Daular Byzantine: Daular Makidoniya

Schism na Photian ya kasance shekaru hudu (863-867) schism tsakanin majami'u na Roma da Konstantinoful.Batun ya ta'allaka ne kan 'yancin da Sarkin Rumawa ke da shi na tsige da nada sarki ba tare da amincewar fadar Paparoma ba.A shekara ta 857, an kori Ignatius ko kuma aka tilasta masa yin murabus a matsayin sarki na Konstantinoful karkashin Sarkin Byzantine Michael III saboda dalilai na siyasa.Photius ya maye gurbinsa a shekara ta gaba.Paparoma, Nicholas I, duk da rashin jituwa da Ignatius da ya yi a baya, ya ƙi abin da ya ɗauka bai dace ba da aka yi wa Ignatius da kuma ɗaukaka Photius, ɗan leƙen asiri a wurinsa.Bayan da wakilansa suka wuce umarninsu a cikin 861 ta hanyar tabbatar da girman Photius, Nicholas ya sake yanke shawararsu a 863 ta hanyar la'antar Photius.Yanayin ya kasance haka har zuwa shekara ta 867. Yamma suna aika masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje zuwa Bulgeriya .A cikin 867, Photius ya kira majalisa kuma ya kori Nicholas da dukan Ikilisiyar yamma.A wannan shekarar, babban basarake Basil I ya kwace sarauta daga hannun Michael III kuma ya maido da Ignatius a matsayin sarki.

Basil I ya zama sarki mai inganci kuma mai daraja, yana mulki na tsawon shekaru 19, duk da cewa shi mutum ne da ba shi da ilimin boko kuma ba shi da kwarewar soja ko aikin mulki.Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance abokin arziƙi na wani sarki da ya ɓalle kuma ya sami mulki ta hanyar kisa da yawa.Cewa akwai ɗan ƙaramin martani na siyasa game da kisan Michael III mai yiwuwa ne saboda rashin farin jininsa da ma'aikatan Constantinople saboda rashin sha'awarsa ga ayyukan gudanarwa na ofishin Imperial.Har ila yau, nunin rashin kunya da Michael ya yi a bainar jama'a ya raba al'ummar Byzantine gaba ɗaya.Da zarar ya hau mulki nan da nan Basil ya nuna cewa ya yi niyyar yin mulki yadda ya kamata kuma tun da farkon nadin sarautarsa ​​ya nuna addini a fili ta wurin keɓe kambinsa ga Kristi.Ya ci gaba da yin kaurin suna wajen ibada da ibada a tsawon mulkinsa.

Sarkin Faransa Louis II ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Bari ci gaba daga 866 har zuwa 871. Louis yana da alaƙa da Lombards na kudancinItaliya tun daga farko, amma ƙoƙari na haɗin gwiwa tare da Daular Byzantine ya gaza a 869. A cikin kewayen karshe na birnin Bari a cikin 871, Louis ya sami taimakon wasu jiragen ruwa na Slavic daga ko'ina cikin Adriatic.Garin ya fadi kuma aka kama sarki, wanda ya kawo karshen masarautar, amma kasancewar Saracen ya kasance a Taranto.Louis da kansa abokansa na Lombard sun ci amanarsa watanni shida bayan nasararsa kuma dole ne ya bar kudancin Italiya.

Mulkin Basil na Basil ya kasance alama ce ta yaƙi mai cike da wahala da 'yan bidi'a Paulicians, wanda ya shafi Tephrike a kan Yufiretis na sama, wanda ya yi tawaye, ya haɗa kai da Larabawa, kuma ya kai hari har zuwa Nicaea, ya kori Afisa.Paulicians ƙungiya ce ta Kirista wacce gwamnatin Rumawa ta tsananta—ta kafa wata hukuma ta dabam a Tephrike da ke kan iyakar gabashin Byzantium tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masarautun Musulmi na Thughur, yankunan kan iyakar Abbasiyawa , da Daular.A yakin Bathys Ryax, Rumawa karkashin jagorancin Basil Janar Christopher, ya ci nasara mai mahimmanci, wanda ya haifar da cin zarafi na sojojin Paulician da mutuwar shugabanta, Chrysocheir.Wannan taron ya lalata ikon mulkin Paulician kuma ya kawar da babbar barazana ga Byzantium, yana ba da sanarwar faduwar Tephrike da kanta da kuma hadewa da mulkin Paulician jim kadan bayan haka.

Janar Nikephoros Phokas (Dattijon) ya yi nasarar ɗaukar Taranto da yawancin Calabria a cikin 880. Nasarar da aka samu a cikin tsibirin Italiya ya buɗe sabon lokaci na mulkin Byzantine a can.Sama da duka, Rumawa sun fara kafa ƙarfi a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, musamman Adriatic.

Leo VI, wanda ake kira Wise, an karanta shi sosai, wanda ya kai ga kwatancensa.A lokacin mulkinsa, farfado da wasiku, wanda magabacinsa Basil I ya fara, ya ci gaba da cewa;amma kuma daular ta ga nasara da yawa na soji a yankin Balkan a kan Bulgaria da Larabawa a Sicily da Aegean.Har ila yau, mulkinsa ya shaida dakatar da wasu tsoffin cibiyoyin Romawa, kamar ofishin jakadanci na Romawa daban.

Basilika tarin dokoki ne da aka kammala c.892 CE a Konstantinoful bisa umarnin Sarkin Rumawa Leo VI mai hikima a lokacin daular Makidoniya.Wannan ci gaba ne na ƙoƙarin mahaifinsa, Basil I, na sauƙaƙa da daidaita tsarin dokar Emperor Justinian I's Corpus Juris Civilis da aka bayar tsakanin 529 zuwa 534 wanda ya zama tsohon zamani.Kalmar "Basilika" ta fito ne daga Hellenanci: Τὰ Βασιλικά ma'ana "Dokokin Imperial" kuma ba daga sunan Sarkin Basil ba, wanda ko da yake yana da alaƙa da "imperial".

A cikin 894 Stylianos Zaoutzes, babban ministan Leo VI, ya shawo kan sarki ya matsar da kasuwar Bulgaria daga Constantinople zuwa Thessaloniki.Wannan yunƙurin ya shafi ba kawai masu zaman kansu ba har ma da mahimmancin kasuwancin duniya na Bulgaria da ka'idar kasuwancin Byzantine-Bulgaria, wanda aka tsara tare da yerjejeniyar 716 da kuma yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi dacewa a cikin ƙasa.Canja wurin kasuwar Bulgaria zuwa Thessaloniki ya katse hanyar kai tsaye zuwa kayayyaki daga gabas, wanda a cikin sabon yanayi dole ne Bulgarian su saya ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki, waɗanda ke kusa da Stylianos Zaoutzes.A cikin Thessaloniki kuma an tilasta wa Bulgarian biyan ƙarin haraji don siyar da hajojinsu, wanda ya wadata abokan Zaoutzes.Korar 'yan kasuwa daga Konstantinoful ya kasance babban rauni ga muradun tattalin arzikin Bulgaria.‘Yan kasuwan sun kai kara ga Simeon I, wanda shi kuma ya gabatar da batun ga Leo VI, amma ba a amsa karar ba.Saminu, wanda a cewar malaman tarihi na Rumawa yana neman hujjar shelanta yaki da kuma aiwatar da shirinsa na kwace sarautar Rumawa, ya kai hari, wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira (wanda bai dace ba) yakin kasuwanci na farko a Turai.

A cikin 894 wani yaki ya barke tsakanin Bulgaria da Byzantium bayan yanke shawara na Sarkin sarakuna Leo VI mai hikima, don aiwatar da bukatar surukinsa, basileopater Stylianos Zaoutzes, don matsar da cibiyar kasuwancin Balkan daga Konstantinoful zuwa Tasalonika. ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya akan kasuwancin Bulgaria.Don haka Tsar Simeon I na Bulgaria ya yi nasara akan Rumawa kusa da Adrianople, kafin shekara ta ƙare.Amma sai Rumawa suka koma ga tsarin da suka dace don magance irin waɗannan yanayi: suna ba wa wani ɓangare na uku cin hanci don su taimaka, kuma a kan haka, sun ɗauki hayar Magyars na Jihar Etelköz don su kai hari ga Danube Bulgaria daga arewa maso gabas.Magyars sun tsallaka Danube a cikin 895, kuma sun yi nasara a kan Bulgars sau biyu.Don haka Simeon ya janye zuwa Durostorum, wanda ya yi nasarar kare shi, yayin da a cikin 896 ya sami wasu taimako ga bangarensa, yana rinjayar Pechenegs na Byzantine-friendly don taimaka masa.Bayan haka, yayin da Pechenegs suka fara fafatawa da Magyar a kan iyakarsu ta gabas, Saminu da mahaifinsa Boris I, tsohon sarkin da ya bar gidan sufi don taimakawa magajinsa a cikin bikin, ya tattara sojoji da yawa suka yi tattaki zuwa arewa don kare su. daular.Sakamakon ya kasance babban nasara na Bulgaria wanda ya tilasta wa Magyars na daular Etelköz yin watsi da tsaunin kudancin Ukraine .Nasarar ta baiwa Saminu damar jagorantar sojojinsa zuwa kudanci inda ya yi nasara da gaske akan Rumawa a yakin Boulgarophygon.

An yi yakin Boulgarophygon a lokacin rani na 896 kusa da garin Bulgarophygon, Babaeski na zamani a Turkiyya, tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Daular Bulgariya ta Farko .Sakamakon ya kasance halakar sojojin Byzantine wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar Bulgaria a yakin cinikayya na 894-896.Duk da matsalolin farko a yakin da ake yi da Magyars , waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin ƙawayen Byzantine, yakin Boulgarophygon ya zama nasara ta farko da matashi kuma mai buri na Bulgarian Saminu I a kan Daular Byzantine.Saminu zai ci gaba da cin nasara da dama a kan Rumawa don cimma burinsa na ƙarshe, kursiyin a Konstantinoful.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka rattabawa hannu a sakamakon yakin ya tabbatar da mamayar Bulgaria a yankin Balkan.

Buhun Tasalonika a shekara ta 904 da sojojin ruwa na Halifancin Abbasiyawa suka yi na daya daga cikin mafi munin bala'o'i da suka afkawa daular Rumawa a zamanin mulkin Leo na shida da ma a karni na 10.Tawagar musulmi dauke da jiragen ruwa 54 karkashin jagorancin dan tawaye Leo na Tripoli, wanda ya musulunta a baya-bayan nan, sun taso ne daga kasar Syria tare da babban birnin daular Constantinoful a matsayin harin farko.An hana Musulmai kaiwa Konstantinoful hari, maimakon haka suka juya zuwa Tasalonika, sun ba da mamaki ga Rumawa, wadanda sojojin ruwa suka kasa amsawa cikin lokaci.Maharan Abbasid sun bayyana kuma bayan wani ɗan gajeren kewayen da bai wuce kwanaki huɗu ba, maharan sun sami damar shiga bangon teku, suka shawo kan tirjiya ta Tasalonikawa, suka mamaye birnin a ranar 29 ga Yuli.An ci gaba da korar ta tsawon mako guda kafin maharan su tashi zuwa sansanonin su na Levant, inda suka sako fursunonin musulmi 4,000 yayin da suka kama jiragen ruwa 60, sun samu ganima mai yawa da kuma garkuwa da mutane 22,000, galibinsu matasa, tare da lalata jiragen ruwa 60 na Byzantine. .

Leo VI ya haifar da babban abin kunya tare da yawancin aurensa wanda ya kasa samar da magajin gado na gado.Matarsa ​​ta farko Theophano, wadda Basil ya tilasta masa aure saboda alakar danginta da Martinakioi, wanda Leo ya ƙi, ya mutu a 897, kuma Leo ya auri Zoe Zaoutzaina, 'yar mashawarcinsa Stylianos Zaoutzes, ko da yake ita ma ta mutu. ku 899.Bayan mutuwar Zoe, aure na uku ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a fasaha, amma ya sake yin aure, sai dai matarsa ​​ta uku Eudokia Baïana ta mutu a shekara ta 901. Maimakon yin aure karo na hudu, wanda zai zama zunubi mafi girma fiye da aure na uku (a cewar Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos) Leo ya ɗauki matsayin farka Zoe Karbonopsina.Ya aure ta ne bayan ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 905, amma ya fuskanci adawar sarki.Sauya Nicholas Mystikos tare da Euthymios, Leo ya sami Ikilisiya ta amince da aurensa (duk da cewa yana da tsayin daka, kuma tare da tabbacin cewa Leo zai haramta duk auren hudu na gaba).

Yaƙin Rus'-Byzantine na 907 yana da alaƙa a cikin Tarihi na Farko tare da sunan Oleg na Novgorod.Labarin yana nuna cewa shine mafi nasara aikin soja na Kievan Rus 'daular Byzantine.Barazanar da aka yi wa Konstantinoful ya sami sauƙi daga ƙarshe ta hanyar shawarwarin zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da 'ya'ya a cikin yarjejeniyar Russo-Byzantine ta 907. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar, Rumawa sun biya haraji na grivnas goma sha biyu ga kowane jirgin ruwa na Rus.

A cikin 906, Admiral Himerios ya sami nasarar cin nasararsa ta farko a kan Larabawa.Wani nasara kuma ya biyo baya a shekara ta 909, kuma a shekara ta gaba, ya ja-goranci balaguro a gabar tekun Syria: An kori Laodicea, an washe ƙasarta, kuma an kama fursunoni da yawa, da ƙarancin hasara.

