Cold War

Amurka ta gayyaci Biritaniya cikin shirinta na bama-baman nukiliya amma ta boye ta daga Tarayyar Soviet .Stalin ya san cewa Amurkawa suna aiki da bam din nukiliya, kuma ya mayar da martani ga labarin cikin nutsuwa.Mako guda bayan kammala taron Potsdam, Amurka ta kai harin bam a Hiroshima da Nagasaki.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hare-haren, Stalin ya nuna rashin amincewa ga jami'an Amurka lokacin da Truman ya ba wa Soviets wani tasiri na gaske a Japan.Stalin ya kuma fusata da ainahin jefa bama-baman, inda ya kira su a matsayin "superbarbarity" da ikirarin cewa "an lalata ma'auni...Hakan ba zai yiwu ba."Gwamnatin Truman ta yi niyyar amfani da shirinta na kera makaman kare dangi don matsa wa Tarayyar Soviet lamba a dangantakar kasa da kasa.Bayan yakin, Amurka da Birtaniya sun yi amfani da dakarun soji a kasashen Girka da Koriya wajen kawar da gwamnatocin 'yan asalin kasar da kuma dakarun da ake gani a matsayin 'yan gurguzu.A lokacin bude yakin duniya na biyu, Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa harsashin Gabas ta hanyar mamayewa sannan kuma ta hade kasashe da dama a matsayin jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Soviet, ta hanyar yarjejeniya da Jamus a yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop.Waɗannan sun haɗa da gabashin Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, wani yanki na gabashin Finland da gabashin Romania.Yankunan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai waɗanda sojojin Soviet suka 'yantar da su daga Jamus an ƙara su zuwa Gabashin Bloc, bisa ga yarjejeniyar kaso tsakanin Churchill da Stalin, wanda, duk da haka, ya ƙunshi tanadi game da Poland ko Czechoslovakia ko Jamus .

A karshen watan Fabrairun 1946, "Long Telegram" na George F. Kennan daga Moscow zuwa Washington ya taimaka wajen bayyana yadda gwamnatin Amurka ke kara tsaurin ra'ayi kan 'yan Soviet, wanda zai zama tushen dabarun Amurka ga Tarayyar Soviet na tsawon lokacin yakin cacar baka. .Tashar telegram ta ba da damar muhawarar manufofin da za ta iya tsara manufofin gwamnatin Truman na Soviet.Adawar Washington ga Soviets ta taru bayan karya alkawuran da Stalin da Molotov suka yi game da Turai da Iran .Bayan yakin WWII na Anglo-Soviet a Iran, kasar ta kasance karkashin sojojin Red Army a arewa mai nisa da kuma turawan Ingila a kudu.Amurka da Birtaniya ne suka yi amfani da Iran wajen samar wa Tarayyar Soviet, kuma kasashen kawancen sun amince da janyewa daga Iran cikin watanni shida bayan dakatar da yakin.Duk da haka, lokacin da wannan wa'adin ya zo, Soviets sun ci gaba da zama a Iran a karkashin gwamnatin Azarbaijan da Jamhuriyar Kurdawa ta Mahabad.Jim kadan bayan haka, a ranar 5 ga Maris, tsohon firaministan Burtaniya Winston Churchill ya gabatar da shahararren jawabinsa na "Labulen Karfe" a Fulton, Missouri.Jawabin ya yi kira ga kawancen Anglo-Amurka a kan Soviets, wadanda ya zarga da kafa "labule na ƙarfe" da ke raba Turai daga "Stettin a cikin Baltic zuwa Trieste a cikin Adriatic".Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 13 ga Maris, Stalin ya mayar da martani da kakkausar murya ga jawabin, yana mai cewa za a iya kwatanta Churchill da Hitler matukar ya ba da shawarar fifikon launin fata na al'ummomin da ke magana da Ingilishi ta yadda za su iya gamsar da yunwar mulkin duniya, kuma irin wannan sanarwar ita ce "kira don yaki akan USSR."Shugaban na Tarayyar Soviet ya kuma yi watsi da zargin cewa USSR na kara karfin iko a kan kasashen da ke kwance a fagenta.Ya bayar da hujjar cewa babu wani abin mamaki a cikin "Gaskiyar cewa Tarayyar Soviet, ta damu da tsaron lafiyarta na gaba, [ta] tana ƙoƙarin ganin cewa gwamnatocin da ke biyayya ga halinsu ga Tarayyar Soviet ya kamata su kasance a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe".

A shekara ta 1947, shugaban Amurka Harry S. Truman ya fusata saboda yadda Tarayyar Soviet ta yi tsayin daka ga bukatun Amurka a Iran , Turkiyya , da Girka , da kuma watsi da Tarayyar Soviet na Shirin Baruch na makaman nukiliya.A watan Fabrairun 1947, gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta iya ba da tallafin daular Girka ba a yakin basasar da ta ke yi da ‘yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin gurguzu.A cikin wannan watan, Stalin ya gudanar da zaɓen majalisar dokoki na Poland a 1947 wanda ya haifar da keta yarjejeniyar Yalta.Gwamnatin Amurka ta mayar da martani ga wannan sanarwar ta hanyar aiwatar da manufar kamewa, da nufin dakatar da yaduwar gurguzu.Truman ya gabatar da jawabin da ya yi kira ga kasafta dala miliyan 400 don shiga tsakani a yakin tare da bayyana rukunan Truman, wanda ya tsara rikici a matsayin takara tsakanin mutane masu 'yanci da gwamnatocin kama-karya.Masu tsara manufofin Amurka sun zargi Tarayyar Soviet da hada baki da sarakunan Girka a kokarin da suke yi na fadada tasirin Tarayyar Soviet duk da cewa Stalin ya shaidawa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta hada kai da gwamnatin Birtaniya da ke marawa baya.Bayyana Rukunan Truman ya zama farkon yarjejeniyar tsaro tsakanin Amurka da manufofin kasashen waje tsakanin 'yan Republican da Democrat sun mai da hankali kan hanawa da hanawa wanda ya raunana yayin yakin Vietnam da kuma bayan yakin Vietnam , amma a ƙarshe ya ci gaba daga baya.Jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Turai, da kuma masu ra'ayin dimokaradiyya, sun ba da goyon baya kusan ba tare da wani sharadi ba ga kawancen kasashen yamma, yayin da 'yan gurguzu na Turai da Amurka, da KGB ke ba da kudade da kuma ayyukan leken asiri, suka bi layin Moscow, ko da yake rashin amincewa ya fara bayyana bayan haka. 1956.

A cikin watan Satumba na 1947, Soviets suka kirkiro Cominform don sanya tsarin al'ada a cikin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu na duniya da kuma ƙarfafa ikon siyasa a kan tauraron dan adam na Soviet ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jam'iyyun gurguzu a Gabashin Bloc.Cominform ya fuskanci koma baya mai ban kunya a cikin watan Yuni mai zuwa, lokacin da Tito-Stalin ya rabu ya tilasta mambobinta su kori Yugoslavia, wadda ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu amma ta dauki matsayi maras tushe kuma ta fara karbar kudi daga Amurka.

A farkon 1948, bayan rahotannin ƙarfafa "abubuwan da suka dace", jami'an Soviet sun aiwatar da juyin mulki a Czechoslovakia, yankin Gabashin Gabas daya tilo da Soviets suka ba da izinin kiyaye tsarin dimokuradiyya.Irin zaluncin da aka yi a bainar jama'a na juyin mulkin ya firgita kasashen yammacin duniya fiye da duk wani lamari da ya faru har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya sanya wani dan takaitaccen fargabar cewa yaki zai faru, ya kuma share fagen adawa da shirin Marshall Plan a majalisar dokokin Amurka.wanda ya haifar da samuwar jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Czechoslovakia.A dai-dai lokacin da rikicin ya barke, an gudanar da taron samar da wutar lantarki guda shida a birnin London, wanda ya haifar da kauracewa Tarayyar Soviet na Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Allied Control Council da kuma gazawarta, lamarin da ke nuna farkon yakin cacar baka da kuma karshen shirinsa. tare da kawo karshen duk wani fatan da ake da shi a wancan lokaci na samun gwamnatin Jamus guda daya da kuma kai ga kafa a shekarar 1949 ta Tarayyar Jamus da Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jamus.

A farkon 1947, Faransa , Birtaniya da kuma Amurka sun yi rashin nasara yunƙurin cimma yarjejeniya tare da Tarayyar Soviet don wani shiri na hangen nesa na tattalin arziki mai cin gashin kansa Jamus, ciki har da cikakken lissafin masana'antu shuke-shuke, kaya da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa da Soviets riga cire.A cikin watan Yuni 1947, bisa ga ka'idar Truman, Amurka ta kafa tsarin Marshall Plan, alƙawarin taimakon tattalin arziki ga dukan ƙasashen Turai masu son shiga ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet.A karkashin shirin, wanda shugaba Harry S. Truman ya sanya hannu a ranar 3 ga Afrilun 1948, gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa kasashen yammacin Turai sama da dala biliyan 13 (daidai da dala biliyan 189.39 a shekarar 2016) don sake gina tattalin arzikin Turai.Daga baya, shirin ya kai ga kafa kungiyar hadin kan tattalin arzikin Turai.Manufar shirin ita ce sake gina tsarin dimokuradiyya da na tattalin arziki na Turai da kuma fuskantar barazanar da ake gani ga daidaiton iko a Turai, kamar jam'iyyun gurguzu da ke kwace iko ta hanyar juyin-juya hali ko zabe.Shirin ya kuma bayyana cewa, wadata a Turai ya ta'allaka ne kan farfado da tattalin arzikin Jamus.Wata daya bayan haka, Truman ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa ta 1947, ta samar da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Haɗaɗɗen, Hukumar Tsaro ta Tsakiya (CIA), da Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSC).Waɗannan za su zama manyan ofisoshin manufofin tsaron Amurka a cikin yakin cacar baka.Stalin ya yi imanin cewa haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ƙasashen yamma zai ba da damar ƙasashen Gabas su tsere daga ikon Tarayyar Soviet, kuma Amurka na ƙoƙarin sayan tsarin sake fasalin Amurka na Turai.Don haka Stalin ya hana ƙasashen Gabashin Bloc samun taimakon shirin Marshall Plan.Madadin Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Tsarin Marshall, wanda aka ce ya ƙunshi tallafin Soviet da kasuwanci tare da tsakiya da gabashin Turai, an san shi da shirin Molotov (daga baya an kafa shi a cikin Janairu 1949 a matsayin Majalisar Taimakon Taimakon Tattalin Arziƙi na Mutual).Stalin kuma ya ji tsoron sake kafa Jamus;hangen nesansa na yakin bayan Jamus bai hada da ikon mayar da makamai ko kuma haifar da kowace irin barazana ga Tarayyar Soviet ba.

