Tsardom na Rasha

Ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1547, a 16, Ivan ya sami kambi na Monomakh's Cap a Cathedral na Dormition.Shi ne na farko da aka nada a matsayin "Tsar na Dukan Rasha", wani bangare na koyi da kakansa, Ivan III the Great, wanda ya yi ikirarin lakabin Grand Prince of all Rus'.Har zuwa lokacin, sarakunan Muscovy sun kasance masu sarauta a matsayin manyan sarakuna, amma Ivan III mai girma ya sanya kansa "tsar" a cikin wasikunsa.Bayan makonni biyu da nadin sarauta, Ivan ya auri matarsa ​​ta farko, Anastasia Romanovna, memba na Romanov iyali, wanda ya zama na farko Rasha tsaritsa.

Siege na Kazan a cikin 1552 shine yakin karshe na yakin Russo-Kazan kuma ya kai ga faduwar Khanate na Kazan.Rikici ya ci gaba bayan faduwar Kazan, duk da haka, yayin da gwamnatocin 'yan tawaye suka kafa a Çalım da Mişätamaq, kuma an gayyaci sabon khan daga Nogais.Wannan yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1556.

Khanate na Astrakhan, wanda kuma ake kira Xacitarxan Khanate, wata ƙasa ce ta Tatar da ta taso a lokacin rabuwar Golden Horde .Ivan ci da kuma annexed Khanate na Kazan a tsakiyar Volga a 1552 da kuma daga baya Astrakhan Khanate, inda Volga ya hadu da Caspian Sea.Wadannan nasarorin sun mayar da kasar Rasha ta zama kasa mai yawan al'umma da masu yarda da juna, wadda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a yau.Masarautar yanzu ta mallaki dukkan kogin Volga kuma ya sami damar shiga tsakiyar Asiya.An gina sabon sansanin Astrakhan a 1558 ta Ivan Vyrodkov don maye gurbin tsohon babban birnin Tatar.Ƙaddamar da 'yan Tatar Khanates na nufin mamaye yankuna masu yawa, samun dama ga manyan kasuwanni da kuma kula da dukan tsawon kogin Volga.Mallakar daular musulmi ta mayar da Muscovy ta zama daula.

An yi yakin Ērģeme a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1560 a Latvia ta yau (kusa da Valga) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Livonian tsakanin sojojin Ivan IV na Rasha da ƙungiyar Livonian.Wannan dai shi ne yaki na karshe da mayakan Jamus suka yi a Livonia kuma wata muhimmiyar nasara ce ta Rasha.An yi galaba a kan mayakan sosai har sai da aka narkar da odar.

Oprichnina wata manufa ce ta jihar da Tsar Ivan the Terrible ya aiwatar a Rasha tsakanin 1565 zuwa 1572. Manufar ta hada da cin zarafi da yawa na boyars ('yan aristocrats na Rasha), gami da kisa na jama'a da kwace filayensu da dukiyoyinsu.A cikin wannan mahallin kuma yana iya komawa zuwa:Shahararren kungiyar Oprichniki dubu shida, 'yan sanda na farko na siyasa a tarihin Rasha.Bangaren Rasha, wanda Ivan the Terrible ya yi mulki kai tsaye, inda Oprichniki ya yi aiki.Matsakaicin lokaci na tarihin Rasha.

A shekara ta 1568 Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, wanda shi ne ainihin mai iko a mulkin Daular Usmaniyya a karkashin Selim II, ya fara haduwa ta farko tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta Rasha a nan gaba.Sakamako ya yi hasashen bala'o'i da yawa masu zuwa.An yi cikakken bayani game da shirin haɗin kan Volga da Don ta hanyar ruwa a cikin Constantinople.A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1569 don mayar da martani ga tsoma bakin Moscovy a harkokin kasuwanci da ibada na Ottoman, daular Usmaniyya ta aika da dakaru mai yawa karkashin Kasim Paşa na Turkawa 20,000 da Tatar 50,000 domin su yi wa Astrakhan kawanya.A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin Ottoman sun kewaye Azov.Duk da haka, wani rukunin sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin Knyaz (yarima) Serebrianyi-Obolenskiy, gwamnan soja na Astrakhan, ya kori maharan.Sojojin Rasha 30,000 na agaji sun kai hari tare da warwatsa ma'aikatan da sojojin Tatar da aka aika don kare su.A hanyarsu ta komawa gida kusan kashi 70% na sauran sojoji da ma'aikata sun daskare har suka mutu a cikin tudu ko kuma sun zama wadanda hare-haren Circassians ke kaiwa.Guguwa ta lalata rundunar Ottoman.Daular Ottoman, duk da cewa ta yi nasara a kan soji, ta samu amintacciyar hanya ga mahajjata musulmi da 'yan kasuwa daga tsakiyar Asiya da kuma lalata katangar Rasha a kan kogin Terek.

