Kievan Rus

Kafin bayyanar Kievan Rus a karni na 9 AZ, ƙasashen da ke tsakanin Tekun Baltic da Bahar Bahar Rus sun fi yawan mazaunan kabilun gabashin Slavic.A yankin arewa da ke kusa da Novgorod akwai Ilmen Slavs da Krivichi maƙwabta, waɗanda suka mamaye yankunan da ke kewaye da ruwan yammacin Dvina, Dnieper, da Volga Rivers.A arewacin su, a yankunan Ladoga da Karelia, kabilar Finnic Chud ne.A kudu, a yankin da ke kusa da Kyiv, akwai Poliane, ƙungiyar kabilun Slavicized da asalin Iran , Drevliane zuwa yammacin Dnieper, da Severiane zuwa gabas.A arewa da gabas su ne Vyatichi, kuma a kudancinsu akwai ƙasar dazuzzuka da manoman Slav suka zauna, suna ba da hanya zuwa ciyayi da makiyaya makiyaya ke zaune.Takaddama ta ci gaba a kan ko Rus' 'yan Varangians ne ko Slavs, tare da ra'ayin masana na yanzu suna riƙe da cewa su mutanen Norse ne na kakanni waɗanda suka shiga cikin al'adun Slavic.Wannan rashin tabbas ya samo asali ne saboda ƙarancin tushe na zamani.Ƙoƙarin magance wannan tambaya a maimakon haka ya dogara da shaidar archaeological, asusun masu lura da ƙasashen waje, da tatsuniyoyi da adabi daga ƙarni baya.Har zuwa wani lokaci takaddamar tana da nasaba da kafuwar tatsuniyoyi na jihohin zamani a yankin.Duk da haka, kusancin da ke tsakanin Rus' da Norse yana tabbatar da duka ta hanyar ɗimbin matsugunan Scandinavia a Belarus, Rasha, da Ukraine da kuma tasirin Slavic a cikin yaren Sweden.Idan aka yi la’akari da hukunce-hukuncen harshe da malaman kishin ƙasa suka ɗora, idan proto-Rus sun kasance Norse, to lallai ne da sauri sun zama ‘yan ƙasa, suna ɗaukar harsunan Slavic da sauran ayyukan al’adu.

Sifen Constantinople na ita ce kawai babban balaguron soji na Rus' Khaganate da aka rubuta a kafofin Byzantine da Yammacin Turai.Casus belli shi ne gina kagara Sarkel da injiniyoyin Byzantine suka yi, tare da ƙuntata hanyar kasuwanci ta Rus tare da kogin Don don goyon bayan Khazars.Lissafi sun bambanta, tare da bambance-bambance tsakanin kafofin zamani da na baya, kuma ba a san sakamakon dalla-dalla ba.An sani daga majiyoyin Byzantine cewa Rus' sun kama Konstantinoful ba tare da shiri ba, yayin da daular ta shagaltu da yakin Larabawa-Byzantine da ke gudana kuma ya kasa mayar da martani ga harin, tabbas da farko.Bayan sun yi awon gaba da kewayen babban birnin Rumawa, Rus sun ja da baya a wannan rana kuma suka ci gaba da kewaye da dare bayan sun gaji da sojojin Rumawa tare da haddasa rashin tsari.Rus' ya juya baya kafin ya kai hari kan birnin.Harin shi ne karo na farko da aka yi tsakanin Rus da Rumawa kuma ya jagoranci sarki ya aika da mishan zuwa arewa don yin aiki da ƙoƙarin maida Rus da Slavs.

Bisa ga Tarihin Farko, an raba yankuna na Gabas Slavs a karni na 9 tsakanin Varangians da Khazars.An fara ambata Varangians suna gabatar da haraji daga kabilun Slavic da Finnic a cikin 859. A cikin 862, kabilun Finnic da Slavic a yankin Novgorod sun yi tawaye ga Varangians, suna fitar da su "dawo bayan teku kuma, sun ƙi su ƙarin haraji, sun tashi zuwa mulkin kansu."Kabilun ba su da dokoki, duk da haka, nan da nan suka fara yaƙi da juna, wanda ya sa su gayyaci Varangians su dawo su yi mulkin su kuma su kawo zaman lafiya a yankin:Suka ce a ransu, "Bari mu nemi sarki wanda zai yi mulki a kanmu, ya hukunta mu bisa ga Shari'a."Don haka suka tafi ƙetare zuwa Varangian Rus'.... Chuds, Slavs, Krivichs da Ves sai suka ce wa Rus, "Ƙasarmu tana da girma da wadata, amma babu tsari a ciki. Ku zo ku yi mulki ku yi mulki a kanmu".Ta haka suka zaɓi ’yan’uwa uku tare da danginsu, suka tafi da dukan Rus suka yi hijira.’Yan’uwa uku—Rurik, Sineus, da Truvor—sun kafa kansu a Novgorod, Beloozero, da Izborsk, bi da bi.Biyu daga cikin 'yan'uwa sun mutu, kuma Rurik ya zama mai mulkin yankin kuma kakannin daular Rurik.

