Tarihin Brazil

Tarihin Brazil ya fara da ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil.Wasu daga cikin gawarwakin ɗan adam na farko da aka samu a cikin Amurka, Matar Luzia, an same su a yankin Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais kuma sun ba da shaidar mazaunin ɗan adam ya koma aƙalla shekaru 11,000.Kwanan lokaci na asalin mazaunan farko, waɗanda ake kira "Indiyawa" (índios) ta hanyar Portuguese, har yanzu batu ne da ake jayayya a tsakanin masu binciken archaeologist.An hako tukwane na farko da aka taɓa samu a Yammacin Duniya, mai shekaru 8,000 na radiocarbon, a cikin rafin Amazon na Brazil, kusa da Santarém, yana ba da shaida don juyar da tunanin cewa yankin dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi ya kasance matalauta ga albarkatun don tallafawa hadaddun al'adun kafin tarihi." Ra'ayin da ya fi karbuwa a halin yanzu game da masana ilmin dan Adam, masana harshe da kuma ilmin halitta shi ne cewa kabilun farko sun kasance wani bangare na farautar farautar 'yan ci-rani da suka shigo Amurka daga Asiya, ko dai ta kasa, ko ta tekun Bering, ko ta hanyar tekun Bering. hanyoyin tekun bakin teku tare da Pacific, ko duka biyun.Andes da tsaunin tsaunukan arewacin Amurka ta Kudu sun haifar da wata iyaka ta al'adu tsakanin mazaunan wayewar agrarian na gabar tekun yamma da kuma kabilun makiyaya na gabas, waɗanda ba su taɓa yin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce ko gine-gine na dindindin ba.Don haka, ba a san da yawa game da tarihin Brazil kafin 1500. Ragowar archaeological (yafi tukwane) yana nuna sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin ci gaban al'adun yanki, ƙaura na cikin gida, da manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na lokaci-lokaci.A lokacin da Turawa suka gano, yankin na yanzu Brazil yana da yawan kabilu 2,000.Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar al'adance galibinsu ƙabilu ne na ƙabilun makiyaya waɗanda suka rayu akan farauta, kamun kifi, tarawa, da kuma noman ƙaura.Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa a cikin 1500, 'yan asalin suna zaune ne a bakin teku da kuma bakin manyan koguna.

A shekara ta 1500, ɗan ƙasar Portugal Pedro Cabral mai bincike ya tashi tafiya zuwaIndiya , ƙarƙashin umarnin Sarki Manuel I na Portugal.An umarce shi da ya binciki gabar tekun Afirka da kafa hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Indiya.Ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1500, Cabral ya sadu da ƙasar Brazil.Wannan shi ne karon farko da Turawa suka ga nahiyar Kudancin Amurka.Cabral da ma'aikatansa su ne Turawa na farko da suka fara gani da kuma gano yankin, kuma sun yi iƙirarin ga Portugal .Cabral ya kira ƙasar Ilha de Vera Cruz, ko kuma Tsibirin Giciye na Gaskiya.Daga nan sai ya zagaya bakin teku, yana neman Portugal, kuma ya aika da rahoton bincikensa zuwa ga Sarkin Portugal.Tafiyar Cabral ita ce farkon mamayar da Portugal ta yi wa Brazil mulkin mallaka, wanda zai dau fiye da shekaru 300.

Tun daga karni na 16, brazilwood ya zama mai daraja sosai a Turai kuma yana da wahalar samu.Itace mai alaka, sappanwood, da ta fito daga Asiya ana siyar da ita da foda kuma ana amfani da ita azaman rini ja wajen kera kayan alatu, irin su karammiski, cikin bukatu mai yawa a lokacin Renaissance.Lokacin da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portuguese suka sauka a Brazil ta yau, nan da nan suka ga cewa itacen brazil yana da yawa sosai a bakin tekun da kuma bayanta, kusa da koguna.A cikin ƴan shekaru, an kafa wani aiki mai fa'ida kuma mai fa'ida don sarewa da jigilar duk kujerun katako na Brazil da za su iya samu, a matsayin kambin mulkin mallaka na Portugal.Kasuwancin arziki wanda ya biyo baya nan da nan ya sa sauran ƙasashe su yi ƙoƙarin girbi da kuma fitar da haramtattun kayayyaki na Brazil daga Brazil, da masu safarar jiragen ruwa suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Portugal masu lodi domin su sace kayansu.Misali, yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a cikin 1555 na balaguron Faransa karkashin jagorancin Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, mataimakin Admiral na Brittany da corsair a ƙarƙashin Sarki, na kafa wata mamaya a Rio de Janeiro (Faransa Antarctique) na yau ya sa a wani bangare. falalar da ake samu ta hanyar amfani da tattalin arzikin Brazil.Bugu da kari, ana kuma buga wannan shuka a cikin Flora Brasiliensis na Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.Girman girbi ya haifar da raguwar yawan itatuwan Brazil a ƙarni na 18, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar wannan aikin na tattalin arziki.

Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan ayyukan bandeirantes shine kamawa da bautar da ƴan asalin ƙasar.Sun aiwatar da hakan ne ta hanyoyi da dama.'Yan bandir sun dogara ne da hare-haren ba-zata, kawai su kai hari kauyuka ko tarin 'yan kasar, suna kashe duk wanda ya bijire, da kuma sace wadanda suka tsira.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da dabara;wata dabara ta gama-gari ita ce rikitar da kansu a matsayin Jesuits, galibi suna rera Mass don fitar da ’yan asalinsu daga matsugunansu.A lokacin, 'yan Jesuit suna da suna da suka cancanci a matsayin kawai sojojin mulkin mallaka da suka yi wa 'yan asalin kasar adalci a cikin raguwar Jesuit na yankin.Idan ba a yi wa ’yan ƙasar alkawari da alƙawari ba, ’yan bindigar za su kewaye matsugunan su kashe su, tare da tilasta wa mazauna wurin fitowa fili.A daidai lokacin da bayin Afirka da ake shigowa da su ke da tsada kwatankwacinsu, ’yan bande sun iya sayar da bayi masu yawa a kan riba mai yawa saboda tsadar su.Bandeirantes kuma sun haɗa kai da wata ƙabilar gida, inda suka tabbatar musu da cewa suna goyon bayansu da wata ƙabila, kuma idan an raunana bangarorin biyu, Bandeirantes za su kama ƙabilun biyu su sayar da su bauta.

Bauta a Brazil ya fara ne tun kafin a kafa matsugunan Portuguese na farko a shekara ta 1516, tare da mambobin wata kabila suna bautar da wasu da aka kama.Daga baya, 'yan mulkin mallaka sun dogara sosai kan aikin 'yan asalin a lokacin farkon matakan daidaitawa don kula da tattalin arzikin rayuwa, kuma balaguron bandeirantes na kama 'yan asalin ƙasar.An fara shigo da bayi daga Afirka a tsakiyar karni na 16, amma bautar ’yan asalin kasar ya ci gaba sosai har cikin karni na 17 da 18.A lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantika, Brazil ta shigo da bayin Afirka fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya.An yi kiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 4.9 da ake bautar da su daga Afirka an shigo da su Brazil a tsakanin shekarun 1501 zuwa 1866. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1850, yawancin mutanen Afirka bayi da suka isa gabar tekun Brazil an tilasta musu shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman a Luanda (yanzu- ranar Angola).An raba cinikin bayin Atlantika zuwa matakai huɗu: Zagayowar Gini (ƙarni na 16);Zagayen Angola (karni na 17) wanda ya yi safarar mutane daga Bakongo, Mbundu, Benguela da Ovambo;Cycle of Costa da Mina, wanda yanzu aka canza masa suna Cycle of Benin da Dahomey (karni na 18 - 1815), wanda ya yi safarar mutane daga Yarbawa, Ewe, Minas, Hausa, Nupe da Borno;da lokacin fataucin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda Burtaniya ta danne (1815-1851).