Yakin Byzantine- Bulgaria na 913-927 an yi shi ne tsakanin daular Bulgaria da daular Byzantine fiye da shekaru goma.Ko da yake an tsokano yakin da Sarkin Bizantine Alexander ya yanke shawarar dakatar da biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Bulgaria, Saminu na I na Bulgeriya ne ya gudanar da aikin soja da akida, wanda ya bukaci a amince da shi a matsayin Tsar kuma ya bayyana a fili cewa yana da nufin kada ya ci nasara. Konstantinoful kawai amma sauran daular Byzantine, haka nan.

Yawancin mulkinsa sun kasance masu rinjaye: daga 913 zuwa 919 yana ƙarƙashin mulkin mahaifiyarsa, yayin da daga 920 zuwa 945 ya raba gadon sarauta tare da Romanos Lekapenos, 'yarsa Helena ya aura, da 'ya'yansa maza.Constantine VII an fi saninsa da Geoponika, muhimmin rubutun aikin gona da aka harhada a zamanin mulkinsa, da littattafansa guda huɗu, De Administrando Impero, De Ceremoniis, De Thematibus, da Vita Basilii.

Lokacin da Leo ya mutu a shekara ta 912, ƙanensa Alexander ya gaje shi, wanda ya tuna Nicholas Mystikos kuma ya kore Zoe daga fada.Jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, Alexander ya tsokani yaƙi da Bulgaria .Zoe ya dawo kan mutuwar Alexander a shekara ta 913, amma Nicholas ya tilasta mata shiga gidan zuhudu na St. Euphemia a Konstantinoful bayan samun alkawarin majalisar dattijai da malaman addini don kada su yarda da ita a matsayin sarki.Duk da haka, rashin amincewa da Nicholas ga Bulgarians daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar ya raunana matsayinsa kuma a cikin 914 Zoe ya sami damar hambarar da Nicholas kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin mai mulki.An yarda Nicholas ya ci gaba da zama sarki bayan ya amince da ita a matsayin sarki.Zoe ta yi mulki tare da goyon bayan manyan jami'an mulkin mallaka da kuma babban janar Leo Phokas the Elder, wanda shi ne abin da ta fi so.A cikin 919, an yi juyin mulki da ya shafi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, amma adawar Zoe da Leo Phokas ta yi nasara;A ƙarshe Admiral Romanos Lekapenos ya karɓi mulki, ya auri 'yarsa Helena Lekapene ga Constantine VII, kuma ya tilasta wa Zoe komawa cikin gidan zuhudu na Saint Euphemia.

A cikin 917, an sanya Leo Phokas a matsayin mai kula da babban balaguron balaguro da Bulgarians .Shirin ya hada da hari ta bangarori biyu, daya daga kudu da babban sojojin Rumawa karkashin Leo Phokas, daya kuma daga arewa na Pechenegs, wanda sojojin ruwa na Rumawa karkashin Romanos Lekapenos za su bi ta Danube.A cikin lamarin, duk da haka, Pechenegs ba su taimaka wa Rumawa ba, wani bangare saboda Lekapenos ya yi jayayya da shugabansu (ko kuma, kamar yadda Runciman ya nuna, watakila Bulgarian sun ba da cin hanci) da kuma wani bangare saboda sun riga sun fara kwace da kansu, ba tare da kula da su ba. tsarin Byzantine.Ba tare da goyon bayan Pechenegs da jiragen ruwa ba, Phokas ya sha wahala mai tsanani a hannun Tsar Symeon a yakin Acheloos.Yaƙin Achelous, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Anchialus, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Agusta 917, a kan kogin Achelous kusa da bakin tekun Bahar Black na Bulgaria, kusa da kagara Tuthom (Pomorie na zamani) tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria da na Byzantine.Bulgeriya sun sami gagarumar nasara wanda ba wai kawai ya tabbatar da nasarorin da Simeon I ya samu a baya ba, amma sun sanya shi zama shugaban dukan yankin Balkan, ban da babban birnin Byzantine mai tsaro na Constantinople da Peloponnese.Yakin, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan fadace-fadacen da aka yi a tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin bala'o'i da sojojin Rumawa suka taba fuskanta, kuma daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin soja na Bulgaria .Daga cikin mafi girman sakamakon shi ne amincewa da sarautar sarauta na sarakunan Bulgaria a hukumance, da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton Bulgarian vis-à-vis Byzantium.

Yaƙin Katasyrtai ya faru ne a cikin kaka na shekara ta 917, jim kaɗan bayan nasarar da Bulgaria ta samu a Achelous kusa da ƙauyen wannan suna kusa da babban birnin Byzantine Constantinople, (yanzu Istanbul).Sakamakon ya kasance nasarar Bulgaria.Sojojin Byzantine na ƙarshe sun lalace a zahiri kuma an buɗe hanyar zuwa Konstantinoful, amma Sabiyawan sun yi tawaye zuwa yamma kuma Bulgarian sun yanke shawarar tabbatar da bayansu kafin harin ƙarshe na babban birnin Byzantine wanda ya ba abokan gaba lokaci mai daraja don murmurewa.

A ranar 25 ga Maris 919, a shugaban rundunarsa, Lekapenos ya kwace fadar Boukoleon da ragamar gwamnati.Da farko, ana kiransa magistros da megas hetaireiarches, amma ya matsa cikin sauri don ƙarfafa matsayinsa: a cikin Afrilu 919 'yarsa Helena ta auri Constantine VII, kuma Lekapenos ya ɗauki sabon lakabi basileopator;a ranar 24 ga Satumba, an kira shi Kaisar;kuma a ranar 17 ga Disamba 919, Romanos Lekapenos ya zama babban sarki.A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya Romanos ya nada nasa sarauta tare da 'ya'yansa maza, Christopher a shekara ta 921, Stephen da Constantine a 924, ko da yake, a halin yanzu, Constantine VII ya kasance na farko a matsayi bayan Romanos kansa.Yana da kyau cewa, yayin da ya bar Constantine VII ba tare da an taɓa shi ba, an kira shi 'mai tawali'u'.Romanos ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa ta hanyar aurar da 'ya'yansa mata ga membobin manyan iyalai na Argyros da Mouseles, ta hanyar tunawa da tsohon sarki Nicholas Mystikos, da kuma kawo karshen rikici da Papacy game da aure hudu na Sarkin sarakuna Leo VI.

Tsakanin 920 zuwa 922, Bulgaria ta ƙara matsa lamba akan Byzantium, ta yi yaƙi a yamma ta hanyar Thessaly, ta isa Isthmus na Koranti, kuma a gabas a Thrace, ta isa kuma ta haye Dardanelles don kewaye garin Lampsacus.Sojojin Saminu sun bayyana a gaban Konstantinoful a shekara ta 921, lokacin da suka bukaci a ajiye Romanos suka kama Adrianople;a cikin 922 sun yi nasara a Pigae, suna kona yawancin Kaho na Zinariya kuma sun kwace Bizye.An gwabza yakin Pegae a wajen birnin Konstantinoful tsakanin dakarun daular Bulgaria da daular Byzantine a lokacin yakin Byzantine-Bulgaria na 913-927.Yaƙin ya faru ne a wani yanki da ake kira Pegae (watau "farin ruwa"), mai suna bayan Cocin St. Mary na bazara.Layukan Rumawa sun rushe a farkon harin Bulgaria kuma kwamandojinsu sun gudu daga fagen fama.A ci gaba da gwabzawa an kashe yawancin sojojin Rumawa da takobi, sun nutse ko kuma aka kama su.

A cikin 922 Bulgarians sun ci gaba da nasarar yakinsu a cikin Byzantine Thrace, suna kama wasu garuruwa da kagara, ciki har da Adrianople, birni mafi mahimmanci na Thrace, da Bizye.A cikin watan Yuni 922 sun shiga kuma sun ci nasara da wani sojojin Byzantine a Konstantinoful, wanda ya tabbatar da mulkin Bulgaria na Balkans.Duk da haka, Constantinople kanta ya kasance a waje da isar su, saboda Bulgaria ba ta da ikon sojan ruwa don kaddamar da yakin nasara.Yunkurin da Sarkin Bulgeriya Simeon I ya yi na yin shawarwari tare da haɗin gwiwar Bulgaria da Larabawa a kan birnin tare da Fatimids, Rumawa ya bankado kuma sun yi nasara.

A shekara ta 923, an nada Kourkouas a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin Rumawa a yankin gabas, wanda ke fuskantar Khalifancin Abbasiyawa da masarautun musulmi masu cin gashin kansu.Ya ci gaba da wannan matsayi na fiye da shekaru ashirin, yana kula da ƙwararrun nasarorin da sojojin Byzantine suka samu waɗanda suka canza ma'aunin dabarun a yankin.A cikin karni na 9, Byzantium a hankali ya dawo da ƙarfinsa da kwanciyar hankali a cikin gida yayin da Halifanci ya ƙara yin rashin ƙarfi da karaya.A karkashin jagorancin Kourkouas, sojojin Rumawa sun shiga cikin yankin musulmi a karon farko cikin kusan shekaru 200, inda suka fadada iyakar daular.Masarautar Melitene da Qaliqala sun ci nasara, inda suka mika ikon Byzantine zuwa saman Euphrates da yammacin Armeniya .Sauran sarakunan Iberian da Armeniya sun zama ɓangarorin Byzantine.Har ila yau Kourkouas ya taka rawa wajen shan kashi na wani babban hari na Rasha a shekara ta 941 kuma ya dawo da Mandylion na Edessa, wani muhimmin abu mai tsarki da aka gaskata yana nuna fuskar Yesu Almasihu.

Da yake sha'awar cin nasara a Konstantinoful, Saminu ya shirya wani gagarumin yaƙi a shekara ta 924 kuma ya aika da wakilai zuwa ga shugaban Shi'a Fatimid Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, wanda ya mallaki sojojin ruwa mai karfi, wanda Saminu ya bukata.Ubayd Allah ya yarda kuma ya aika da nasa wakilai tare da Bulgarians don shirya ƙawancen.Duk da haka, Rumawa sun kama wakilan a Calabria.Romanos ya ba da zaman lafiya gaMasar a ƙarƙashin Fatimids, yana ƙara wannan tayin da kyaututtuka masu karimci, kuma ya lalata Fatimids sabuwar ƙawance da Bulgaria .A lokacin rani na wannan shekarar, Saminu ya isa Konstantinoful kuma ya bukaci ya ga sarki da sarki.Ya yi magana da Romanos a kan Golden Horn a ranar 9 ga Satumba 924 kuma ya shirya tsagaita wuta, wanda Byzantium zai biya Bulgaria haraji na shekara-shekara, amma za a mayar da shi wasu biranen da ke bakin tekun Black Sea.

A ranar 27 ga Mayu 927, Saminu ya mutu saboda raunin zuciya a fadarsa a Preslav.Marubutan tarihin Byzantine sun danganta mutuwarsa da wani labari, a cewar Romanos ya yanke wani mutum-mutumi wanda shi ne sau biyu mara rai na Saminu, kuma ya mutu a daidai lokacin.Tsar Simeon I ya kasance a cikin manyan masu kima na tarihi na Bulgaria .Bitrus, ɗan Saminu, ya tattauna yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Byzantine.Sarkin Rumawa Romanos I Lakapenos ya yi ɗokin yarda da shawarar zaman lafiya kuma ya shirya auren diflomasiyya tsakanin jikanyarsa Maria da sarkin Bulgaria .A cikin Oktoba 927 Bitrus ya isa kusa da Constantinople don saduwa da Romanos kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, ya auri Maria a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba a cocin Zoödochos Pege.Don nuna sabon zamanin a cikin dangantakar Bulgaro-Byzantine, an sake masa suna Gimbiya Eirene ("salama").Yarjejeniyar ta 927 tana wakiltar 'ya'yan nasarar Saminu na soja da manufofin diflomasiyya, wanda gwamnatin ɗansa ta ci gaba.An sami zaman lafiya tare da iyakokin da aka mayar da su ga waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin yarjejeniyoyin 897 da 904. Rumawa sun amince da sarautar sarkin Bulgarian (basileus, tsar) da matsayin autocephalus na baban Bulgarian, yayin da ake biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Bulgaria ta hanyar ba da kyauta. daular Byzantine aka sabunta.Peter na Bulgaria zai yi mulki cikin lumana na tsawon shekaru 42.

A cikin 933, Kourkouas ya sabunta harin da Melitene.Mu'nis al-Muzaffar ya aike da dakaru domin taimakawa birnin da ya mamaye, amma a sakamakon gumurzun da aka yi, sojojin Rumawa sun yi galaba a kansu tare da kame fursunoni da dama sannan sojojin Larabawa suka koma gida ba tare da sun sassauta birnin ba.A farkon 934, a shugaban mutane 50,000, Kourkouas ya sake ketare iyaka kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Melitene.Sauran jihohin musulmi ba su bayar da taimako ba, sun shagaltu da irin tashin hankalin da ya biyo bayan tsige halifa al-Qahir.Kourkouas ya sake ɗaukar Samosata ya kewaye Melitene.Da yawa daga cikin mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da shi a lokacin da aka samu labarin tsarin Kourkouas kuma yunwa ta tilasta wa sauran su mika wuya a ranar 19 ga Mayu 934. Tsananin tawayen da birnin ya yi a baya, Kourkouas ya ƙyale mazaunan su kasance Kiristoci ne kawai ko kuma sun yarda su koma Kiristanci . .Yawancin sun yi haka, kuma ya ba da umarnin a kori sauran.Melitene ya kasance cikakke a cikin daular, kuma yawancin ƙasarta mai albarka an rikitar da ita zuwa gadar sarauta (kouratoreia).

