Grand Duchy na Moscow Tsarin lokaci

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Grand Duchy na Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow ©HistoryMaps

1263 - 1547

Grand Duchy na Moscow



Grand Duchy na Moscow shi ne mulkin Rus na Marigayi Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Moscow, da kuma tsohuwar jihar Tsardom na Rasha a farkon zamanin.Daular Rurik ce ta mulki ta, wanda ya yi mulkin Rus tun kafuwar Novgorod a shekara ta 862. Ivan III the Great ya kira kansa a matsayin Sarki da Grand Duke na All Rus.Jihar ta samo asali ne daga mulkin Alexander Nevsky na daular Rurik, lokacin da a cikin 1263 aka nada dansa Daniel I don ya jagoranci sabuwar gwamnatin Moscow da aka halicce ta, wadda ta kasance jihar vassal ga daular Mongol (a karkashin "Tatar Yoke"). , wanda kuma ya mamaye kuma a ƙarshe ya mamaye iyayensa na Vladimir-Suzdal a cikin 1320s.Daga baya ta mamaye maƙwabtanta ciki har da Jamhuriyar Novgorod a 1478 da Masarautar Tver a 1485, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin vassal jihar Golden Horde har zuwa 1480, kodayake akwai tashe-tashen hankula akai-akai da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja a kan Mongols, kamar yaƙin Dmitri. Donskoy a 1380.Ivan III ya ci gaba da karfafa jihar a cikin shekaru 43 na mulkinsa, inda ya yi kamfen a kan babban abokin hamayyarsa, Grand Duchy na Lithuania, kuma a shekara ta 1503 ya ninka yankin daularsa sau uku, yana karbar lakabin tsar kuma yana da'awar taken " Sarkin dukan Rasha."Ta hanyar aurensa da Sophia Palaiologina, 'yar'uwar Constantine XI Palaiologos, Sarkin Byzantine na ƙarshe, ya yi iƙirarin Muscovy ya zama magajin daular Roma, "Romawa ta uku".Shige da fice na mutanen Byzantine ya rinjayi kuma ya ƙarfafa ainihin Moscow a matsayin magajin al'adun Orthodox.Magajin Ivan Vasili III shi ma ya sami nasarar soja, inda ya sami Smolensk daga Lithuania a 1512 kuma ya tura iyakokin Muscovy zuwa Dnieper.Ɗan Vasili Ivan IV (daga baya aka fi sani da Ivan the Terrible) jariri ne bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1533. An naɗa shi rawani a shekara ta 1547, yana ɗaukar taken tsar tare da shelar Tsardom na Rasha.
Alexander Nevsky mutu
Alexander Nevsky ©Ubisoft
1263 Nov 14

Alexander Nevsky mutu

Moscow, Russia
Alexander Nevsky's appanages sun rabu a cikin iyalinsa;ƙaramin ɗansa Daniel ya zama Sarkin Moscow na farko.Kanensa Yaroslav na Tver ya zama Grand Prince na Tver da Vladimir kuma ya nada wakilai don gudanar da Mulkin Moscow a lokacin 'yan tsirarun Daniel.
Mulkin Daniel na Moscow
Reign of Daniel of Moscow ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1264 Jan 1

Mulkin Daniel na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
An ba Daniyel lada ne da kafa gidajen ibada na farko na Moscow, wato Ubangiji Epiphany, da The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery).Ya kuma gina cocin dutse na farko a cikin Kremlin na Moscow a cikin 1280s, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Babban Shahidai Demetrius.Daniyel ya shiga cikin 'yan'uwansa - Dmitri na Pereslavl da Andrey na Gorodets - gwagwarmaya don 'yancin mulkin Vladimir da Novgorod, bi da bi.Bayan mutuwar Dmitry a 1294, Daniel ya yi kawance da Mikhail na Tver da Ivan na Pereslavl da Andrey na Gorodets na Novgorod.A shekara ta 1301, ya tafi Ryazan tare da sojoji kuma ya ɗaure mai mulkin Ryazan "ta wasu dabaru", kamar yadda tarihin ya ce, kuma ya lalatar da tarin Tatars.Don a sake shi, ɗan fursuna ya miƙa wa Daniyel kagaransa na Kolomna.Wani muhimmin siye ne, kamar yadda a yanzu Daniyel ya mallaki duk tsawon kogin Moskva.A lokacin aikin Mongol da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sarakunan Rasha , Daniyel ya samar da zaman lafiya a Moscow ba tare da zubar da jini ba.A cikin shekaru 30 na sarauta Daniel ya shiga yaƙe-yaƙe sau ɗaya kawai.
1283 - 1380
Gidauniya da Fadada Farkoornament
Babban tasiri na Moscow
Moscow's growing influence ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1296 Jan 1

Babban tasiri na Moscow

Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl
Kasancewar Daniel a cikin gwagwarmayar Novgorod a 1296 ya nuna tasirin siyasa na Moscow yana ƙaruwa.Constantine, yarima na Ryazan, yayi ƙoƙari ya kama ƙasar Moscow tare da taimakon sojojin Mongol.Yarima Daniel ya ci nasara a kusa da Pereslavl.Wannan nasara ce ta farko a kan Tatar, kodayake ba babbar nasara ba ce, amma abin lura ne a matsayin turawa ta farko zuwa ga 'yanci.
Mulkin Yury na Moscow
Reign of Yury of Moscow ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1303 Mar 5

Mulkin Yury na Moscow

Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl
Yury shi ne ɗan fari na Daniel, yarima na farko na Moscow.Matakin da ya fara a hukumance shi ne kare Pereslavl-Zalessky a kan Grand Duke Andrew III.Bayan mutuwar Andrew a shekara ta gaba, Yury ya yi gwagwarmaya da sunan Grand Duke na Vladimir tare da Mikhail na Tver.Yayin da sojojin Tverian suka kewaye Pereslavl da Moscow kanta, Mikhail ya tafi Golden Horde , inda Khan ya daukaka shi zuwa matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin sarakunan Rasha.
Yury ya tafi Golden Horde
Yury goes to the Golden Horde ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1315 Jan 1

Yury ya tafi Golden Horde

Saray, Sofiivka, Kyiv Oblast,
A shekara ta 1315, Yury ya tafi Golden Horde kuma, bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a can, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Uzbeg Khan.Bayan auren Yury da 'yar'uwar Khan Konchaka, Uzbeg Khan ta kori Mikhail kuma ta zabi Yury a matsayin Grand Duke na Vladimir.Komawa cikin Rasha tare da manyan sojojin Mongols, Yury ya kusanci Tver.Duk da haka, sojojin Yuri sun ci nasara kuma aka kama ɗan'uwansa Boris da matarsa.Sa'an nan ya gudu zuwa Novgorod kuma ya kai kara ga zaman lafiya.A wannan lokacin matarsa, wadda har yanzu ake tsare da ita a Tver a matsayin garkuwa, ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani.Yury yayi amfani da rudanin da ya biyo baya sannan ya sanar da khan cewa an saka mata guba akan odar Mikhail.Khan ya kira sarakunan biyu zuwa Sarai kuma, bayan an yi shari'a, ya kashe Mikhail.
Kafa iyaka da Sweden
Setting the border with Sweden ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1323 Aug 12

Kafa iyaka da Sweden

Nöteborg, Leningrad Oblast, Ru
Jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, Yury ya jagoranci sojojin Novgorod don yakar Swedes kuma ya kafa kagara a bakin kogin Neva.Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Orekhovo a 1323, Yury ya ci gaba da gabas kuma ya ci Velikiy Ustyug a wannan shekarar.Yarjejeniyar Nöteborg, wacce aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Oreshek suna ne na al'ada na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu a Orshek a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1323. Ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Sweden da Jamhuriyar Novgorod da ke daidaita iyakokinsu.Bayan shekaru uku, Novgorod ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Novgorod tare da Norwegians.
Yury da Horde ya kashe
A lokacin hare-haren Tatars da Mongols fiye da sarakunan Rasha 100 sun ziyarci Golden Horde don samun yarlikhs. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1325 Jan 1

Yury da Horde ya kashe

Saray, Sofiivka, Kyiv Oblast,
Bayan lokacinsa tare da Golden Horde , Yury ya koma Rasha, wanda sauran sarakuna da jama'a suka ƙi, a cikin 1319. Yanzu an ba shi alhakin tattara duk wani haraji na Rasha ga Horde.Amma ɗan Mikhail kuma magajin Dmitry The Terrible Eyes, har yanzu suna adawa da shi.A cikin 1322, Dmitry, yana neman fansa don kisan mahaifinsa, ya tafi Sarai kuma ya rinjayi khan cewa Yury ya ba da babban rabo na haraji saboda Horde.An gayyaci Yury zuwa Horde don gwaji amma, kafin wani bincike na yau da kullum, Dmitry ya kashe shi.Bayan watanni takwas, an kuma kashe Dmitry a cikin Horde.
Mulkin Ivan I na Moscow
Rasha haraji ga Mongols na Golden Horde ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1325 Nov 21