Amurka da Birtaniya sun hade yankunan yammacin Jamus na mamayar zuwa "Bizonia" (1 Janairu 1947, daga baya "Trizonia" tare da ƙari na yankin Faransa , Afrilu 1949).A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake gina tattalin arziƙin Jamus , a farkon shekara ta 1948, wakilan gwamnatocin ƙasashen yammacin Turai da dama da kuma Amurka sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar hade yankunan yammacin Jamus zuwa tsarin gwamnatin tarayya.Bugu da kari, bisa ga tsarin Marshall Plan, sun fara sake farfado da masana'antu da sake gina tattalin arzikin yammacin Jamus, ciki har da gabatar da sabon kudin Deutsche Mark don maye gurbin tsohon kudin Reichsmark da Soviets suka lalata.{Asar Amirka ta yanke shawarar a asirce cewa ba a so haɗin kai da tsaka-tsaki na Jamus, tare da Walter Bedell Smith ya gaya wa Janar Eisenhower "duk da matsayinmu da aka sanar, da gaske ba ma so kuma ba mu so mu yarda da haɗin gwiwar Jamus a kan kowane sharuɗɗan da Rashawa za su iya yarda da su. duk da cewa suna ganin sun cika mafi yawan bukatunmu”.Ba da dadewa ba, Stalin ya kafa Blockade na Berlin (24 Yuni 1948 - 12 May 1949), daya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikice na farko na yakin cacar baki, hana abinci, kayan aiki da kayayyaki daga isa yammacin Berlin.Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Kanada , Ostiraliya, New Zealand da wasu kasashe da yawa sun fara babban jirgin saman "Berlin", yana ba wa Berlin ta yamma da abinci da sauran kayayyaki.Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da yakin hulda da jama'a game da canjin manufofin.Har yanzu 'yan gurguzu na gabashin Berlin sun yi yunkurin kawo cikas ga zabukan kananan hukumomin Berlin (kamar yadda suka yi a zabukan 1946), wanda aka gudanar a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1948 kuma ya haifar da fitowar kuri'u 86.3% da gagarumin nasara ga jam'iyyun da ba na gurguzu ba.Sakamakon ya raba gari yadda ya kamata zuwa Gabas da Yamma, na karshen ya ƙunshi sassan Amurka, Burtaniya da Faransa.'Yan Berlin 300,000 ne suka yi zanga-zanga kuma suka bukaci jiragen saman kasa da kasa su ci gaba, kuma matukin jirgin Amurka Gail Halvorsen ya kirkiro "Operation Vittles", wanda ke ba da alewa ga yaran Jamus.Jirgin saman ya kasance nau'in kayan aiki ne kamar nasarar siyasa da tunani ga Yammacin Turai;ta danganta yammacin Berlin da Amurka.A cikin Mayu 1949, Stalin ya goyi baya kuma ya ɗaga shingen.

A shekara ta 1949, sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Mao Zedong sun fatattaki gwamnatin Chiang Kai-shek ta Amurka mai goyon bayan Kuomintang (KMT) a kasar Sin.KMT ya koma Taiwan .Nan take Kremlin ta kulla kawance da sabuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin .A cewar masanin tarihin kasar Norway Odd Arne Westad, 'yan gurguzu sun yi nasara a yakin basasar kasar Sin saboda sun yi kurakuran soja kadan fiye da yadda Chiang Kai-Shek ya yi, kuma saboda a kokarinsa na neman kafa gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi, Chiang ya yi adawa da kungiyoyin masu sha'awa da yawa a kasar Sin.Bugu da ƙari, jam'iyyarsa ta raunana a lokacin yakin da aka yi daJapan .A halin da ake ciki, 'yan gurguzu sun gaya wa kungiyoyi daban-daban, irin su manoma, daidai abin da suke son ji, kuma sun lullube kansu a karkashin tsarin kishin kasar Sin.An fuskanci juyin juya halin gurguzu a kasar Sin da kuma kawo karshen ikon mallakar makaman nukiliya na Amurka a shekarar 1949, gwamnatin Truman ta yi sauri ta kara habaka da fadada rukunan ta.A cikin NSC 68, daftarin sirri na 1950, Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa ta ba da shawarar karfafa tsarin kawancen kasashen yamma da kuma rubanya kashe kudade kan tsaro.Truman, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Paul Nitze mai ba da shawara, ya ga ɗaukar hoto yana nuna cikakkiyar jujjuyawar tasirin Soviet a kowane nau'i.Jami'an Amurka sun matsa don fadada wannan juzu'i na kayyadewa zuwa Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka, don fuskantar yunƙurin juyin juya hali na kishin ƙasa, waɗanda galibin jam'iyyun gurguzu da Tarayyar Soviet ke jagoranta, suna yaƙi da maido da daulolin turawan mulkin mallaka a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. da sauran wurare.Ta wannan hanyar, wannan Amurka za ta yi amfani da "mafi girman iko," adawa da tsaka-tsaki, da kuma kafa mulkin duniya.A farkon shekarun 1950 (wani lokaci wani lokaci ana kiransa "Pactomania"), Amurka ta tsara jerin ƙawance tare da Japan, Koriya ta Kudu , Taiwan , Australia, New Zealand, Thailand da Philippines (musamman ANZUS a 1951 da SEATO a 1954) , ta yadda zai ba wa Amurka garantin sansanonin soji na dogon lokaci.

Kafofin yada labarai a yankin Gabas wani bangare ne na jihar, gaba daya dogara ga jam'iyyar kwaminisanci.Kungiyoyin radiyo da talabijin mallakin gwamnati ne, yayin da kafafen yada labarai galibi mallakar kungiyoyin siyasa ne, galibi na jam’iyyar gurguzu.Watsa shirye-shiryen radiyon Soviet sun yi amfani da lafazin Marxist don kai hari ga jari hujja, suna mai da hankali kan batutuwan cin gajiyar aiki, daular mulkin mallaka da kuma yaƙi.Tare da watsa shirye-shiryen gidan rediyon Burtaniya (BBC) da Muryar Amurka zuwa Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, wani babban yunkurin farfaganda da aka fara a shekarar 1949 shi ne Rediyo Free Europe/Radio Liberty, wanda aka sadaukar domin kawo karshen rugujewar tsarin gurguzu a cikin lumana. Gabas Bloc.Rediyon Free Europe yayi ƙoƙarin cimma waɗannan manufofin ta hanyar zama gidan rediyon gida mai maye gurbinsa, madadin jaridun cikin gida da jam'iyyu ke mamaye da su.Rediyon Free Europe ya samo asali ne daga wasu fitattun masanan da suka tsara dabarun yakin cacar baka na farko na Amurka, musamman ma wadanda suka yi imanin cewa yakin cacar-baki zai kasance a karshe ta hanyar siyasa ba ta hanyar soja ba, kamar George F. Kennan.Masu tsara manufofin Amurka, ciki har da Kennan da John Foster Dulles, sun yarda cewa yakin cacar baki yana cikin ainihinsa yakin tunani.{Asar Amirka, ta hanyar CIA, ta ba da gudummawar jerin ayyuka masu tsawo don magance roƙon gurguzu tsakanin masu ilimi a Turai da masu tasowa.CIA kuma a boye ta dauki nauyin shirin farfagandar cikin gida mai suna Crusade for Freedom.

Biritaniya , Faransa , Amurka , Kanada da wasu ƙasashe takwas na yammacin Turai sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic ta Afrilu 1949, ta kafa kungiyar NATO ta Arewa.A watan Agusta, na'urar atomic ta Soviet ta farko ta tashi a Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR.Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta ki shiga wani yunƙuri na sake gina Jamus da ƙasashen yammacin Turai suka kafa a shekara ta 1948, Amurka, Britaniya da Faransa suka jagoranci kafa Jamus ta Yamma daga yankuna uku na yammacin turai a watan Afrilun 1949. Tarayyar Soviet ta shelanta yankin mamaya nata. a Jamus jamhuriyar dimokaradiyyar Jamus a watan Oktoba.