A farkon lokacin rani na 941, yayin da Kourkouas ya shirya don ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a Gabas, an karkatar da hankalinsa ta hanyar wani abin da ba zato ba tsammani: bayyanar wani jirgin ruwa na Rasha wanda ya mamaye yankin da ke kusa da Konstantinoful kanta.Sojojin Byzantine da na ruwa ba su kasance a babban birnin kasar ba, kuma bayyanar jiragen ruwa na Rus ya haifar da firgita a tsakanin al'ummar Konstantinoful.Yayin da aka tuno da sojojin ruwa da sojojin Kourkouas, da gaggawar taru na tsofaffin jiragen ruwa dauke da wuta na Girka da aka sanya su a karkashin protovestiarios Theophanes sun yi galaba a kan jiragen ruwa na Rus a ranar 11 ga Yuni, wanda ya tilasta masa barin hanyarsa zuwa birnin.Rus ɗin da ya tsira ya sauka a bakin tekun Bitiniya kuma ya lalata yankunan karkarar da ba su da tsaro.Patrikios Bardas Phokas ya gaggauta zuwa yankin da duk wani dakaru da zai iya tattarawa, ya ƙunshi maharan, kuma yana jiran isowar sojojin Kourkouas.A ƙarshe, Kourkouas da sojojinsa sun bayyana kuma suka faɗa kan Rus', waɗanda suka watse don wawashe yankunan karkara, suka kashe da yawa daga cikinsu.Wadanda suka tsira sun koma cikin jiragensu kuma sun yi kokarin hayewa zuwa Thrace a karkashin dare.A lokacin hayewa, dukan sojojin ruwa na Byzantine sun kai hari tare da lalata Rus'.

Bayan wannan jan hankali na Rasha, a cikin Janairu 942 Kourkouas ya kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen a Gabas, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru uku.Harin farko ya afkawa yankin Aleppo, wanda aka yi wa ganima sosai: a faduwar garin Hamus da ke kusa da Aleppo, har ma majiyoyin Larabawa sun ba da labarin kama fursunoni 10-15,000 da Rumawa suka yi.Duk da ƙaramin farmaki da Thamal ko ɗaya daga cikin masu riƙe da shi daga Tarsus suka yi a lokacin rani, a cikin kaka Kourkouas ya sake ƙaddamar da wani babban mamayewa.A shugaban wata babbar runduna ta musamman, mazaje kusan 80,000 a cewar majiyoyin Larabawa, ya tsallaka daga taron kawance zuwa arewacin Mesopotamiya .Mayyafiriqin, Amida, Nisibis, Dara— wuraren da babu sojojin Rumawa da suka taka tun zamanin Heraclius shekaru 300 da suka gabata—an kai hari kuma aka lalata su.Ainihin manufar waɗannan kamfen, duk da haka, shine Edessa, ma'ajiyar " Mandylion Mai Tsarki ".Wannan tufa ce da aka yi imani da cewa Kristi ya yi amfani da shi don goge fuskarsa, ya bar tambarin fasalinsa, kuma daga baya aka ba shi ga Sarki Abgar na V na Edessa.Zuwa ga Rumawa, musamman bayan ƙarshen zamanin Iconoclam da kuma maido da martabar siffa, abin tarihi ne mai mahimmanci na addini.Sakamakon haka, kama shi zai ba wa gwamnatin Lekapenos babban ci gaba a cikin farin jini da halaccinta.Kourkouas ya kai hari Edessa kowace shekara daga 942 zuwa gaba kuma ya lalata yankunanta, kamar yadda ya yi a Melitene.A karshe sarkin ya amince da zaman lafiya, inda ya yi rantsuwar cewa ba za a tada makami a yaki da Byzantium ba, sannan kuma zai mika Mandylion domin a mayar da fursunoni 200.An kai Mandylion zuwa Constantinople, inda ya isa a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 944, a lokacin idin na Dormition na Theotokos.An shirya wani shiga mai nasara don abin da aka girmama, wanda aka ajiye a cikin Theotokos na cocin Pharos, ɗakin sujada na palatine na Babban Fada.Shi kuwa Kourkouas, ya kammala kamfen dinsa da korar Bithra (Birecik na zamani) da Germanikeia (Kahramanmaraş na zamani).

Yarima Igor na Kiev ya sami damar yin wani sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Konstantinoful a farkon 944/945.A karkashin barazana daga wani karfi mai girma fiye da da, Rumawa sun zabi daukar matakin diflomasiyya don kaucewa mamayewa.Sun ba da haraji da gata kasuwanci ga Rasha .An tattauna tayin na Byzantine tsakanin Igor da janar dinsa bayan sun isa bankunan Danube, daga karshe ya karbe su.Yarjejeniyar Rus'-Byzantine ta 945 ta kasance a sakamakon haka.Hakan ya sanya dangantakar abokantaka a tsakanin bangarorin biyu.

Romanos ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko har zuwa 16/20 Disamba 944, lokacin da 'ya'yansa maza, masu haɗin gwiwar sarakuna Stephen da Constantine suka kore shi.Romanos ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a gudun hijira a tsibirin Prote a matsayin sufi kuma ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 948. Tare da taimakon matarsa, Constantine VII ya yi nasara wajen cire surukinsa, kuma a ranar 27 ga Janairu 945. Constantine VII ya zama sarki tilo yana da shekaru 39, bayan rayuwarsa da aka yi a inuwa.Bayan watanni da dama, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu (Easter), Constantine VII ya nada dansa Romanos II sarauta.Ba tare da ya taɓa yin amfani da ikon zartarwa ba, Constantine ya kasance da himma da himma ga ayyukansa na ilimi kuma ya ba da ikonsa ga manyan jami'an gwamnati da janar-janar, da kuma matarsa ​​mai kuzari Helena Lekapene.

Constantine ya ci gaba da gyare-gyaren noma na Romanos I kuma ya nemi sake daidaita dukiya da nauyin haraji, don haka, manyan masu mallakar gidaje (dynatoi) dole ne su dawo da filayen da suka samu daga manoma tun 945 AZ ba tare da an ba su wani diyya ba.Don ƙasar da aka samu tsakanin 934 da 945 AZ, ana buƙatar manoma su biya kuɗin da suka samu na ƙasarsu.Sabbin dokoki kuma an kiyaye haƙƙin ƙasa na sojoji.Saboda wadannan gyare-gyaren "yanayin manoman da suka kasa - wadanda suka kafa tushen dukkan karfin tattalin arziki da soja na daular - ya fi yadda ya kasance tsawon karni".

Constantine na VII ya kaddamar da sabbin jiragen ruwa 100 (dromons 20, chelandia 64, da galleys 10) a kan mayakan Larabawa da ke boye a Crete, amma wannan yunkurin kuma ya ci tura.A cikin wannan shekarar, Rumawa sun ci Jamusanci, sun sha fama da sojojin abokan gaba, kuma a shekara ta 952 sun haye kogin Euphrates.Amma a cikin 953, Hamdanid amir Sayf al-Daula ya sake kwace Germanicea ya shiga yankin daular.Nikephoros Phokas, wanda ya ci Hadath, a arewacin Siriya, a shekara ta 958, ya kwato ƙasar gabas, da Janar John Tzimiskes, wanda bayan shekara ɗaya ya kama Samosata, a arewacin Mesopotamiya .Gobarar Girka kuma ta lalata wani jirgin ruwa na Larabawa a shekara ta 957.

An yi yakin Marash a shekara ta 953 a kusa da Marash (Kahramanmaraş na zamani) tsakanin sojojin Daular Rumawa a karkashin Domestic of the Schools Bardas Phokas dattijo, da na Hamdanid Sarkin Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, na Rumawa mafi rashin tsoro. abokan gaba a tsakiyar karni na 10.Duk da cewa sun fi yawa, Larabawa sun yi nasara a kan Rumawa da suka karya suka gudu.Shi kansa Bardas Phokas da kyar ya tsere ta hanyar shiga tsakani na hadimansa, kuma ya sami mummunan rauni a fuskarsa, yayin da aka kama dansa kuma gwamnan Seleucia, Constantine Phokas, aka kuma tsare shi a fursuna a Aleppo har sai da ya mutu rashin lafiya bayan wani lokaci. .Wannan tashin hankali, tare da shan kashi a cikin 954 da kuma a cikin 955, ya haifar da korar Bardas Phokas a matsayin Domestic na Makarantu, da maye gurbinsa da babban dansa, Nikephoros Phokas (daga baya sarki a 963-969).

Yakin Raban wani yaki ne da aka yi a cikin kaka na shekara ta 958 a kusa da sansanin Raban tsakanin sojojin Rumawa karkashin jagorancin John Tzimiskes (daga baya sarki a shekara ta 969-976), da kuma dakarun Masarautar Hamdanid na Aleppo karkashin fitaccen sarki Sayf al- Dawla.Yakin ya kasance babban nasara ga Rumawa, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga rushewar ikon soja na Hamdanid, wanda a farkon shekarun 950 ya tabbatar da babban kalubale ga Byzantium.

Romanos II Porphyrogenitus shi ne Sarkin Byzantine daga 959 zuwa 963. Ya gaji mahaifinsa Constantine VII yana da shekaru ashirin da daya kuma ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma bayan shekaru hudu a ban mamaki.Ɗansa Basil II mai kisan gilla na Bulgar zai gaje shi a 976.

Yakin Andrassos ko Adrassos wani yakin da aka yi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 960 a wani tsauni da ba a san ko wanene ba a kan tsaunukan Taurus, tsakanin Rumawa karkashin jagorancin Leo Phokas ƙarami, da dakarun Masarautar Hamdanid na Aleppo a ƙarƙashin sarki Sayf al- Dawla.A tsakiyar 960, yin amfani da rashin kasancewar yawancin sojojin Rumawa a yakin da ake yi da Masarautar Crete, yarima Hamdanid ya sake kaddamar da wani hari a Asiya Ƙarama, kuma ya kai hari sosai da kuma yadu zuwa yankin Kapadokiya.Da ya dawo, duk da haka, Leo Phokas ya yi wa sojojinsa kwanton bauna a hanyar Andrassos.Shi kansa Sayf al-Dawla ya tsira da kyar, amma an hallaka sojojinsa.Dukkan malaman tarihi na Larabawa da na zamani, irin su Marius Canard da JB Bikhazi, sun ɗauki shan kashi a Andrassos a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan alƙawarin da ya lalata iyawar Hamdanid da kyau, kuma ya buɗe hanya don cin nasarar Nikephoros Phokas na gaba.

Daga hawan Sarkin sarakuna Romanos na II a shekara ta 959, an sanya Nikephoros da kaninsa Leo Phokas a matsayin masu kula da sojojin gabas da yamma bi da bi.A cikin 960, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 27,000 da ma'aikatan ruwa ne aka tara wa mutum rundunar jiragen ruwa 308 dauke da sojoji 50,000.Bisa shawarar babban minista Joseph Bringas, an damka wa Nikephoros alhakin jagorantar wannan balaguro kan masarautar musulmi ta Crete.Nikephoros ya yi nasarar jagorantar rundunarsa zuwa tsibirin kuma ya yi galaba a kan wasu kananan sojojin Larabawa bayan da ya sauka kusa da Almyros.Ba da da ewa ba ya fara kawanya na wata tara na katangar garin Chandax, inda dakarunsa suka sha wahala a lokacin hunturu saboda matsalar wadata.Bayan wani hari da bai yi nasara ba da kuma hare-hare da dama a cikin karkara, Nikephoros ya shiga Chandax a ranar 6 ga Maris 961 kuma nan da nan ya kwace ikon daukacin tsibirin daga hannun musulmi.Bayan ya koma Constantinople, an hana shi babban rabo na yau da kullun, ana ba shi izinin yin farin ciki kawai a cikin Hippodrome.Komawar Karita babbar nasara ce ga Rumawa, yayin da ta maido da ikon Byzantine a kan tekun Aegean kuma ya rage barazanar 'yan fashin Saracen, wanda Crete ta ba da tushe na aiki.

Bayan cin nasara a Crete, Nikephoros ya koma gabas kuma ya zarce dakaru masu yawa da kayan aiki zuwa Kilicia.A watan Fabrairun 962 ya kama Anazarbos, yayin da babban birnin Tarsus ya daina amincewa da Sarkin Hamdanid na Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla.Nikephoros ya ci gaba da kai hari a karkarar Kilisiya, inda ya yi galaba a kan gwamnan Tarsus, ibn al-Zayyat, a fage;Daga baya al-Zayyat ya kashe kansa saboda rashin.Bayan haka, Nikephoros ya koma babban birnin yankin Caesarea.A farkon sabon kakar yakin al-Dawla ya shiga daular Rumawa don gudanar da hare-hare, dabarun da ya bar Aleppo cikin hadari ba tare da kariya ba.Ba da daɗewa ba Nikephoros ya ɗauki birnin Manbij.A watan Disamba, an raba sojoji tsakanin Nikephoros da John I Tzimiskes zuwa Aleppo, inda suka yi gaggawar fatattakar dakarun da ke adawa da Naja al-Kasaki.Dakarun Al-Dawla sun ci karo da Rumawa, amma shi ma an fatattaki shi, kuma Nikephoros da Tzimiskes suka shiga Aleppo a ranar 24 ko 23 ga Disamba.Asarar garin zai zama babban bala'i na dabaru da ɗabi'a ga Hamdani.Wataƙila a kan waɗannan kamfen ɗin ne Nikephoros ya sami sobriquet, "The Pale Death of the Saracens".A lokacin kame Aleppo, sojojin Rumawa sun mallaki dinari na azurfa 390,000, rakuma 2,000, da alfadarai 1,400.