Mulkin Ivan I na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
Iván I Danilovich Kalitá shi ne Grand Duke na Moscow daga 1325 da Vladimir daga 1332. Ivan shi ne ɗan Yariman Moscow Daniil Aleksandrovich.Bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa Yury, Ivan ya gaji sarautar Moscow.Ivan ya shiga cikin gwagwarmaya don samun lakabi na Grand Duke na Vladimir wanda za'a iya samu tare da amincewar khan na Golden Horde .Babban abokan hamayyar sarakunan Moscow a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya sune sarakunan Tver - Mikhail, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, da Alexander II, duk wanda ya sami lakabi na Grand Duke na Vladimir kuma an hana shi.An kashe su duka a cikin Golden Horde.A cikin 1328 Ivan Kalita ya sami amincewar khan Muhammad Ozbeg ya zama Grand Duke na Vladimir tare da ikon karɓar haraji daga duk ƙasashen Rasha.A cewar Baumer, Öz Beg Khan ya dauki matakin yanke hukunci a lokacin da ya yi watsi da tsohuwar manufar rarraba da mulki ta hanyar sanya sabon yarima mai jiran gado da alhakin tattarawa da mika dukkan haraji da haraji daga dukkan garuruwan Rasha.Ivan ya ba da waɗannan abubuwan a kan lokaci, don haka ya ƙara ƙarfafa matsayinsa na gata.Ta wannan hanyar ya aza harsashi ga makomar Moscow a matsayin babban iko na yanki.Ivan ya sa Moscow ta kasance mai arziki ta hanyar kiyaye amincinsa ga Horde.Ya yi amfani da wannan dukiya wajen ba da lamuni ga makwaftan kasar Rasha.A hankali waɗannan biranen sun ƙara zurfafa cikin bashi, yanayin da a ƙarshe zai ba wa magajin Ivan damar shigar da su.Babban nasarar Ivan, duk da haka, shine shawo kan Khan a Sarai cewa dansa, Simeon The Proud, ya gaje shi a matsayin Grand Duke na Vladimir kuma daga nan wannan matsayi kusan yana cikin gidan sarauta na Moscow.
Tashin hankali
Tver Uprising ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1327 Jan 1

Tashin hankali

Tver, Russia
Tashin hankali na Tver na 1327 shine babban tashin hankali na farko akan Golden Horde da mutanen Vladimir suka yi.Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Golden Horde, Muscovy da Suzdal sun murkushe shi.A lokacin, Muscovy da Vladimir sun shiga fafatawa don samun rinjaye, kuma dukan nasarar Vladimir ya kawo karshen gwagwarmayar mulki na karni na kwata.
Tashi na Moscow
Rise of Moscow ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1328 Jan 1

Tashi na Moscow

Tver, Russia
Ivan ya jagoranci rundunar Horde a kan Grand Prince na Tver, da kuma Grand Prince na Vladimir.An yarda Ivan ya maye gurbinsa a ofishin na ƙarshe.Grand Prince na Vladimir Aleksandr Mikhailovich na Tver ya mutu, bayan haka Ivan I ya yi nasara, wanda ke nuna tashin Moscow a matsayin jagoran iko a Rus .
Mulkin Simeon na Moscow
Reign of Simeon of Moscow ©Angus McBride
1340 Mar 31

Mulkin Simeon na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
Simeon Ivanovich Gordyy (Mai girman kai) shi ne Yariman Moscow da Grand Prince na Vladimir.Saminu ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa da nufin kara karfi da martabar jiharsa.Mulkin Saminu ya kasance alama ce ta soja da siyasa na yau da kullun a kan Jamhuriyar Novgorod da Grand Duchy na Lithuania.Dangantakarsa da sarakunan Rasha maƙwabta ta kasance cikin lumana idan ba ta kasance ba.Ya sami hanyar yaƙi ne kawai lokacin da yaƙi ba zai yuwu ba.Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta ƙare da ɗan gajeren lokaci na Moscow wanda ya yi sanadiyar rayukan Saminu da 'ya'yansa a 1353.
Bakar Mutuwa
Nasarar Mutuwa ta Pieter Bruegel tana nuna tashin hankalin jama'a da ta'addanci da suka biyo bayan annoba, wanda ya lalata Turai na tsakiyar zamanai. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1351 Jan 1

Bakar Mutuwa

Moscow, Russia

Mutuwar Baƙar fata (wanda kuma aka sani da annoba, Babban mace-mace ko kuma a sauƙaƙe, Annoba) annoba ce ta bubonic da ta faru a Afro-Eurasia daga 1346 zuwa 1353. Ita ce annoba mafi muni da aka rubuta a tarihin ɗan adam, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 75. -Mutane miliyan 200 a cikin Eurasia da Arewacin Afirka, suna kololuwa a Turai daga 1347 zuwa 1351. Bubonic annoba na haifar da kwayar cutar kwarorin Yersinia da ƙuma ke yadawa, amma kuma tana iya ɗaukar nau'i na biyu inda ake yada hulɗar mutum-da-mutum ta hanyar sadarwa. aerosols yana haifar da septicaemic ko cututtukan huhu.

Mulkin Ivan II na Moscow
Reign of Ivan II of Moscow ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1353 Apr 27

Mulkin Ivan II na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
Bayan ya gaji dan uwansa da kuma saboda karuwar fadace-fadacen cikin gida a tsakanin Golden Horde , Ivan a takaice ya yi wasa tare da ra'ayin barin al'adun gargajiya na Moscow ga Mongols da kuma hada kansa da Lithuania, mai girma iko a yamma.An yi watsi da wannan manufar da sauri kuma Ivan ya tabbatar da amincewarsa ga Golden Horde.Masu zamani sun bayyana Ivan a matsayin mai son zaman lafiya, mai mulkin kama karya, wanda bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba ko da lokacin da Algirdas na Lithuania ya kama babban birnin surukinsa, Bryansk.Ya kuma yarda Oleg na Riazan ya ƙone ƙauyuka a yankinsa.Koyaya, cocin Orthodox sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ikon Babban Yarima.Ya sami taimako da yawa daga mai iko Metropolitan Alexius.Kamar ɗan uwansa, Ivan II bai yi nasara ba kamar mahaifinsa ko kakansa game da faɗaɗa yanki.
Mulkin Dmitry Donskoy
Sergius na Radonezh ya albarkaci Dmitry Donskoy kafin yakin ©Yuri Pantyukhin
1359 Nov 13

Mulkin Dmitry Donskoy

Moscow, Russia
Saint Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ya yi sarauta a matsayin Yariman Moscow daga 1359 da Grand Prince na Vladimir daga 1363 zuwa mutuwarsa.Shi ne yariman Moscow na farko da ya fito fili ya kalubalanci gwamnatin Mongol a Rasha.Lakabinsa, Donskoy ("na Don"), yana nuni da babban nasarar da ya yi a kan Tatar a yakin Kulikovo (1380), wanda ya faru a kan kogin Don.Ana girmama shi a matsayin Saint a cikin Cocin Orthodox tare da ranar idinsa a ranar 19 ga Mayu.
1362 Aug 1

Yakin Blue Waters

Torhovytsya, Rivne Oblast, Ukr
Bayan mutuwar mai mulkinta Berdi Beg Khan a shekara ta 1359, Golden Horde ta fuskanci jerin rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda suka kwashe shekaru ashirin (1359-81).Horde ya fara tarwatsewa zuwa gundumomi daban-daban (ulus).Yin amfani da rashin lafiya na cikin gida a cikin Horde, Grand Duke Algirdas na Lithuania ya shirya kamfen zuwa ƙasashen Tatar.Ya yi niyya don tabbatarwa da faɗaɗa yankunan kudancin Grand Duchy na Lithuania, musamman masarautar Kiev.Kiev ya riga ya shiga karkashin ikon Semi-Lithuania bayan yakin a kan kogin Irpin a farkon shekarun 1320, amma har yanzu ya biya haraji ga Horde.Yakin Blue Waters wani yaki ne da aka gwabza a wani lokaci a cikin kaka 1362 ko 1363 a bakin kogin Syniukha, wanda ya bar yankin Kudancin Bug, tsakanin sojojin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Golden Horde.Mutanen Lithuania sun sami gagarumar nasara kuma sun kammala cin nasara a kan Mulkin Kiev.Nasarar ta kawo Kyiv da babban yanki na Ukraine na yanzu, gami da Podolia da Dykra da ba su da yawa, ƙarƙashin ikon babban Duchy na Lithuania.Lithuania kuma ta sami damar shiga tekun Black Sea.Algirdas ya bar ɗansa Vladimir a Kyiv.Bayan shan Kyiv, Lithuania zama kai tsaye makwabci da kuma kishiyar Grand Duchy na Moscow.
Moscow Kremlin
Ra'ayi mai yiwuwa na farin-dutse Kremlin na Dmitry Donskoy.Karshen karni na 14 ©Apollinary Vasnetsov
1366 Jan 1