RDS-1 shine bam din nukiliya da aka yi amfani da shi a gwajin makamin nukiliya na farko da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi.Amurka ta sanya mata lambar-sunan Joe-1, dangane da Joseph Stalin.An tayar da shi a ranar 29 ga Agustan 1949 da karfe 7:00 na safe, a wurin gwajin Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR, bayan babban binciken sirri da haɓakawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin bam ɗin nukiliya na Soviet.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman misalan aiwatar da tsare-tsare shine sa hannun Amurka a yakin Koriya .A cikin watan Yunin 1950, bayan shafe shekaru ana tashe-tashen hankula, Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa na Kim Il-sung sun mamaye Koriya ta Kudu a jere na 38.Stalin ya hakura ya goyi bayan mamayar amma daga karshe ya tura masu ba da shawara.Abin da ya ba Stalin mamaki, kuduri mai lamba 82 da 83 na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya goyi bayan kare Koriya ta Kudu, duk da cewa Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin ta kaurace wa taron don nuna rashin amincewarta da cewa Taiwan , ba jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin ba ce ke da kujerar dindindin a majalisar.Dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kasashe goma sha shida sun fuskanci Koriya ta Arewa, ko da yake kashi 40 na sojojin Koriya ta Kudu ne, kuma kusan kashi 50 na Amurka ne.Da farko Amurka kamar tana bin tsare-tsare lokacin da ta fara shiga yakin.Wannan ya ba da umarnin matakin Amurka na mayar da Koriya ta Arewa baya a cikin layi na 38 tare da maido da ikon Koriya ta Kudu tare da barin Koriya ta Arewa ta tsira a matsayin kasa.Duk da haka, nasarar da aka samu na saukar Inchon ya karfafawa sojojin Amurka/majalisar Dinkin Duniya kwarin gwiwar bin dabarun koma baya a maimakon haka da kuma hambarar da Koriya ta Arewa mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ta yadda za a ba da damar gudanar da zabukan kasa baki daya karkashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Daga nan Janar Douglas MacArthur ya ci gaba da yin layi na 38 zuwa Koriya ta Arewa.Sinawa da ke fargabar yiwuwar kai wa Amurka hari, sun tura dakaru masu yawa tare da fatattakar sojojin MDD, inda suka mayar da su baya kasa da na 38.Truman ya bayyana a fili cewa zai iya amfani da "ace a cikin rami" na bam din atomic, amma Mao bai motsa ba.An yi amfani da shirin don tallafawa hikimar koyaswar ƙulli sabanin komawa baya.Daga baya aka tura 'yan gurguzu zuwa kusa da iyakar asali, tare da canje-canje kaɗan.Daga cikin sauran tasirin, yakin Koriya ya ba NATO damar haɓaka tsarin soja.An raba ra'ayin jama'a a ƙasashen da abin ya shafa, kamar Burtaniya, don yaƙi da yaƙi.Bayan da aka amince da Armistice a watan Yulin 1953, shugaban Koriya ta Arewa Kim Il Sung ya kirkiro wani tsarin mulkin kama-karya, mai kama-karya wanda ya bai wa iyalinsa iko mara iyaka yayin da yake samar da wata dabi'a ta al'ada.A Kudu, mai mulkin kama-karya mai samun goyan bayan Amurka Syngman Rhee ya gudanar da mulkin kama-karya mai adawa da kwaminisanci.Yayin da aka hambarar da Rhee a shekarar 1960, Koriya ta Kudu ta ci gaba da mulkin gwamnatin soja na tsoffin abokan hadin gwiwar Japan har sai da aka sake kafa tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa a karshen shekarun 1980.

Ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, musamman Guatemala, Indonesiya da Indochina, galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu ko kuma ana ganin ba su da abokantaka da muradun ƙasashen yamma.A cikin wannan mahallin, Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet sun ƙara fafatawa don samun tasiri ta hanyar wakili a cikin duniya ta uku yayin da ƙaddamar da mulkin mallaka ya sami ƙarfi a cikin 1950s da farkon 1960s.Dukkan bangarorin biyu suna sayar da kayan yaki don samun tasiri.Kremlin ta ga ci gaba da asarar yankuna ta hanyar ikon daular yayin da suke tabbatar da nasarar akidarsu.{Asar Amirka ta yi amfani da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya (CIA) don lalata gwamnatocin duniya masu tsaka-tsaki ko masu adawa da kuma tallafa wa kawayenta.A shekara ta 1953, shugaban kasar Eisenhower ya aiwatar da Operation Ajax, wani yunkurin juyin mulki na boye don hambarar da firaministan Iran , Mohammad Mosaddegh.Mosaddegh da aka zaba ya kasance dan gabas ta tsakiya na kasar Britaniya tun bayan da ya mallaki kamfanin man Anglo-Iranian mai mallakar Birtaniyya a shekarar 1951. Winston Churchill ya shaidawa Amurka cewa Mosaddegh yana "kara juyawa zuwa ga tasirin gurguzu."Shah mai goyon bayan Yamma, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ya karbi mulki a matsayin sarki mai cin gashin kansa.Manufofin Shah sun hada da haramta jam'iyyar Tudeh ta kasar Iran mai ra'ayin gurguzu, da kuma murkushe adawar siyasa gaba daya daga hannun SAVAK, hukumar tsaron cikin gida da leken asiri ta Shah.A Guatemala, jamhuriyar ayaba, juyin mulkin 1954 na Guatemala ya hambarar da shugaba Jacobo Arbenz na hannun hagu tare da taimakon CIA.Gwamnatin bayan Arbenz - gwamnatin mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin Carlos Castillo Armas - ta soke dokar sake fasalin kasa, ta mayar da kadarori na kasa mallakar Kamfanin United Fruit Company, ta kafa Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa Kan Kwaminisanci, kuma ya zartar da Dokar Tsare Tsare Kan Kwaminisanci. bisa bukatar Amurka.Gwamnatin Indonesiya ta Sukarno wadda ba ta da alaka da juna ta fuskanci babbar barazana ga halaccinta tun daga shekarar 1956 lokacin da wasu kwamandojin yankin suka fara neman cin gashin kai daga Jakarta.Bayan sasantawar ta gaza, Sukarno ta dauki matakin tsige kwamandojin da ba su yarda ba.A cikin Fabrairun 1958, kwamandojin sojan da ba a san su ba a Sumatra ta Tsakiya (Kanar Ahmad Husein) da Sulawesi ta Arewa (Kanar Ventje Sumual) sun ayyana Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Hali ta Jamhuriyyar Indonesiya-Permesta Movement da nufin hambarar da gwamnatin Sukarno.Wasu ƴan siyasa farar hula da dama ne daga jam'iyyar Masyumi, irin su Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, waɗanda ke adawa da karuwar tasirin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Partai Komunis Indonesia.Saboda kalaman kyamar gurguzu, ‘yan tawayen sun samu makamai, kudade, da sauran taimakon sirri daga hukumar leken asiri ta CIA, har sai da aka harbe Allen Lawrence Pope, wani matukin jirgin Amurka, bayan wani harin bam da aka kai kan Ambon da ke hannun gwamnati a watan Afrilun 1958. Gwamnatin tsakiya. mayar da martani ta hanyar kaddamar da hare-haren soji da jiragen sama da na ruwa a kan maboyar 'yan tawaye a Padang da Manado.A ƙarshen 1958, an ci nasara da 'yan tawayen ta hanyar soja, kuma sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na ƙarshe sun mika wuya a watan Agusta 1961.A Jamhuriyar Kongo, sabuwar 'yancin kai daga Belgium tun watan Yuni 1960, Rikicin Kwango ya barke a ranar 5 ga Yuli wanda ya kai ga ballewar yankunan Katanga da Kudancin Kasai.Shugaba Joseph Kasa-Vubu da ke samun goyon bayan CIA ya ba da umarnin korar Firaministan Dimokuradiyya Patrice Lumumba da majalisar ministocin Lumumba a watan Satumba saboda kisan kiyashin da sojojin kasar suka yi a lokacin mamayar Kudancin Kasai da kuma hannun 'yan Soviet a kasar.Daga bisani Kanar Mobutu Sese Seko mai samun goyon bayan hukumar leken asirin Amurka ta CIA ya gaggauta tattara dakarunsa domin kwace mulki ta hanyar juyin mulkin soji, tare da hada kai da hukumomin leken asirin kasashen yamma wajen daure Lumumba tare da mika shi ga hukumomin Katangan wadanda suka kashe shi ta hanyar bindige shi.

Yayin da mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953 ta ɗan sassauta tashin hankali, halin da ake ciki a Turai ya kasance cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali da makamai.Soviets, waɗanda suka riga sun ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwa na yarjejeniyar taimakon juna a Gabashin Bloc zuwa 1949, sun kafa ƙawancen ƙawance a cikinta, Yarjejeniyar Warsaw, a cikin 1955. Ta yi tsayayya da NATO.

A bangaren makaman nukiliya, Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet sun bi sahun makaman nukiliya tare da kera makamai masu cin dogon zango da za su iya kai hari a yankin na daya.A watan Agustan 1957, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi nasarar harba makami mai linzami na farko a duniya (ICBM). , kuma a watan Oktoba sun harba tauraron dan adam na farko na Duniya, Sputnik 1. Harba Sputnik ya kaddamar da gasar tseren sararin samaniya.Wannan ya kai ga saukar Apollo Moon da Amurka, wanda dan sama jannati Frank Borman daga baya ya bayyana da cewa "yaki ne kawai a yakin cacar baki."Wani babban yanki na yakin cacar baka na tseren sararin samaniya shine binciken tauraron dan adam, da kuma siginar hankali don auna wane bangare na shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya suna da karfin soja.Daga baya, duk da haka, Amurka da USSR sun bi wasu haɗin gwiwa a sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na détente, kamar Apollo-Soyuz.

A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, mahalarta yakin cacar-baka sun yi ta kokawa don daidaitawa da sabon salo mai sarkakiya na dangantakar kasa da kasa wanda ba a raba duniya zuwa gida biyu masu adawa da juna.Daga farkon lokacin bayan yakin, yammacin Turai daJapan sun murmure cikin hanzari daga halakar yakin duniya na biyu kuma sun ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arziki mai karfi a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tare da GDP na kowane mutum ya kusanci na Amurka , yayin da tattalin arzikin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya tsaya cik. .Yakin Vietnam ya fada cikin wani yanayi na kaka-nika-yi ga Amurka, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kimar kasa da kasa da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ya lalata yarjejeniyoyin makamai, da tada zaune tsaye a cikin gida.Janyewar da Amurka ta yi daga yakin ya sa ta rungumi tsarin da China da Tarayyar Soviet suka kulla.

