalinism na Albaniya.Rarrabuwar da Albaniya ta yi da Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da sabuwar kawance da kasar Sin , wadda ta ba da goyon baya ga tattalin arziki sosai.Duk da haka, wannan alakar ta tabarbare a shekarun 1970 lokacin da kasar Sin ta fara neman kusanci da Amurka , wanda ya kai ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Albaniya.Wannan ya sa Albaniya karkashin jagorancin Hoxha ta kara ware kanta daga kasashen Gabas da Yamma, suna bin hanyar dogaro da kai.A cikin gida, gwamnatin Albaniya ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin siyasa, tare da murkushe adawa ta hanyar danniya mai tsanani.Wannan lokacin ya ga cin zarafin bil adama da yawa, ciki har da sansanonin aikin tilastawa da kuma kisa na siyasa.Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar yada farfaganda, share fagen siyasa, da kuma tsarin tsaro na kasa baki daya.Duk da wadannan matakan danniya, gwamnatin gurguzu a Albaniya ta samu wasu ci gaban tattalin arziki da gyare-gyaren zamantakewa.Ya yi iƙirarin samun nasarar kawar da jahilci, inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka daidaiton jinsi, kodayake waɗannan nasarorin sun zo da tsadar ɗan adam.Gadon wannan zamanin ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya da jayayya a ƙwaƙwalwar Albaniya.

Yayin da lafiyar Enver Hoxha ta fara raguwa, ya fara tsara tsarin mika mulki cikin sauki.A cikin 1980, Hoxha ya zaɓi Ramiz Alia, amintaccen amintaccen abokinsa, ya zama magajinsa, inda ya ketare sauran manyan jami'an gwamnatinsa.Wannan shawarar ta nuna mafarin gagarumin sauyi a cikin shugabancin Albaniya.Hanyar da Hoxha ya bi wajen tabbatar da mulki ya hada da tuhume-tuhume da wanke-wanke a cikin jam’iyyar, musamman a kan Mehmet Shehu, wanda aka zarge shi da laifin leken asiri, kuma daga baya ya mutu a wani yanayi na ban mamaki.Tsayayyen tsarin sarrafa Hoxha ya ci gaba ko da ya yi murabus a cikin 1983, tare da Alia ya ɗauki ƙarin nauyin gudanarwa kuma ya zama babban jigo a cikin tsarin mulki.Kundin tsarin mulkin Albaniya na 1976, wanda aka amince da shi a karkashin mulkin Hoxha, ya ayyana Albaniya a matsayin jamhuriya mai ra'ayin gurguzu kuma ya jaddada bin hakkin kowane mutum ga ayyukan al'umma.Ya inganta autarky, tare da hana mu'amalar kudi da jahohin gurguzu na 'yan jari-hujja da "masu bita da kulli", da shelar kawar da ayyukan addini, wanda ke nuna tsayuwar jahilci na rashin yarda da Allah.Bayan mutuwar Hoxha a 1985, Ramiz Alia ya zama shugaban kasa.Duk da kasancewarsa na farko ga manufofin Hoxha, Alia ya fara aiwatar da gyare-gyare a hankali don mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayin siyasa a fadin Turai, wanda glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev da perestroika suka rinjayi a Tarayyar Soviet .Karkashin matsin lamba daga zanga-zangar cikin gida da kuma faffadar neman kafa dimokuradiyya, Alia ta ba da damar siyasa ta jam'iyyu, wanda ya kai ga zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Albaniya tun lokacin da 'yan gurguzu suka hau kan karagar mulki.Ko da yake jam'iyyar Socialist, karkashin jagorancin Alia, da farko ta lashe wadannan zabukan a shekarar 1991, ba a iya dakatar da neman sauyi ba.Juyin mulkin daga tsarin gurguzu zuwa tsarin dimokraɗiyya a Albaniya ya sami gagarumin ƙalubale.Kundin tsarin mulkin wucin gadi a shekarar 1991 ya share fagen samar da tsarin dimokuradiyya mai dorewa, wanda a karshe aka amince da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1998. Duk da haka, farkon shekarun 1990 ya kasance cikin rudani.'Yan gurguzu sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko da farko amma ba da jimawa ba aka kore su a lokacin wani yajin aikin gama-gari, wanda ya kai ga kafa kwamitin "ceton kasa" na gajeren lokaci.A watan Maris na shekarar 1992, jam'iyyar Democrat karkashin jagorancin Sali Berisha, ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda ke nuni da kawo karshen mulkin gurguzu.Sauyin mulkin bayan gurguzu ya ƙunshi sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa amma jinkirin ci gaba ya kawo cikas ga ci gaba da rashin iya cika babban tsammanin ci gaba cikin sauri tsakanin jama'a.Wannan lokacin ya kasance lokaci ne na gagarumin tashin hankali, wanda ke nuna ci gaba da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa da kalubale na tattalin arziki yayin da Albaniya ke neman sake fasalin kanta a zamanin mulkin gurguzu.