Daular Byzantine karkashin Nikephoros Phokas ce ta yi buhun Aleppo a watan Disamba 962.Aleppo ita ce babban birnin sarkin Hamdanid Sayf al-Dawla, babban mai adawa da Rumawa a lokacin.An baiwa Nikephoros nasara ta biyu saboda faduwar Aleppo.

Nikephoros II Phokas shi ne sarkin Byzantine daga shekara ta 963 zuwa 969. Hazakar sojan da ya yi ya taimaka wajen sake farfado da daular Byzantine a karni na 10.Mulkinsa, duk da haka, ya haɗa da jayayya.A yamma, ya hura wuta da ' yan Bulgaria , kuma ya ga Sicily gaba daya ya juya ga Musulmi, yayin da ya kasa samun wani gagarumin nasara aItaliya bayan mamayewa na Otto I. A halin yanzu, a gabas, ya kammala cin nasara a Kilicia da kuma yaki. har ma sun sake kwace tsibiran Crete da Cyprus, ta haka ne suka bude hanyar da sojojin Byzantine suka mamaye har zuwa saman Mesopotamiya da Levant.Manufofinsa na gudanarwa ba su yi nasara ba, domin don samun kuɗin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ƙara yawan haraji a kan jama'a da kuma a kan coci, yayin da yake riƙe matsayi na tauhidi da ba sa so da kuma raba yawancin abokansa mafi girma.Wadannan sun hada da dan uwansa John Tzimiskes, wanda zai hau gadon sarauta bayan ya kashe Nikephoros a cikin barcinsa.

Komawar da Rumawa ta yi a Kilicia wani jerin tashe-tashen hankula ne da kuma shiga tsakanin sojojin daular Rumawa karkashin Nikephoros II Phokas da Hamdanid mai mulkin Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, kan iko da yankin Kilicia da ke kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya.Tun bayan cin nasarar da musulmi suka yi a karni na 7, Cilicia ta kasance lardin da ke kan iyakar kasashen musulmi da kuma sansanin hare-hare akai-akai kan lardunan Rumawa na Anatoliya.A tsakiyar karni na 10, rarrabuwar kawuna na Halifancin Abbasiyawa da karfafa Byzantium a karkashin daular Makidoniya sun ba wa Rumawa damar kai farmaki a hankali.A karkashin soja-sarki Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963-969), tare da taimakon janar kuma sarki John I Tzimiskes na gaba, Rumawa sun shawo kan juriya na Sayf al-Dawla, wanda ya karbi ikon tsohuwar iyakokin Abbasiyawa a cikin arewacin Siriya, kuma sun ƙaddamar da jerin hare-haren wuce gona da iri waɗanda a cikin 964-965 suka sake kwato Kilicia.Nasarar nasara ta bude hanyar farfado da Cyprus da Antakiya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, da kuma husufin Hamdanids a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a yankin.

Faduwar Taormina zuwa ga Aghlabid a shekara ta 902 ta nuna kyakkyawan ƙarshen mamayar musulmi na Sicily, amma Rumawa sun riƙe wasu ƴan matsuguni a tsibirin, kuma Taormina da kanta ta yi watsi da ikon musulmi ba da daɗewa ba.A cikin 909, Fatimids sun mamaye lardin Aglabid na Ifriqiya, tare da shi Sicily.Fatimids sun mayar da hankalinsu zuwa Sicily, inda suka yanke shawarar rage sauran wuraren da Byzantine: Taormina, garu a cikin Val Demone da Val di Noto, da Rometta.Taormina ya fada hannun gwamna Ahmad bn al-Hasan al-Kalbi a ranar Kirsimeti 962, bayan sama da watanni tara na kewaye, kuma a shekara ta gaba dan uwansa, al-Hasan bn Ammar al-Kalbi, ya kewaye Rometta.Sojojin na karshen sun aika da taimako ga Sarkin sarakuna Nikephoros II Phokas, wanda ya shirya babban balaguro, wanda Patrikios Niketas Abalantes da ɗan'uwansa, Manuel Phokas suka jagoranta.Yakin magudanar ruwa ya haifar da babbar nasara ta Fatimid, da rugujewar ƙarshe na yunƙurin sarki Nikephoros II Phokas na dawo da Sicily daga Fatimids.

Bayan mutuwar Ashot III a shekara ta 967, 'ya'yansa biyu, Grigor II (Gregory Taronites) da Bagrat III (Pankratios Taronites), sun ba da Armeniya zuwa Daular Byzantine don musanya filaye da lakabi masu daraja.A cikin Byzantium, mai yiwuwa tare da wasu rassan danginsu da aka riga aka kafa a can a shekarun da suka gabata, sun kafa dangin Taronites, wanda shine ɗayan manyan iyalai masu daraja ta Byzantine a cikin ƙarni na 11-12th.A karkashin mulkin Byzantine, Taron ya kasance tare da gundumar Keltzene zuwa lardi guda (jigo), wanda gwamnansa (strategos ko doux) yawanci yana da matsayi na protospatharios.A tsakiyar karni na 11, an haɗa shi tare da taken Vaspurakan a ƙarƙashin gwamna ɗaya.Taron kuma ya zama babban birni mai gani tare da gani 21 suffragan.

Tun daga watan Fabrairun 967, Yariman Benevento, Lombard Pandolf Ironhead, ya karɓi Otto a matsayin mai mulkinsa kuma ya karɓi Spoleto da Camerino a matsayin fiefdom.Wannan shawarar ta haifar da rikici da Daular Rumawa, wadda ta yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka a kan mulkokin kudancin Italiya.Daular gabas ta kuma nuna adawa da yadda Otto ya yi amfani da lakabin Sarkin sarakuna, yana mai imani ne kawai Sarkin Rumawa Nikephoros II Phokas shine magajin gaskiya na tsohuwar Daular Roma.Rumawa sun bude tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Otto, duk da faffadan manufofinsa a fagen tasirinsu.Otto ya bukaci duka gimbiya sarki a matsayin amarya ga dansa kuma magajinsa Otto II da kuma halaccin da martabar alaka tsakanin daular Ottonia a yamma da daular Macedonia a gabas.A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, dauloli biyu sun nemi ƙarfafa tasirinsu a kudancin Italiya tare da yakin da yawa.

Dangantaka da 'yan Bulgaria ta yi tsanani.Da alama Nikephorus ya ba wa Kievan Rus cin hanci don kai wa 'yan Bulgaria hari a matsayin ramuwar gayya a kan rashin hana hare-haren Magyar .Wannan warwarewar dangantakar ta haifar da raguwar shekaru da yawa a diflomasiyyar Byzantine-Bulgaria kuma ya kasance share fage ga yake-yaken da aka yi tsakanin Bulgaria da kuma daga baya sarakunan Byzantine, musamman Basil II.Svjatoslav da Rus sun buge Bulgaria a shekara ta 968 amma dole ne su ja da baya don ceto Kiev daga mamayar Pecheg.

A cikin 967, Sayf al-Dawla, Sarkin Alepppo, ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini, wanda ya hana Nikephoros babban kalubale daya tilo a Siriya.Sayf bai murmure sosai daga buhun Aleppo ba, wanda ya zama mai mulkin mallaka jim kadan bayan haka.Bayan shekara guda na ganima a Siriya, Sarkin Bizantine Nikephoros II Phokas, ya yanke shawarar komawa Konstantinoful don hunturu.Kafin ya tafi, duk da haka, ya gina Bagras Fort kusa da Antakiya kuma ya sanya Michael Bortzes a matsayin kwamandan.Nikephoros a sarari ya hana Bourtzes ɗaukar Antakiya da ƙarfi don kiyaye mutuncin tsarin birnin.Bourtzes, duk da haka, ba ya so ya jira har sai lokacin hunturu don ɗaukar sansanin soja.Ya kuma so ya burge Nikephoros kuma ya sami daukaka, don haka ya shiga tattaunawa da masu tsaron gida suna neman sharuɗɗan mika wuya.Rumawa sun sami damar samun gindin zama a wajen kare birnin.Bayan kama Antakiya, Nikephoros ya cire Bortzes daga matsayinsa saboda rashin biyayyarsa, kuma zai ci gaba da taimakawa a cikin wani makirci wanda zai kawo karshen kisan gillar Nikephoros, yayin da Petros zai zurfafa zuwa cikin yankin Siriya, yana kewaye da kai Aleppo kanta. da kuma kafa daular Rumawa ta Aleppo ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Safar.

Makircin kisan Nikephoros ya fara ne lokacin da ya kori Michael Bourtzes daga mukaminsa biyo bayan rashin biyayyarsa a kewayen Antakiya.Bourtzes ya sha kunya, kuma nan da nan zai sami abokin tarayya da wanda zai yi wa Nikephoros makirci.A ƙarshen 965, Nikephoros ya sa John Tzimiskes ya yi gudun hijira zuwa gabashin Asiya Ƙarama don zargin rashin aminci, amma an tuna da roƙon matar Nikephoros, Theophano.A cewar Joannes Zonaras da John Skylitzes, Nikephoros yana da dangantaka marar ƙauna da Theophano.Ya kasance yana jagorantar rayuwa mai ban tsoro, yayin da ta kasance tana hulɗa da Tzimiskes a asirce.Theophano da Tzimiskes sun yi niyyar hambarar da sarki.A daren wannan aiki, ta bar ƙofar ɗakin kwana na Nikephoros a buɗe, kuma Tzimiskes da mukarrabansa sun kashe shi a cikin gidansa a ranar 11 ga Disamba 969. Bayan mutuwarsa, dangin Phokas sun shiga tawaye a ƙarƙashin ɗan'uwan Nikephoros Bardas Phokas, amma Tawayen nasu ya yi nasara da sauri yayin da Tzimiskes ya hau kan karagar mulki.

John I Tzimiskes shi ne babban Sarkin Rumawa daga 11 ga Disamba 969 zuwa 10 Janairu 976. Janar mai basira da nasara, ya karfafa daular kuma ya fadada iyakokinta a cikin gajeren mulkinsa.Ba da jimawa ba aka tabbatar da yankin Aleppo a karkashin yarjejeniyar Safar.A cikin jerin kamfen da Kievan Rus ya yi a kan Lower Danube a cikin 970-971, ya kori abokan gaba daga Thrace a yakin Arcadiopolis, ya haye Dutsen Haemus, ya kewaye kagara na Dorostolon (Silistra) a Danube. tsawon kwanaki sittin da biyar, inda bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa ya yi nasara a kan Babban Yarima Svyatoslav na Rus.A cikin 972, Tzimiskes ya juya zuwa ga Daular Abbasid da vassals, farawa da mamayewa na Upper Mesopotamiya .Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu, a shekara ta 975, an nufi Siriya, inda sojojinsa suka ci Homs, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazarat, Kaisariya, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos, da Tripoli, amma sun kasa ci Urushalima.

An yi yakin Arcadiopolis a shekara ta 970 tsakanin sojojin Byzantine karkashin Bardas Skleros da sojojin Rus , na karshen kuma ya hada da dakarun kasashen Bulgarian , Pecheneg, da Hungarian (Magyar).A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, mai mulkin Rasha Sviatoslav ya ci arewacin Bulgaria , kuma yanzu yana barazanar Byzantium.Dakarun Rus sun taso ta hanyar Thrace zuwa Konstantinoful lokacin da sojojin Skleros suka ci karo da shi.Da yake da 'yan maza fiye da na Rus', Skleros ya shirya wani kwanton bauna kuma ya kai hari ga sojojin Rus tare da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa.Daga nan ne Rumawa suka yi kame-kame, inda suka yi nasarar ja da tawagar Pecheneg zuwa cikin kwanton bauna, tare da kai musu farmaki.Ragowar sojojin Rus sai suka sami raunuka masu yawa daga bin Rumawa.Yaƙin yana da mahimmanci yayin da ya sayi lokaci don Sarkin Byzantine John I Tzimiskes don warware matsalolinsa na cikin gida kuma ya haɗa babban balaguro, wanda a ƙarshe ya ci Sviatoslav a shekara mai zuwa.

Yakin Alexandretta shi ne karo na farko da aka gwabza tsakanin dakarun Daular Rumawa da Khalifan Fatimid a kasar Siriya.An yi yaƙin ne a farkon shekara ta 971 a kusa da Alexandretta, yayin da babban sojojin Fatimid ke kewaye Antakiya, wanda Rumawa suka kama shekaru biyu a baya.Rumawa, karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin fadawan gidan Sarkin sarakuna John I Tzimiskes, sun ja ragamar rundunar Fatimid mai dakaru 4,000 don kai hari a sansaninsu da babu kowa, sannan suka far musu daga kowane bangare, suka ruguza sojojin Fatimid.Kashin da aka yi a Alexandretta, tare da mamayewar Qarmatian na kudancin Siriya, ya tilasta Fatimids ɗaga kewaye da kuma tabbatar da ikon Byzantine a Antakiya da arewacin Siriya.