Wutar Moscow ta faru ne a lokacin da sojojin Crimean da Turkiyya (8,000 Crimean Tatars, 33,000 Turkawa da ba bisa ka'ida ba da 7,000 janissaries) karkashin jagorancin khan na Crimea Devlet I Giray, suka keta shingen tsaro na Serpukhov a kan kogin Oka, suka haye kogin Ugra, suka zagaye. gefen sojojin Rasha 6,000.Sojojin na Rasha sun murkushe sojojin Crimea da Turkiyya.Ba tare da sojojin da za su dakatar da mamayewa ba, sojojin Rasha sun koma Moscow.Mutanen karkarar Rasha ma sun gudu zuwa babban birnin kasar.Bayan fatattakar sojojin Rasha, dakarun Crimean-Turkiyya sun kewaye birnin Moscow, domin a cikin 1556 da 1558 Muscovy, ya karya rantsuwar da aka yi wa daular Giray, ya kai hari ga yankunan Crimean Khanate - Sojojin Moscow sun mamaye Crimea tare da kona kauyuka da garuruwa. a Yammaci da Gabashin Crimea, tare da kama ko kashe Tatar na Crimea da yawa.Dakarun Tatar na Crimea da Dakarun Ottoman sun banka wuta a unguwannin bayan gari a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu kuma wata iska kwatsam ta hura wutar cikin birnin Moscow kuma birnin ya tashi cikin tashin hankali.A cewar Heinrich von Staden, Bajamushe da ke hidimar Ivan the Terrible (ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi memba ne na Oprichnina),” birnin, fadar, fadar Oprichnina, da kuma kewayen birni sun kone gaba ɗaya cikin sa’o’i shida.

Yaƙin Molodi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin Ivan the Terrible.An gwabza shi ne a kusa da ƙauyen Molodi, mai nisan mil 40 (kilomita 64) kudu da birnin Moscow, tsakanin rundunar 40,000-60,000 mai ƙarfi na Devlet I Giray na Crimea da kimanin 23,000-25,000 na Rasha karkashin jagorancin Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky.'Yan Crimea sun kona Moscow a shekarar da ta gabata, amma a wannan karon sun sha kashi sosai.

Yunkurin mamayar da Rasha ta yi a Siberiya ya fara ne a watan Yuli na shekara ta 1580 lokacin da wasu Cossacks 540 a karkashin Yermak Timofeyevich suka mamaye yankin Voguls, wanda ke karkashin Küçüm, Khan na Siberiya.Sun samu rakiyar wasu sojojin haya na Lithuania da Jamus da fursunonin yaƙi.A cikin shekara ta 1581, wannan runduna ta ratsa yankin da aka fi sani da Yugra tare da mamaye garuruwan Vogul da Ostyak.Domin a mallake ’yan kasa da kuma tattara yasak (fur tribute), an gina jerin matsuguni na hunturu (zimovie) da garu (ostrogs) a magudanar ruwa na manyan koguna da rafuka da mashina masu mahimmanci.Bayan mutuwar khan da wargajewar duk wani tsari na juriya na Siberiya, Rashawa sun fara zuwa tafkin Baikal sannan kuma Tekun Okhotsk da kogin Amur.Sai dai a lokacin da suka fara isa kan iyakar kasar Sin sun ci karo da mutanen da ke dauke da manyan bindigogi kuma a nan suka tsaya.

Ivan Ivanovich dangantaka da mahaifinsa ya fara tabarbarewa a lokacin daga baya matakai na Livonian War.A cikin fushi da mahaifinsa saboda gazawar soja, Ivan ya bukaci a ba shi umurnin wasu sojoji don yantar da Pskov da aka kewaye.Dangantakarsu ta kara tabarbarewa a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1581, Tsar, bayan ya ga surukarsa mai ciki sanye da tufafin da ba na al'ada ba, ya kai mata hari ta jiki.A cikin fushi, Ivan ya kashe babban dansa da magaji, Ivan Ivanovich, da kuma ɗan da ba a haifa ba, wanda ya bar ɗansa, ɗan siyasa Feodor Ivanovich, ya gaji kursiyin, mutumin da mulkinsa ya kai ga ƙarshen. daular Rurikid da farkon lokacin Matsala.

Yarjejeniyar ko sulhu ta Plussa sulhu ce tsakanin Rasha da Sweden, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Livonian (1558-1583).An sanya hannu kan tsagaita wuta a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1583 a kogin Plyussa a arewacin birnin Pskov.Bisa yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta, Sweden ta ci gaba da rike garuruwan Rasha na Ivangorod (Ivanslott), Jamburg, Koporye (Kaprio) da Korela (Kexholm/Käkisalmi) tare da 'yan Uyezds dinsu, suna rike da iko da Ingria.Rasha ta ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Tekun Baltic a gefen kogin Neva, tsakanin Strelka da Sestra Rivers.

Ivan ya ba da umarnin kafa New Kholmogory (wanda daga baya za a sake masa suna bayan Babban Mala'iku Michael Monastery na kusa).A lokacin samun damar shiga Tekun Baltic har yanzu Sweden ce ke da iko da ita, don haka yayin da Arkhangelsk ke kan kankara a lokacin sanyi, ya kasance kusan hanyar Moscow ta hanyar cinikin teku.Mazauna yankin, da ake kira Pomors, su ne na farko da suka fara binciken hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Arewacin Siberiya har zuwa birnin Mangazeya na Trans-Ural da kuma bayansa.