Juyin juya halin Hungary na 1956 ya faru ne jim kadan bayan Khrushchev ya shirya korar shugaban Stalin na Hungary Mátyás Rákosi.Domin mayar da martani ga boren jama'a, sabuwar gwamnatin ta rusa 'yan sandan sirri a hukumance, tare da bayyana aniyarta na ficewa daga yarjejeniyar Warsaw tare da yin alkawarin sake kafa zabuka na 'yanci.Sojojin Soviet sun mamaye.An kama dubun-dubatar 'yan kasar Hungary, an daure su kuma aka kora su zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, kuma kusan 'yan kasar Hungary 200,000 sun tsere daga Hungary a cikin rudani.An kashe shugaban kasar Hungary Imre Nagy da sauran su biyo bayan shari'ar sirri.Abubuwan da suka faru a Hungary sun haifar da wargajewar akida a cikin jam'iyyun gurguzu na duniya, musamman a yammacin Turai, tare da raguwar yawan membobinsu kamar yadda da yawa a cikin kasashen yammaci da na gurguzu suka ji takaici saboda mummunan martanin Soviet.Jam'iyyun gurguzu a yammacin duniya ba za su taba farfadowa daga tasirin da juyin juya halin kasar Hungary ya yi kan kasancewarsu mambobinsu ba, al'amarin da nan take wasu suka gane, irinsu dan siyasar Yugoslavia Milovan Đilas wanda jim kadan bayan an murkushe juyin juya halin Musulunci ya ce "Rauni da 'yan tawayen suka yi. Juyin juya halin Hungarian da aka yi wa gurguzu ba zai taba warkewa gaba daya ba."

A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1956, yayin da yake jawabi ga manyan kasashen yammacin Turai a wani liyafar da aka yi a ofishin jakadancin Poland na Moscow, Khrushchev ya bayyana rashin kunya, "Ko kuna so ko a'a, tarihi yana gefenmu. Za mu binne ku", abin da ya firgita duk wanda ya halarta.Daga baya zai ce ba wai yana nufin yakin nukiliya ba ne, amma nasarar da gurguzu ta samu a tarihi a kan tsarin jari hujja.A cikin 1961, Khrushchev ya yi fahariya cewa, ko da Tarayyar Soviet a halin yanzu tana bayan Yammacin Turai, ƙarancin gidaje zai ɓace a cikin shekaru goma, kayan masarufi za su yawaita, kuma za a kammala "gini na al'ummar gurguzu" a cikin babba. "a cikin fiye da shekaru ashirin.Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, ya ƙaddamar da "Sabon Duba" don dabarun kamewa, yana mai kira da a ƙara dogaro da makaman nukiliya akan makiyan Amurka a lokacin yaƙi.Dulles ya kuma faɗakar da koyaswar "ɗaukar fansa", yana barazanar mayar da martani mai tsanani na Amurka ga duk wani harin Soviet.Samun fifikon nukiliya, alal misali, ya ba Eisenhower damar fuskantar barazanar Soviet don shiga tsakani a Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin rikicin Suez na 1956.Shirye-shiryen Amurka na yakin nukiliya a karshen shekarun 1950 sun hada da "rugujewar tsari" na manyan biranen 1,200 a Gabashin Bloc da China, ciki har da Moscow, Gabashin Berlin da Beijing, tare da farar hula a cikin manyan hare-hare.

A cikin 1957 Ministan Harkokin Wajen Poland Adam Rapacki ya ba da shawarar shirin Rapacki don yankin da ba shi da makaman nukiliya a tsakiyar Turai.Ra'ayin jama'a ya kasance yana da kyau a yammacin duniya, amma shugabannin Jamus ta Yamma, Birtaniya, Faransa da Amurka sun yi watsi da shi.Sun ji tsoron zai bar rundunonin soja na al'ada na Warsaw Pact sun mamaye mafi raunin sojojin NATO.A cikin Nuwamba 1958, Khrushchev ya yi yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba don mayar da dukan Berlin ta zama "birni mai 'yanci" mai zaman kanta.Ya baiwa Amurka da Birtaniya da Faransa wa'adin watanni shida na janye sojojinsu daga sassan da suke ci gaba da mamayewa a yammacin Berlin, ko kuma ya mika ikon mallakar ikon shiga yammacin Turai ga Jamusawan Gabashin kasar.Khrushchev a baya ya bayyana wa Mao Zedong cewa "Berlin ita ce ƙwanƙolin ƙasashen yamma. A duk lokacin da na so in yi kururuwa na yamma, na matsi a Berlin."A tsakiyar watan Disamba ne NATO ta yi watsi da wa'adin a tsakiyar watan Disamba kuma Khrushchev ya janye shi a madadin taron Geneva kan batun Jamus.

Hadin kan NATO ya karya tun farkon tarihinta tare da rikicin da ya faru a lokacin shugabancin Charles de Gaulle na Faransa.De Gaulle ya nuna rashin amincewa da rawar da Amurka ke takawa a cikin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO da kuma abin da ya dauka a matsayin wata alaka ta musamman tsakaninta da Birtaniya.A cikin wata takarda da aka aika zuwa ga shugaban Amurka Dwight Eisenhower da firaministan Burtaniya Harold Macmillan a ranar 17 ga Satumbar 1958, ya bayar da hujjar samar da tsarin gudanarwa na bangarori uku, wanda zai sanya Faransa ta daidaita da Amurka da Birtaniya.La'akari da martanin da bai gamsar ba, de Gaulle ya fara gina rundunar tsaro mai zaman kanta ga kasarsa.Ya so ya bai wa Faransa, idan Jamus ta Gabas ta kutsa cikin yammacin Jamus, zaɓin samun zaman lafiya na dabam da ƙungiyar Gabashin, maimakon a jawo shi cikin yaƙi mafi girma tsakanin NATO da yarjejeniyar Warsaw.A cikin watan Fabrairun 1959, Faransa ta janye jiragen ruwan tekun Mediterrenean daga rundunar NATO, kuma daga baya ta haramta sanya makaman nukiliya na kasashen waje a kasar Faransa.Hakan ya sa Amurka ta mika jiragen yaki 300 daga Faransa tare da mayar da iko da sansanonin sojojin sama da ta yi aiki a Faransa tun a shekarar 1950 zuwa ga Faransa a shekarar 1967.

A kasar Cuba, ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, karkashin jagorancin matasan juyin juya hali Fidel Castro da Che Guevara, sun kwace mulki a juyin juya halin Cuban a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1959, inda suka hambarar da shugaba Fulgencio Batista, wanda gwamnatin Eisenhower ta hana gwamnatinsa rashin amincewa da makamai.Duk da cewa Fidel Castro na farko ya ki ware sabuwar gwamnatinsa a matsayin mai ra'ayin gurguzu kuma ya sha musanta kasancewarsa dan gurguzu, Castro ya nada 'yan Markisanci a manyan mukaman gwamnati da na soja.Mafi mahimmanci, Che Guevara ya zama gwamnan babban bankin kasa sannan kuma ministan masana'antu.Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Cuba da Amurka ta ci gaba na wani dan lokaci bayan faduwar Batista, amma da gangan shugaba Eisenhower ya bar babban birnin kasar don kaucewa ganawa da Castro a ziyarar da shugaban ya kai birnin Washington DC a watan Afrilu, inda mataimakin shugaban kasar Richard Nixon ya gudanar da taron a madadinsa. .Cuba ta fara yin shawarwarin siyan makamai daga yankin Gabas a watan Maris na 1960. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar Eisenhower ya ba da izini ga tsare-tsaren CIA da kudade don hambarar da Castro.A cikin Janairu 1961, kafin ya bar ofis, Eisenhower ya yanke dangantaka da gwamnatin Cuba a hukumance.A waccan Afrilu, gwamnatin sabon zababben shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy, ya hau kan tsibirin Playa Giron da Playa Larga da ke lardin Santa Clara, wanda bai yi nasara ba da CIA ta shirya.Castro ya mayar da martani ta hanyar rungumar Marxism-Leninism a bainar jama'a, kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta yi alkawarin ba da ƙarin tallafi.A cikin watan Disamba ne dai gwamnatin Amurka ta fara kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci kan al'ummar kasar Cuba da kuma ayyukan boye-boye da zagon kasa ga gwamnatin kasar, a yunkurin kifar da gwamnatin Cuba.

A ranar 1 ga Mayun 1960, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Sobiyet ta harbo wani jirgin leken asiri na Amurka U-2 yayin da yake gudanar da binciken sararin samaniya a cikin yankin Tarayyar Soviet .Jirgin mai zaman kujeru guda, wanda matukin jirgin Ba’amurke Francis Gary Powers ya tuka, ya taso ne daga Peshawar, Pakistan , kuma ya fado kusa da Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg a yau), bayan da wani jirgin S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) ya buge shi. makami mai linzami.An kama iko a kasa lafiya kuma an kama shi.Da farko dai hukumomin Amurka sun amince da faruwar lamarin a matsayin hasarar jirgin saman binciken yanayi na farar hula da hukumar NASA ta yi, amma an tilasta musu amincewa da ainihin manufar aikin bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan da gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da matukin jirgin da aka kama da kuma wasu sassan na'urorin sa ido na U-2. , ciki har da hotunan sansanonin sojan Soviet.Lamarin ya faru ne a lokacin mulkin shugaban Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower da shugaban Tarayyar Soviet Nikita Khrushchev, kusan makonni biyu kafin bude taron koli na gabas da yamma a birnin Paris na Faransa.Krushchev da Eisenhower sun hadu ido-da-ido a Camp David a Maryland a watan Satumba na 1959, kuma da alama ta narke a cikin dangantakar Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya haifar da bege a duniya don warware rikicin lumana.Lamarin da ya faru na U2 ya wargaza “Ruhu na Camp David” wanda ya yi nasara tsawon watanni takwas, wanda ya haifar da soke taron da aka yi a birnin Paris tare da haifar da babban abin kunya ga Amurka a fagen kasa da kasa.Gwamnatin Pakistan ta ba da uzuri ga Tarayyar Soviet saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin aikin U-2.