Bayan da aka shagaltar da shi tare da murkushe tawaye na Bardas Phokas a cikin shekara ta 970, Tzimiskes ya jagoranci sojojinsa a farkon 971 don yakin da Rasha , ya tura sojojinsa daga Asiya zuwa Thrace da tattara kayayyaki da kayan aiki.Sojojin ruwa na Rumawa ne suka raka wannan balaguron, wanda aka dora wa alhakin daukar dakaru domin yin kasa a bayan makiya da kuma yanke ja da baya a fadin Danube.Sarkin ya zaɓi makon Easter na 971 don yin motsi, yana kama Rus gaba ɗaya da mamaki: An bar wucewar tsaunukan Balkan ba tare da tsaro ba, ko dai saboda Rus' sun shagaltu da murkushe tawayen Bulgaria ko watakila (kamar yadda AD Stokes ya nuna) saboda yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka kulla bayan yakin Arcadiopolis ya sanya su cikin koshin lafiya.Sojojin Byzantine, wanda Tzimiskes ya jagoranta a cikin mutum da adadin 30,000-40,000, sun ci gaba da sauri kuma sun isa Preslav ba tare da lalata ba.Sojojin Rus sun ci nasara a yakin da suka yi a gaban bangon birnin, kuma Rumawa suka ci gaba da kewaye.Sojojin Rasha da Bulgaria a karkashin rundunar Sojan Rasha Sphangelput sun yi tsayin daka, amma an kai hari a birnin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.Daga cikin wadanda aka kama akwai Boris na biyu da iyalansa, wadanda aka kai su Konstantinoful tare da mulkin mallaka na Bulgaria.Babban sojojin Rus karkashin Sviatoslav ya janye a gaban sojojin daular zuwa Dorostolon a kan Danube.Kamar yadda Sviatoslav ya ji tsoron tashin Bulgaria, ya sa aka kashe manyan mutane 300 na Bulgaria, kuma ya daure wasu da yawa.Sojojin Masarautar sun ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba;Dakarun Bulgaria na sansani daban-daban da kagara a kan hanyar sun mika wuya cikin lumana.

Bayan da Rumawa suka ci nasara da hadin gwiwar Rus - sojojin Bulgaria a yakin Arcadiopolis kuma suka sake kama Pereyaslavets, Svyatoslav ya tilasta gudu zuwa sansanin arewa na Dorostolon (Drustur / Dorostorum).Sarki John ya ci gaba da kewaye Dorostolon, wanda ya dauki kwanaki 65.Sojojinsa sun sami ƙarfafa da rundunar jiragen ruwa 300 sanye da wuta na Girka.Rus' sun ji ba za su iya karya kewaye ba kuma sun amince su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Daular Byzantine, inda suka yi watsi da bukatunsu ga ƙasashen Bulgaria da birnin Chersonesos a Crimea.

A karshe da ya amince da sarautar Otto, sabon sarkin gabas John I Tzimisces ya aika da ‘yar wansa Theophanu zuwa Roma a shekara ta 972, kuma ta auri Otto II a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 972. A wani bangare na wannan kusantar, a karshe an warware rikicin kudancin Italiya: Daular Byzantine. yarda da mulkin Otto a kan mulkokin Capua, Benevento da Salerno;A sakamakon haka ne Sarkin Jamus ya ja da baya daga mallakar Rumawa a Apulia da Calabria.

Daga nan sai Melias ya yi gaba da Amid tare da adadin sojoji, a cewar majiyoyin Larabawa, maza 50,000.Kwamandan dakarun da ke yankin, Hezarmerd, ya kira Abu Taghlib don neman agaji, shi kuma ya aika da dan uwansa, Abul-Qasim Hibat Allah, wanda ya isa birnin a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 973. Washegari kuma aka gwabza yaki. a gaban katangar Amid inda aka ci nasara kan Rumawa.Washegari aka kame Melias da gungun wasu sojojin Rumawa suka kai su ga Abu Taghlib.

Kamfen din Sham na John Tzimiskes jerin yakin da Sarkin Rumawa John I Tzimiskes ya yi a kan Halifancin Fatimid a Levant da kuma kan Halifancin Abbasiyawa a Siriya.Bayan daular Hamdanid ta Aleppo ta raunana da rugujewa, yawancin Gabas ta Gabas a bude suke zuwa Byzantium, kuma, bayan kisan Nikephoros II Phokas, sabon sarki, John I Tzimiskes, ya yi gaggawar shiga sabuwar daular Fatimid mai nasara. iko da gabas na kusa da muhimman biranenta, wato Antakiya, Aleppo, da Kaisariya.Har ila yau, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Sarkin Hamdanid na Mosul, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Halifan Abbasiyya a Bagadaza da kuma masu mulkinsa na Buyid, kan kula da sassan Upper Mesopotamia (Jazira).

A farkon shekarun mulkin Basil, yaƙe-yaƙe ne suka mamaye yaƙin basasa da wasu manyan janar-janar guda biyu daga sarakunan Anatoliya;na farko Bardas Skleros da kuma daga baya Bardas Phokas, wanda ya ƙare jim kadan bayan mutuwar Phokas da kuma Skleros mika wuya a 989. Basil sa'an nan ya kula da daidaitawa da kuma fadada gabas iyaka da Byzantine Empire da kuma cikakken subjugation na farko Bulgarian Empire , ta farko maƙiyin Turai. bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya.Duk da cewa Daular Rumawa ta yi sulhu da Khalifancin Fatimid a shekara ta 987-988, Basil ya jagoranci yakin da aka yi da Khalifanci wanda ya kawo karshen wani zaman sulhu a shekara ta 1000. Ya kuma gudanar da yakin yaki da Khazar Khaganate wanda ya sami Daular Rumawa na Crimea da kuma jerin kamfen na nasara kan Masarautar Jojiya.Duk da yake-yake da ake yi na kusan kai-tsaye, Basil ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai gudanarwa, inda ya rage karfin manyan iyalai masu mallakar filaye da suka mamaye harkokin mulki da sojan daular, ya cika taskar ta, ya bar ta da mafi girman fa'ida cikin karni hudu.Ko da yake magajinsa sun kasance masu mulki da ba za su iya ba, daular ta bunkasa shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar Basil.Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman shawarwarin da aka yanke a lokacin mulkinsa shi ne miƙa hannun 'yar uwarsa Anna Porphyrogenita ga Vladimir I na Kiev don musanya goyon bayan soja, ta haka ne ya kafa rundunar sojojin Byzantine da aka sani da Varangian Guard.Aure na Anna da Vladimir ya kai ga Kiristanci na Kievan Rus 'da kuma hade daga baya magaji jihohin Kievan Rus' a cikin Byzantine al'adu da addini al'adar.Ana kallon Basil a matsayin gwarzon dan kasar Girka amma mutum ne da ake raina a tsakanin 'yan Bulgaria .

Da jin labarin tsige shi, Skleros ya cimma yarjejeniya da Armeniya , Jojiya har ma da sarakunan musulmi wadanda duk suka sha alwashin goyon bayan ikirarinsa na kambin sarauta.Ya yi nasarar tayar da tawaye a tsakanin danginsa da mabiyansa a lardunan Asiya, da sauri ya mai da kansa shugaban Kaisariya, Antakiya, da yawancin Asiya Ƙarama.Bayan da wasu kwamandojin sojan ruwa da dama suka sauya sheka zuwa bangaren Skleros, sai ya garzaya zuwa Constantinople, yana mai barazanar killace Dardanelles.Sojojin ruwan ‘yan tawayen karkashin Micheal Kourtikios sun kai farmaki a tekun Aegean tare da yunkurin killace yankin Dardanelles, amma rundunar ‘yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Theodoros Karantenos ta ci nasara a kan su.Bayan da ya rasa rinjaye a teku, Skleros nan da nan ya kewaye garin Nicaea, wanda aka dauke shi mabuɗin babban birnin.Wani Manuel Erotikos Komnenos, mahaifin sarki mai jiran gado Isaac Komnenos kuma zuriyar daular Komnenoi ne ya ƙarfafa garin.

Basil ya tuna daga gudun hijira Bardas Phokas ƙarami, wani janar wanda ya yi tawaye a zamanin da ya wuce kuma an tsare shi a cikin gidan sufi na tsawon shekaru bakwai.Phokas ya zarce zuwa Sebastea a Gabas, inda danginsa ke lalata.Ya sami fahimta tare da David III Kuropalates na Tao, wanda ya yi alkawarin mahaya dawakai 12,000 na Jojiya a ƙarƙashin umarnin Tornikios don taimakon Phokas.Nan take Skleros ya bar Nicaea zuwa Gabas kuma ya ci Phokas a yaƙe-yaƙe biyu, amma na ƙarshe ya yi nasara a cikin na uku.An gwabza yakin Pankaleia, Charsianon, Sarvenis a shekara ta 978 ko 979 tsakanin sojojin da ke biyayya ga Sarkin Rumawa Basil II, wanda Bardas Phokas ƙarami ya ba da umarni, da kuma dakarun Janar na 'yan tawaye Bardas Skleros.Ranar 24 ga Maris, 979, shugabannin biyu sun yi arangama a fafatawar guda, inda Skleros ya yanke kunnen dama na dokin Phocas da mashinsa kafin ya samu rauni a kai.Jita-jitar mutuwarsa ta sa sojojinsa gudu, amma Skleros da kansa ya sami mafaka tare da abokansa musulmi.Daga nan aka yi galaba a kan tawaye ba tare da wahala ba.

Domin tun shekara ta 976 ’yan Bulgars suka fara kai hare-hare a kasashen Rumawa tun shekara ta 976, gwamnatin Rumawa ta nemi ta haifar da sabani a tsakaninsu ta hanyar ba da damar tserewa da sarkinsu Boris na biyu na Bulgaria .Wannan dabara ta gaza don haka Basil ya yi amfani da jinkiri daga rikicinsa tare da manyan mutane don jagorantar sojoji 30,000 zuwa Bulgaria da kewaye Sredets (Sofia) a 986. Yana shan asara da damuwa game da amincin wasu gwamnoninsa, Basil ya ɗage yaƙi ya koma Thrace amma ya fada cikin kwanton bauna kuma ya sha kashi mai tsanani a yakin Gates na Trajan.Yaƙin Ƙofar Trajan yaƙi ne tsakanin sojojin Rumawa da na Bulgaria a shekara ta 986. Ya faru ne a cikin sunan guda, Trayanovi Vrata na zamani, a Lardin Sofia, Bulgeriya.Shi ne babban shan kashi da Rumawa suka yi a karkashin Sarkin Basil II.Bayan da bai yi nasara ba na Sofia ya koma Thrace, amma sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Samuil sun kewaye shi a tsaunin Sredna Gora.An hallaka sojojin Rumawa kuma Basil da kansa ya tsira da kyar.

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Don kayar da waɗannan tawaye masu haɗari a yankin Anatoliya, Basil ya kulla kawance da Yarima Vladimir I na Kiev, wanda a cikin 988 ya kama Chersonesos, babban sansanin daular a yankin Crimean.Vladimir ya yi tayin fitar da Chersonesos kuma ya ba da 6,000 na sojojinsa a matsayin ƙarfafawa ga Basil.A maimakon haka, ya bukaci ya auri Anna kanwar Basil.Da farko, Basil ya yi shakka.Rumawa suna kallon dukan mutanen Arewacin Turai - wato Franks da Slavs - a matsayin barace.Anna ta ki auri basarake domin irin wannan auren ba zai kasance da wani misali a tarihin Imperial ba.Vladimir ya yi bincike a kan addinai daban-daban, ya aika wakilai zuwa kasashe daban-daban.Aure ba shine babban dalilinsa na zabar Kiristanci ba .Sa’ad da Vladimir ya yi alkawari zai yi wa kansa baftisma kuma ya mai da mutanensa zuwa Kiristanci, Basil ya amince da hakan.Vladimir da Anna sun yi aure a Crimea a shekara ta 989. Mayakan Rus da aka kai cikin sojojin Basil sun taimaka wajen kawo karshen tawayen;Daga baya aka tsara su cikin Guard Varangian .Wannan aure yana da muhimmiyar tasiri na dogon lokaci, wanda ke nuna farkon tsarin da Grand Duchy na Moscow bayan shekaru da yawa zai yi shelar kansa "Roma ta Uku", da kuma da'awar siyasa da al'adun gargajiya na Daular Byzantine.

A cikin 992, Basil ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Doge na Venice Pietro II Orseolo a karkashin sharuddan rage ayyukan al'ada na Venice a Constantinople daga 30 nomismata zuwa 17 nomismata.A sakamakon haka, 'yan Venetian sun amince da jigilar sojojin Byzantine zuwa kudancin Italiya a lokacin yakin.A cewar wani kiyasi, manomin ƙasar Bizantine zai iya sa ran samun ribar nomismata 10.2 bayan ya biya kuɗin rabin filinsa mafi kyau.Basil ya shahara da manoman kasar, ajin da ke samar da mafi yawan kayan aiki da sojoji.Don tabbatar da wannan ya ci gaba, dokokin Basil sun kare ƙananan masu mallakar gonaki kuma sun rage harajin su.Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi kusan akai-akai, ana ɗaukar mulkin Basil a matsayin zamanin wadata na dangi ga ajin.