Rurik ya jagoranci Rus har zuwa mutuwarsa a cikin kimanin 879, yana ba da mulkinsa ga danginsa, Prince Oleg, a matsayin mai mulki ga ɗansa, Igor.A cikin 880-82, Oleg ya jagoranci rundunar soji a kudu tare da kogin Dnieper, ya kama Smolensk da Lyubech kafin ya isa Kyiv, inda ya kori kuma ya kashe Askold da Dir, ya ayyana kansa yarima, kuma ya ayyana Kyiv a matsayin "mahaifiyar garuruwan Rus."Oleg ya kafa game da ƙarfafa ikonsa akan yankin da ke kewaye da kogin arewa zuwa Novgorod, yana ba da haraji ga kabilun Slav na Gabas.

A cikin 883, Prince Oleg ya ci Drevlias, yana sanya haraji a kansu.A shekara ta 885 ya mamaye Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, da Radimichs, yana hana su biyan ƙarin haraji ga Khazars.Oleg ya ci gaba da haɓakawa da fadada hanyar sadarwa na garu na Rus a cikin ƙasashen Slav, wanda Rurik ya fara a arewa.Sabuwar jihar Kievan ta sami ci gaba saboda yawan wadatar fur, ƙudan zuma, zuma, da bayi don fitarwa, kuma saboda tana sarrafa manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda uku na Gabashin Turai.A arewa, Novgorod ya zama hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin tekun Baltic da hanyar kasuwanci ta Volga zuwa ƙasashen Volga Bulgars, da Khazars, da ƙetaren Tekun Caspian har zuwa Baghdad, yana ba da damar shiga kasuwanni da samfuran daga tsakiyar Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya.Kasuwanci daga Baltic kuma ya koma kudu a kan hanyar sadarwa na koguna da gajeren tashar jiragen ruwa tare da Dnieper da aka sani da "hanyar daga Varangians zuwa Helenawa," ci gaba zuwa Bahar Black kuma zuwa Constantinople.Kyiv ya kasance tashar tsakiya ta hanyar Dnieper da kuma cibiya tare da titin kasuwanci na gabas-yamma a kan ƙasa tsakanin Khazars da ƙasashen Jamus na tsakiyar Turai.Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci sun arzuta 'yan kasuwa da sarakunan Rus, suna ba da tallafin sojoji da gina majami'u, fadoji, garu, da sauran garuruwa.Bukatar kayan alatu ya haifar da samar da kayan ado masu tsada da kayayyakin addini, da ba da damar fitar da su, da kuma tsarin ba da lamuni na ci gaba da kuma tsarin ba da rancen kuɗi ma an yi shi.

Hanyar kasuwanci daga Varangians zuwa Girkawa hanya ce ta kasuwanci ta tsakiya wadda ta haɗa Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' da Daular Roma ta Gabas.Hanyar ta ba da damar 'yan kasuwa a tsawon sa don kafa kasuwanci mai wadata kai tsaye tare da daular, kuma ya sa wasu daga cikinsu suka zauna a yankunan Belarus, Rasha da Ukraine a yau.Yawancin hanyar sun ƙunshi magudanar ruwa mai nisa, gami da Tekun Baltic, koguna da yawa da ke kwarara cikin Tekun Baltic, da koguna na tsarin kogin Dnieper, tare da rabe-raben magudanar ruwa.Wata hanya ta dabam ta kasance tare da kogin Dniestr tare da tasha a gabar yammacin Tekun Bahar Rum.Waɗannan ƙarin ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin ana kiransu a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci ta Dnieper da hanyar kasuwanci ta Dniestr, bi da bi.Hanyar ta fara ne a cibiyoyin kasuwancin Scandinavia kamar Birka, Hedeby, da Gotland, hanyar gabas ta ratsa Tekun Baltic, ta shiga Tekun Finland, sannan ta bi kogin Neva zuwa tafkin Ladoga.Sa'an nan kuma ya bi kogin Volkhov a sama ya wuce garuruwan Staraya Ladoga da Velikiy Novgorod, ya ketare tafkin Ilmen, ya ci gaba da hawan Lovat River, kogin Kunya da kuma yiwuwar kogin Seryozha.Daga can, tashar jiragen ruwa ta kai zuwa Kogin Toropa da kuma ƙasa zuwa Kogin Dvina na Yamma.Daga yammacin Dvina, jiragen ruwa sun haura tare da kogin Kasplya kuma an sake kai su zuwa kogin Katynka (kusa da Katyn), wani yanki na Dnieper.Da alama da zarar an kafa hanyar, an sauke kayan a kan jigilar ƙasa don ketare tashar kuma a sake loda su a kan sauran jiragen da ke jira a kan Dnieper.