Har zuwa 1529 Portugal ba ta da sha'awar Brazil sosai saboda yawan ribar da aka samu ta hanyar kasuwancinta daIndiya ,China , da Gabashin Indiya.Wannan rashin sha'awar ya ba 'yan kasuwa, 'yan fashi da masu zaman kansu na kasashe da dama damar farautar Brazilwood mai riba a yankunan da Portugal ke da'awar, inda Faransa ta kafa mulkin mallaka na Faransa Antarctique a shekara ta 1555. A mayar da martani masarautar Portuguese ta kirkiro wani tsari don mamaye Brazil yadda ya kamata, ba tare da izini ba. biyan farashin.Tun daga farkon ƙarni na 16, masarautar Portuguese ta yi amfani da ikon mallakar mallaka ko kyaftin — ba da tallafin ƙasa tare da gata mai yawa na mulki—a matsayin kayan aiki don mamaye sabbin ƙasashe.Kafin tallafin a Brazil, an yi nasarar amfani da tsarin kyaftin a yankunan da Portugal ta yi iƙirarin—musamman ma Madeira, da Azores, da sauran tsibiran Atlantika.Ya bambanta da na gabaɗaya kyaftin na Atlantika masu nasara, na dukan shugabannin na Brazil, biyu ne kawai, shugabannin Pernambuco da São Vicente (wanda ake kira São Paulo), a yau ana ɗaukan sun yi nasara.Saboda dalilai daban-daban daga watsi, cin nasara da kabilun asali, mamaye yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Brazil ta Kamfanin Dutch West India Company, da kuma mutuwar donnatário (mai mallakar ubangiji) ba tare da magaji ba, duk mallakar mallakar (masu kyaftin) daga ƙarshe sun koma ko kuma sun sake siye su. kambi.A cikin 1572, an raba ƙasar zuwa Gwamnatin Arewa mai tushe a Salvador da Gwamnatin Kudancin da ke Rio de Janeiro.

A shekara ta 1534 Sarki John III na Portugal ya ba Martim Afonso de Sousa mukamin kyaftin.Sousa ya kafa ƙauyuka biyu na Portuguese na farko a Brazil a cikin 1532: São Vicente (kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Santos) da Piratinga (daga baya ya zama São Paulo).Ko da yake an raba su zuwa kuri'a biyu - Kyaftin na Santo Amaro ya raba - tare waɗannan yankuna sun kafa Kyaftin na São Vicente.A cikin 1681 matsugunin São Paulo ya gaji São Vicente a matsayin babban birni na kyaftin, kuma asalin sunan na ƙarshe ya faɗi a hankali.São Vicente ya zama kyaftin daya tilo da ya bunkasa a kudancin kasar Portugal ta Brazil.Daga ƙarshe ya haifar da jihar São Paulo kuma ya ba da tushe ga Bandeirantes don faɗaɗa Amurkan Portuguese zuwa yammacin Layin Tordesilhas.

An kafa Salvador a matsayin kagara na São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ("Mai Ceton Bay na Dukan Waliyyai") a cikin 1549 ta mazaunan Portuguese a ƙarƙashin Tomé de Sousa, babban gwamnan Brazil na farko.Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwan da Turawa suka kafa a nahiyar Amurka.Daga wani dutse da ke kallon Bay of All Saints, ya zama babban birnin Brazil na farko kuma cikin sauri ya zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin bayi da masana'antar sukari.An dade ana raba Salvador zuwa babban birni da na ƙasa, an raba shi da wani kaifi mai tsayin mita 85 (279 ft).Babban birni ya kafa gundumomi na gudanarwa, addini, da na firamare yayin da ƙaramin birni ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, mai tashar jiragen ruwa da kasuwa.

'Yan kasuwan Portuguese sun fara gabatar da rake ga Amurkawa a cikin 1500s.Portugal ta fara aikin noman shuka a tsibiran Atlantika na Madeira da São Tomé, kuma saboda sukarin da ake samarwa daga gonakin Brazil ana amfani da shi don kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki, wannan ƙasar da ake bukata da za a iya samu tare da ɗan rikici daga mazaunan da ke yanzu.Ya zuwa karni na sha shida, an samar da noman rake a gabar tekun arewa maso gabashin Brazil, kuma sukarin da aka samar daga wadannan gonakin ya zama ginshikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar Brazil.A shekara ta 1570, yawan sukarin da Brazil ke fitarwa ya yi daidai da na tsibiran Atlantika.Da farko, mazauna garin sun yi ƙoƙari su bautar da ’yan ƙasar don yin aikin rake, amma hakan ya kasance da wahala, sai suka koma yin amfani da bayi.Aikin bauta shi ne ke haifar da haɓakar tattalin arzikin sukari a Brazil, kuma sukari shine farkon fitar da mulkin mallaka daga 1600 zuwa 1650.A tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai, ' yan Holland sun kwace yankuna masu albarka a arewa maso gabashin Brazil, kuma saboda an kori 'yan Holland daga Brazil, bayan wani karfi mai karfi da 'yan Portuguese-Brazil da 'yan asalinsu da Afro-Brazil suka yi, samar da sukari na Holland ya zama abin koyi ga Brazilian. samar da sukari a cikin Caribbean.Haɓaka samarwa da gasa yana nufin farashin sukari ya ragu, kuma kasuwar Brazil ta ragu.Sai dai kuma kasar Brazil ta murmure daga mamayar da kasar Holland ta yi a baya, saboda yakin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane a gonakin sukari.