Moscow Kremlin

Kremlin, Moscow, Russia
Abu mafi mahimmanci a lokacin mulkin Dmitry na farko shine fara gina Kremlin na Moscow;an kammala shi a shekara ta 1367. Dmitri Donskoi ya maye gurbin bangon itacen oak tare da kagara mai ƙarfi na farin farar ƙasa a cikin 1366-1368 akan tushen tushe na ganuwar yanzu.Godiya ga sabon kagara, birnin ya yi tsayin daka biyu na Algirdas na Lithuania a lokacin Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite (1368-1372).
Lithuanian-Muscovite War
Lithuanian–Muscovite War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1368 Jan 1

Lithuanian-Muscovite War

Moscow, Russia
Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite ya ƙunshi hare-hare uku da Algirdas, Grand Duke na Lithuania, ya yi, zuwa Grand Duchy na Moscow a 1368, 1370, da 1372. Algirdas ya shirya farmakin da aka kai wa Dmitry Donskoy don goyon bayan Mulkin Tver, babban abokin hamayyar Moscow.A cikin 1368 da 1370, Lithuania sun yi wa Moscow kawanya tare da kona posad, amma ba su yi nasarar ɗaukar Kremlin na birnin ba.A shekara ta 1372, an dakatar da sojojin Lithuania a kusa da Lyubutsk, inda bayan tsagaita bude wuta, an kulla yarjejeniyar Lyubutsk.Lithuanians sun yarda su daina taimakon Tver, wanda aka ci nasara a 1375. Mikhail II na Tver dole ne ya amince da Dmitry a matsayin "ɗan'uwana".
Yaƙin Kogin Vozha
Battle of the Vozha River ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1378 Aug 11

Yaƙin Kogin Vozha

Ryazan Oblast, Russia
Khan Mamai ya aika da sojoji don hukunta Rashawa saboda rashin biyayya.Yarima Dmitri Ivanovich na Moscow ne ya jagoranci Rashawa.Murza Begich ne ya umarci Tatar.Bayan binciken da ya yi nasara Dmitri ya yi nasarar toshe mashigar ruwa da Tatars suka yi niyyar amfani da shi don mashigar kogi.Ya zaunar da sojojinsa wuri mai kyau a kan tudu.Samuwar na Rasha yana da siffar baka tare da Donskoy ya jagoranci tsakiya da kuma gefen karkashin umarnin Timofey Velyaminov da Andrei na Polotsk.Bayan jira na dogon lokaci, Begich ya yanke shawarar ketare kogin kuma ya kewaye Rasha daga bangarorin biyu.Sai dai kuma an dakile harin da sojojin dawakin Tatar suka kai inda Rashan suka kai wani hari.Tatar sun bar hanyarsu suka fara ja da baya a cikin rashin lafiya, yawancinsu sun nutse a cikin kogin.An kashe Begich da kansa.Yaƙin Vozha shi ne nasara ta farko mai tsanani da Rashawa suka samu a kan babbar rundunar Golden Horde .Yana da babban tasiri na tunani kafin shahararren yakin Kulikovo saboda ya nuna raunin dawakin Tatar wanda ya kasa shawo kan tsayin daka ko tsayin daka.Ga Mamai, shan kashi na Vozha yana nufin ƙalubalen kai tsaye daga Dmitry wanda ya sa shi ya fara wani sabon yakin da bai yi nasara ba bayan shekaru biyu.
1380 - 1462
Ƙarfafa Ƙarfiornament
Yaƙin Kulikovo
Yaƙin Kulikovo 1380 ©Anonymous
1380 Sep 8

Yaƙin Kulikovo

Yepifan, Tula Oblast, Russia
An yi yakin Kulikovo a tsakanin sojojin Golden Horde , karkashin jagorancin Mamai, da kuma wasu shugabannin Rasha, a karkashin jagorancin Yarima Dmitry na Moscow.An yi yakin a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1380, a filin Kulikovo kusa da kogin Don (yanzu Tula Oblast, Rasha) kuma Dmitry, wanda aka sani da Donskoy, 'na Don' ya ci nasara bayan yakin.Duk da cewa nasarar ba ta kawo karshen mamayar Mongol akan Rus ba, amma masana tarihi na kasar Rasha sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin sauyin da tasirin Mongol ya fara raguwa kuma karfin Moscow ya fara tashi.
Golden Horde yana sake tabbatar da iko
Golden Horde reasserts control ©Angus McBride
1382 Aug 27

Golden Horde yana sake tabbatar da iko

Moscow, Russia
A cikin 1378, Tokhtamysh, zuriyar Orda Khan kuma abokin Tamerlane , ya karbi iko a cikin White Horde kuma ya hade Blue Horde ta hanyar wucewa ta Volga kuma ya hallaka sojojin da Muscovy ya aika da sauri.Daga nan sai ya hada runduna ya kafa kungiyar Golden Horde .Bayan hada rundunonin biyu, Tokhtamysh ya inganta yakin neman dawo da ikon Tatar a Rasha.Bayan da ya lalata wasu kananan garuruwa, ya yiwa Moscow kawanya a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, amma Muscovites sun buge harin nasa, wadanda suka yi amfani da bindigogi a karon farko a tarihin Rasha.Bayan kwana uku, 'ya'yan biyu na Dmitry na Suzdal, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan Tokhtamysh, a wurin da aka kewaye, wato sarakunan Suzdal da Nizhny Novgorod Vasily da Semyon, suka rinjayi Muscovites bude ƙofofin birnin, suna masu alkawarin cewa sojojin ba za su cutar da su ba. birnin a wannan harka.Hakan ya baiwa dakarun Tokhtamysh damar kutsawa ciki tare da abkawa birnin Moscow, inda suka kashe mutane kusan 24,000 a cikin lamarin.Wannan shan kashi ya sake tabbatar da mulkin Horde a wasu kasashen Rasha.Tokhtamysh kuma ya sake kafa Golden Horde a matsayin babban ikon yanki, ya sake hade kasashen Mongol daga Crimea zuwa tafkin Balkash kuma ya ci Lithuania a Poltava a shekara mai zuwa.Duk da haka, ya yanke shawara mai ban tsoro don yin yaki da tsohon ubangidansa, Tamerlane , kuma Golden Horde bai sake dawowa ba.
Tokhtamysh-Timur War
Mongols Raƙumi Doki vs War Giwayen Tamerlane (Daular Timurid) ©Angus McBride
1386 Jan 1

Tokhtamysh-Timur War

Turkestan, Kazakhstan
An yi yakin Tokhtamysh-Timur daga 1386 zuwa 1395 tsakanin Tokhtamysh, khan na Golden Horde , da kuma mai mulki kuma mai nasara Timur, wanda ya kafa Daular Timurid , a yankunan tsaunukan Caucasus, Turkistan da Gabashin Turai.Yakin da aka yi tsakanin sarakunan Mongol biyu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen durkushewar ikon Mongol a kan manyan masarautun Rasha na farko.The Golden Horde bai taba murmurewa daga wannan yakin ba.A tsakiyar karni na 15, ya rabu zuwa kananan khanates: Kazan khanate, Nogai Horde, Qasim Khanate, Crimean Khanate da Astrakhan Khanate.Don haka ikon Tatar-Mongol a Rasha ya raunana kuma a cikin 1480 'Karkiyar Tatar' akan Rasha, abin tunatarwa game da cin zarafi na Mongol na jini, ya girgiza sosai a Babban Tsaye akan Kogin Ugra.
Mulkin Vasily I na Moscow
Vasily I na Moscow da Sophia na Lithuania ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1389 May 19