Yaƙin Rus'-Byzantine na 907 yana da alaƙa a cikin Tarihi na Farko tare da sunan Oleg na Novgorod.Labarin yana nuna cewa shine aikin soja mafi nasara na Kievan Rus' akan Daular Byzantine.A fakaice, tushen Girka ba su ambace shi ba kwata-kwata.Wannan kamfen na Oleg ba almara ba ne ya fito fili daga ingantacciyar rubutun yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, wanda aka shigar a cikin tarihin.Malaman karatu na yanzu yana ƙoƙarin yin bayanin shuru na tushen Girkanci game da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Oleg ta rashin ingantattun tarihin tarihin Farko.Lokacin da sojojin ruwansa ke gaban Konstantinoful, ya tarar da kofar birnin a rufe kuma an hana shiga cikin Bosporus da sarƙoƙin ƙarfe.A wannan lokacin, Oleg ya koma cikin dabara: ya yi saukowa a bakin tekun kuma yana da wasu kwale-kwalen kwale-kwale 2,000 (monoxyla) sanye da ƙafafun.Bayan da kwale-kwalen nasa suka zama abin hawa, sai ya kai su ga bangon Konstantinoful kuma ya kafa garkuwarsa a ƙofofin babban birnin Imperial.Barazanar da aka yi wa Konstantinoful ya sami sauƙi daga ƙarshe ta hanyar shawarwarin zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da 'ya'ya a cikin yarjejeniyar Russo-Byzantine ta 907. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar, Rumawa sun biya haraji na grivnas goma sha biyu ga kowane jirgin ruwa na Rus.

Olga ta kasance mai mulkin Kievan Rus ga ɗanta Sviatoslav daga 945 zuwa 960. Bayan baftisma, Olga ta ɗauki sunan Elena.An san ta ne saboda cin amanar da ta yi wa Drevlias, kabilar da ta kashe mijinta Igor na Kiev.Ko da yake zai zama jikanta Vladimir wanda zai maida dukan al'umma zuwa Kiristanci , saboda ta kokarin yada Kiristanci ta hanyar Rus ', Olga aka girmama a matsayin saint a cikin Eastern Orthodox Church da epithet "daidai da Manzanni" da ita. ranar idi shine 11 ga Yuli.Ita ce mace ta farko da ta mulki Kievan Rus.Ba a san komai ba game da lokacin Olga a matsayin mai mulkin Kiev, amma littafin farko na Tarihi ya ba da labarin yadda ta hau karagar mulki da kuma fansa da ta yi na zubar da jini a kan Drevlians saboda kisan mijinta da kuma wasu haske game da rawar da ta taka a matsayin shugabar farar hula. mutanen Kievan.