Bayan 1956, kawancen kasashen Sino-Soviet ya fara wargajewa.Mao ya kare Stalin lokacin da Khrushchev ya zarge shi a cikin 1956, kuma ya dauki sabon shugaban Soviet a matsayin mai tasowa, yana zarginsa da rashin nasarar juyin juya hali.A nasa bangaren, Khrushchev, wanda halin da Mao ke da shi game da yakin nukiliya ya damu, ya kira shugaban kasar Sin a matsayin "mai hauka a kan karagar mulki".Bayan haka, Khrushchev ya yi yunƙuri da yawa don sake kafa ƙawancen Sino-Soviet, amma Mao ya yi la'akari da cewa ba shi da amfani kuma ya musanta duk wata shawara.Kiyayyar China da Tarayyar Soviet ta barke a yakin farfagandar kwaminisanci.A ci gaba da haka, Soviets sun mayar da hankali kan adawa mai zafi da Mao na kasar Sin don jagorancin kungiyar gurguzu ta duniya.

Rikicin Berlin na 1961 shine babban abin da ya faru na ƙarshe a cikin yakin cacar baka dangane da matsayin Berlin da Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .A farkon shekarun 1950, tsarin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi na hana motsin ƙaura ya kasance abin koyi da yawancin sauran yankunan Gabas.To sai dai kuma dubban daruruwan jama'ar Gabashin Jamus sun yi hijira a kowace shekara zuwa Jamus ta Yamma ta hanyar "hanzari" a tsarin da ya wanzu tsakanin Gabashin Berlin da Berlin ta Yamma, inda kasashe hudu da suka mamaye yakin duniya na biyu suka jagoranci motsi.Hijirar ta haifar da ɗimbin “magudanar ƙwaƙwalwa” daga Jamus ta Gabas zuwa Jamus ta Yamma na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, wanda kusan kashi 20% na al’ummar Jamus ta Gabas sun yi ƙaura zuwa Jamus ta Yamma nan da 1961. A watan Yuni, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da sabon wa'adi na neman janyewar dakarun kawance daga yammacin Berlin.An ki amincewa da bukatar, amma a yanzu Amurka ta takaita ba da tabbacin tsaro ga yammacin Berlin.A ranar 13 ga Agusta, Jamus ta Gabas ta kafa shingen shingen waya wanda a ƙarshe za a faɗaɗa ta hanyar gina katangar Berlin, tare da rufe madaidaicin.

Yawancin kasashe masu tasowa na Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka sun yi watsi da matsin lamba na zabar bangarorin a gasar Gabas da Yamma.A cikin 1955, a taron Bandung a Indonesiya , gwamnatocin duniya da yawa sun yanke shawarar ficewa daga yakin cacar baka.Yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a Bandung ta ƙare tare da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Belgrade a 1961. A halin yanzu, Khrushchev ya faɗaɗa manufar Moscow don kulla dangantaka da Indiya da sauran manyan ƙasashe masu tsaka tsaki.Ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai a duniya ta uku sun canza tsarin bayan yaƙi zuwa duniya mafi yawan jama'a na ƙasashen Afirka da na Gabas ta Tsakiya da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da haɓakar kishin ƙasa a Asiya da Latin Amurka.

Manufofin John F. Kennedy na ketare sun mamaye tashe-tashen hankulan Amurkawa da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya bayyana ta hanyar takarar wakilai.Kamar Truman da Eisenhower, Kennedy ya goyi bayan ƙulla don dakatar da yaduwar Kwaminisanci.Shirin Sabon Look na Shugaba Eisenhower ya jaddada amfani da makamin nukiliya marasa tsada don dakile cin zarafi na Soviet ta hanyar yin barazanar kai hare-hare masu yawa a kan dukkan Tarayyar Soviet.Makaman nukiliya sun fi arha fiye da riƙe manyan runduna, don haka Eisenhower ya yanke runduna ta al'ada don adana kuɗi.Kennedy ya aiwatar da sabon dabarun da aka sani da amsa mai sassauci.Wannan dabarar ta dogara da makamai na al'ada don cimma iyakacin manufa.A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan manufar, Kennedy ya faɗaɗa rundunonin ayyuka na musamman na Amurka, ƙwararrun rundunonin soja waɗanda za su iya yin yaƙi ba tare da al'ada ba a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban.Kennedy ya yi fatan cewa dabarar mayar da martani mai sassaucin ra'ayi zai ba da damar Amurka ta magance tasirin Soviet ba tare da yin amfani da yakin nukiliya ba.Don tallafawa sabon dabarunsa, Kennedy ya ba da umarnin haɓakar kashe kuɗi mai yawa na tsaro.Ya nemi, kuma Majalisa ta ba da, saurin gina makaman nukiliya don mayar da fifikon da aka rasa akan Tarayyar Soviet - ya yi iƙirarin a cikin 1960 cewa Eisenhower ya rasa shi saboda damuwa da yawa tare da kasafin kuɗi.A cikin jawabinsa na farko, Kennedy ya yi alkawarin "ɗaukar kowane nauyi" wajen kare 'yanci, kuma ya yi ta neman ƙara yawan kuɗin da sojoji ke kashewa da kuma ba da izini na sababbin tsarin makamai.Daga 1961 zuwa 1964 adadin makaman nukiliya ya karu da kashi 50 cikin 100, haka kuma adadin masu bama-bamai na B-52 da suka kai su.Sabuwar rundunar ta ICBM ta karu daga makamai masu linzami guda 63 da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi zuwa 424. Ya ba da izini ga sabbin jiragen ruwa na Polaris guda 23, kowanne daga cikinsu na dauke da makaman nukiliya 16.Ya yi kira ga biranen da su tanadi matsugunan da za su fado domin yakin nukiliya.Ya bambanta da gargaɗin Eisenhower game da haɗarin soja-masana'antu masana'antu, Kennedy ya mayar da hankali kan gina makamai.

Gwamnatin Kennedy ta ci gaba da neman hanyoyin korar Castro bayan mamayewar Bay of Pigs, inda ta yi gwaji da hanyoyi daban-daban na taimakawa da hambarar da gwamnatin Cuba a boye.Ana sa rai sosai kan shirin hare-haren ta’addanci da sauran ayyukan tada zaune tsaye da aka fi sani da Operation Mongoose, wanda aka yi a karkashin gwamnatin Kennedy a shekara ta 1961. Khrushchev ya samu labarin aikin a watan Fabrairun 1962, kuma an yi shirye-shiryen shigar da makamai masu linzami na Tarayyar Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani.A firgice, Kennedy yayi la'akari daban-daban halayen.A ƙarshe ya mayar da martani ga shigar da makami mai linzami na nukiliya a Cuba tare da katange na ruwa, kuma ya gabatar da wani jadawali ga Tarayyar Soviet .Khrushchev ya ja da baya daga wata arangama, kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta cire makamai masu linzami a matsayin mayar da martani ga alƙawarin da jama'ar Amirka suka yi na cewa ba za su sake mamaye Cuba ba da kuma yarjejeniyar da aka yi a ɓoye na kawar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka daga Turkiyya.Daga baya Castro ya yarda da cewa "da na amince da yin amfani da makaman nukiliya... mun dauke shi da gaske cewa zai zama yakin nukiliya, kuma za mu bace."Rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba (Oktoba-Nuwamba 1962) ya kawo duniya kusa da yakin nukiliya fiye da kowane lokaci.Sakamakon rikicin ya haifar da yunkurin farko a tseren makamin nukiliya na kwance damarar makaman nukiliya da kyautata dangantaka, duk da cewa yarjejeniyar sarrafa makamai ta farko ta yakin cacar baka, yarjejeniyar Antarctic, ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1961.A shekara ta 1964, Kremlin ta Khrushchev abokan aiki sun yi nasarar kawar da shi, amma sun ba shi damar yin ritaya cikin lumana.John Lewis Gaddis wanda ake zargi da rashin kunya da rashin iya aiki, ya ce Khrushchev shi ma an lasafta shi ne da lalata aikin noma na Soviet, wanda ya kawo duniya ga yakin nukiliya, kuma Khrushchev ya zama 'abin kunya na duniya' lokacin da ya ba da izinin gina katangar Berlin.