Ivan ya mutu daga bugun jini yayin da yake wasa da dara tare da Bogdan Belsky a ranar 28 ga Maris 1584. Bayan mutuwar Ivan, an bar gadon sarautar Rasha ga ɗansa na tsakiya wanda bai dace ba, Feodor, mutum mai rauni.Boris Godunov ya zama shugaban gwamnati.Feodor ya mutu ba tare da haihuwa ba a cikin 1598, wanda ya haifar da Lokacin Matsaloli.

Yakin Russo-Swedish na 1590-1595 Boris Godunov ne ya kaddamar da shi a cikin bege na samun yankin Duchy na Estonia tare da Gulf of Finland mallakar Sweden tun lokacin yakin Livonian na baya.Da zaran wa'adin na Plussa ya kare a farkon shekara ta 1590, wani babban sojojin Rasha karkashin jagorancin Godunov da surukinsa, Fyodor I na Rasha mara lafiya, suka yi tattaki daga Moscow zuwa Novgorod.A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu sun haye kogin Narva kuma suka kewaye katangar Sweden na Narva, wanda Arvid Stålarm ya umarta.Wani muhimmin kagara, Jama (Jamburg), ya fada hannun sojojin Rasha cikin makonni biyu.A lokaci guda, Rashawa sun lalata Estonia har zuwa Reval (Tallinn) da Finland har zuwa Helsingfors (Helsinki).Sweden, a cikin Mayu 1595, ta amince da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Teusina (Tyavzino, Tyavzin, Täyssinä).Ya mayar wa Rasha duk yankin da aka ba da shi a cikin Truce na Plussa na 1583 zuwa Sweden ban da Narva.Dole ne Rasha ta yi watsi da duk wani iƙirari game da Estonia, gami da Narva, kuma an tabbatar da ikon Sweden akan Estonia daga 1561.

A kan mutuwar Feodor mara haihuwa a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1598, da kuma jita-jita game da kisan kanin Feodor Dimitry, ya jagoranci Boris ya hau kan mulki.Sarki Ayuba na Moscow ne ya gabatar da zaɓensa, wanda ya yi imanin cewa Boris shi ne mutum ɗaya da zai iya jimre wa matsalolin halin da ake ciki.Boris, duk da haka, zai karbi kursiyin ne kawai daga Zemsky Sobor (majalisar kasa), wacce ta hadu a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu kuma ta zabe shi gaba daya a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu.A ranar 1 ga Satumba, an nada shi sarauta mai girma.Ya fahimci bukatar Rasha ta ci gaba da samun ci gaban tunani na kasashen yamma kuma ya yi iya kokarinsa wajen kawo sauye-sauye na ilimi da zamantakewa.Shi ne sarki na farko da ya shigo da malaman kasashen waje da yawa, kuma shi ne na farko da ya tura matasan kasar Rasha zuwa kasashen waje don neman ilimi, kuma na farko da ya ba da damar gina cocin Lutheran a kasar Rasha.

Yunwar Rasha ta 1601-1603, yunwa mafi muni a Rasha dangane da tasirin da ake yi akan yawan jama'a, ta kashe mutane kusan miliyan biyu: kusan kashi 30% na mutanen Rasha.Yunwa ta ta'allaka ne da lokacin Matsaloli (1598-1613), lokacin da Tsardom na Rasha ba ta daidaita ba a siyasance kuma daga baya ya mamaye Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth.Yawan mace-mace ya haifar da rugujewar al'umma kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo faduwar Tsar Boris Godunov, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin mai mulki a shekara ta 1598. Yunwar ta samo asali ne daga jerin rikice-rikicen sanyi na sanyi da kuma rushewar amfanin gona a duniya, wanda masana ilimin kasa a 2008 suka danganta da dutsen mai aman wuta na 1600. fashewar Huaynaputina a Peru.

Poland ta yi amfani da yakin basasa na Rasha lokacin da membobin szlachta aristocracy na Poland suka fara tasiri ga boyars na Rasha tare da goyon bayan False Dmitris don taken Tsar na Rasha a kan Boris Godunov da Vasili IV Shuysky.A shekara ta 1605, sarakunan Poland sun gudanar da jerin gwano har zuwa mutuwar Dmitry na farko a shekara ta 1606, kuma suka sake mamayewa a shekara ta 1607 har sai da Rasha ta kafa kawancen soja da Sweden bayan shekaru biyu.

Yakin Ingria tsakanin Daular Sweden da Tsardom na Rasha ya dau tsakanin shekara ta 1610 zuwa 1617. Ana iya ganinsa a matsayin wani bangare na lokacin Matsalolin Rasha kuma an fi tunawa da yunkurin dora Sarkin Sweden kan karagar Rasha.Ya ƙare tare da samun babban yanki na Sweden a cikin yarjejeniyar Stolbovo, wanda ya kafa muhimmin tushe ga zamanin Girman Sweden.