Mulkin Vasily I na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
Vasily I Dmitriyevich shi ne Grand Prince na Moscow, magajin Dmitry Donskoy.Ya yi mulki a matsayin Golden Horde vassal tsakanin 1389 zuwa 1395, kuma a cikin 1412-1425.Harin da Sarkin Turco-Mongol Timur ya kai a yankunan Volgan a cikin 1395 ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali ga Golden Horde da 'yancin kai na Moscow.A cikin 1412, Vasily ya sake dawo da kansa a matsayin vassal na Horde.Ya shiga kawance da Grand Duchy na Lithuania a 1392 kuma ya auri 'yar Vytautas the Great, Sophia, kodayake kawancen ya zama mai rauni, kuma sun yi yaƙi da juna a 1406-1408.
Fadadawa
Kasuwancin kasuwa a Novgorod ©Apollinary Vasnetsov
1392 Jan 1

Fadadawa

Nòvgorod, Novgorod Oblast, Rus
Vasily na ci gaba da aiwatar da haɗewar ƙasashen Rasha: a shekara ta 1392, ya haɗa mulkokin Nizhny Novgorod da Murom.Khan na Golden Horde ya ba Vasily Nizhny Novgorod don musanya taimakon da Moscow ta yi a kan daya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa.A cikin 1397-1398 Kaluga, Vologda, Veliki Ustyug da kuma ƙasashen mutanen Komi aka mamaye.
Yaƙin Kogin Terek
Yaƙin Kogin Terek ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1395 Apr 14

Yaƙin Kogin Terek

Novaya Kosa, Kirov Oblast, Rus
A cikin 1395, Timur ya ƙaddamar da harinsa na ƙarshe akan Golden Horde .Ya fatattaki Tokhtamysh da gaske a yakin kogin Terek a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1395. An ruguza dukkan manyan garuruwan khanate: Sarai, Ukek, Majar, Azaq, Tana da Astrakhan.Harin Timur ya kasance hidima ga yariman Rasha yayin da ya lalata Golden Horde, wanda shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa ke cikin halin rashin tabbas.A duk tsawon wannan lokaci ba a yi wa khan, Olug Moxammat kyauta ba, duk da cewa an tara makudan kudade a baitul malin Moscow domin aikin soja.
Rushewar Golden Horde
Disintegration of the Golden Horde ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1396 Jan 1

Rushewar Golden Horde

Kazan, Russia

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mamayewar 1396 na Timur , wanda ya kafa Daular Timurid, Golden Horde ya shiga cikin ƙananan Tatar khanates waɗanda suka ƙi ci gaba da mulki.

Tartar Tribute ya ci gaba
Tartar Tribute continues ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1412 Jan 1

Tartar Tribute ya ci gaba

Moscow, Russia

Vasily ya ga ya zama dole ya biya ziyarar da aka dage na mika wuya ga Horde.

Yakin Basasa: Lokacin Farko
Sophia 'yar kasar Lithuania ta zagi Vasily Kosoy a lokacin bikin aure ©Pavel Chistyakov
1425 Jan 1

Yakin Basasa: Lokacin Farko

Galich, Kostroma Oblast, Russi
A 1389 Dmitry Donskoy mutu.Ya nada dansa Vasily Dmitrievich a matsayin magajin, tare da tanadi cewa idan Vasily ya mutu yana jariri, ɗan'uwansa, Yury Dmitrievich, zai zama magajin.Vasily ya mutu a 1425 kuma ya bar yaro Vasily Vasilyevich, wanda ya nada a matsayin Grand Prince (wanda aka sani da Vasily II).Wannan ya sabawa ka'idar data kasance, inda babban ɗan'uwa mai rai ba ɗa ba, yakamata ya karɓi kambi.A 1431 Yury yanke shawarar neman lakabi na Prince of Moscow tare da Khan na Horde.Khan ya yanke hukunci a kan Vasily, kuma ya umarci Yury ya ba Vasily garin Dmitrov, wanda ya mallaka.An gano ainihin dalilin fara yaƙi a shekara ta 1433, lokacin da ake bikin aure na Vasily mahaifiyarsa, Sophia ta Lithuania, ta zagi Vasily Yurevich, ɗan Yuri, a fili.Duk 'ya'yan Yury, Vasily da Dmitry, sun tafi Galich.Sun wawashe Yaroslavl, wanda wani ƙawance na Vasily II ya yi mulki, suka haɗa kai da mahaifinsu, suka tattara sojoji, suka ci sojojin Vasily II.Daga baya, Yury Dmitrievich ya shiga Moscow, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Babban Yarima, kuma ya aika Vasily II zuwa Kolomna.A ƙarshe, duk da haka, bai nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren shugaban ƙasa ba, bayan da ya ware wasu Muscovites da suka gudu zuwa Kolomna, har ma ya raba 'ya'yansa maza.A ƙarshe, Yury ya haɗa kai da Vasily II akan 'ya'yansa maza.A cikin 1434. An ci sojojin Vasily II a wani babban yaƙi.Vasily Yurevich ya ci Galich, kuma Yury ya fito fili ya shiga 'ya'yansa maza.Yury ya sake zama Yariman Moscow, amma ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu, kuma ɗansa Vasily Yurevich ya zama magajinsa.
Mulkin Vasily II na Moscow
Reign of Vasily II of Moscow ©Angus McBride
1425 Feb 27

Mulkin Vasily II na Moscow

Moscow, Russia
Vasily Vasiliyevich, wanda kuma aka sani da Vasily II Makaho, shi ne Babban Yariman Moscow wanda tsawon mulkinsa (1425-1462) ya yi fama da yakin basasa mafi girma na Tsohon Rasha.A wani lokaci, Vasily ya kama Vasily kuma ya makantar da shi daga abokan hamayyarsa, duk da haka ya sami nasarar sake karbar sarauta.Saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya sanya dansa, Ivan III mai girma, ya zama abokin aikinsa a cikin shekarunsa.
Yakin Basasa: Lokaci Na Biyu
Civil War: Second Period ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1434 Jan 1

Yakin Basasa: Lokaci Na Biyu

Rostov-on-Don, Russia
An kori Vasily Yurevich daga Moscow;Har ila yau, ya rasa Zvenigorod zuwa Vasily II kuma an bar shi ba shi da ƙasa, an tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa Novgorod.A 1435, Vasily iya tattara sojojin a Kostroma kuma ya koma Moscow.Ya sha kashi a bakin kogin Kotorosl zuwa Vasily II ya gudu zuwa Kashin.Sa'an nan ya yi nasarar cinye Vologda kuma ya gina sabon sojoji tare da goyon bayan Vyatka.Da wannan sabon runduna ya sake komawa kudu ya ci karo da Vasily II a Kostroma.Sojojin biyu sun jibge a bakin kogin Kostroma kuma ba su iya fara fada nan take ba.Kafin a fara fada, 'yan uwan ​​biyu sun kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Vasily Yurevich gane Vasily II a matsayin Great Prince kuma samu Dmitrov.Duk da haka, kawai ya shafe wata daya a Dmitrov kuma daga baya ya koma Kostroma kuma ya kara zuwa Galich da Veliky Ustyug.A cikin Veliky Ustyug, sojojin kafa a Vyatka, wanda ya dade goyon bayan Yuri Dmitrievich, kuma ya shiga Vasily.Vasily Yurevich ya washe Veliky Ustyug kuma tare da sojojin ya sake komawa kudu.A farkon 1436, ya rasa wani yaki a Skoryatino, kusa da Rostov, zuwa Vasily II, kuma aka kama daga baya, a lokacin da Vyatka mutane ci gaba da kai hari a cikin ƙasa na Grand Prince Vasily II ya ba da umarnin a makanta Vasily Yurevich.Bayan haka Vasily Yurevich aka sani da Vasily Kosoy.
Yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Khanate na Kazan
Wars with the Khanate of Kazan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1439 Jan 1

Yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Khanate na Kazan

Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast, Russi
A farkon 1440s Vasily II ya kasance mafi yawan aiki tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da Khanate na Kazan.Khan, Ulugh Muhammad, ya kewaye birnin Moscow a shekara ta 1439. Dmitry Shemyaka, duk da cewa yana karkashin rantsuwar mubaya'a, ya kasa bayyana goyon bayan Vasily.Bayan Tatars sun tafi, Vasily ya kori Shemyaka, tilasta shi ya sake gudu zuwa Novgorod.Bayan haka, Shemyaka ya koma Moscow kuma ya tabbatar da amincewarsa.
Yakin Suzdal
Battle of Suzdal ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1445 Jul 5