Sviatoslav ta mamaye Bulgaria yana nufin rikici da ya fara a 967/968 ya ƙare a 971, wanda aka yi a gabashin Balkans, kuma ya shafi Kievan Rus', Bulgaria , da Daular Byzantine.Rumawa dai sun karfafawa shugaban kasar Rasha Sviatoslav kwarin guiwa da ya kai wa Bulgaria hari, lamarin da ya kai ga fatattakar sojojin Bulgariya tare da mamayar yankin arewaci da arewa maso gabashin kasar da Rasha ta yi tsawon shekaru biyu.Daga nan sai abokan kawancen suka juya wa juna baya, kuma arangamar da sojoji suka yi ta kawo karshe da nasarar Rumawa.Rus' sun janye kuma an shigar da gabashin Bulgaria a cikin Daular Byzantine.A cikin 927, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Bulgaria da Byzantium, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin shekaru da yawa da kuma kafa shekaru arba'in na zaman lafiya.Dukkanin jihohin biyu sun sami ci gaba a lokacin wannan tsaka mai wuya, amma a hankali ma'auni na mulki ya koma baya ga Rumawa, wadanda suka samu gagarumin rinjaye a kan Daular Abbasiyawa a gabas, suka kulla kawancen da ke kewaye da Bulgaria.A shekara ta 965/966, sabon sarkin Byzantine Nikephoros II Phokas ya ƙi sabunta harajin shekara-shekara wanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya kuma ya ayyana yaƙi a Bulgaria.Ya shagaltu da yakin da ya yi a Gabas, Nikephoros ya yanke shawarar yin yaki ta hanyar wakili kuma ya gayyaci mai mulkin Rasha Sviatoslav ya mamaye Bulgaria.Yakin da Sviatoslav ya yi a baya ya zarce abin da Rumawa suke tsammani, wadanda suka dauke shi kawai a matsayin hanyar yin matsin lamba na diflomasiyya a kan Bulgarian.Yariman na Rasha ya mamaye yankunan kasar Bulgaria a arewa maso gabashin Balkans a shekara ta 967-969, ya kwace sarkin Bulgeriya Boris II, ya kuma yi mulkin kasar ta hanyarsa yadda ya kamata.

Shugabannin yakin na Rasha sun kaddamar da yaki da dama a kan Khazar Qağanate, kuma suka kai farmaki har zuwa tekun Kaspian.Wasiƙar Schechter ta ba da labarin wani yaƙin neman zaɓe akan Khazaria da HLGW (wanda aka bayyana kwanan nan a matsayin Oleg na Chernigov) a kusa da 941 wanda Khazar janar Pesakh ya ci Oleg.Ƙasar Khazar tare da daular Byzantine ta fara rugujewa a farkon karni na 10.Ƙila sojojin Byzantine da Khazar sun yi arangama a cikin Crimea, kuma a cikin 940s Sarkin Byzantine Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus yana yin hasashe a De Administrando Imperi game da hanyoyin da Khazars za a iya ware da kuma kai hari.Rumawa a daidai wannan lokacin sun fara ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tare da Pechenegs da Rus, tare da nasarori daban-daban.A karshe Sviatoslav na yi nasarar lalata ikon daular Khazar a cikin 960s, a wani da'irar da ta mamaye katangar Khazar kamar Sarkel da Tamatarkha, kuma ta kai har zuwa Caucasian Kassogians/Circassians sannan kuma zuwa Kyiv.Sarkel ya fadi a cikin 965, babban birnin Atil ya biyo baya, c.968 ko 969. Don haka, Kievan Rus' zai mamaye hanyoyin kasuwancin arewa-kudu ta hanyar steppe da ƙetare tekun Black Sea.Ko da yake Poliak ya yi iƙirarin cewa masarautar Khazar ba ta kai ga yaƙin Sviatoslav ba, amma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1224, lokacin da Mongols suka mamaye Rus, ta hanyar yawancin asusun, yakin Rus'-Oghuz ya bar Khazaria ya lalace, tare da watakila Yahudawan Khazarian da yawa a cikin jirgin. da barin baya a mafi kyawun yanayin ƙanƙara.Ya bar wata alama kaɗan, sai ga wasu sunaye, kuma yawancin jama'arta babu shakka sun nutsu a cikin rundunonin magada.

Vladimir ya kasance yariman Novgorod sa’ad da mahaifinsa Sviatoslav na farko ya rasu a shekara ta 972. An tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa Scandinavia a shekara ta 976 bayan ɗan’uwansa Yaropolk ya kashe ɗan’uwansa Oleg kuma ya mallaki ƙasar Rus.A Scandinavia, tare da taimakon danginsa Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, mai mulkin Norway, Vladimir ya tara sojojin Viking kuma ya ci nasara a Novgorod da Kyiv daga Yaropolk.A matsayinsa na Yariman Kyiv, babban abin da Vladimir ya samu shine kiristancin Kievan Rus, tsarin da ya fara a 988.