An gwabza yakin Orontes ne a ranar 15 ga Satumbar 994 tsakanin Rumawa da abokansu Hamdanid karkashin Micheal Bourtzes da dakarun Fatimid wazikin Damascus, Janar Manjutakin na Turkiyya.Yakin Fatimi ne nasara.Wannan shan kashi ya kai ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye na Sarkin Bizantine Basil II a yakin walƙiya a shekara mai zuwa.Nasarar da Bourtzes ya yi ya tilasta Basil shiga tsakani da kansa a Gabas;tare da sojojinsa, ya bi ta Asiya Ƙarama zuwa Aleppo a cikin kwanaki goma sha shida, ya isa a watan Afrilu 995. Basil ya zo kwatsam, da kuma wuce gona da iri na ƙarfin sojojinsa a sansanin Fatimid, ya haifar da firgita a cikin sojojin Fatimid, musamman saboda Manjutakin, yana tsammanin babu wata barazana. Ya ba da umarnin a warwatsa dawakan dawakansa a cikin birnin domin kiwo.Duk da cewa yana da sojoji da yawa kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali, Manjutakin ya kasance cikin wahala.Ya ƙone sansaninsa ya koma Dimashƙu ba tare da yaƙi ba.Rumawa sun yi wa Tripoli kawanya ba tare da samun nasara ba, suka mamaye Tartus, inda suka sake karfafawa suka yi garkuwa da sojojin Armeniya .

Dakarun Khalifancin Fatimid karkashin Manjutakin sun mamaye birnin Hamdanid babban birnin Aleppo tun daga lokacin bazara na shekarar 994 zuwa Afrilu 995. Manjutakin ya kewaye birnin a lokacin damuna, yayin da al'ummar Aleppo ke fama da yunwa tare da fama da cututtuka. .A cikin bazara na 995, Sarkin Aleppo ya nemi taimako daga Basil II Sarkin Rumawa.Zuwan sojojin agaji na Rumawa karkashin sarki a watan Afrilun 995 ya tilastawa sojojin Fatimid yin watsi da kewayen suka koma kudu.

Yaƙin Spercheios ya faru ne a shekara ta 997 AZ, a bakin kogin Spercheios kusa da birnin Lamia a tsakiyar ƙasar Girka.An yi fafatawa tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Tsar Samuil, wanda a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ya kutsa kudu zuwa Girka , da kuma sojojin Byzantine karkashin jagorancin Janar Nikephoros Ouranos.Nasarar Rumawa ta kusan halaka sojojin Bulgaria, kuma ta kawo karshen hare-haren da take kaiwa a kudancin Balkans da Girka.

A cikin 998, Rumawa karkashin Damian Dalassenos, magajin Bourtzes, sun kaddamar da hari a Apamea amma Janar Fatimid Jaysh ibn al-Samsama ya ci su a yakin ranar 19 ga Yuli 998. Yakin yana cikin jerin gwabzawar sojoji tsakanin mutanen biyu. masu iko da arewacin Siriya da kuma masarautar Hamdanid na Aleppo.Kwamandan yankin Rumawa, Damian Dalassenos, ya kasance yana kawanya Apamea, har zuwa lokacin da sojojin agaji na Fatimid suka iso daga Damascus, karkashin Jaysh ibn Samsama.A yakin da ya biyo baya, da farko Rumawa sun yi nasara, amma wani mahayin Kurdawa shi kadai ya yi nasarar kashe Dalassenos, inda ya jefa sojojin Rumawa cikin firgici.Daga nan sai sojojin Fatimid suka bi su da gudu, tare da asarar rayuka da dama.Wannan shan kaye ya tilasta wa Sarkin Rumawa Basil II yin kamfen da kansa a yankin a shekara mai zuwa, kuma a shekara ta 1001 aka kammala zaman sulhu na shekaru goma tsakanin jihohin biyu.

A cikin 1000, an kammala zaman sulhu na shekaru goma tsakanin jihohin biyu.A tsawon mulkin Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996-1021), dangantakar ta kasance cikin lumana domin al-Hakim ya fi sha'awar harkokin cikin gida.Hatta amincewa da Fatimid suzerainty da Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir na Aleppo ya yi a shekara ta 1004 da kuma nadin da Fatimid ya dauki nauyin yi wa Aziz al-Dawla a matsayin sarkin birnin a shekarar 1017, bai kai ga sake barkewar fada ba, musamman saboda al- Kabir ya ci gaba da girmama Rumawa kuma al-dawla cikin sauri ya fara aiki a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa.Hukuncin da Al-Hakim ya yi wa kiristoci a daularsa musamman ma rugujewar Cocin Mai Tsarki a shekara ta 1009 bisa umarninsa ya haifar da dagula dangantaka da kuma tsoma bakin Fatimid a Aleppo, ya ba da babbar ma'anar dangantakar diflomasiyya ta Fatimid-Byzantine har zuwa karshen shekarun 1030.

Bayan 1000 tides na yakin ya juya a cikin ni'imar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin Basil II, wanda ya kaddamar da shekara-shekara kamfen na methodical ci na Bulgarian biranen da kagara wanda wani lokacin da za'ayi a duk watanni goma sha biyu na shekara maimakon saba. gajeren yakin neman zabe na zamanin tare da sojojin da ke komawa gida zuwa hunturu.A cikin 1001, sun kama Pliska da Preslav a gabas

A shekara ta 1003, Basil na biyu ya kaddamar da yaki da Daular Bulgeriya ta farko kuma bayan watanni takwas na kewaye ya mamaye muhimmin garin Vidin da ke arewa maso yamma.Yajin aikin na Bulgeriya a gaban Odrin bai kawar da hankalinsa daga manufarsa ba kuma bayan kama Vidin ya zarce zuwa kudu ta kwarin Morava inda ya lalata katangar Bulgarian a kan hanyarsa.Daga ƙarshe, Basil II ya isa kusa da Skopje kuma ya sami labarin cewa sansanin sojojin Bulgaria yana kusa da wani gefen kogin Vardar.Samuil na Bulgaria ya dogara da babban ruwan kogin Vardar kuma bai dauki wani taka tsantsan ba don tabbatar da sansanin.Abin ban mamaki al'amuran sun kasance iri ɗaya da na yakin Spercheios shekaru bakwai da suka gabata, kuma yanayin yakin ya kasance iri ɗaya.Rumawa sun yi nasarar gano wani fjord, suka ketare kogin suka kai wa Bulgarian gafala cikin dare.An kasa yin tsayin daka yadda ya kamata 'yan Bulgarian nan da nan suka ja da baya, suka bar sansanin da tantin Samuil a hannun Rumawa.A yayin wannan yakin Samuil ya yi nasarar tserewa ya nufi gabas.

Yaƙin Kreta ya faru ne a shekara ta 1009 kusa da ƙauyen Kreta da ke gabashin Thessaloníki.Tun bayan faduwar babban birnin Bulgeriya Preslav ga Rumawa a shekara ta 971, ana ci gaba da gwabza yaki tsakanin Daulolin biyu.Daga 976, mai martaba Bulgaria kuma daga baya Sarkin sarakuna Samuel ya yi nasarar yaki da Rumawa amma, daga farkon karni na 11, arziki ya fi son Byzantium, wanda ya murmure daga mummunan asara a baya.Daga 1002 Basil II ya kaddamar da yakin shekara-shekara kan Bulgaria kuma ya kwace garuruwa da yawa.A shekara ta 1009 Rumawa sun shiga sojojin Bulgaria a gabashin Tasaloniki.Ba a san komai ba game da yaƙin da kansa amma sakamakon ya kasance nasara ta Byzantine.

A shekara ta 1000, Basil ya yi yaƙi da nasa sarauta kuma ya ci nasara da barazanar Musulunci daga gabas, don haka ya jagoranci wani mamaye Bulgaria .A wannan karon maimakon ya yi tattaki zuwa tsakiyar kasar, sai ya hade ta kadan-kadan.Daga ƙarshe, bayan sun ƙaryata Bulgaria kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasarta, Bulgarian sun yi kasadar komai a yaƙi ɗaya a cikin 1014.Yaƙin Kleidion ya faru ne a cikin kwarin da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Belasitsa da Ograzhden, kusa da ƙauyen Klyuch na Bulgaria na zamani.An yi wannan gamuwa mai tsanani ne a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli tare da kai hari a baya da wata runduna karkashin Janar Nikephoros Xiphias na Byzantine, wanda ya kutsa kai cikin yankunan Bulgaria.Yakin Kleidion ya kasance bala'i ga Bulgaria kuma sojojin Rumawa sun kama fursunoni 15,000;Kashi 99 cikin 100 na makanta kuma na 100 ya kare ido daya don jagorantar sauran su koma gidajensu.Bulgarian sun yi tsayayya har zuwa 1018 lokacin da suka mika wuya ga mulkin Basil II.

An gwabza yakin Bitola ne a kusa da garin Bitola na kasar Bulgariya tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Voivode Ivats da kuma sojojin Rumawa karkashin jagorancin 'yan dabaru George Gonitsiates.Ya kasance daya daga cikin budaddiyar fadace-fadace na karshe tsakanin Daular Bulgariya ta Farko da Daular Rumawa.Bulgariya sun yi nasara kuma Sarkin Rumawa Basil II ya ja da baya daga babban birnin Bulgeriya Ohrid, wanda a wancan lokacin ’yan Bulgarian suka keta katangar bayansa.Koyaya, nasarar Bulgaria kawai ta jinkirta faduwar Bulgaria zuwa mulkin Byzantine a cikin 1018.

A cikin 1017 Basil II ya mamaye Bulgaria tare da manyan sojoji ciki har da sojojin haya na Rasha .Manufarsa ita ce garin Kastoria wanda ke kula da hanyar da ke tsakanin Thessaly da bakin tekun Albania na zamani.Basil ya ɗauki ƙaramin sansanin Setina dake tsakanin Ostrovo da Bitola zuwa kudancin kogin Cherna.'Yan Bulgarian karkashin jagorancin Ivan Vladislav sun yi tafiya zuwa sansanin Byzantine.Basil II ya aika da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin Diogenes don su fatattaki Bulgarians amma sojojin kwamandan Byzantine sun yi kwanton bauna kuma aka yi musu rauni.Domin ya ceci Diogenes, Sarkin Bizantine mai shekaru 60 ya ci gaba tare da sauran sojojinsa.Lokacin da Bulgaria suka fahimci cewa Diogenes ya kori su.A cewar masanin tarihin Rumawa John Skylitzes mutanen Bulgaria sun sami raunuka da yawa kuma an kama 200 fursunoni.

Bayan yakin Kleidon, tsayin daka ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu a karkashin Gavril Radomir da Ivan Vladislav amma bayan rasuwar na karshen a lokacin da aka kewaye Dyrrhachium na sarauta ya mika wuya ga Basil II kuma Bulgaria ta hade da daular Byzantine.Sarakunan Bulgeriya sun ci gaba da samun gata, ko da yake an tura manyan mutane zuwa Asiya Ƙarama, don haka ya hana Bulgarian shugabanninsu na halitta.

Ɗan Bagrat George I ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman maido da gadon Kuropalates zuwa Jojiya kuma ya mamaye Tao a cikin 1015–1016.Ya shiga cikin kawance da Halifan Fatimid naMasar , al-Hakim, wanda ya tilasta Basil ya daina mayar da martani ga harin George.Da aka ci Bulgaria a shekara ta 1018 kuma al-Hakim ya mutu, Basil ya jagoranci sojojinsa a yaki da Jojiya.An shirya shirye-shiryen yaƙi mai girma na yaƙi da Masarautar Jojiya, wanda aka fara da sake gina Theodosiopolis.A ƙarshen 1021, Basil, a shugaban babban sojojin Byzantine da ke ƙarfafa Varangian Guard, ya kai hari ga Georgians da abokan Armeniya , ya dawo da Phasiane kuma ya ci gaba da wuce iyakokin Tao zuwa Georgia ta ciki.Sarki George ya kona birnin Oltisi don hana shi fadawa hannun abokan gaba sannan ya koma Kola.An gwabza kazamin fada a kusa da kauyen Shirimni a tafkin Palakazio a ranar 11 ga Satumba;Sarkin ya ci nasara mai tsada, wanda ya tilasta wa George I ya koma arewa zuwa cikin mulkinsa.Basil ya wawashe ƙasar kuma ya janye don hunturu zuwa Trebizond.

George ya sami ƙarfafawa daga Kakhetians, kuma ya haɗa kansa da kwamandojin Byzantine Nicephorus Phocas da Nicephorus Xiphias a cikin tashin hankalin da suka yi a bayan sarki.A watan Disamba, abokin George, Sarkin Armeniya Senekerim na Vaspurakan, wanda Turkawa Seljuk suka yi masa, ya mika mulkinsa ga sarki.A lokacin bazara na 1022, Basil ya ƙaddamar da wani hari na ƙarshe, inda ya ci nasara a kan Georgians a Svindax.An yi ta fama da ƙasa da ruwa, Sarki George ya miƙa Tao, Phasiane, Kola, Artaan da Javakheti, kuma ya bar ɗansa Bagrat garkuwa a hannun Basil.Bayan rikicin, George I na Jojiya ya tilastawa yin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta kawo karshen yakin Byzantine-Georgian a kan gadon yankunan David III na Tao.

Daga baya Basil na biyu ya sami nasarar hade wasu kananan hukumomin Armeniya tare da yin alkawarin cewa babban birninta da yankunan da ke kewaye za su kasance a shirye zuwa Byzantium bayan mutuwar sarkinta Hovhannes-Smbat.A cikin 1021, ya kuma tabbatar da katsewar Masarautar Vaspurakan ta sarkinta Seneqerim-John, don musanyawa ga kadarori a Sebasteia.Basil ya samar da iyaka mai ƙarfi a cikin waɗancan tsaunukan.Sauran sojojin na Byzantine sun mayar da yawancin Kudancin Italiya, waɗanda aka yi asara a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata.Basil yana shirya wani balaguron soji don kwato tsibirin Sicily lokacin da ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1025, yana da mafi dadewa a mulki a tsakanin kowane sarki na Byzantine ko Roman.A lokacin mutuwarsa, daular ta taso ne daga kudancin Italiya zuwa yankin Caucasus da kuma daga Danube zuwa Levant, wanda shi ne mafi girman yankinsa tun lokacin da musulmi suka mamaye shekaru hudu a baya.