Bayan faduwar tsarin gurguzu, Albaniya ta sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, wanda aka yiwa alama da shugaba Ramiz Alia wanda ya fara a 1985. Alia ya yi ƙoƙarin ci gaba da gadon gadon Enver Hoxha amma an tilasta masa gabatar da gyare-gyare saboda sauyin yanayin siyasa a faɗin Turai, wanda ya samo asali daga manufofin glasnost da Mikhail Gorbachev. perestroika.Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun kai ga halatta jam'iyyun adawa da kuma zaben farko na jam'iyyu da dama a kasar a shekarar 1991, wanda jam'iyyar Socialist karkashin jagorancin Alia ta lashe.Duk da haka, ba a iya dakatar da yunƙurin kawo sauyi, kuma an amince da tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya a shekara ta 1998, wanda ke nuna ficewa daga mulkin kama-karya.Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen, Albaniya ta fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa a lokacin sauye-sauyen da ta yi zuwa tattalin arziƙin kasuwa da mulkin demokraɗiyya.A farkon 1990s an yi alama da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da tashe-tashen hankula na zamantakewa, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar tsarin dala a tsakiyar 1990s wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice da yawa da kuma shiga tsakani na soja da na jin kai da sojojin kasa da kasa suka yi a 1997. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga Jam'iyyar Democratic Party. karkashin jagorancin Sali Berisha, ya sha kaye a hannun jam'iyyar Socialist a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1997.Shekarun da suka biyo baya suna da halin rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da ke gudana amma kuma an samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da hadewa cikin cibiyoyin kasa da kasa.Albaniya ta shiga Majalisar Turai a cikin 1995 kuma ta nemi zama memba na NATO, wanda ke nuna faffadar manufofinta na ketare zuwa hadewar Yuro-Atlantic.A farkon shekarun 2000 ya ga ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa amma kuma kokarin karfafa cibiyoyin demokradiyya da bin doka.Zabukan da aka yi a tsawon wannan lokacin sun kasance masu cike da cece-kuce kuma galibi ana sukar su da kura-kurai, amma kuma suna nuna fa'idar sabon yanayin siyasa a Albaniya.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Albaniya ta sami ci gaba a hankali, tare da haɓaka haɓaka a tsakiyar 2000s.lek ya ƙarfafa sosai akan dala, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 2000, dawowar Sali Berisha a matsayin firaministan kasar a shekara ta 2005 bayan shekaru takwas na mulkin gurguzu ya nuna wani sauyi a fagen siyasar kasar Albaniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba da sauye-sauyen da ake samu da kuma kalubalen sauyi bayan gurguzu a kasar.