Yaƙin Klushino, ko Yaƙin Kłuszyn, an yi shi ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1610, tsakanin sojojin Masarautar Mulkin Poland da Tsardom na Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Poland-Muscovite, wani ɓangare na Lokacin Matsalolin Rasha.Yaƙin ya faru ne a kusa da ƙauyen Klushino kusa da Smolensk.A cikin yakin sojojin Poland da ba su da yawa sun sami gagarumar nasara a kan Rasha, saboda kwarewar dabara na Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski da bajintar soja na Poland hussars, fitattun sojojin masarautar masarautar Poland.Ana tunawa da yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da sojojin dawaki na kasar Poland suka samu da kuma misali na kwarewa da daukakar sojojin Poland a lokacin.

A ranar 31 ga Janairu 1610 Sigismund ya karbi tawagar boyars da ke adawa da Shuyski, wanda ya nemi Władysław ya zama sarki.A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, Sigismund ya aika musu da wasika inda ya amince da yin hakan, amma sai lokacin da Moscow ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali.A ranar 4 ga Yulin 1610 ne sojojin Rasha da na Sweden suka yi nasara a yakin Klushino.Bayan labarin Klushino ya bazu, goyon bayan Tsar Shuyski ya kusan ƙafe.Ba da daɗewa ba Żółkiewski ya shawo kan ƙungiyoyin Rasha a Tsaryovo, waɗanda suka fi na Kłuszyn ƙarfi sosai, don yin magana da kuma yin rantsuwa na aminci ga Władysław.A watan Agusta 1610 da yawa boyars na Rasha sun yarda cewa Sigismund III ya yi nasara kuma Władysław zai zama sarki na gaba idan ya koma Orthodoxy ta Gabas.Bayan ƴan gwabzawa, ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan Poland ta sami rinjaye, kuma an ba da izinin shiga Moscow a ranar 8 ga Oktoba.boyars sun buɗe ƙofofin Moscow ga sojojin Poland kuma sun nemi Żółkiewski ya kare su daga rashin zaman lafiya.Daga nan ne sojojin Poland suka yi garkuwa da Kremlin na Moscow a karkashin jagorancin Aleksander Gosiewski.

A watan Maris na 1611, 'yan ƙasar Moscow sun yi tawaye ga Poles, kuma sojojin Poland na farko sun kewaye Kremlin, karkashin jagorancin Prokopy Lyapunov, mai daraja na Ryazan.'Yan bindiga marasa karfi sun kasa daukar sansanin, kuma nan da nan suka fada cikin rikici Samun labarin cewa sojojin agaji na Poland karkashin Hetman Chodkiewicz na gab da zuwa Moscow, Minin da Pozharsky sun shiga Moscow a watan Agustan 1612 kuma suka kewaye garrison Poland a Kremlin.Dakarun Poland mai dakaru 9,000 karkashin hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz sun yi yunƙurin ɗage kewayen inda suka yi arangama da sojojin Rasha, inda suka yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin dakarun Poland a Kremlin a ranar 1 ga Satumba.Bayan nasarar farko na Poland, ƙarfafawar Cossack na Rasha sun tilasta sojojin Chodkiewicz su koma daga Moscow.Ƙarfafawar Rasha a ƙarƙashin Yarima Pozharsky a ƙarshe ya kashe sansanin Commonwealth (akwai rahotanni na cin zarafi) kuma sun tilasta mika wuya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun ba da 6 Nuwamba ko 7 ga Nuwamba) bayan kewaye na watanni 19.Sojojin Poland sun janye daga Moscow.Ko da yake kungiyar Commonwealth ta yi shawarwarin tsagaita bude wuta, sojojin Rasha sun kashe rabin tsoffin sojojin rundunonin Kremlin yayin da suke barin sansanin.Don haka, sojojin Rasha sun sake kwace birnin Moscow.

A zemsky sobor ya zaɓi Michael Romanov, jikan surukin Ivan the Terrible, sarkin Rasha.Romanovs ya zama daular Rasha ta biyu kuma za ta yi mulki na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.

Siege na Pskov tsakanin 9 ga Agusta da 27 Oktoba 1615 shine yakin karshe na Yaƙin Ingrian.Sojojin Sweden karkashin Gustav II Adolf sun yi wa Pskov kawanya, amma sun kasa kwace birnin.Bayan mugun shan kashi, Sarki Gustavus Adolphus ya yanke shawarar kada ya ci gaba da yakin da Rasha.Tuni dai Sweden ta shirya sake dawo da fafatawa tare da Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth na jihohin Baltic kuma ba ta shirya yin yaki a bangarori biyu ba.A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1615 , an kammala sulhu, kuma duka ɓangarorin biyu suka soma tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ta ƙare da yarjejeniyar Stolbovo a shekara ta 1617. A sakamakon yaƙin, an hana Rasha shiga tekun Baltic kusan ƙarni guda, duk da ƙoƙarin da ta yi na ci gaba da wanzuwa. don juyar da lamarin.Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka mahimmancin Arkhangelsk don haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da Yammacin Turai.