Yakin Suzdal

Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast, Russi
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1445 ya kasance bala'i ga Muscovy kuma yana da babban tasiri a siyasar Rasha.Rikici ya barke a lokacin da Khan Ulugh Muhammad ya dauki dabarun tsaro na Nizhny Novgorod ya mamaye Muscovy.Vasily II ya tara sojoji kuma ya ci Tatar a kusa da Murom da Gorokhovets.Tunanin yaƙin ya ƙare, sai ya wargaza sojojinsa ya koma Moscow da nasara, sai kawai ya san cewa Tatars sun sake kewaye Nizhny Novgorod.An tattaro sabbin sojoji aka nufi Suzdal, inda suka gamu da janar-janar na Rasha wadanda suka mika wuya ga makiya Nizhny bayan sun cinna wa sansanin wuta.A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1445 ne Rasha da Tatar suka yi arangama a yakin kogin Kamenka kusa da bangon gidan sufi na St. Euphemius.Yaƙin ya yi nasara sosai ga Tatar, waɗanda suka kama Vasily II fursuna.Ya ɗauki watanni huɗu da fansa mai yawa (R200,000) don kwato sarkin daga bauta.
Vasily ta kama Shemyaka ta makanta
Vasily caught and blinded by Shemyaka ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1446 Jan 1

Vasily ta kama Shemyaka ta makanta

Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russ
Ulugh Muhammad ya saki Vasily II bayan an biya wani makudan kudin fansa.Wannan ya haifar da karuwar haraji kuma, saboda haka, a cikin rashin jin daɗi, wanda ya ƙarfafa jam'iyyar Dmitry Shemyaka.A farkon 1446, Shemyaka ya kama Vasily a cikin Triniti Sergius Lavra, ya kawo Moscow, makanta, sa'an nan kuma aika zuwa Uglich.Shemyaka ya fara sarauta a matsayin Yariman Moscow.A cikin kaka na 1446 ya yi tafiya zuwa Uglich don neman zaman lafiya da Vasily.Sun yi yarjejeniya, Vasily ya yi rantsuwa da mubaya'a kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai sake neman Babban Sarauta ba, kuma a sakamakon haka an sake shi kuma ya sami Vologda a hannunsa.A Vologda Vasily tafiya zuwa Kirillo-Belozersky sufi, da hegumen sake shi daga rantsuwa.Nan da nan Vasily ya fara shirye-shiryen yaƙi da Shemyaka.
Karshen Yakin Basasa
End of the Civil War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1453 Jan 1

Karshen Yakin Basasa

Moscow, Russia
Shemyaka ya yi mulki ba tare da inganci ba, bai sami damar jawo hankalin abokansa ba, kuma mai martaba ya fara canzawa daga Moscow zuwa Vologda.Vasily kuma ya gudanar da kawance da Kazan Tatars.A karshen 1446, lokacin da Dmitry Shemyaka ya fita a Volokolamsk, sojojin Vasily II shiga Moscow.Vasily ta fara korar Shemyaka.A cikin 1447, sun nemi zaman lafiya, kuma sun yarda su yarda da fifikon Vasily.Duk da haka, Dmitry Shemyaka ya ci gaba da juriya, yana ƙoƙari ya jawo hankalin abokan tarayya da kuma tattara manyan sojojin da za su yi yaƙi da Vasily.A cikin 1448 Vasily ya fara aikin soja, wanda ya haɗa da mafi yawan ƙasashen Arewa har zuwa Veliky Ustyug kuma tare da wasu katsewa ya ci gaba har zuwa 1452, lokacin da Shemyaka ya ci nasara kuma ya gudu zuwa Novgorod.A cikin 1453, an ba shi guba a wurin bin umarnin kai tsaye na Vasily.Daga baya, Vasily ya yi nasarar kawar da dukan sarakunan yankin da suka goyi bayan Shemyaka a baya.Sarakunan Mozhaysk da Serpukhov sun kasance wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Moscow.
1462 - 1505
Tsarkakewa da Faɗaɗɗun Yankiornament
Mulkin Ivan III na Rasha
Ivan III Mafi Girma ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1462 Mar 28

Mulkin Ivan III na Rasha

Moscow, Russia
Ivan III Vasilyevich, wanda kuma aka sani da Ivan the Great, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki kuma mai mulki ga mahaifinsa makaho Vasily II daga tsakiyar 1450s kafin ya hau gadon sarauta a hukumance a 1462.Ya ninka yankin jiharsa ta hanyar yaki da kuma kwace filaye daga hannun 'yan uwansa na daularsa, ya kawo karshen mamayar da Tatar a kasar Rasha, ya gyara fadar Kremlin ta Moscow, ya gabatar da wani sabon kundin doka da kuma kafa harsashin kasar Rasha.Nasarar da ya yi a 1480 a kan Great Horde an ambaci shi a matsayin maido da 'yancin kai na Rasha shekaru 240 bayan faduwar Kiev ga mamayar Mongols .Ivan shi ne shugaban Rasha na farko da ya yi wa kansa salon "tsar", duk da cewa ba a matsayin take ba.Ta hanyar aure da Sofia Paleologue, ya sanya rigar makamai na Rasha mai kai biyu kuma ya karbi ra'ayin Moscow a matsayin Roma na uku.Shekaru 43 da ya yi sarauta ita ce ta biyu mafi tsawo a tarihin Rasha, bayan na jikansa Ivan IV.
Fadada yanki na Ivan III
Ivan III's territorial expansion ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1463 Jan 1

Fadada yanki na Ivan III

Yaroslavl, Russia
Ivan ya kori Novgorod fiye da kashi huɗu cikin biyar na ƙasarsa, ya ajiye rabin kansa kuma ya ba da sauran rabin ga abokansa.Tawayen da suka biyo baya (1479 – 1488) an hukunta su ta hanyar korar manyan attajirai da tsofaffin iyalai na Novgorod zuwa Moscow, Vyatka, da sauran garuruwan arewa maso gabashin Rus.Jamhuriya mai hamayya ta Pskov ta ba da rancen ci gaba da kasancewarta na siyasa don shirye-shiryen da ta taimaka wa Ivan akan tsohon abokin gaba.Sauran sarakunan sun kasance a ƙarshe ta hanyar cin nasara, siya, ko kwangilar aure: Mulkin Yaroslavl a 1463, Rostov a 1474, Tver a 1485, da Vyatka 1489.
Qasim War
Qasim War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1467 Jan 1

Qasim War

Kazan, Russia
An samu rashin kwanciyar hankali a shekara ta 1467, lokacin da Ibrahim na Kazan ya hau karagar mulki kuma Ivan III na Rasha ya goyi bayan ikirarin abokinsa ko vassal Qasim Khan.Sojojin Ivan sun sauka a cikin Volga, tare da kallon Kazan, amma ruwan sama na kaka da rasputitsa ("quagmire kakar") sun hana ci gaban sojojin Rasha.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya wargaje ne saboda rashin haɗin kai da ƙarfin soja.A shekara ta 1469, an tayar da sojojin da suka fi karfi kuma, suna tafiya a cikin Volga da Oka, sun haɗu a Nizhny Novgorod.'Yan kasar Rasha sun yi tattaki zuwa kasa inda suka far wa unguwar Kazan.Bayan da aka warware tattaunawar, Tatar sun yi arangama da Rashawa a fadace-fadace guda biyu masu zubar da jini amma ba gaira ba dalili.A cikin kaka 1469 Ivan III ya kaddamar da mamayewa na uku na Khanate.Kwamandan Rasha, Yarima Daniil Kholmsky, ya yiwa Kazan kawanya, ya katse ruwan ruwa, sannan ya tilastawa Ibrahim ya mika wuya.A karkashin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, Tatars sun 'yantar da dukkanin 'yan kabilar Rasha Kiristanci da suka bauta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.
Yaƙi da Novgorod
Ivan ta lalata Novgorod taro ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1471 Jul 14

Yaƙi da Novgorod

Nòvgorod, Novgorod Oblast, Rus
Lokacin da Novgorodiyawa suka juya zuwa Poland-Lithuania don taimako don iyakance ikon girma na Moscow, Ivan III da babban birni sun zarge su ba kawai da yaudarar siyasa ba, amma na ƙoƙarin yin watsi da Orthodoxy na Gabas kuma su wuce zuwa Cocin Katolika.Daftarin yarjejeniya tsakanin Novgorod da Grand Duke na Lithuania da Sarkin Poland, Casimir IV Jagiellon (r. 1440-1492), an ce an same shi a cikin tarin takardu bayan yakin Shelon, ya bayyana a fili cewa Grand Lithuania Prince ba zai tsoma baki tare da zaben babban Bishop na Novgorod ko bangaskiyar Orthodox a cikin birnin ba (ta hanyar gina cocin Katolika a birnin misali).Yakin Shelon wani gagarumin yaki ne tsakanin sojojin Grand Duchy na Moscow karkashin Ivan III da sojojin Jamhuriyar Novgorod, wanda ya faru a kan kogin Shelon a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1471. Novgorod ya sha wahala sosai kuma ya ƙare tare da de de. gaskiya mika wuya na birnin ba tare da wani sharadi ba.Muscovy ya mamaye Novgorod a 1478.
Ivan III ya auri Sophia Palaiologina
Ivan III marries Sophia Palaiologina ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1472 Nov 12