A Indonesiya , Janar Suharto mai adawa da kwaminisanci ya kwace ikon jihar daga magabata Sukarno a kokarin kafa "Sabon Oda".Daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1966, tare da taimakon Amurka da wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yamma, sojoji sun jagoranci kisan gillar da aka yi wa mambobin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya sama da 500,000 da masu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan gurguzu, tare da tsare wasu daruruwan dubbai a sansanonin gidajen yari da ke kewaye. kasar na cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin mutuntaka.Wani rahoton sirri na CIA ya bayyana cewa kisan kiyashin "yana matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan gilla na karni na 20, tare da tsarkakewar Soviet na shekarun 1930, kisan kiyashi na Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , da kuma zubar da jini na Maoist na farko. shekarun 1950."Wadannan kashe-kashen sun yi amfani da dabarun Amurka kuma sun zama babban sauyi a yakin cacar baka yayin da daidaiton iko ya sauya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Karkashin gwamnatin Lyndon B. Johnson, Amurka ta dauki matsayi mai tsauri akan Latin Amurka—wani lokaci ana kiranta "Rukunan Mann".A cikin 1964, sojojin Brazil sun hambarar da gwamnatin shugaba João Goulart tare da goyon bayan Amurka.A ƙarshen Afrilu 1965, Amurka ta aika da sojoji 22,000 zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican a cikin shiga tsakani, mai suna Operation Power Pack, a cikin yakin basasa na Dominican tsakanin magoya bayan hambararren shugaban ƙasar Juan Bosch da magoya bayan Janar Elías Wessin y Wessin, suna yin la'akari da barazanar 'yan tawaye. bullar juyin juya hali irin na Kuba a Latin Amurka.Kungiyar ta OAS ta kuma tura sojoji zuwa rikicin ta hanyar mafi yawan Sojojin Aminci tsakanin Amurka da Brazil.Héctor García-Godoy ya kasance shugaban kasa na wucin gadi, har zuwa lokacin da tsohon shugaban kasar Joaquín Balaguer mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1966 da Juan Bosch wanda bai yi yakin neman zabe ba.'Yan sanda da sojoji na Dominican sun tursasa masu fafutuka na Jam'iyyar Dominican Revolutionary Party ta Bosch.

A cikin 1968, lokaci na 'yancin siyasa ya faru a Czechoslovakia mai suna Prague Spring.Wani "Shirin Ayyuka" na gyare-gyaren ya haɗa da haɓaka 'yancin 'yan jarida,' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin motsi, tare da jaddada tattalin arziki a kan kayan masarufi, yuwuwar gwamnatin jam'iyyu da yawa, iyakance kan ikon 'yan sanda na sirri, da yiwuwar janyewa. daga Warsaw Pact.A matsayin martani ga bazarar Prague, a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1968, Sojojin Soviet, tare da yawancin abokan kawancensu na Warsaw, suka mamaye Czechoslovakia.Mamaya ya biyo bayan guguwar ƙaura, wanda ya haɗa da kiyasin Czechs 70,000 da Slovaks da suka gudu da farko, tare da jimillar su 300,000.Mamaya ya haifar da zanga-zanga mai tsanani daga Yugoslavia, Romania, China, da kuma daga jam'iyyun gurguzu na yammacin Turai.

Bayan ziyararsa a kasar Sin, Nixon ya gana da shugabannin Tarayyar Soviet ciki har da Brezhnev a birnin Moscow.Waɗannan Tattaunawar Ƙirar Makamai Masu Dabaru sun haifar da manyan yarjejeniyoyin sarrafa makamai masu mahimmanci guda biyu: SALT I, cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ta farko da manyan kasashen biyu suka rattabawa hannu, da Yarjejeniyar Makami mai linzami ta Anti-Ballistic, wacce ta haramta haɓaka tsarin da aka ƙera don katse makamai masu linzami masu shigowa.Wadannan da nufin takaita kera makamai masu linzami na rigakafin ballistic da makamai masu linzami masu tsada.Nixon da Brezhnev sun shelanta sabon zamani na "zaman lafiya tare" tare da kafa sabuwar manufar detente (ko hadin gwiwa) tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu.A halin da ake ciki, Brezhnev ya yi ƙoƙari ya farfado da tattalin arzikin Soviet, wanda ke raguwa a wani bangare saboda yawan kudaden soja.Tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1974, bangarorin biyu sun kuma amince da karfafa huldar tattalin arzikinsu, ciki har da yarjejeniyoyin kara cinikayya.Sakamakon tarurrukan nasu, détente zai maye gurbin kiyayyar yakin cacar-baka kuma kasashen biyu za su yi rayuwa tare.Wadannan ci gaban sun zo daidai da manufar "Ostpolitik" na Bonn da shugaban gwamnatin Jamus Willy Brandt ya tsara, kokarin daidaita dangantaka tsakanin Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin Turai.An kulla wasu yarjejeniyoyin don daidaita al'amura a Turai, wanda ya ƙare a yarjejeniyar Helsinki da aka rattaba hannu a taron kan tsaro da haɗin gwiwa a Turai a shekara ta 1975.Kissinger da Nixon sun kasance "masu kishin gaskiya" waɗanda suka ba da fifikon manufa kamar kyamar gurguzu ko haɓaka dimokuradiyya a duniya saboda waɗannan manufofin sun yi tsada sosai dangane da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin Amurka.Maimakon yakin cacar baka suna son zaman lafiya, kasuwanci da musayar al'adu.Sun fahimci cewa Amurkawa ba sa son biyan kansu haraji don manufofin manufofin ketare masu manufa, musamman don tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare waɗanda ba su taɓa samar da sakamako mai kyau ba.Madadin haka, Nixon da Kissinger sun nemi rage yawan alkawurran da Amurka ta yi a duniya daidai da raguwar karfin tattalin arziki, dabi'u da siyasa.Sun yi watsi da “aƙida” da cewa ba ta da amfani kuma tana da tsada sosai, kuma babu wani mutum da ya nuna kulawa sosai ga halin da mutanen da ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin gurguzu ke ciki.Haƙiƙanin Kissinger ya faɗi daga salo yayin da manufa ta dawo kan manufofin waje na Amurka tare da ɗabi'a na Carter da ke jaddada yancin ɗan adam, da dabarun sake dawowa da Reagan da nufin lalata gurguzu.

Sakamakon rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet, tashe-tashen hankula a kan iyakar kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1969, kuma shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da wannan rikici wajen karkatar da ma'auni ga kasashen yamma a yakin cacar baka.Sinawa sun nemi ingantuwar dangantaka da Amurkawa domin samun galaba akan Soviets ma.A watan Fabrairun 1972, Nixon ya samu kyakkyawar kusanci da kasar Sin, inda ya je birnin Beijing ya gana da Mao Zedong da Zhou Enlai.A wannan lokacin, Tarayyar Soviet ta cimma matsaya game da makaman nukiliya tare da Amurka;a halin da ake ciki, yakin Vietnam duka sun raunana tasirin Amurka a duniya ta uku tare da sanyaya dangantaka da yammacin Turai.

A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1975, Kyaftin na 3rd Valery Sablin ya kama Storozhevoy, wani jirgin ruwan makami mai linzami na Soviet Burevestnik Class, kuma ya tsare kyaftin din jirgin da sauran jami'ai a dakin kwanan dalibai.Shirin Sablin shi ne ya dauki jirgin daga Gulf of Riga arewa zuwa Gulf of Finland da Leningrad, ta kogin Neva, yana tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai suna Aurora (alama ta juyin juya halin Rasha), inda zai yi zanga-zangar ta rediyo da talabijin. da cin hanci da rashawa na zamanin Brezhnev.Ya shirya ya fadi abin da yake ganin da yawa suna fada a asirce: cewa juyin juya hali da kasar uwa na cikin hadari;cewa mahukuntan da ke mulki sun kai wuyansu wajen cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da karya, wanda ya kai kasar cikin wani mawuyacin hali;cewa an yi watsi da manufofin Kwaminisanci;da kuma cewa akwai bukatar sake farfado da ka'idojin adalci na Lenin.Sablin ya kasance mai karfi ga dabi'un Leninist kuma ya dauki tsarin Soviet da gaske "sayar da shi".Wani karamin jami'i ya tsere daga gidan yari kuma ya yi ta rediyo don neman taimako.Lokacin da Storozhevoy ya share bakin Tekun Riga, jiragen bama-bamai goma da na leken asiri da jiragen ruwa na yaki goma sha uku ne suka yi ta harbin bindiga da dama a kan bakanta.An jefa bama-bamai da dama a gaba da bayan jirgin, da kuma harbin bindiga.Sitiyarin Storozhevoy ya lalace kuma daga karshe ta tsaya.Jiragen da ke bin bayan haka sun rufe, kuma kwamandojin ruwa na Tarayyar Soviet ne suka shiga jirgin.A lokacin, duk da haka, an harbe Sablin a gwiwa kuma ma'aikatansa sun tsare shi, wadanda kuma suka bude kyaftin din da sauran jami'an da aka kama.An tuhumi Sablin da laifin cin amanar kasa, kotun soja a watan Yunin 1976 kuma aka same shi da laifi.Ko da yake wannan laifi yakan ɗauki hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari, an kashe Sablin a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1976. Babban jami'insa na biyu a lokacin kisan gilla, Alexander Shein, ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas.An 'yantar da sauran 'yan ta'adda.

Yakin cacar baki daga 1979 zuwa 1985 wani lokaci ne na karshen yakin cacar baka wanda ke nuna karuwar gaba tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kasashen Yamma.Ya samo asali ne daga kakkausar suka na mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet a Afganistan a watan Disamba na 1979. Da zaɓen firaminista Margaret Thatcher a 1979, da shugaban Amirka Ronald Reagan a 1980, wani canji mai ma'ana a tsarin manufofin ketare na yammacin Turai game da Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance alama ce ta ƙin yarda da détente don goyon bayan manufar Reagan Doctrine na sake dawowa, tare da manufar da aka bayyana na rushe tasirin Soviet a cikin ƙasashen Soviet Bloc.A wannan lokacin, barazanar yakin nukiliya ya kai wani sabon matsayi da ba a gani ba tun rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba na 1962.