An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Deulino a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1618 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1619. Ya ƙare Yaƙin Poland-Muscovite (1605-1618) tsakanin Yaƙin Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth da Tsardom na Rasha.Yarjejeniyar ta nuna mafi girman fadada yankin Commonwealth (kilomita miliyan 0,99), wanda ya dade har sai da Commonwealth ta amince da asarar Livonia a 1629. Commonwealth ta sami iko akan Smolensk da Chernihiv Voivodeships.An tsaida tsagaita bude wuta a cikin shekaru 14.5.Bangarorin sun yi musayar fursunoni, ciki har da Filaret Romanov, ubangida na Moscow.Władysław IV, ɗan sarkin Commonwealth Sigismund III Vasa, ya ƙi yin watsi da iƙirarinsa na sarautar Moscow.

Yaƙin Smolensk (1632-1634) rikici ne da aka gwabza tsakanin ƙasashen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth da Rasha.An fara tashin hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1632 lokacin da sojojin Rasha suka yi kokarin kwace birnin Smolensk.Kananan ayyukan soja sun haifar da gaurayawan sakamako ga bangarorin biyu, amma mika wuya na babban sojojin Rasha a watan Fabrairun 1634 ya kai ga yarjejeniyar Polyanovka.Rasha ta yarda da ikon Polish-Lithuania a kan yankin Smolensk, wanda ya dade har tsawon shekaru 20.

Tashin Khmelnytsky tawaye ne na Cossack wanda ya faru tsakanin 1648 da 1657 a cikin yankunan gabas na Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Cossack Hetmanate a Ukraine .A karkashin jagorancin Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Zaporozhian Cossacks, da ke da alaƙa da Crimean Tatars da ƙauyen Ukrainian gida, sun yi yaƙi da mamayar Poland da kuma sojojin Commonwealth.Tawagar dai ta kasance tare da gagarumin ta'asar da 'yan Cossacks suka yi wa farar hula, musamman a kan limaman Katolika da Yahudawa.

Yaƙin Korsuń (Yaƙin Yukren: Корсунь, Yaren mutanen Poland: Korsuń), (Mayu 26, 1648) shine babban yaƙi na biyu na tashin hankalin Khmelnytsky.Kusa da wurin da birnin Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi na yanzu yake a tsakiyar kasar Ukraine, wata babbar rundunar Cossacks da Crimean Tatars karkashin jagorancin Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky da Tugay Bey sun kai hari tare da fatattakar sojojin Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth karkashin jagorancin Hetmans Mikołaj. Potocki da Marcin Kalinowski.Kamar dai a yakin da ya gabata a Zhovti Vody, sojojin da suka fice daga kungiyar Commonwealth sun dauki matakin kariya, suka ja da baya, kuma sojojin da ke gaba da juna sun fatattake su sosai.

Raskol shine rarrabuwar Cocin Orthodox na Rasha zuwa cocin hukuma da ƙungiyar Tsoffin Muminai a tsakiyar karni na 17.Wani gyare-gyare na Patriarch Nikon ne ya jawo hakan a shekara ta 1653, wanda ke da nufin kafa daidaito tsakanin ayyukan cocin Girka da na Rasha.A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, firistoci marasa ilimi da limamai sun canza fasalin al'adar addini da yawa ba da gangan ba, suna cire Orthodoxy na Rasha gabaɗaya daga bangaskiyar iyayen Orthodox na Girka.An kafa gyare-gyaren da aka yi niyya don kawar da waɗannan ɓangarorin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Nikon na Rasha mai mulki tsakanin 1652 da 1667. Tare da goyon baya daga Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich na Rasha, sarki Nikon ya fara aiwatar da gyaran littattafan hidima na allahntaka na Rasha daidai da zamani na zamani. Takwarorinsu na Girka da kuma canza wasu al'adu (alamar gicciye mai yatsu biyu an maye gurbinsu da mai yatsu uku, "hallelujah" za a furta sau uku maimakon biyu da sauransu).Waɗannan sababbin abubuwa sun gamu da tsayin daka daga duka limaman coci da jama'a, waɗanda suka yi jayayya game da haƙƙin haƙƙin halaccin waɗannan gyare-gyare, suna magana akan al'adun tauhidi da ƙa'idodin ikilisiyoyi na Gabas ta Orthodox.

Yakin Russo-Polish na 1654-1667, wanda kuma ake kira Yakin Shekaru Goma Sha Uku da Yakin Farko na Arewa, babban rikici ne tsakanin Tsardom na Rasha da Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth.Tsakanin 1655 zuwa 1660, an kuma yi yaƙi da mamayar Sweden a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth don haka lokacin ya zama sananne a Poland a matsayin "The Deluge" ko Sweden Deluge.Da farko Commonwealth ta sha shan kashi, amma ta dawo kasa kuma ta yi nasara a fadace-fadace da dama.Duk da haka, tattalin arzikinta da aka wawashe bai iya ba da gudummawar dogon rikici ba.Fuskantar rikicin cikin gida da yakin basasa, an tilasta wa Commonwealth sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya.Yakin ya ƙare da gagarumin ribar yankunan Rasha kuma ya nuna mafarin tasowar Rasha a matsayin babbar ƙasa a Gabashin Turai.