Ivan III ya auri Sophia Palaiologina

Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, R
Bayan mutuwar abokin aurensa na farko, Maria na Tver (1467), kuma bisa shawarar Paparoma Paul II (1469), wanda ya yi fatan ya ɗaure Muscovy ga Mai Tsarki Mai Tsarki, Ivan III ya auri Sophia Palaiologina (wanda kuma aka sani a ƙarƙashin sunanta na asali). Zoe), 'yar Thomas Palaeologus, despot na Morea, wanda ya yi iƙirarin kursiyin Constantinople a matsayin ɗan'uwan Constantine XI, Sarkin Byzantine na ƙarshe.Da take bata fatan Paparoman na sake haduwa da mabiya addinan biyu, gimbiya ta amince da addinin Orthodox na Gabas.Saboda al'adun danginta, ta ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin sarauta a cikin tunanin ƙawarta.Ta hanyar tasirinta ne kotun Moscow ta karbe da'ar Constantinople (tare da mikiya mai kai biyu na sarki da duk abin da yake nufi).An yi bikin aure tsakanin Ivan III da Sophia a Dormition Cathedral a Moscow a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1472.
Ivan III ya ƙi biyan haraji
Ivan III yaga wasiƙar khan gunduwa-gunduwa ©Aleksey Kivshenko
1476 Jan 1

Ivan III ya ƙi biyan haraji

Moscow, Russia
Muscovy ya ƙi karkiyar Tatar a lokacin mulkin Ivan III.A cikin 1476, Ivan ya ƙi biyan harajin al'ada ga babban Khan Ahmed.
Ƙarshen mulkin Tatar
Tsaye akan kogin.Kuma, 1480 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1480 Nov 28

Ƙarshen mulkin Tatar

Kaluga Oblast, Russia
Babban Tsayin da ke kan kogin Ugra ya kasance an yi taho-mu-gama ne tsakanin sojojin Akhmat Khan na Babban Horde, da kuma Grand Prince Ivan III na Muscovy a shekara ta 1480 a gabar kogin Ugra, wanda ya kare lokacin da Tatar suka tashi ba tare da rikici ba.Ana gani a cikin tarihin tarihin Rasha a matsayin ƙarshen mulkin Tatar / Mongol akan Moscow.
Yaƙin Lithuania na farko-Muscovite
First Lithuanian–Muscovite War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1487 Jan 1

Yaƙin Lithuania na farko-Muscovite

Ukraine
Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite na 1487-1494 (Yaƙin kan iyaka na farko) shine yaƙin Grand Duchy na Moscow, tare da haɗin gwiwar Crimean Khanate, da Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Ruthenia a cikin ƙawance tare da Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, haɗin gwiwa ƙungiyoyin sirri (Union of Krewo).Masarautar Poland karkashin jagorancin Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon.Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Ruthenia gida ne ga Ruthenians ('yan kabilar Ukrainian , Belarusians) kuma yakin yana faruwa don kama Belarusians da ƙasashen Ukrainian (gadon Kievan) a ƙarƙashin mulkin Moscow.
Siege na Kazan
Siege of Kazan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1487 Jun 9

Siege na Kazan

Kazan, Russia
A cikin 1487 Ivan ya sake ganin cewa yana da hankali ya shiga cikin al'amuran Kazan kuma ya maye gurbin Ilham da Moxammat Amin.Yarima Kholmsky ya gangaro daga Volga daga Nizhny Novgorod kuma ya kewaye Kazan a ranar 18 ga Mayu.Birnin ya fada hannun Rasha a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni.An aika Ilham da sarka zuwa Moscow kafin a daure a Vologda, yayin da aka ayyana Moxammat Amin a matsayin sabon khan.
Ivan III ya mamaye Lithuania
Ivan III invades Lithuania ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1494 Jan 1

Ivan III ya mamaye Lithuania

Lithuania
A watan Agustan 1492, ba tare da ayyana yaki ba, Ivan III ya fara manyan ayyukan soja: ya kama ya ƙone Mtsensk, Lyubutsk, Serpeysk, da Meshchovsk;sun kai hari Mosalsk;kuma ya kai hari kan yankin Dukes na Vyazma.Mahukuntan Orthodox sun fara sauya sheka zuwa birnin Moscow yayin da suka yi alkawarin samar da kariya daga hare-haren soji da kuma kawo karshen wariyar addini daga Lithuanian Katolika.Ivan III a hukumance ya ayyana yaki a 1493, amma ba da daɗewa ba rikici ya ƙare.Grand Duke na Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon ya aika da tawaga zuwa Moscow don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.An kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta "madawwami" a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1494. Yarjejeniyar ta nuna hasarar yankunan Lithuania na farko ga Moscow: Mulkin Vyazma da yanki mai girma a saman kogin Oka.
Yakin Russo-Swedish
Sojoji na Sweden a Rasha, Marigayi 15th Century ©Angus McBride
1495 Jan 1

Yakin Russo-Swedish

Ivangorod Fortress, Kingisepps
Yaƙin Russo-Swedish na 1495-1497, wanda aka sani a Sweden a matsayin Yaƙin Rasha na Stures yaƙin iyaka ne wanda ya faru tsakanin Grand Duchy na Moscow da Masarautar Sweden.Ko da yake yakin ya kasance gajere, kuma bai haifar da wani sauye-sauye na yankuna ba, yana da mahimmanci a matsayin yakin farko tsakanin Sweden da Moscow, bayan mamaye Muscovite na Jamhuriyar Novgorod shekaru ashirin da suka wuce.Kamar yadda Grand Duchy na Moscow daga baya zai zama Tsardom na Rasha kuma a ƙarshe Masarautar Rasha , ana ɗaukar yakin 1495-7 a matsayin Yaƙin Russo-Swedish na farko, sabanin Yaƙin Sweden-Novgorod daban-daban waɗanda suka faru a baya. Tsakanin Zamani.
Shekarar 1497
Sudebnik of 1497 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1497 Jan 1

Shekarar 1497

Moscow, Russia
Sudebnik na 1497 (Судебник 1497 года a cikin Rashanci, ko Code of Law) wani tarin dokokin da Ivan III ya gabatar a cikin 1497. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiya na kasar Rasha, ƙirƙirar Dokar Rasha ta kasa da kuma kawar da ita. feudal fragmentation.Ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Dokar Rasha, ciki har da Russkaya Pravda, Dokar Shari'a ta Pskov, dokokin sarauta, da dokokin gama-gari, dokokin da aka inganta tare da la'akari da canje-canjen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Ainihin, Sudebnik ya kasance tarin hanyoyin shari'a.Ya kafa tsarin bai-daya na hukumomin shari'a na kasa, ya bayyana cancantarsu da nasu, da kuma daidaita kudaden shari'a.Sudebnik ya faɗaɗa kewayon ayyuka, waɗanda ake ganin za a iya hukunta su ta ma'auni na shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, tawaye, sacrilege, batanci).Hakanan ya sabunta tunanin nau'ikan laifi daban-daban.Sudebnik ya kafa yanayin bincike na shari'a.Ya bayar da nau'o'i daban-daban na hukunci, kamar hukuncin kisa, flagelation da dai sauransu Domin kare feudal mallakar ƙasa, Sudebnik ya gabatar da wasu gazawa a cikin dokar kadarori, ƙara wa'adin iyakance ayyukan shari'a game da filaye na sarauta, gabatar da flagelation ga cin zarafin iyakokin ƙasa na sarauta, boyar da ƙasashen monastic - keta iyakokin ƙasar manoma ya haifar da tarar.Sudebnik kuma ya gabatar da wani kuɗi ga manoma waɗanda suke so su bar ubangijin su, kuma sun kafa rana ta duniya (Nuwamba 26) a fadin kasar Rasha don manoma, waɗanda suke so su canza iyayensu.
Sabunta yaki da Lithuania
Renewed war with Lithuania ©Angus McBride
1500 Jul 14