A watan Afrilun 1978, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afganistan (PDPA) ta kwace mulki a Afganistan a juyin juya halin Saur.A cikin 'yan watanni, masu adawa da gwamnatin gurguzu sun kaddamar da wani bore a gabashin kasar Afganistan wanda cikin sauri ya bazu zuwa yakin basasa da mujahidan mujahid suka kaddamar kan dakarun gwamnati a fadin kasar.'Yan tawayen Mujahidiyya na hadin kan Islama na Afganistan sun sami horon soji da makamai a makwabciyarta Pakistan da China , yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta aike da dubban mashawartan soji don tallafawa gwamnatin PDPA.A halin da ake ciki kuma, karuwar takun saka tsakanin bangarorin jam’iyyar PDP da ke hamayya da juna – Khalq mai rinjaye da kuma Parcham masu sassaucin ra’ayi – ya haifar da korar ‘yan majalisar ministocin Parchami tare da cafke jami’an soji na Parchami bisa zargin juyin mulkin Parchami.A tsakiyar shekarar 1979, Amurka ta fara wani shiri a boye na taimakawa mujahidan.A cikin watan Satumba na 1979, an kashe shugaban Khalqist Nur Muhammad Taraki a wani juyin mulki a cikin jam'iyyar PDP wanda dan uwan ​​Khalq Hafizullah Amin ya shirya, wanda ya karbi shugabancin.Dakarun Soviet na musamman ne suka ki amincewa da Amin, suka kashe shi a lokacin Operation Storm-333 a watan Disamba 1979. Gwamnatin Soviet karkashin jagorancin Babrak Karmal na Parcham amma gami da anti-Amin Khalqis, ta cika wannan buri, kuma ta yi wa Amin. magoya bayansa.An tura sojojin Soviet don daidaita Afghanistan karkashin Karmal a adadi mai yawa, kodayake gwamnatin Soviet ba ta yi tsammanin yin mafi yawan fada a Afghanistan ba.A sakamakon haka, duk da haka, Soviets sun shiga cikin abin da ya kasance yakin gida a Afghanistan.Carter ya mayar da martani ga tsoma bakin Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar janye yerjejeniyar SALT II daga rattabawa, da sanya takunkumin hana shigo da hatsi da fasaha zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, sannan ya bukaci a kara yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na soji, sannan ya kara da bayyana cewa Amurka za ta kaurace wa gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1980 a birnin Moscow. .Ya bayyana kutsen da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a matsayin "barazana mafi muni ga zaman lafiya tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu ".

Shirin Tsaro na Dabarun (SDI), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Shirin Star Wars", wani tsari ne na kariyar makami mai linzami da aka yi niyya don kare Amurka daga harin makaman nukiliya na ballistic (makamai masu linzami na ballistic da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi da makami mai linzami da ke karkashin ruwa).Shugaban kasar Ronald Reagan ya sanar da wannan ra'ayi ne a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1983, mai sukar rukunan da ke tabbatar da halaka juna (MAD), wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "yarjejeniyar kashe kai".Reagan ya yi kira ga masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi na Amurka da su samar da tsarin da zai sa makaman nukiliya su daina aiki.An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamar da Tsaro (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da ci gaba.An yi nazari iri-iri na ci-gaba da dabarun makami, da suka hada da na'urori masu amfani da wutan lantarki, da na'urori masu linzami, da kuma tsarin makami mai linzami na kasa da na sararin samaniya, tare da firikwensin daban-daban, umarni da sarrafawa, da na'urorin kwamfuta masu inganci da ake bukata don sarrafa tsarin da ya kunshi. na ɗaruruwan cibiyoyin yaƙi da tauraron dan adam da ke mamaye duk faɗin duniya kuma suna shiga cikin ɗan gajeren yaƙi.{ Asar Amirka na da fa'ida mai mahimmanci a fagen ci-gaba na tsarin kariya na makamai masu linzami cikin shekaru da dama na bincike da gwaji;da dama daga cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyi da fasaha da aka samu da kuma fahimta an canza su zuwa shirye-shirye na gaba.A shekarar 1987, al'ummar ta Amurka ta kammala cewa ana yin la'akari da fasahar zamani a shirye don su sani ko wannan tsarin ma ya yiwu.Bayan buga rahoton APS, an rage kasafin kudin SDI akai-akai.A ƙarshen 1980s, an sake mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin "Brilliant Pebbles" ta yin amfani da ƙananan makamai masu linzami masu kewayawa ba kamar na yau da kullun na iska zuwa iska ba, wanda ake tsammanin zai yi ƙasa da tsada don haɓakawa da turawa.SDI ya kasance mai kawo rigima a wasu sassa, kuma an soki lamirin barazanar da zai kawo cikas ga tsarin MAD mai yuwuwar mayar da makaman nukiliyar Soviet mara amfani kuma mai yiyuwa ne a sake tayar da "gasar makami".Ta hanyar wasu takardu na hukumomin leken asirin Amurka an bincika fa'ida da tasirin shirin kuma an bayyana cewa saboda yuwuwar kawar da makamanta da kuma haifar da asarar ma'auni mai ma'auni, SDI ya kasance dalilin damuwa sosai ga Tarayyar Soviet da ita. babban magaji jihar Rasha.A farkon shekarun 1990, tare da kawo karshen yakin cacar baki da kuma rage yawan makaman nukiliya cikin sauri, goyon bayan siyasa ga SDI ya ruguje.SDI a hukumance ya ƙare a cikin 1993, lokacin da gwamnatin Clinton ta sake tura ƙoƙarin zuwa makami mai linzami na wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sake sanya wa hukumar suna Ƙungiyar Tsaron Makami mai linzami (BMDO).A cikin 2019, ci gaban interceptor na tushen sararin samaniya ya dawo a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 tare da sanya hannun Shugaba Trump na Dokar Ba da izinin Tsaro ta Kasa.Hukumar Raya Sararin Samaniya (SDA) ce ke gudanar da shirin a halin yanzu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon tsarin gine-ginen sararin samaniya na tsaro (NDSA) wanda Michael D. Griffin ya zana.An ba da kwangilar haɓakawa na farko ga L3Harris da SpaceX.Daraktan CIA Mike Pompeo ya yi kira da a ba da ƙarin kudade don cimma cikakkiyar “Initiative Defence Initiative for our time, the SDI II”.

Lamarin da ya faru a shekarar 1983 na Tarayyar Soviet na karya na karya ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari da ya faru a lokacin yakin cacar baka, lokacin da tsarin gargadin farko na Tarayyar Soviet ya gano kuskuren harba makamai masu linzami na ballistic da yawa (ICBMs) daga Amurka, wanda ke nuni da harin nukiliyar da ke gabatowa.Lamarin ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1983, a lokacin da ake fama da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet.Tsarin gargadin farko na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka tsara don gano harba na'urorin ICBM, ya nuna cewa Amurka ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin harin nukiliya.Tsarin ya ba da rahoton cewa an harba ICBM da dama daga Amurka, kuma sun nufi Tarayyar Soviet.Ba tare da bata lokaci ba sojojin Soviet suka shiga cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana da shirin kaddamar da wani harin makamin nukiliya.Ƙararrawar ƙarya ta samo asali ne sakamakon rashin aiki a cikin tsarin gargaɗin farko, wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar hasken rana a kan gajimare masu tsayi da kuma tauraron dan adam da tsarin ke amfani da shi.Hakan ya sa tauraron dan adam suka yi kuskuren fassara girgijen a matsayin harba makami mai linzami.Daga karshe Stanislav Petrov ya ƙudurta cewa ƙararrawar ta zama ƙarya, amma ba kafin manyan sojojin Tarayyar Soviet su shirya kai farmakin na nukiliya ba.Tarayyar Soviet ta boye lamarin har zuwa shekarun 1990, amma daga baya shugabannin Rasha da Amurka suka bayyana wa jama'a lamarin.Lamarin da ya yi nuni da illolin yakin cacar-baka da kuma muhimmancin samun amintattun tsarin gargadin wuri na farko don hana yakin nukiliya na bazata.Har ila yau, ya haifar da sauye-sauye a tsarin umarni da ikon Tarayyar Soviet, tare da ƙirƙirar "jakar nukiliya", na'urar da za ta ba da damar shugabannin Soviet su tabbatar ko kuma musanta kaddamar da harin nukiliya kafin su yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmaki.

Lokaci na kusan 1985-1991 ya nuna lokacin ƙarshe na Yaƙin Cold.Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da wani lokaci na gyare-gyaren tsari a cikin Tarayyar Soviet , da sassauƙar tashin hankali na geopolitical tsakanin ƙungiyar Soviet karkashin jagorancin Amurka da rugujewar tasirin Tarayyar Soviet a waje, da kuma wargajewar yankuna. Tarayyar Soviet.Farkon wannan lokacin yana nuna hawan Mikhail Gorbachev zuwa matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet.Neman kawo ƙarshen tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin da ke da alaƙa da Brezhnev Era, Gorbachev ya ƙaddamar da gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki (Perestroika), da 'yanci na siyasa (Glasnost).Yayin da ake ta muhawara a kan ainihin lokacin da za a kawo karshen yakin cacar baka tsakanin masana tarihi, an amince da cewa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar sarrafa makaman nukiliya da na al'ada, da janyewar sojojin Soviet daga Afganistan da Gabashin Turai, da kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. karshen yakin cacar baka.