A farkon 911, an ambaci Varangians a matsayin fada a matsayin sojojin haya na Rumawa.Kimanin 700 Varangians sun yi aiki tare da Dalmatians a matsayin marine a cikin balaguron ruwa na Byzantine a kan Masarautar Crete a 902 kuma sojojin 629 sun koma Crete karkashin Constantine Porphyrogenitus a 949. Ƙungiyar 415 Varangians ta shiga cikin balaguron Italiya na 936. Yana da Har ila yau, an rubuta cewa akwai dakarun Varangiya a cikin dakarun da suka yaki Larabawa a Siriya a shekara ta 955. A wannan lokacin, 'yan tawayen Varangiya sun kasance cikin manyan Sahabbai.A cikin 988, Basil II ya nemi taimakon soja daga Vladimir I na Kiev don taimakawa kare kursiyinsa.Bisa ga yarjejeniyar da mahaifinsa ya yi bayan Siege na Dorostolon (971), Vladimir aika mutane 6,000 zuwa Basil.Vladimir ya yi amfani da damar ya kawar da kansa daga mafi yawan mayaƙansa waɗanda a kowane hali ya kasa biya.Wannan ita ce ranar da ake zato na hukuma, na dindindin na babban jami'in gadi.A musayar mayaƙan, Vladimir aka bai wa 'yar'uwar Basil, Anna, aure.Vladimir kuma ya yarda ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma ya kawo mutanensa cikin bangaskiyar Kirista.A cikin 989, wadannan Varangians, karkashin jagorancin Basil II da kansa, sun sauka a Chrysopolis don kayar da Janar Bardas Phokas na 'yan tawaye.A fagen fama, Phokas ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a gaban abokin hamayyarsa;da mutuwar shugabansu, sojojin Phokas suka juya suka gudu.An lura da ta'asar da 'yan Varangians suka yi lokacin da suka bi sojojin da suka tsere suka "dare su da fara'a".Waɗannan mutanen sun kafa tsakiya na Varangian Guard, wanda ya ga hidima mai yawa a kudancin Italiya a karni na sha ɗaya, yayin da Normans da Lombards suka yi aiki don kashe ikon Byzantine a can.A cikin 1018, Basil II ya sami buƙatu daga catepan na Italiya, Basil Boioannes, don ƙarfafawa don kawar da tawayen Lombard na Melus na Bari.An aika wani rukuni na Guard Varangian kuma a cikin yakin Cannae, Rumawa sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci.

Kiristanci na Kievan Rus ya faru a matakai da yawa.A farkon 867, Patriarch Photius na Konstantinoful ya sanar da wasu kakannin Kirista cewa Rus, wanda Bishop ya yi masa baftisma, ya ɗauki Kiristanci da ƙwazo.Ƙoƙarin Photius na Kiristanci ƙasar da alama bai haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ba, tun da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Farko da wasu majiyoyin Slavonic sun kwatanta Rus na ƙarni na goma da ya kafe cikin arna.Bayan Littafin Farko na Farko, ainihin Kiristanci na Kievan Rus tun daga shekara ta 988 (an yi jayayya da shekarar), lokacin da Vladimir Mai Girma ya yi baftisma a Chersonesus kuma ya ci gaba da yin baftisma ga iyalinsa da mutanen Kiev.Abubuwan da suka faru na ƙarshe ana kiran su a al'adance da baftisma na Rus' a cikin adabin Ukrainian da Rashanci.An gayyaci firistoci na Byzantine, masu gine-gine da masu fasaha don yin aiki a kan manyan cathedrals da majami'u a kusa da Rus', suna fadada tasirin al'adun Byzantine har ma da gaba.

Yaroslav, wanda aka sani da "Mai hikima", ya yi gwagwarmaya don neman mulki tare da 'yan uwansa.Dan Vladimir Mai Girma, shi ne mataimakin shugaban Novgorod a lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1015. Daga baya, babban ɗan'uwansa mai rai, Svyatopolk La'ananne, ya kashe wasu 'yan'uwansa uku kuma ya kama mulki a Kiev.Yaroslav, tare da m goyon bayan Novgorod da taimakon Viking haya, ya ci Svyatopolk kuma ya zama babban yarima na Kiev a 1019.Yaroslav ya ƙaddamar da lambar dokar Slavic ta Gabas ta farko, Russkaya Pravda;An gina Cathedral na Saint Sophia a Kiev da Saint Sophia Cathedral a Novgorod;limamai da zuhudu da aka ba da goyon baya;kuma ance ya kafa tsarin makaranta.'Ya'yan Yaroslav sun haɓaka babban Kiev Pechersk Lavra (sufi), wanda ya yi aiki a Kievan Rus a matsayin makarantar ecclesiastical.A cikin ƙarni da suka biyo bayan kafuwar jihar, zuriyar Rurik sun raba iko akan Kievan Rus.Magajin sarauta ya koma daga babba zuwa ƙane kuma daga kawu zuwa ƙane, haka kuma daga uba zuwa ɗa.Ƙananan ƴan daular sukan fara aikinsu na hukuma a matsayin masu mulki na ƙaramar gunduma, suna samun ci gaba zuwa manyan masarautu masu riba, sannan su yi takara don neman kujerar sarautar Kyiv.Mulkin Yaroslav I (Mai hikima) a Kievan Rus ya kasance tsayin daka na tarayya ta kowane fanni.