Constantine VIII Porphyrogenitus ya kasance de jure Sarkin Byzantine daga 962 har zuwa mutuwarsa.Shi ne ɗan ƙaramin sarki Romanos II da Empress Theophano.Ya kasance a matsayin babban sarki na tsawon shekaru 63 (fiye da kowane), a jere tare da mahaifinsa;uba, Nikephoros II Phokas;kawu, John I Tzimiskes;dan uwa, Basil II.Mutuwar Basil a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1025 ta bar Constantine a matsayin sarki kaɗai.Constantine ya nuna rashin sha’awar siyasa da sana’ar gwamnati da kuma soja a tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa kadai gwamnatin Daular Rumawa ta sha fama da rashin kulawa da kuma rashin kulawa.Ba shi da 'ya'ya maza, maimakon haka Romanos Argyros, mijin 'yarsa Zoë ya gaje shi.Farkon faduwar daular Rumawa na da nasaba da hawan Constantine kan karagar mulki.An bayyana mulkinsa a matsayin "mummunan bala'i marar lahani", "karyewar tsarin" da kuma dalilin "rushewar karfin soja na Daular".

Romanos III Argyros shine Sarkin Byzantine daga 1028 har zuwa mutuwarsa.An rubuta Romanos a matsayin sarki mai ma'ana amma mara amfani.Ya tarwatsa tsarin haraji tare da lalata sojoji, da kansa ya jagoranci wani mummunan bala'in soji a kan Aleppo.Ya yi kaca-kaca da matarsa ​​kuma ya dakile yunƙuri da yawa a kan karagarsa, ciki har da biyu waɗanda suka shafi surukin sa Theodora.Ya kashe makudan kudade wajen gine-gine da gyara majami'u da gidajen ibada.Ya rasu ne bayan ya shafe shekaru shida yana kan karagar mulki, ana zargin an kashe shi, kuma matashin masoyin matarsa, Michael IV ya gaje shi.

Romanos ya fuskanci makirce-makirce da yawa, galibi akan surukarsa Theodora.A shekara ta 1029 ta yi niyyar auren Yariman Bulgeriya Presian kuma ta kwace sarautar.An gano makircin, Presian ya makanta kuma ya toshe a matsayin sufi amma Theodora ba a hukunta shi ba.A cikin 1031 an haɗa ta a cikin wani makirci, wannan lokacin tare da Constantine Diogenes, Archon na Sirmium, kuma an tsare ta da karfi a gidan sufi na Petrion.

A cikin 1030 Romanos III ya yanke shawarar jagorantar dakaru da kansa a kan Mirdasids na Aleppo, duk da cewa sun yarda da Rumawa a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka, tare da mummunan sakamako.Sojojin sun yi sansani a wani wurin da babu ruwa kuma an yi wa ‘yan leken asiri kwanton bauna.An yi galaba a kan wani hari da sojojin sojojin Rumawa suka yi.A wannan dare Romanos ya gudanar da majalisar sarakuna inda Rumawa da suka raunana suka yanke shawarar yin watsi da yakin kuma su koma yankin Rumawa.Har ila yau Romanos ya ba da umarnin a kona injinan da ke kewaye da shi.A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1030 sojojin suka tashi daga sansaninsu suka tafi Antakiya.ladabtarwa ta karye a sojojin Rumawa, inda sojojin hayar Armeniya suka yi amfani da janyewar a matsayin wata dama ta sace shagunan sansanin.Sarkin Aleppo ya kaddamar da hari inda sojojin daular suka fasa suka gudu.Sai kawai mai tsaron sarki, Hetaireia, ya tsaya tsayin daka, amma an kusa kama Romanos.Lissafi sun bambanta game da asarar yakin: John Skylitzes ya rubuta cewa Rumawa sun sha wahala "mummunan hari" kuma an kashe wasu sojoji a wani rikici da 'yan uwansu suka yi, Yahya na Antakiya ya rubuta cewa Rumawa sun sha wahala sosai.A cewar Yahya, wasu manyan jami’an Rumawa biyu na daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, sannan Larabawa sun kama wani jami’in.Bayan wannan shan kashi sojojin sun zama "abin dariya".

Bayan shan kashi a Azaz, Maniakes ya kama kuma ya kare Edessa daga Larabawa.Ya kuma ci nasara da rundunar Saracen a cikin Adriatic.

Wani mutum mai tawali'u, Michael ya ba wa ɗan'uwansa John Orphanotrophus girma, mai tasiri kuma ƙwararren eunuch, wanda ya kai shi kotu inda tsohuwar Masarautar Zoe ta ƙaunace shi kuma ta aure shi bayan mutuwar mijinta, Romanus. III, Afrilu 1034.Michael IV Paphlagonian, kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari, ba shi da lafiya kuma ya damƙa yawancin kasuwancin gwamnati ga ɗan'uwansa.Ya ƙi amincewa da Zoë kuma ya yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da cewa bai sha wahala irin wanda ya riga shi ba.Dukiyoyin daular karkashin mulkin Mika'ilu sun hade.Lokacin da ya fi samun nasara ya zo a cikin 1041 lokacin da ya jagoranci sojojin daular a kan 'yan tawayen Bulgaria .

Sauye-sauyen da John ya yi na sojoji da tsarin kuɗi ya farfado da ƙarfin daular a kan abokan gabanta na waje amma ya ƙara haraji, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin manyan mutane da na gama gari.Yunƙurin mulkin John na gwamnati da kuma shigar da irin waɗannan haraji kamar Aerikon ya haifar da makirci da yawa akan shi da Michael.Rashin girbi da yunwa da rashin kyawun yanayi da annoba ta fari a 1035 suka haifar.Lokacin da Micheal ya yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da wani matakin iko akan Aleppo, 'yan ƙasar sun kori gwamnan daular.An yi tawaye a Antakiya, Nikopolis da Bulgaria .Sarakunan Musulmi na yankin sun kai hari Edessa a shekara ta 1036 da 1038 AZ, an kawo ƙarshen kewayen 1036 CE kawai ta hanyar shiga tsakani na sojojin Rumawa daga Antakiya a kan kari.Sojojin Jojiya sun kai hari a lardin gabas a shekara ta 1035 da 1038 bayan haihuwar Yesu, ko da yake a shekara ta 1039 A.Z. Janar Liparit na Jojiya ya gayyaci Rumawa zuwa Jojiya don su hambarar da Bagrat IV kuma su maye gurbinsa da dan uwansa Demetre, kuma ko da yake makircin ya ci tura, amma ya yarda. Rumawa don shiga tsakani a Jojiya a yakin tsakanin Liparit da Bagrat na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.

Michael ya kuma kammala zaman sulhu na shekaru goma tare da Fatimids , bayan haka Aleppo ya daina zama babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki ga Daular Rumawa.Byzantium daMasar kowanne ya yarda cewa ba zai taimaki maƙiyan ɗayan ba.

A gefen yamma, Michael da John sun umarci Janar George Maniakes ya kori Larabawa daga Sicily.Maniakes ya sami taimakon Varangian Guard, wanda a wancan lokacin Harald Hardrada ya jagoranta, wanda daga baya ya zama sarkin Norway.A cikin 1038 Maniakes ya sauka a kudancin Italiya kuma nan da nan ya kama Messina.Daga nan sai ya fatattaki sojojin Larabawa da suka warwatse tare da kame garuruwan da ke yamma da kudancin tsibirin.A shekara ta 1040 ya kai hari kuma ya dauki Syracuse.Kusan ya yi nasarar korar Larabawa daga tsibirin, amma sai Maniakes ya yi karo da abokansa na Lombard, yayin da sojojin haya na Norman, wadanda ba su ji dadin biyansu ba, suka yi watsi da Janar na Rumawa, suka tayar da tawaye a kan yankin Italiya, wanda ya haifar da asarar ɗan lokaci na wucin gadi. Bari.Maniakes yana gab da buge su sa’ad da Yohanna Eunuch ya tuna da shi bisa zargin ƙulla makirci.Bayan tunawa da Maniakes, yawancin cin nasarar Sicilian sun ɓace kuma wani balaguron da aka yi wa Normans ya sha kashi da yawa, ko da yake an sake kama Bari.

Tsakanin 1038 zuwa 1040, Normans sun yi yaƙi a Sicily tare da Lombards a matsayin 'yan amshin shata na Daular Byzantine a kan Kalbids.Lokacin da Janar na Byzantine George Maniakes ya wulakanta shugaban Salernitan, Arduin a bainar jama'a, Lombards sun janye daga kamfen, tare da Normans da tawagar Guard Varangian.Bayan da aka tuno Maniakes zuwa Constantinople, sabon katafaren Italiya, Michael Doukeianos, ya nada Arduin sarkin Melfi.Melfi, duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, ya shiga wasu Apulian Lombards a cikin tawaye ga mulkin Byzantine, wanda William I na Hauteville da Normans suka goyi bayan su.Rumawa, duk da haka, sun sami damar siyan shugabannin tawaye na farko - na farko Atenulf, ɗan'uwan Pandulf III na Benevento, sa'an nan kuma Argyrus.A watan Satumba na 1042, Normans sun zabi shugabansu, suna watsi da Arduin.Tawayen, asalin Lombard, ya zama Norman a hali da jagoranci.

Tashin hankalin Peter Delyan wanda ya faru a cikin 1040-1041, babban tawaye ne na Bulgaria ga Daular Rumawa a cikin taken Bulgaria.Ya kasance mafi girma da tsari mafi girma don maido da tsohuwar daular Bulgaria har zuwa tawayen Ivan Asen I da Petar IV a 1185.

Sarkin Byzantine Michael IV ya shirya babban yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙarshe don kayar da Bulgarians .Ya tattara ƙwararrun sojoji na mutum dubu arba'in, tare da ƙwararrun hafsoshin soja, ya ci gaba da yin yaƙi.Akwai da yawa daga cikin sojojin haya a cikin sojojin Byzantine ciki har da Harald Hardrada tare da 500 Varangians.Daga Thessaloniki Rumawa sun shiga cikin Bulgaria kuma sun ci Bulgarians a Ostrovo a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1041. Da alama cewa Varangians suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nasarar yayin da ake yaba wa babban su a cikin Norse sagas a matsayin "mai lalata Bulgaria".Ko da yake makaho, Petar Delyan shi ne shugaban sojojin.Ba a san makomarsa ba;ko dai ya halaka a yakin ko kuma a kama shi aka kai shi Konstantinoful.Ba da daɗewa ba Rumawa sun kawar da juriya na sauran voivodes na Delyan, Botko a kusa da Sofia da Manuil Ivats a Prilep, don haka ya kawo karshen tawayen Bulgaria.

An yi yakin Olivento a ranar 17 ga Maris 1041 tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Normans na kudancin Italiya da kuma abokansu na Lombard kusa da kogin Olivento, a Apulia, kudancin Italiya.Yakin Olivento shi ne na farko daga cikin dimbin nasarorin da Norman suka samu a yakin da suka yi a kudancin Italiya.Bayan yakin, sun ci Ascoli, Venosa, Gravina di Puglia.Ya biyo bayan nasarar wasu Normans akan Rumawa a yakin Montemaggiore da Montepeloso.

An yi yakin Montemaggiore (ko Monte Maggiore) a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1041, a kan kogin Ofanto kusa da Cannae a cikin Byzantine Italiya, tsakanin sojojin 'yan tawayen Lombard-Norman da Daular Byzantine.Arm na Norman William Iron Arm ya jagoranci laifin, wanda wani bangare ne na tawaye mafi girma, ga Michael Dokeianos, Catepan Byzantine na Italiya.An sha fama da asara mai yawa a yakin, daga karshe dai Rumawa suka ci nasara, sauran sojojin kuma suka koma Bari.An maye gurbin Dokeianos aka koma Sicily sakamakon yakin.Nasarar ta ba wa Normans yawan albarkatu masu yawa, da kuma sabbin ƙwararrun jaruman da suka shiga cikin tawaye.

A ranar 3 ga Satumba 1041 a Yaƙin Montepeloso, Normans (wanda aka fi sani da Arduin da Atenulf) sun ci nasara a kan Byzantine catepan Exaugustus Boioannes kuma suka kawo shi Benevento.A wannan lokacin, Guaimar IV na Salerno ya fara jawo hankalin Normans.Gagarumin nasarar da 'yan tawayen suka yi ya tilasta wa Rumawa ja da baya zuwa garuruwan da ke bakin teku, inda suka bar Normans da Lombards su mallaki dukkan yankunan kudancin Italiya.