Yaƙin Russo-Swedish na 1656-1658 Rasha da Sweden sun yi yaƙi a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Arewa na Biyu.Ya faru ne a lokacin dakatawar a cikin yakin Russo-Polish na zamani (1654-1667) a sakamakon Truce na Vilna.Duk da nasarorin farko da aka samu, Tsar Alexis na Rasha ya kasa cimma babban burinsa—na sake fasalin yarjejeniyar Stolbovo, wadda ta kawar da Rasha daga gabar tekun Baltic a karshen yakin Ingrian.A karshen shekara ta 1658, Denmark ta fice daga yakin Arewa da kuma Cossacks na Ukrain a karkashin magajin Khmelnytskyi Ivan Vyhovsky, sun hada kai da Poland, inda suka canza yanayin kasa da kasa sosai tare da sa sarkin ya ci gaba da yaki da Poland da wuri-wuri.Lokacin da wa'adin ya kare, matsayin sojan Rasha a yakin Poland ya tabarbare ta yadda sarkin ba zai iya barin kansa ya shiga wani sabon rikici da kasar Sweden mai karfi ba.Abokansa ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai ya sanya hannu a cikin 1661 Yarjejeniyar Kardis (Kärde), wadda ta wajabta wa Rasha ta ba da nasarar cin nasarar Livonian da Ingrian ga Sweden, yana mai tabbatar da tanadin yarjejeniyar Stolbovo.

Yakin Chudnov ya faru ne tsakanin sojojin Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, masu kawance da Crimean Tatars, da Tsardom na Rasha, masu kawance da Cossacks.Ya ƙare tare da gagarumin nasara na Yaren mutanen Poland, da sulhu na Chudnov (Yaren mutanen Poland: Cudnów).Duka sojojin Rasha, ciki har da kwamandansu, Tatars sun kai su bautar jasyr.Yakin ya kasance babbar nasara ga Poles, wadanda suka yi nasarar kawar da yawancin sojojin Rasha, sun raunana Cossacks kuma sun ci gaba da kawance da 'yan Tatar na Crimean.Poles, duk da haka, sun kasa yin amfani da wannan nasarar;Sojojinsu sun ja da baya cikin rashin tsari.Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar ta gaza ba da albashi ga yawancin sojojin, wanda ya haifar da ɓata lokaci a shekara ta 1661. Hakan ya hana Poles yin shiri kuma ya ba wa Rasha lokaci don sake gina sojojinsu.

The Truce of Andrusovo (Yaren mutanen Poland: Rozejm w Andruszowie, Rashanci: Андрусовское перемирие, Andrusovskoye Pieriemiriye, wanda wani lokacin kuma aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Andrusovo) ya kafa sulhu na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku da rabi, wanda aka rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tsakanin shekaru 16 da Rasha. -Lithuania Commonwealth, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Rasha da Poland tun 1654 a kan yankunan Ukraine da Belarus na zamani.Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (na Rasha) da Jerzy Chlebowicz (na Commonwealth) sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 30 ga Janairu/9 Fabrairu 1667 a ƙauyen Andrusovo wanda ba shi da nisa da Smolensk.Ba a yarda da wakilan Cossack Hetmanate ba.

A cikin 1670 Razin, yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta yin rahoto a hedkwatar Cossack a kan Don, ya fito fili ya yi tawaye ga gwamnati, ya kama Cherkassk da Tsaritsyn.Bayan kama Tsaritsyn, Razin ya tashi zuwa Volga tare da sojojinsa kusan 7,000.Mutanen sun yi tattaki zuwa Cherny Yar, wata tungar gwamnati tsakanin Tsaritsyn da Astrakhan.Razin da mutanensa suka ɗauki Cherny Yar da sauri a lokacin da Cherny Yar streltsy suka tashi da jami'ansu kuma suka shiga aikin Cossack a watan Yuni 1670. A ranar 24 ga Yuni ya isa birnin Astrakhan.Astrakhan, "taga na Gabas" na Moscow arziƙin Moscow ya mamaye wani wuri mai mahimmanci a bakin kogin Volga a bakin Tekun Caspian.Razin ya wawashe birnin duk da wurin da yake a wani tsibiri mai kagara da ganuwar dutse da tagulla da ke kewaye da babban kagara.Bayan ya kashe duk waɗanda suka yi hamayya da shi (ciki har da sarakuna biyu Prozorovsky) da kuma ba da arziƙin kasuwannin birnin don yin wawashe, ya mai da Astrakhan zuwa jamhuriyar Cossack.A cikin 1671, dattawan Cossack sun kama Stepan da ɗan'uwansa Frol Razin a sansanin Kagalnik (Кагальницкий городок).Daga nan aka kashe Stepan a Moscow.

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1676-1681, yaki tsakanin Tsardom na Rasha da Daular Ottoman , wanda ya haifar da fadada Turkiyya a rabin na biyu na karni na 17.Bayan kamawa da lalata yankin Podolia a lokacin yakin Poland-Turkish na 1672-1676, gwamnatin Ottoman ta yi ƙoƙari don yada mulkinta a kan dukkan Bankin Dama na Ukraine tare da goyon bayan vassal (tun 1669). Hetman Petro Doroshenko.Manufar pro-Turkiyya ta ƙarshe ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin yawancin Cossacks na Ukrain , wanda zai zabar Ivan Samoilovich (Hetman na bankin Hagu Ukraine) a matsayin Hetman na dukan Ukraine a 1674.