Yakin Kosovo, wanda ya gudana daga ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1998, zuwa 11 ga Yuni, 1999, rikici ne tsakanin Tarayyar Yugoslavia (Serbia da Montenegro ) da kuma Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 'yan tawayen 'yan aware na Albaniya.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga kokarin KLA na yaki da wariya da danniya na siyasa da hukumomin Serbia suka yi wa 'yan kabilar Albaniya, bayan soke mulkin Kosovo da shugaban Serbia Slobodan Milošević ya yi a shekara ta 1989.Lamarin dai ya ta'azzara yayin da KLA da aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1990, ta tsananta kai hare-hare a karshen shekarun 1990, lamarin da ya kai ga mumunan ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Yugoslavia da na Serbia.Rikicin ya yi sanadin asarar rayukan fararen hula tare da raba dubban daruruwan Albaniyawan Kosovar da matsugunansu.Dangane da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula da rikicin bil adama, NATO ta shiga tsakani a watan Maris na 1999 tare da kai hare-hare ta sama kan sojojin Yugoslavia, wanda a karshe ya kai ga janye sojojin Serbia daga Kosovo.An kammala yakin ne da yarjejeniyar Kumanovo, wadda a karkashinta sojojin Yugoslavia suka janye, wanda ya ba da damar kafa rundunar kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Sakamakon yakin ya haifar da kaura daga Sabiyawa da wadanda ba Albaniyawa da dama, da barna mai yawa, da ci gaba da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin.Rundunar 'Yancin Kosovo ta wargaza, inda wasu tsoffin 'yan kungiyar suka shiga wasu yunƙurin soja na yankin ko kuma sabuwar 'yan sandan Kosovo da aka kafa.Rikicin da kuma shigar da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ke ci gaba da tabka cece-kuce, musamman dangane da halaccin doka da sakamakon yakin da kungiyar ta NATO ta yi, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula, kuma ba su samu amincewar kwamitin sulhu na MDD ba.Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar kasar Yugoslavia ta yanke wa wasu jami'ai daga bangarorin biyu hukuncin dauri kan laifukan yaki da suka aikata a lokacin rikicin.

Tun bayan rugujewar kasashen Gabas, Albaniya ta samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen hadewa da kasashen yammacin Turai, wanda aka yi nuni da kasancewarta cikin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a watan Afrilun 2009 da matsayinta na dan takara a hukumance na zama memba na Tarayyar Turai tun watan Yunin 2014. Yanayin siyasar kasar ya ga fa'ida sosai. ci gaba, musamman a karkashin jagorancin Edi Rama, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista na 33 bayan Jam'iyyar Socialist ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisa na 2013.A karkashin Firayim Minista Rama, Albaniya ta gudanar da sauye-sauye masu yawa da nufin sabunta tattalin arziki da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar hukumomin gwamnati, ciki har da bangaren shari'a da tabbatar da doka.Wadannan yunƙurin sun taimaka wajen rage yawan rashin aikin yi, wanda ya baiwa Albaniya ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin rashin aikin yi a yankin Balkan.A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2017, jam'iyyar Socialist Party, karkashin jagorancin Edi Rama, ta ci gaba da rike madafun iko, kuma Ilir Meta, wanda shi ne shugaban farko sannan kuma Firayim Minista, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a jerin kuri'un da aka kammala a watan Afrilun 2017. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga Albaniya ta fara aiki a hukumance. Tattaunawar shiga EU, wanda ke nuna ci gaba da hanyarta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Turai.A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2021, Edi Rama's Socialist Party ya lashe wa'adi na uku a jere, inda ya samu isassun kujeru don gudanar da mulki ba tare da abokan kawance ba.Sai dai har yanzu ana zaman dar-dar a fili, kamar yadda kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta nuna a watan Fabrairun 2022 na soke matakin tsige Shugaba Ilir Meta, mai sukar jam'iyyar Socialist.A watan Yunin 2022, Bajram Begaj, wanda ke samun goyon bayan jam'iyyar Socialist Party, an zabi sabon shugaban Albaniya.An rantsar da shi ne a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2022. Bugu da kari, a cikin 2022, Albania ta karbi bakuncin taron koli na EU-Western Balkans a Tirana, wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a huldarta na kasa da kasa kasancewar shi ne taron kolin kungiyar EU na farko da aka gudanar a birnin.Wannan taron ya kara nuna irin rawar da Albaniya ke takawa a harkokin shiyya-shiyya da na Turai yayin da take ci gaba da tattaunawa kan kasancewarta mamba a kungiyar ta EU.