Sabunta yaki da Lithuania

Kaluga, Russia
An sake sabunta tashin hankali a watan Mayu 1500, lokacin da Ivan III ya yi amfani da shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Yaren mutanen Poland-Hungary a kan Daular Ottoman : Yayin da suke shagaltu da Ottomans, Poland da Hungary ba za su taimaka wa Lithuania ba.Dalilin da ya sa shi ne zargin rashin yarda da addini ga Orthodox a kotun Lithuania.Mahaifinta Ivan III ya hana Helena komawa Katolika , wanda ya ba da dama ga Ivan III, a matsayin mai kare dukan Orthodox, don tsoma baki a cikin al'amuran Lithuania da kuma tara masu bi na Orthodox.Kwamandan na Rasha ya yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar da ta tabbatar da nasara ga sojojin Rasha a yakin Kulikovo.Vedrosha wata nasara ce mai muni ga Rashawa.An kashe 'yan kasar Lithuania kusan 8,000, kuma an kama wasu da yawa a fursuna, ciki har da Yarima Konstantin Ostrogski, babban Hetman na farko na Lithuania.Bayan yaƙin mutanen Lithuania sun rasa yuwuwar yunƙurin soja kuma sun taƙaita kansu ga ayyukan tsaro.
Yaƙin kogin Siritsa
Battle of the Siritsa River ©Angus McBride
1501 Aug 27

Yaƙin kogin Siritsa

Maritsa River
A lokacin yakin Russo-Swedish (1495-1497), Sweden ta kama Ivangorod kuma ta ba da ita ga Livonia, tayin da aka ƙi.Moscow ta fahimci hakan a matsayin kawancen Sweden-Livonian.Yayin da tattaunawar ta gaza, Livonia ta fara shirin yaƙi.A watan Mayu 1500, yaki ya barke tsakanin Moscow da Grand Duchy na Lithuania.A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1501, Livonia da Lithuania sun kulla kawance na shekaru goma a Vilnius.A watan Agustan 1501, von Plettenberg ya jagoranci sojojin Livonian, wanda aka ƙarfafa tare da sojojin haya 3,000 daga Lübeck, zuwa Pskov.Sojojin sun hadu a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1501 a kan kogin Siritsa, kilomita 10 kudu daga Izborsk, a kan hanyar yamma zuwa Pskov.Rundunar Pskovian ta fara kai hari ga Livonians amma an yi watsi da ita.Sojojin Livonian sun lalata ragowar sojojin Muscovite duk da yunkurin Rasha na mayar da martani da nasu, wanda bai isa ba, karfin bindigogi.A cikin yakin, ƙananan sojojin Livonian sun ci nasara da sojojin Muscovite (wanda aka zana daga biranen Moscow, Novgorod, da Tver, da kuma daga Pskov - wanda ba a cikin Muscovy ba har sai 1510) a cikin babban ɓangare saboda manyan bindigogi na Order. wurin shakatawa da ƙarancin bindigogi na Rasha kowane iri.Wannan shan kashi ya sa Moscow ta sabunta sojojinta ta hanyar samar da rundunonin sojoji na tsaye dauke da arquebus.
Yaƙin Mstislavl
Battle of Mstislavl ©Angus McBride
1501 Nov 4

Yaƙin Mstislavl

Mstsislaw, Belarus
Yaƙin Mstislavl ya faru a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1501 tsakanin sojojin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da sojojin Grand Duchy na Moscow da Principality na Novgorod-Seversk.An fatattaki sojojin Lithuania.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Muscovite-Lithuania sun sake sabuntawa a shekara ta 1500. A 1501, Ivan III na Rasha ya aika da sabuwar rundunar karkashin jagorancin Semyon Mozhayskiy zuwa Mstislavl.Sarakunan yankin Mstislavsky tare da Ostap Dashkevych ne suka shirya tsaron kuma an yi musu mugun duka a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba.Sun koma Mstislavl kuma Mozhayskiy ya yanke shawarar ba za su kai hari gidan ba.Maimakon haka, sojojin Rasha sun yi wa birnin kawanya tare da ƙwace yankunan da ke kewaye da shi.'Yan ƙasar Lithuania sun shirya rundunar agaji, wanda Great Hetman Stanislovas Kęsgaila ya kawo.Mozhayskiy da Kęsgaila dai ba su yi kus-kuri ba, kuma sojojin Rasha sun ja da baya ba tare da wani yaki ba.
1505 - 1547
Tsayin Duchy da Canjiornament
Yakin karshe na Ivan
Tartas na kutsawa mayakan na Rasha da suka tsere ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1505 Jan 1 00:01

Yakin karshe na Ivan

Arsk, Republic of Tatarstan, R
Yakin karshe na mulkin Ivan shine matar Ilham wadda mijinta ya rasu, wadda ta auri Moxammat Amin ta kuma rarrashi shi ya tabbatar da yancin kansa daga birnin Moscow a shekara ta 1505. Tawayen dai ya barke a fili a ranar Saint John, lokacin da Tatar ta kashe 'yan kasuwa da wakilan Rasha da suka halarci wurin. Kazan Fair na shekara-shekara.Daga nan sai wata babbar runduna ta Kazan da Nogai Tatars suka ci gaba zuwa Nizhny Novgorod suka kewaye birnin.Maharba 'yan kasar Lithuania 300 ne suka yanke shawarar lamarin, wadanda Rashawa suka kama a yakin Vedrosha kuma suka zauna a Nizhny a zaman talala.Sun yi nasarar jefa ’yan tsaron Tatar cikin rudani: an kashe surukin Khan a wani mataki kuma rundunar ta ja da baya.Mutuwar Ivan ta hana sake sabunta tashin hankali har zuwa Mayu 1506, lokacin da Yarima Fyodor Belsky ya jagoranci sojojin Rasha a kan Kazan.Bayan da sojojin dawakan Tatar suka kai hari a bayansa, da yawa daga cikin mutanen Rasha sun tashi ko kuma suka nutse a cikin tafkin Foul (22 ga Mayu).An aika Yarima Vasily Kholmsky don ya sauƙaƙa Belsky kuma ya doke khan a filin Arsk a ranar 22 ga Yuni. .Ko da yake shi ne nasara mafi hazaka ta Tatar cikin shekaru da dama, Moxammat Amin – saboda wasu dalilai da ba a fahimce su ba – ya yanke shawarar neman zaman lafiya tare da yin mubaya’a ga magajin Ivan, Vasily III na Rasha.
Vasili III na Rasha
Vasili III of Russia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1505 Nov 6

Vasili III na Rasha

Moscow, Russia
Vasili III ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa Ivan III kuma ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana ƙarfafa ribar Ivan.Vasili ya haɗa lardunan da suka tsira na ƙarshe: Pskov a 1510, ƙawancen Volokolamsk a 1513, mulkokin Ryazan a 1521 da Novgorod-Seversky a 1522. Vasili kuma ya yi amfani da matsananciyar matsayi na Sigismund na Poland don kama Smolensk, babbar babbar ƙasar Poland. na Lithuania, musamman ta hanyar taimakon dan tawayen Lithuania, Yarima Mikhail Glinski, wanda ya ba shi makamai masu linzami da injiniyoyi.A shekara ta 1521 Vasili ya karbi jakadan daular Safawad ta Iran da ke makwabtaka da shi, wanda Shah Ismail I ya aiko wanda burinsa shi ne gina kawancen Iran da Rasha kan abokan gaba, daular Usmaniyya .Vasili ya yi nasara daidai da Crimean Khanate.Ko da yake a shekara ta 1519 ya zama dole ya saya daga Crimean Khan, Mehmed I Giray, a karkashin ganuwar Moscow, a karshen mulkinsa ya kafa tasiri na Rasha a kan Volga.A cikin 1531-32 ya sanya mai yin riya Cangali khan a kan karagar Khanate na Kazan.Vasili shine babban sarki na farko na Moscow wanda ya karbi lakabin tsar da mikiya mai kai biyu na Daular Byzantine.
Glinski tawaye
Yaƙin Muscovite akan Lithuania ©Sergey Ivanov
1508 Feb 1

Glinski tawaye

Lithuania
Tawayen Glinski tawaye ne a shekara ta 1508 a Grand Duchy na Lithuania ta gungun ƴan boko karkashin jagorancin Yarima Mikhail Glinski a shekara ta 1508. Ta girma ne daga hamayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu fada aji a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon.Tawayen ya fara ne lokacin da Sigismund I, sabon Grand Duke, ya yanke shawarar tube Glinski daga mukamansa bisa jita-jita da Jan Zabrzeziński, abokin gaba na Glinski ya yada.Bayan da aka kasa sasanta rikicin a gidan sarauta, Glinski da magoya bayansa (mafi yawan dangi) sun tashi da makamai.'Yan tawayen sun yi mubaya'a ga Vasili III na Rasha, wanda ke yaki da Lithuania.'Yan tawayen da magoya bayansu na Rasha sun kasa cimma nasarar soji.An ƙyale su su tafi gudun hijira a Moscow kuma su kwashe dukiyoyinsu na motsi, amma an kwace dukiyoyinsu masu yawa.
Yaƙin Lithuanian-Muscovite na huɗu
Fourth Lithuanian–Muscovite War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1512 Jan 1