Babban Schism shine hutu na tarayya wanda ya faru a karni na 11 tsakanin Cocin Katolika da Cocin Orthodox na Gabas.Nan da nan bayan rarrabuwar kawuna, an yi kiyasin cewa Kiristanci na Gabas ya ƙunshi ƴan tsirarun Kiristoci a duk faɗin duniya, tare da yawancin sauran Kiristocin Katolika ne.A sakamakon haka, dangantakar kasuwanci da Yaroslav ya noma ta ragu - Latin duniya na ganin Rasha a matsayin 'yan bidi'a.

An kafa tsarin maye gurbi wanda ba a saba da shi ba (tsarin rota) ta yadda ake mika mulki ga babban dan daular mulki maimakon daga uba zuwa dansa, watau a mafi yawan lokuta zuwa ga babban yayan mai mulki, wanda ke haifar da kiyayya da gaba da gaba a tsakanin masarautar. iyali.An yi amfani da iyali akai-akai don samun iko kuma ana iya gano shi musamman a lokacin Yaroslavichi ('ya'yan Yaroslav), lokacin da aka tsallake tsarin da aka kafa a kafa Vladimir II Monomakh a matsayin Babban Yariman Kyiv, wanda hakan ya haifar da manyan squabbles tsakanin. Olegovichi daga Chernihiv, Monomakhs daga Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi daga Turov/Volhynia, da Polotsk sarakuna.Rushewar Kievan Rus a hankali ya fara ne a cikin karni na 11, bayan mutuwar Yaroslav mai hikima.Matsayin Grand Prince na Kiev ya raunana saboda karuwar tasirin dangi na yanki.Shugaban Polotsk mai hamayya ya yi hamayya da ikon Grand Prince ta hanyar mamaye Novgorod, yayin da Rostislav Vladimirovich ke fafatawa don tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tmutarakan na Chernihiv.Uku daga cikin 'ya'yan Yaroslav waɗanda suka fara haɗin gwiwa tare sun sami kansu suna fada da juna.

An fara ambata Cumans/Polovtsy/Kipchaks a cikin Tarihi na Farko kamar yadda Polovtsy wani lokaci kusan 1055, lokacin da Yarima Vsevolod ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da su.Duk da yarjejeniyar, a shekara ta 1061, Kipchaks ya karya gine-ginen ƙasa da palisades da Princes Vladimir da Yaroslav suka gina kuma ya ci nasara da sojojin da Yarima Vsevolod ya jagoranta wanda ya fita don hana su.Yakin Alta River ya kasance karo na 1068 akan kogin Alta tsakanin sojojin Cuman a gefe guda da sojojin Kievan Rus na Grand Prince Yaroslav I na Kiev, Yarima Sviatoslav na Chernigov, da Yarima Vsevolod na Periaslavl a daya bangaren wanda Rus. 'An fatattaki sojojin kuma sun gudu zuwa Kiev da Chernigov a cikin wani rikici.Yaƙin ya haifar da tawaye a Kiev wanda ya hambarar da Grand Prince Yaroslav a takaice.A cikin rashi na Yaroslav, Yarima Sviatoslav ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Cuman da suka fi girma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1068 kuma ya dakatar da hare-haren Cuman.Wani ƙaramin fada a cikin 1071 shine kawai tashin hankali da Cumans suka yi a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.Don haka, yayin da yakin kogin Alta ya kasance abin kunya ga Kievan Rus', nasarar Sviatoslav a shekara ta gaba ya kawar da barazanar Cumans ga Kiev da Chernigov na wani lokaci mai tsawo.