An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bakhchisarai a Bakhchisaray, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Russo-Turkish (1676-1681), a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1681 ta Rasha, Daular Ottoman , da Crimean Khanate.Sun amince da sulhu na shekaru 20 kuma sun yarda da kogin Dnieper a matsayin layin da ke tsakanin Daular Ottoman da yankin Moscow.Dukkanin bangarorin sun amince da kada su daidaita yankin tsakanin kogin Kudancin Bug da Dnieper.Bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, rundunar Nogai har yanzu tana da haƙƙin zama a matsayin makiyaya a yankunan kudancin Yukren, yayin da Cossacks ke riƙe da haƙƙin kamun kifi a Dnieper da yankunanta;don samun gishiri a kudu;da kuma tafiya a kan Dnieper da Black Sea.Sarkin Ottoman ya amince da ikon Muscovy a yankin Hagu-Bank Ukraine da yankin Zaporozhian Cossack , yayin da yankin kudancin Kiev, yankin Bratslav, da Podolia aka bar su a karkashin ikon Ottoman.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Bakhchisaray ta sake raba filaye tsakanin jihohi makwabta.Yarjejeniyar kuma tana da ma'ana mai girma a duniya kuma ta tanadi rattaba hannu kan "Madawwamiyar Aminci" a 1686 tsakanin Rasha da Poland .

Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya ko Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ƙungiyoyin Mai Tsarki ya kasance jerin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Ƙungiya mai tsarki da ta ƙunshi Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, Poland-Lithuania , Venice , Rasha, da Habsburg Hungary.An fara gwabza kazamin fada a shekara ta 1683 kuma ya kare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Karlowitz a shekara ta 1699. Yakin ya kasance shan kashi ne ga Daular Usmaniyya, wanda a karon farko ya yi asarar yankuna masu yawa.Ta yi hasarar ƙasashe a ƙasar Hungary da Commonwealth-Lithuania Commonwealth, da kuma wani yanki na yammacin Balkans.Har ila yau yakin yana da muhimmanci domin ya kasance karo na farko da Rasha ta shiga kawancen kasashen yammacin Turai.An kawo karshen yakin da yarjejeniyar Constantinople ta 1700. Yarjejeniyar ta mika yankin Azov ga Peter Great.

Yaƙin Crimean na 1687 da 1689 yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na soja guda biyu na Tsardom na Rasha akan Crimean Khanate.Sun kasance wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Russo-Turkish (1686-1700) da Yaƙin Russo-Crimean.Waɗannan su ne sojojin Rasha na farko da suka zo kusa da Crimea tun shekara ta 1569. Sun gaza saboda rashin tsari da kuma matsalar aiki mai ƙarfi na jigilar irin wannan babban ƙarfi a cikin tsaunuka amma duk da haka sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakatar da fadada Ottoman a Turai.Kamfen din dai ya zo da ba-zata ga shugabancin Ottoman, inda ya lalata shirinsa na mamaye kasashen Poland da Hungary, ya kuma tilasta mata tura dakaru masu yawa daga Turai zuwa gabas, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar sosai wajen gwagwarmaya da Daular Usmaniyya.

Bitrus ya koma Moscow a watan Nuwamba 1695 kuma ya fara gina babban sojojin ruwa.Ya kaddamar da jiragen ruwa kimanin talatin da Ottoman a shekara ta 1696, inda ya kama Azov a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar.A ranar 12 ga Satumbar 1698, Peter bisa hukuma ya kafa sansanin sojan ruwan Rasha na farko, Taganrog wanda ya zama Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Rasha.A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Arewa na 1700-1721, Rashawa sun gina jirgin ruwa na Baltic.Ginin jiragen ruwa na oared (gilashin jiragen ruwa) ya faru a cikin 1702-1704 a wurare da yawa na jiragen ruwa (Estuaries na kogin Syas, Luga da Olonka).Domin kare gabar tekun da aka ci da yaki da kuma kai hari kan hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa na abokan gaba a cikin tekun Baltic, Rashawa sun kirkiro wani jirgin ruwa na ruwa daga jiragen ruwa da aka gina a Rasha da wasu da ake shigo da su daga ketare.

A cikin 1697 da 1698, Peter the Great ya shiga Babban Ofishin Jakadancinsa.Babban makasudin wannan aiki shi ne karfafawa da fadada kungiyar mai tsarki, kawancen kasar Rasha da kasashen turai da dama wajen yakar daular Usmania a gwagwarmayar da Rasha ke yi na gabar tekun arewacin tekun Black Sea.Sarkin ya kuma nemi hayar kwararu daga kasashen waje domin aikin Rasha da kuma samun makaman soji.A hukumance, Babban Ofishin Jakadancin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin "manyan jakadu" Franz Lefort, Fedor Golovin da Prokopy Voznitsyn.A gaskiya ma, shi ne ya jagoranci Peter da kansa, wanda ya tafi tare da incognito a karkashin sunan Peter Mihaylov.