A lokacin da kwatankwacin matashin Mikhail Gorbachev ya zama Babban Sakatare a shekarar 1985, tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet ya durkushe kuma ya fuskanci faduwar kudaden kasashen waje sakamakon faduwar farashin mai a shekarun 1980.Wadannan batutuwa sun sa Gorbachev ya binciki matakan farfado da jihar da ke fama da rashin lafiya.Farawar da ba ta da tasiri ta kai ga ƙarshe cewa canje-canje masu zurfi sun zama dole, kuma a cikin watan Yuni 1987 Gorbachev ya ba da sanarwar ajandar sake fasalin tattalin arziki da ake kira perestroika, ko sake fasalin.Perestroika ya sassauta tsarin keɓancewar samarwa, ya ba da izinin mallakar kasuwanci masu zaman kansu kuma ya ba da hanya don saka hannun jari na waje.Wadannan matakan an yi niyya ne domin karkatar da albarkatun kasar daga alkawurran soja masu tsadar gaske zuwa yankunan farar hula.Duk da shakku da farko a kasashen yammacin duniya, sabon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya tabbatar da cewa ya jajirce wajen ganin bayan tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet maimakon ci gaba da tseren makamai da kasashen yamma.A wani bangare a matsayin hanyar yaki da adawar cikin gida daga jam'iyyun siyasa zuwa ga sauye-sauyen da ya yi, Gorbachev a lokaci guda ya gabatar da glasnost, ko kuma bude baki, wanda ya kara 'yancin 'yan jarida da kuma bayyana gaskiyar hukumomin gwamnati.Glasnost an yi niyya ne don rage cin hanci da rashawa a saman jam’iyyar gurguzu da kuma daidaita cin zarafin da ake yi a kwamitin tsakiya.Glasnost ya kuma ba da damar haɓaka hulɗar tsakanin 'yan Soviet da yammacin duniya, musamman tare da Amurka, yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

A cikin Janairu 1977, shekaru hudu kafin ya zama shugaban kasa, Ronald Reagan ya bayyana sarai, a cikin tattaunawa da Richard V. Allen, ainihin abin da yake tsammani dangane da yakin cacar baki."Ra'ayina game da manufofin Amurka game da Tarayyar Soviet abu ne mai sauƙi, kuma wasu za su ce a sauƙaƙe," in ji shi."Wannan ita ce: Mun ci nasara kuma sun yi rashin nasara. Me kuke tunani game da hakan?"A shekara ta 1980, Ronald Reagan ya doke Jimmy Carter a zaben shugaban kasa na 1980, yana mai shan alwashin kara yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na soja da kuma fuskantar Soviets a ko'ina.Reagan da sabuwar Firaministan Burtaniya Margaret Thatcher sun yi tir da Tarayyar Soviet da akidarta.Reagan ya lakafta Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin "muguwar daular" kuma ya annabta cewa za a bar tsarin gurguzu a kan "tulin toka na tarihi," yayin da Thatcher ya cusa Soviets a matsayin "mai son mamaye duniya."A shekara ta 1982, Reagan ya yi ƙoƙari ya katse hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na Moscow ta hanyar hana layin iskar gas ɗin da ya tsara zuwa yammacin Turai.Ya cutar da tattalin arzikin Soviet, amma kuma ya haifar da rashin lafiya tsakanin abokan Amurka a Turai waɗanda suka ƙidaya wannan kudaden shiga.Reagan ya ja da baya kan wannan batu.A farkon 1985, matsayin Reagan na adawa da gurguzu ya haɓaka zuwa matsayin da aka sani da sabuwar koyarwar Reagan-wanda, ban da ƙullawa, ya samar da ƙarin haƙƙi don murƙushe gwamnatocin gurguzu.Bayan ci gaba da manufofin Carter na goyon bayan masu adawa da Musulunci na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma gwamnatin PDP mai samun goyon bayan Soviet a Afganistan, CIA ta kuma yi kokarin raunana ita kanta Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar inganta addinin Islama a cikin mafi yawan musulmi na tsakiyar Asiya.Bugu da ƙari, CIA ta ƙarfafa ISI na Pakistan masu adawa da gurguzu don horar da musulmi daga ko'ina cikin duniya don shiga cikin jihadi da Tarayyar Soviet.

Bala'i na Chernobyl wani hatsarin nukiliya ne da ya faru a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1986 a ma'aikatar makamashi ta 4 a cikin tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl, kusa da birnin Pripyat a arewacin SSR na Ukrainian a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Yana ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin makamashin nukiliya guda biyu da aka ƙididdige su a bakwai-matsakaicin tsananin-akan Matsalolin Nukiliya ta Duniya, ɗayan kuma shine bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima na 2011 a Japan.Amsar gaggawa ta farko, tare da gurɓatar muhalli daga baya, ta ƙunshi sama da ma'aikata 500,000 kuma an kashe kusan ruble biliyan 18 - kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 68 a cikin 2019, wanda aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kaya.

Juyin juya hali na 1989, wanda aka fi sani da Faɗuwar Kwaminisanci, guguwar juyin juya hali ce da ta haifar da ƙarshen mafi yawan ƙasashen gurguzu a duniya.Wani lokaci wannan guguwar juyin juya hali kuma ana kiranta Faɗuwar Al'ummai ko Autumn of Nations, wasan kwaikwayo akan kalmar Spring of Nations wanda wani lokaci ake amfani da shi wajen kwatanta juyin juya halin 1848 a Turai.Har ila yau, ya kai ga rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet —jam’ar gurguzu mafi girma a duniya—da kuma watsi da gwamnatocin gurguzu a wurare da yawa na duniya, waɗanda aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu juyin mulki da ƙarfi.Abubuwan da suka faru, musamman faduwar Tarayyar Sobiet, sun yi matukar canja ma'auni na iko a duniya, wanda ke nuni da kawo karshen yakin cacar baki da kuma farkon lokacin yakin cacar baka.

Yarjejeniya ta Ƙarshe tare da mutunta Jamus yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta ba da izinin sake haɗewar Jamus a farkon shekarun 1990.A shekarar 1990 ne aka yi shawarwari tsakanin Tarayyar Jamus da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Jamus, da kuma kasashe hudu da suka mamaye Jamus a karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai: Faransa , Tarayyar Soviet , Birtaniya da Amurka ;Hakanan ya maye gurbin 1945 Yarjejeniyar Potsdam a baya.A cikin yarjejeniyar, kasashe hudu sun yi watsi da duk wani hakki da suke da shi a Jamus, wanda ya ba da damar sake hadewar Jamus ta zama cikakkiyar 'yancin kai a shekara mai zuwa.A sa'i daya kuma, kasashen biyu na Jamus sun amince su tabbatar da amincewarsu da yarjejeniyar da ake da su da kasar Poland, kuma sun amince cewa iyakokin Jamus bayan hadewar za su yi daidai da yankunan da Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin Jamus ke gudanarwa a lokacin, tare da kebe tare da soke yarjejeniyar. duk wani da'awar yanki.

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, glasnost ya raunana dangantakar akida da ta hada Tarayyar Soviet tare, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1990, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta tilastawa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta mika wuya ga mulkin kasa mai shekaru 73.A daidai lokacin da jamhuriyar jamhuriyar Tarayyar suka ayyana cin gashin kansu daga birnin Moscow, inda kasashen Baltic suka fice daga tarayyar gaba daya.Gorbachev ya yi amfani da karfi don hana Baltic wargajewa.Tarayyar Soviet ta yi rauni sosai sakamakon juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a watan Agustan 1991. Yawan jumhuriyar Soviet, musamman Rasha, sun yi barazanar ballewa daga USSR.Commonwealth of Independent States, halitta a ranar 21 Disamba 1991, ya zama magaji ga Tarayyar Soviet.An ayyana Tarayyar Soviet a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1991.

Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet , Rasha ta rage kashe kudaden soji sosai, da sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya bar miliyoyin mutane ba su da aikin yi.Sake fasalin jari-hujja ya ƙare a cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1990 mafi tsanani fiye da Babban Mawuyacin hali kamar yadda Amurka da Jamus suka fuskanta.A cikin shekaru 25 bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar-baka, kasashe biyar ko shida ne kacal daga cikin kasashen da suka biyo bayan gurguzu ke kan hanyar shiga kasashen duniya masu arziki da jari hujja yayin da mafi yawansu ke faduwa a baya, wasu ta yadda zai dauki shekaru da dama. don isa inda suke kafin rugujewar gurguzu.Ba a haramta wa jam’iyyun gurguzu da ke wajen jihohin Baltic ba, kuma ba a gurfanar da mambobinsu gaban kotu ba.Wurare kaɗan ne kawai suka yi ƙoƙarin keɓance hatta membobin sabis na sirri na kwaminisanci daga yanke shawara.A wasu ƙasashe, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta canza sunanta kuma ta ci gaba da aiki.Baya ga asarar rayuka da sojoji masu sanye da kayan aiki suka yi, miliyoyin mutane ne suka mutu a yakin da ake yi da manyan kasashe a duniya, musamman a gabashin Asiya.Yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe na wakilci da tallafi ga rikice-rikicen cikin gida sun ƙare tare da Yaƙin Cold;yake-yaken jahohi, yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙabilanci, yaƙe-yaƙe na juyin-juya hali, da kuma rikicin ƴan gudun hijira da muhallansu sun ragu sosai a shekarun bayan yakin cacar baka.Duk da haka, ba a yi la'akarin kawo karshen yakin cacar baka ba.Yawancin tashe-tashen hankula na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don rura wutar gasar yaƙin cacar baka a sassan duniya ta uku suna ci gaba da yin muni.Rugujewar ikon gwamnati a yankuna da dama da gwamnatocin gurguzu ke mulki a baya ya haifar da sabbin rikice-rikice na cikin gida da na kabilanci, musamman a tsohuwar Yugoslavia.A Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, kawo karshen yakin cacar baka ya haifar da wani zamani na bunkasar tattalin arziki da karuwar dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, yayin da a sauran kasashen duniya, kamar Afghanistan, 'yancin kai ya kasance tare da gazawar gwamnati.