A cikin 1096, Boniak, Cuman khan, ya kai hari Kyiv, ya washe gidan sufi na Kiev na Caves, kuma ya kona fadar yarima a Berestovo.An ci shi a cikin 1107 ta Vladimir Monomakh, Oleg, Sviatopolk da sauran sarakunan Rasha.

A cikin 882, Prince Oleg ya kafa Kievan Rus', wanda Novgorod ya kasance wani ɓangare daga lokacin har zuwa 1019-1020.An nada sarakunan Novgorod ta Grand Prince na Kiev (yawanci daya daga cikin 'ya'yan maza).Jamhuriyar Novgorod ta ci gaba domin tana sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci daga kogin Volga zuwa Tekun Baltic.Kamar yadda Kievan Rus ya ƙi, Novgorod ya zama mai zaman kanta.A gida oligarchy mulki Novgorod;Majalisar birnin ta yanke wasu manyan hukunce-hukuncen gwamnati, wanda kuma ya zabi wani basarake a matsayin shugaban sojojin birnin.A 1136, Novgorod tawaye da Kyiv, kuma ya zama mai zaman kanta.Yanzu jamhuriyar birni mai cin gashin kanta, kuma ana kiranta da "Ubangiji Novgorod Mai Girma" zai yada "sha'awar kasuwanci" zuwa yamma da arewa;zuwa Tekun Baltic da kuma yankunan dajin da ba su da yawa.A 1169, Novgorod ya samu nasa Akbishop, mai suna Ilya, wata ãyã daga kara muhimmanci da kuma siyasa 'yancin kai.Novgorod ya ji daɗin cin gashin kansa mai fa'ida, kodayake yana da alaƙa da Kievan Rus.

Yarima Yuri Dolgoruky, wani yariman Ruriki na Rasha ne ya kafa Moscow.Na farko da aka sani game da Moscow kwanakin daga 1147 a matsayin wurin taron Yuri Dolgoruky da Sviatoslav Olgovich.A lokacin wani ƙaramin gari ne a kan iyakar yammacin Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.Labarin ya ce, "Zo, ɗan'uwana, zuwa Moskov".

Haɗin gwiwar sarakunan ƙasar karkashin jagorancin Andrei Bogolyubsky na Vladimir sun kori Kiev.Wannan ya canza tunanin Kiev kuma ya kasance shaida na rarrabuwar Kievan Rus.A karshen karni na 12, jihar Kievan ta kara wargajewa, zuwa wasu masarautu kusan goma sha biyu.

Crusades ya kawo sauyi a cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci na Turai wanda ya hanzarta faɗuwar Kievan Rus'.A cikin 1204, sojojin Crusade na huɗu sun kori Constantinople, suna yin hanyar kasuwanci ta Dnieper.A lokaci guda, Livonian Brothers na Sword sun mamaye yankin Baltic kuma suna barazana ga ƙasashen Novgorod.A lokaci guda tare da ita, Ƙungiyar Ruthenian na Kievan Rus' ta fara tarwatse zuwa ƙananan hukumomi yayin da daular Rurik ta girma.Kiristanci na Orthodox na gida na Kievan Rus', yayin da yake gwagwarmaya don kafa kansa a cikin kasar arna mafi rinjaye da kuma rasa babban tushe a Konstantinoful, yana gab da rugujewa.Wasu daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin yanki da suka ci gaba daga baya sune Novgorod, Chernihiv, Halych, Kyiv, Ryazan, Vladimir-kan-Klyazma, Volodymyr-Volyn da Polotsk.