A daren 18 ga Afrilu zuwa 19 ga Afrilu 1042, Michael V ya kori mahaifiyarsa da ta yi riko da shi kuma abokin karawarsa Zoe, saboda shirin yi masa guba, zuwa tsibirin Principo, ta haka ya zama sarki tilo.Sanarwar da ya yi na taron da safe ya haifar da tayar da kayar baya;An kewaye fadar da gungun jama'a suna neman a maido da Zoe nan take.Bukatar ta biya, kuma an dawo da Zoe, kodayake a cikin al'adar zuhudu.Gabatar da Zoe ga taron jama'a a cikin Hippodrome bai kawar da fushin jama'a game da ayyukan Michael ba.Talakawa sun kai hari fadar ta bangarori da dama.Sojojin Sarkin sarakuna sun yi ƙoƙari su yi yaƙi da su kuma a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an kiyasta cewa mutane dubu uku daga bangarorin biyu sun mutu.Da suka shiga fadar, ’yan iskan sun wawure dukiyoyi masu daraja kuma suka yayyaga takardar haraji.Hakanan kuma a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1042 'yar'uwar Zoe Theodora, wacce aka cire daga gidan zuhudu a gabanta a farkon boren, an ayyana Empress.A cikin mayar da martani, Michael ya gudu don neman tsira a cikin gidan sufi na Stoudion tare da sauran kawunsa.Ko da yake ya ɗauki alkawuran zuhudu, an kama Michael, ya makanta, aka jefar da shi kuma aka aika zuwa gidan sufi.Ya mutu a matsayin sufi a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1042.

Theodora Porphyrogenita ta shiga cikin al'amuran siyasa ne kawai a cikin rayuwarta.Mahaifinta Constantine na VIII ya kasance mai mulkin daular Rumawa na tsawon shekaru 63 sannan ya zama sarki tilo daga shekara ta 1025 zuwa 1028. Bayan ya rasu, babbar 'yarsa Zoë ta yi sarauta tare da mazajenta, sannan ɗanta mai suna Michael V, ta sa Theodora ta sa ido sosai.Bayan makirci biyu da aka lalata, an kai Theodora gudun hijira zuwa wani gidan sufi na tsibirin da ke Tekun Marmara a shekara ta 1031. Bayan shekaru goma, mutanen Konstantinoful sun yi adawa da Michael V kuma suka nace cewa ta koma mulki tare da ’yar’uwarta Zoë.Tsawon watanni 16 ta yi sarauta a matsayin sarauniya da kanta kafin ta kamu da rashin lafiya kwatsam kuma ta mutu tana da shekara 76. Ita ce shugabar karshe na layin Makidoniya.

Constantine IX Monomachos, ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Bizantine daga Yuni 1042 zuwa Janairu 1055. Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita ta zabe shi a matsayin miji da kuma sarki a shekara ta 1042, ko da yake an kai shi gudun hijira saboda hada baki da mijinta na baya, Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian. .Sun yi mulki tare har sai Zoë ya mutu a 1050, sannan suka yi mulki tare da Theodora Porphyrogenita har zuwa 1055.A lokacin mulkin Constantine, ya jagoranci daular Rumawa wajen yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙungiyoyin da suka haɗa da Kievan Rus , da Pechenegs da kuma a Gabas suna yaƙi da Turkawa Seljuq masu tasowa.Constantine ya gamu da wannan kutse da nasara iri-iri, amma duk da haka, iyakokin daulolin sun kasance da yawa tun bayan cin nasarar Basil II, kuma Constantine zai fadada su zuwa gabas, ya hade daular Armeniya mai arziki ta Ani.Don haka ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin mai mulki na ƙarshe na apogee na Byzantium.A shekara ta 1054 kafin mutuwarsa, an yi babban rikici tsakanin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da Roman Katolika, wanda ya ƙare a Paparoma Leo na IX yana korar sarki Michael Keroularios.Constantine ya san illar siyasa da addini na irin wannan rabuwar, amma ƙoƙarin da ya yi na hana ta ya kasance banza.

A watan Agustan 1042, sarki ya sauke Janar George Maniakes daga umurninsa a Italiya, kuma Maniakes ya yi tawaye, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin sarki a watan Satumba.Ayyukan Maniakes a Sicily ba a yi watsi da su da yawa daga Sarkin sarakuna.Mutumin da ke da alhakin tayar da Maniakes cikin tawaye shine Romanus Sclerus.Sclerus, kamar Maniakes, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan attajiran filaye da suka mallaki manyan yankuna na yankin Anatoliya - kadarorinsa na makwabtaka da na Maniakes kuma an yi ta rade-radin cewa su biyun sun kai wa juna hari a lokacin da ake ta cece-kuce kan filaye.Sclerus ya ba da ikon rinjayarsa a kan sarki ga shahararriyar 'yar'uwarsa Sclerina, wadda, a yawancin yankunan ta kasance tasiri mai kyau ga Constantine.Da yake samun kansa a matsayi na mulki, Sclerus ya yi amfani da shi don guba Constantine a kan Maniakes - ya lalata gidan na ƙarshe har ma ya yaudari matarsa, ta yin amfani da fara'a da danginsa suka shahara.Martanin Maniakes, lokacin da ya fuskanci Sclerus yana buƙatar ya mika umurnin sojojin daular a Apulia a gare shi, shine ya azabtar da na ƙarshe har ya mutu, bayan ya rufe idanunsa, kunnuwansa, hancinsa da bakinsa da najasa.Daga nan ne sojojinsa suka ayyana Maniakes a matsayin sarki (ciki har da Varangians) kuma suka nufi Konstantinoful.A cikin 1043 sojojinsa sun yi arangama da sojojin da ke biyayya ga Constantine a kusa da Tasalonika, kuma ko da yake da farko sun yi nasara, an kashe Maniakes a lokacin tashin hankali bayan ya sami rauni mai tsanani (bisa ga asusun Psellus).Hukuncin da Constantine ya yi wa ’yan tawayen da suka tsira shi ne yin fareti a cikin Hippodrome, suna zaune a baya a kan jakuna.Da mutuwarsa, tawayen ya daina.

Yaƙin Byzantine-Rasha na ƙarshe shi ne, a zahiri, wani hari da sojojin ruwa suka yi wa Konstantinoful wanda Yaroslav I na Kiev ya ingiza shi kuma babban ɗansa, Vladimir na Novgorod, ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1043. An yi gardama kan dalilan yaƙin, kamar yadda ya faru.Michael Psellus, wanda ya shaida yakin, ya bar wani labari mai cike da rudani da ke bayyana yadda wani babban jirgin ruwa na Imperial ya lalatar da mamayar Kievan Rus da gobarar Girka daga gabar tekun Anatoliya.Bisa ga tarihin Slavonic, guguwa ta lalata jiragen ruwa na Rasha.

A shekara ta 1047 Constantine ya fuskanci tawaye na dan uwansa Leo Tornikios, wanda ya tara magoya baya a Adrianople kuma sojoji suka ayyana shi a matsayin sarki.An tilasta Tornikios ya ja da baya, ya gaza a wani harin, kuma an kama shi a lokacin da yake tafiya.

A cikin 1045 Constantine ya mamaye daular Ani ta Armeniya , amma wannan faɗaɗawa kawai ya fallasa daular ga sababbin abokan gaba.A cikin 1046 Rumawa sun yi hulɗa da Turkawa Seljuk a karon farko.Sun hadu a yakin Kapetron a Armeniya a shekara ta 1048 kuma sun yi sulhu a shekara ta gaba.

Tawayen Tornikios ya raunana garkuwar Byzantine a yankin Balkan, kuma a cikin 1048 Pechenegs suka mamaye yankin, wadanda suka ci gaba da kwace shi har tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa.Yunkurin da sarki ya yi na kakkabe abokan gaba ta hanyar diflomasiyya kawai ya kara ta'azzara lamarin, yayin da shugabannin Pecheneg da ke hamayya da juna suka yi arangama a kasar Rumawa, kuma an ba wa mazauna Pecheneg damar zama a cikin 'yan matsuguni a yankin Balkan, lamarin da ya sa da wuya a murkushe tawayensu.Tawayen Pecheneg dai ya ci gaba ne daga shekara ta 1049 zuwa 1053. Ko da yake rikicin ya kare ne da yin shawarwari da 'yan tawaye, amma hakan ya nuna tabarbarewar sojojin Byzantine.Rashin samun nasarar fatattakar 'yan tawayen ya yi nuni da irin hasarar da za a yi wa Turkawa Seljuk a gabas da kuma Norman a yamma.

Game da 1053, Constantine IX ya wargaza abin da ɗan tarihi John Skylitzes ya kira "Sojan Iberian", yana mai da wajibai daga aikin soja zuwa biyan haraji, kuma an mayar da shi Drungary na Watch na zamani.Wasu mutane biyu masu ilimin zamani, tsoffin jami'ai Michael Attaleiates da Kekaumenos, sun yarda da Skylitzes cewa ta hanyar lalata wadannan sojoji Constantine ya yi mummunar illa ga tsaron gabashin Masarautar.

Yakin Zygos Pass yaki ne tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Pechenegs.Don yaƙar tawayen Pecheneg, Sarkin Bizantine Constantine IX ya aika da sojojin Byzantine karkashin jagorancin Basil the Synkellos, Nikephoros III, da Doux na Bulgaria , don su gadin Danube.Yayin da suke tafiya zuwa tasharsu, Pechenegs sun yi kwanton bauna suka lalata sojojin Rumawa.Sojojin da suka tsira, karkashin jagorancin Nikephoros, sun tsere.Sun yi tafiya na kwanaki 12 zuwa Adrianople, yayin da suke ci gaba da kai hare-hare na Pecheneg.Nikephoros III ya fara samun shahara bayan ayyukansa a lokacin yakin.Sakamakon haɓakawa zuwa magistros.Sakamakon shan kashi na Byzantine a wannan yaƙi, an tilasta wa Sarkin sarakuna Constantine na IX ya kai ƙarar neman zaman lafiya.

Gabas-Yamma Schism (wanda kuma aka sani da Babban Schism ko Schism na 1054) shine hutu na tarayya wanda ya faru a karni na 11 tsakanin majami'u na Yamma da Gabas.Nan da nan bayan rarrabuwar kawuna, an yi kiyasin cewa Kiristanci na Gabas ya ƙunshi ƴan tsirarun Kiristoci a duk duniya, tare da yawancin sauran Kiristocin Yammacin Turai.Bambance-bambancen ya kasance ƙarshen bambance-bambancen tauhidi da na siyasa waɗanda suka taso a ƙarnin da suka gabata tsakanin Kiristanci na Gabas da Yamma.

Lokacin da Constantine ya mutu, Theodora mai shekaru 74 ya koma kan karagar mulki duk da tsananin adawa da jami’an kotuna da masu ikirarin soja suka yi.Tsawon watanni 16 tana sarauta a matsayin sarki a kanta.Lokacin da Theodora ya kasance saba'in da shida, sarki Michael Keroularos ya ba da shawarar cewa Theodora ya ci gaba da zama kan karagar mulki ta hanyar aure da ita, don tabbatar da magaji.Ta ki tunanin aure, ko ta yaya.Ta kuma ki bayyana magajin sarautar.Theodora ya kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani tare da ciwon hanji a ƙarshen Agusta 1056. A ranar 31 ga Agusta mashawarta, wanda Leo Paraspondylos ya jagoranta, sun hadu don yanke shawarar wanda za su ba ta shawara a matsayin magaji.A cewar Psellus, sun zabi Michael Bringas, tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma tsohon ministan kudi na soja, wanda babban abin da ya ja hankalinsa shi ne cewa "ba shi da cancantar yin mulki fiye da yadda wasu za su yi masa jagoranci da kuma ba shi umarni".Theodora ya kasa magana, amma Paraspondylos ya yanke shawarar cewa ta yi tsaki a daidai lokacin da ya dace.Jin haka sai sarki ya ki yarda da hakan.A ƙarshe an lallashe shi kuma aka naɗa Bringas sarauta a matsayin Michael VI.Theodora ya mutu bayan 'yan sa'o'i kuma tare da mutuwarta, mulkin daular Makidoniya na shekaru 189 ya ƙare.

A cikin wannan lokaci, daular Rumawa ta kai matsayi mafi girma tun lokacin da musulmi suka ci nasara .Daular kuma ta fadada a cikin wannan lokacin, ta cinye Crete, Cyprus, da mafi yawan Siriya.Daular Modondia ta ga ta Byzantine Re Jianiya, lokacin da ya karu da malanta na gargajiya da kuma manufar dalilai na gargajiya cikin koyarwar Christian .An dage haramcin yin zanen mutane masu addini da gumaka kuma zamanin ya samar da sifofi na gargajiya da kuma mosaics da ke nuna su.Duk da haka, daular Macedonia kuma ta ga karuwar rashin gamsuwa da gasar filaye a tsakanin masu fada a ji a cikin tsarin jigo, wanda ya raunana ikon sarakuna kuma ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali.A duk tsawon wannan lokacin an yi babban gasa tsakanin manyan mutane don ƙasa a cikin tsarin jigo.Tun da irin waɗannan gwamnonin za su iya karɓar haraji da kuma kula da rundunar soja na jigogi, sun zama masu cin gashin kansu daga sarakuna kuma suka yi aiki na kansu, suna raunana ikon sarakuna.Sun kasance suna ƙara haraji kan ƙananan manoma don arzuta kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa.Zamanin Macedonia kuma ya haɗa da abubuwa masu muhimmanci na addini.Juyawan Bulgarians , Sabiyawa, da Rus' zuwa Kiristanci Orthodox sun canza taswirar addini na Turai har abada, kuma har yanzu yana tasiri ga alƙaluma a yau.Cyril da Methodius , ’yan’uwa biyu na Girka na Byzantine, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga Kiristanci na Slavs, kuma a cikin haka ya ƙirƙira haruffa Glagolitic, kakannin rubutun Cyrillic.