Yaƙin Lithuanian-Muscovite na huɗu

Belarus
A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu da suka gabata, jihar Moscow ba ta yi nasarar fahimtar ra'ayin sake dawo da duk "gadon Kievan" ba - ƙasashen Mulkin Smolensk, Shugaban Polotsk da Mulkin Kiev.Babban Duchy na Lithuania da Ruthenia ba su yarda da sakamakon wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe ba - asarar wasu ƙasashen gabashinta.A karshen shekara ta 1512 wani sabon yaki ya barke tsakanin jihohin biyu.Dalilin haka shi ne tattaunawar Tatar ta Lithuania-Crimean da harin da Tatars na Crimea a watan Mayun 1512 a kan Sarakunan Oka na Upper.Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite na 1512-1522 (wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Shekaru Goma) rikici ne na soja tsakanin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Ruthenia, wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashen Ukraine da Belarusian, da Grand Duchy na Moscow don ƙasashen iyakar Rasha.
Siege na Smolensk
Siege of Smolensk ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1514 Aug 1

Siege na Smolensk

Smolensk, Russia
Siege na Smolensk na 1514 ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Muscovite-Lithuania na huɗu (1512-1520).Lokacin da yaki ya sake barkewa da Lithuania a watan Nuwamba 1512, babban burin Moscow shi ne kame Smolensk, wata muhimmiyar kagara da cibiyar kasuwanci da ke cikin Lithuania tun shekara ta 1404. Rashawa, wanda Tsar Vasili na uku na Rasha ya ba da umarni da kansa, ya ba da umarni shida. mako guda a watan Janairu-Fabrairu 1513, amma Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski ya dakile harin.Wani hari na mako huɗu ya biyo baya a watan Agusta-Satumba 1513.A watan Mayu 1514, Vasili III ya sake jagorantar sojojinsa a kan Smolensk.A wannan karon sojojin na Rasha sun hada da maharba da dama, wadanda Michael Glinski ya kawo daga Daular Roma mai tsarki.Bayan dogon shiri, an fara luguden wuta a birnin daga tsaunukan da ke kusa a cikin watan Yuli.Bayan 'yan kwanaki Jurij Sołłohub, Voivode na Smolensk, ya amince ya mika wuya a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1514. Vasili III ya shiga birnin washegari.
Yakin Orsha
Hussars a lokacin yakin Orsha (1514) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1514 Sep 8

Yakin Orsha

Orsha, Belarus
Yakin Orsha, wani yaki ne a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1514, tsakanin sojojin kawance na Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Crown na Masarautar Poland , karkashin jagorancin Lithuania Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski;da sojojin Grand Duchy na Moscow karkashin Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin da Kniaz Mikhail Bulgakov-Golitsa.Yakin Orsha wani bangare ne na dogon jerin yakin Muscovite-Lithuania wanda sarakunan Muscovite suka gudanar da kokarin tattara dukkan tsoffin kasashen Kievan Rus karkashin mulkinsu.Yakin ya dakatar da fadada Muscovy zuwa Gabashin Turai.Dakarun Ostrogski sun ci gaba da fatattakar sojojin Rasha da aka fatattake tare da kwace mafi yawan wuraren da aka kwace a baya, ciki har da Mstislavl da Krychev, kuma an dakatar da ci gaban na Rasha na tsawon shekaru hudu.Duk da haka, sojojin Lithuania da na Poland sun gaji sosai don kewaye Smolensk kafin lokacin hunturu.Wannan yana nufin cewa Ostrogski bai isa ƙofofin Smolensk ba har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba, yana ba Vasili III isasshen lokaci don shirya tsaro.
Ƙarshen Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite
End of Lithuanian-Muscovite Wars ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1522 Jan 1

Ƙarshen Yaƙin Lithuania-Muscovite

Lithuania
Yaƙi tsakanin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Grand Duchy na Moscow ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1520. A 1522 an sanya hannu kan zaman lafiya, a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da Lithuania ta tilastawa ta mika wa Moscow kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na dukiyarta a cikin ƙasashen tsohon Kievan Rus . ', ciki har da Smolensk.Ba a sake kwace birnin na baya ba sai bayan kusan karni guda, a shekara ta 1611. Bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1522, Grand Duchy na Lithuania ya sake kai hari Moscow sau ɗaya, amma an sasanta manyan rikice-rikice na soja na kusan shekaru 40.
Starodub War
Siege na Pskov, zanen da Karl Brullov ya yi, yana nuna kewayen daga mahallin Rasha - firgita Poles da Lithuanians, da jaruntaka masu kare Rasha a ƙarƙashin tutar addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1534 Jan 1

Starodub War

Vilnius, Lithuania
Bayan mutuwar Vasily a 1533, ɗansa da magaji, Ivan IV, yana da shekaru uku kawai.Mahaifiyarsa, Elena Glinskaya, yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki da kuma tsunduma a iko gwagwarmaya da sauran dangi da boyars.Sarkin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da yanayin kuma ya bukaci a dawo da yankunan da Vasily III ya ci.A lokacin rani na 1534, Grand Hetman Jerzy Radziwiłł da Tatars sun lalata yankin Chernigov, Novgorod Severk, Radogoshch, Starodub, da Briansk.A cikin Oktoba 1534, sojojin Muscovite karkashin jagorancin Prince Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Prince Nikita Obolensky, da Prince Vasily Shuisky suka mamaye Lithuania, suna ci gaba har zuwa Vilnius da Naugardukas, kuma sun gina kagara a tafkin Sebezh a shekara ta gaba, kafin a yi shi. tsaya.Sojojin Lithuania a karkashin Hetman Radziwill, Andrei Nemirovich, Hetman na Poland Jan Tarnowski, da Semen Belsky sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki inda suka dauki Gomel da Starodub.A shekara ta 1536, sansanin Sebezh ya ci nasara da sojojin Lithuania na Nemirovich lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su kewaye shi, sa'an nan kuma Muscovites suka kai hari kan Liubech, sun lalata Vitebsk, suka gina garu a Velizh da Zavoloche.Lithuania da Rasha sun yi shawarwarin tsagaita wuta na tsawon shekaru biyar, ba tare da musayar fursunoni ba, inda Homel ya ci gaba da zama a karkashin ikon sarki, yayin da Muscovy Rus' ya rike Sebezh da Zavoloche.
1548 Jan 1

Epilogue

Moscow, Russia
Ci gaban daular Rasha ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga Kievan Rus ' ta hanyar Vladimir-Suzdal da Grand Duchy na Moscow zuwa Tsardom na Rasha , sannan kuma daular Rasha .Duchy Moscow ya jawo mutane da dukiya zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kievan Rus';kafa hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Tekun Baltic, Tekun Fari, Tekun Caspian, da Siberiya;kuma ya samar da tsarin siyasa mai cike da rudani kuma mai cin gashin kansa.Al'adun siyasa da aka kafa a Muscovy, saboda haka, sun yi tasiri mai karfi kan ci gaban al'ummar Rasha a nan gaba.

Characters



Tokhtamysh

Tokhtamysh

Khan of the Golden Horde

Ivan III of Russia

Ivan III of Russia

Grand Prince of Moscow

Timur

Timur

Amir of Timurid Empire

Ulugh Muhammad

Ulugh Muhammad

Khan of the Golden Horde

Yury of Moscow

Yury of Moscow

Prince of Moscow

Nogai Khan

Nogai Khan

General of Golden Horde

Simeon of Moscow

Simeon of Moscow

Grand Prince of Moscow

Mamai

Mamai

Military Commander of the Golden Horde

Daniel of Moscow

Daniel of Moscow

Prince of Moscow

Ivan I of Moscow

Ivan I of Moscow

Prince of Moscow

Özbeg Khan

Özbeg Khan

Khan of the Golden Horde

Vasily II of Moscow

Vasily II of Moscow

Grand Prince of Moscow

Dmitry Donskoy

Dmitry Donskoy

Prince of Moscow

Vasily I of Moscow

Vasily I of Moscow

Grand Prince of Moscow

References



  • Meyendorff, John (1981). Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521135337.
  • Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80
  • Chester Dunning, The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth Century French Account
  • Romaniello, Matthew (September 2006). "Ethnicity as social rank: Governance, law, and empire in Muscovite Russia". Nationalities Papers. 34 (4): 447–469. doi:10.1080/00905990600842049. S2CID 109929798.
  • Marshall Poe, Foreign Descriptions of Muscovy: An Analytic Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources, Slavica Publishers, 1995, ISBN 0-89357-262-4