Babban Yakin Arewa (1700-1721) ya kasance rikici ne inda kawancen da Tsardom na Rasha ya jagoranta ya yi nasarar gwagwarmayar daular daular Sweden a Arewa, Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai.Shugabannin farko na kawancen adawa da Sweden sune Peter I na Rasha, Frederick IV na Denmark-Norway da Augustus II Karfin Saxony-Poland-Lithuania.Frederick IV da Augustus II sun sha kashi a hannun Sweden, karkashin Charles XII, kuma sun tilastawa ficewa daga cikin kawance a 1700 da 1706, amma sun sake shiga cikin 1709 bayan nasarar Charles XII a yakin Poltava.George I na Birtaniya da Zaɓaɓɓen Hanover sun shiga haɗin gwiwa a 1714 don Hanover da 1717 don Birtaniya, kuma Frederick William I na Brandenburg-Prussia ya shiga cikin 1715.

Masu mulkin mallaka na Sweden sun gina Nyenskans, wani kagara a bakin kogin Neva a shekara ta 1611, wanda daga baya aka kira Ingermanland, wanda kabilar Finnic ta Ingrians ke zaune.Ƙananan garin Nyen ya girma a kusa da shi.A karshen karni na 17, Peter the Great, wanda yake sha'awar sha'awar sha'awar teku da harkokin ruwa, ya so Rasha ta sami tashar jiragen ruwa don kasuwanci da sauran kasashen Turai.Yana buƙatar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi kyau fiye da babban birnin ƙasar a lokacin, Arkhangelsk, wanda ke kan Tekun White a arewa mai nisa kuma yana rufe jigilar kaya a lokacin hunturu.Makiyaya da aka yi wa aikin hidima daga ko’ina cikin Rasha ne suka gina birnin;da dama daga cikin fursunonin yaƙi na Sweden kuma sun shiga cikin wasu shekaru a ƙarƙashin kulawar Alexander Menshikov.Dubun safa ne suka mutu suna gina birnin.Peter ya koma babban birnin kasar daga Moscow zuwa Saint Petersburg a 1712.

Yakin Poltava shi ne gagarumin nasarar da Bitrus Mai Girma (Bitrus na daya na Rasha) ya samu a kan sojojin daular Sweden karkashin Sarkin Sweden Charles XII, a daya daga cikin fadace-fadacen Babban Yakin Arewa.Ya yi nuni da sauyin yakin, da kawo karshen ‘yancin kai na Cossack, farkon daular Sweden ta koma baya a matsayin babbar kasa ta Turai, yayin da Tsardom na Rasha ta dauki matsayinta a matsayin babbar al’ummar arewa maso gabashin Turai Yakin kuma ya dauki nauyi sosai. Muhimmanci a tarihin ƙasar Yukren , kamar yadda Hetman na Zaporizhian Mai masaukin baki Ivan Mazepa ya goyi bayan Swedes, yana neman haifar da bore a Ukraine na adawa da mulkin.

Yakin Russo- Ottoman na 1710-1711 ya barke ne sakamakon babban yakin Arewa, wanda ya hada daular Sweden na Sarki Charles XII na Sweden da daular Rasha ta Tsar Peter I. Charles ta mamaye Ukraine da Rasha ta yi mulki a 1708, amma sun sha gagarumin kaye a yakin Poltava a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1709. Shi da abokan aikinsa sun gudu zuwa sansanin Ottoman na Bender, a cikin masarautar vassal na Ottoman na Moldavia.Sarkin Musulmi Ahmed III ya ki amincewa da bukatar Rasha na korar Charles, lamarin da ya sa Tsar Peter I na Rasha ya kai hari kan Daular Usmaniyya, wanda a nata bangare ya shelanta yaki kan Rasha a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1710.

Bitrus ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawo babban sojoji don ya ba da taimako ga masu gadin gaba, amma Ottoman sun fatattaki sojojinsa.Ya janye sojojin Russo-Moldavia zuwa wani wuri na tsaro a Stănileşti, inda suka yi kane-kane.Sojojin Ottoman sun kewaye wannan wuri da sauri, suka kama sojojin Bitrus.Daular Usmaniyya ta yi ruwan bama-bamai a sansanin Russo-Moldavia da makami, inda suka hana su isa Prut neman ruwa.Cikin yunwa da ƙishirwa, an bar Bitrus ba tare da wani zaɓi ba face ya rattaba hannu kan zaman lafiya a kan sharuɗɗan Ottoman, wanda ya yi daidai a ranar 22 ga Yuli.Yarjejeniyar Pruth ta sake tabbatarwa a shekara ta 1713 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Adrianople (1713), ta tanadi komawar Azov ga Ottoman;Za a rushe Taganrog da wasu kagaran Rasha da dama;kuma Tsar ya yi alkawarin dakatar da tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania.Daular Usmaniyya ta kuma bukaci da a baiwa Charles XII izinin shiga kasar Sweden lafiya

Peter the Great a hukumance ya sake masa suna Tsardom na Rasha a matsayin daular Rasha a cikin 1721 kuma ya zama sarki na farko.Ya kaddamar da sauye-sauye da kuma sa ido kan yadda Rasha ta zama babbar kasar Turai.