Bayan mamayar Mongol a tsakiyar Asiya da kuma rugujewar daular Khwarezmian daga baya, sojojin Mongol karkashin jagorancin janar Jebe da Subutai sun shiga cikin Iraki-i Ajam.Jebe ya nemi izini daga Sarkin Mongolian, Genghis Khan , don ci gaba da yakinsa na wasu shekaru kafin ya koma babban sojojin ta hanyar Caucasus.Yayin da suke jiran amsar Genghis Khan, su biyun sun tashi samame inda suka kai hari kan masarautar Jojiya.Genghis Khan ya ba wa mutanen biyu izinin gudanar da balaguron balaguron nasu, kuma bayan da suka bi ta yankin Caucasus, sun yi galaba a kan haɗin gwiwar kabilun Caucasian kafin su ci Cumans.Cuman Khan ya gudu zuwa kotun surukinsa, Yarima Mstislav the Bold of Halich, wanda ya gamsu ya taimaka wajen yaki da Mongols.Mstislav the Bold ya kafa ƙawance na sarakunan Rasha ciki har da Mstislav III na Kiev.Dakarun Rus sun hade da farko sun yi galaba akan masu tsaron baya na Mongol.Rus' sun bi Mongols, waɗanda suke cikin ja da baya, na kwanaki da yawa, waɗanda suka baza sojojinsu.Mongols sun tsaya kuma suka ɗauki yaƙi a bakin kogin Kalka.Mstislav the Bold da abokansa na Cuman sun kai wa Mongols hari ba tare da jiran sauran sojojin Rasha ba kuma aka ci su.A cikin rudani da ya biyo baya, an ci nasara a kan wasu sarakunan Rasha da yawa, kuma aka tilasta wa Mstislav na Kiev ya koma wani sansani mai kagara.Bayan ya yi kwanaki uku, sai ya mika wuya domin ya yi alkawarin kyautatawa kansa da mutanensa.Da zarar sun mika wuya, duk da haka, Mongols sun kashe su kuma suka kashe Mstislav na Kiev.Mstislav the Bold ya tsere, kuma Mongols sun koma Asiya, inda suka shiga Genghis Khan.

Daular Mongol ta mamaye kuma ta ci Kievan Rus 'a cikin karni na 13, inda ta lalata manyan biranen kudanci, ciki har da manyan biranen Kiev (mazauna 50,000) da Chernihiv (mazauna 30,000), tare da manyan biranen da suka tsere daga halaka su ne Novgorod da Pskov dake Arewa. .Yaƙin Kogin Kalka ne ya sanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a watan Mayun 1223, wanda ya haifar da nasara ga Mongol akan sojojin da yawa na Rasha.Mongols sun ja da baya, bayan da suka tattara bayanansu wanda shine manufar leken asiri.Babban mamayewa na Rus' daga Batu Khan ya biyo baya, daga 1237 zuwa 1242. An kawo karshen mamayewar ta hanyar maye gurbin Mongol bayan mutuwar Ögedei Khan.An tilasta wa dukkan sarakunan Rus yin biyayya ga mulkin Mongol kuma sun zama vassals na Golden Horde , wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance har zuwa 1480.Wannan mamayewa, wanda farkon rabuwar Kievan Rus ya yi a karni na 13, yana da ginshiƙai masu ma'ana ga tarihin Gabashin Turai, gami da rarraba mutanen Gabas Slavic zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban: Rasha ta zamani, Ukraine da Belarus. .

Daga karshe dai jihar ta wargaje karkashin matsin lamba na mamayar Mongol na kasar Rasha, inda ta raba ta zuwa sarakunan da suka gaji wadanda suka ba da lambar yabo ga Golden Horde (wanda ake kira Tatar Yoke).A ƙarshen karni na 15, Muscovite Grand Dukes sun fara mamaye tsoffin yankuna na Kievan kuma sun ayyana kansu su kaɗai a matsayin magajin shari'a na mulkin Kievan bisa ga ka'idojin ka'idar tsaka-tsaki ta translatio imperii.A gefen yamma, Kievan Rus' ya gaji da sarautar Galicia-Volhynia.Daga baya, yayin da waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda yanzu ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Ukraine da Belarus na zamani, suka faɗa hannun Gediminids, masu iko, galibin Ruthenized Grand Duchy na Lithuania sun zana sosai kan al'adun Rus da na shari'a.Daga 1398 har zuwa Tarayyar Lublin a 1569 cikakken sunanta shine Grand Duchy na Lithuania, Ruthenia da Samogitia.Saboda gaskiyar tattalin arziki da al'adu na Rus' kasancewa located a kan ƙasa na zamani Ukraine, Ukrainian tarihi da masana la'akari da Kievan Rus' zama kafa Ukrainian jihar.A yankin arewa maso gabas na Kievan Rus, an daidaita al'adu a cikin mulkin Vladimir-Suzdal wanda sannu a hankali ya koma Moscow.A arewa, Novgorod da Pskov Feudal Republics ba su da mulkin kama karya fiye da Vladimir-Suzdal-Moscow har sai da Grand Duchy na Moscow ya mamaye su.Masana tarihi na Rasha sunyi la'akari da Kievan Rus 'lokacin farko na tarihin Rasha.