Estácio de Sá, a ja-gorancin Portuguese, ya kafa birnin Rio de Janeiro a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1565. An sanya wa birnin suna São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, don girmama St. Sebastian, majiɓincin waliyyi na Sarkin Portugal Sebastião. .Guanabara Bay da aka fi sani da Rio de Janeiro.A farkon karni na 18, 'yan fashi da makami sun yi barazana ga birnin, kamar Jean-François Duclerc da René Duguay-Trouin.

A cikin 1578, Dom Sebastião, Sarkin Portugal a lokacin, ya ɓace a yakin Alcacer-Quibir da Moors a Maroko.Yana da 'yan abokan tarayya da rashin isassun albarkatun da zai yi yaki da su, wanda ya kai ga bacewarsa.Tun da yake ba shi da magada kai tsaye, Sarki Philip II na Spain (kawun nasa) ya ɗauki iko a kan ƙasashen Portuguese, ya fara ƙungiyar Iberian Union.Bayan shekaru sittin, John, Duke na Bragança, ya yi tawaye da manufar maido da 'yancin kai na Portugal, wanda ya cika, ya zama John IV na Portugal.Brazil na cikin daular Sipaniya, amma ta ci gaba da zama a karkashin gwamnatin Portugal har sai da ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1668, kuma an mayar da kayan mulkin mallaka na Portugal zuwa kambin Portuguese.

A cikin 1615, Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco, babban kyaftin na Portuguese na kyaftin na Bahia, Gwamna Janar na Brazil ya ba shi aikin jagorantar balaguron soji don sa ido kan ayyukan kasuwanci na kasashen waje (Faransa, Dutch, da Ingilishi) tare. Kogin Amazon daga Cabo do Norte a Grão Pará.Ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1616, ya yi kuskure ya gaskata cewa ya sami babban tashar kogin lokacin da ya isa wurin da ake kira Guajará Bay, wanda ke kusa da raƙuman kogin Para da Guamá, wanda Tupinambás ke kira " Guaçu Parana".A can, ya gina wani katafaren katako wanda aka lulluɓe da bambaro, wanda ya kira "Presépio" (ko yanayin haihuwa), kuma yankin da aka kafa a kusa da shi ana kiransa Feliz Lusitânia ("Fortunate Lusitania").Wannan katangar bai yi nasara ba wajen hana Turawan mulkin mallaka na Holland da Faransanci, amma ya taimaka wajen hana wasu yunƙuri.Daga baya, Feliz Lusitânia aka sake masa suna Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará (Uwargidanmu ta Baitalami ta Grao-Para) da Santa Maria de Belém (Maryamu ta Baitalami), kuma aka ba shi matsayin birni a shekara ta 1655. An mai da shi babban birnin ƙasar. Jihar Pará lokacin da aka rabu da Maranhão a cikin 1772.

A cikin shekaru 150 na farko na lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda yawancin albarkatun kasa da kasa da ba a yi amfani da su ba ne suka jawo hankalinsu, wasu kasashen Turai sun yi kokarin kafa yankuna a yankuna da dama na kasar Brazil, bisa ga rashin biyayya ga Paparoma (Inter caetera) da yarjejeniyar Tordesillas. wanda ya raba Sabuwar Duniya zuwa kashi biyu tsakanin Portugal da Spain.Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun yi ƙoƙari su zauna a Rio de Janeiro na yau, daga 1555 zuwa 1567 (wanda ake kira Faransa Antarctique episode), kuma a halin yanzu São Luís, daga 1612 zuwa 1614 (wanda ake kira Faransa Équinoxiale).Jesuits sun isa da wuri kuma suka kafa São Paulo, suna yi wa ’yan ƙasar bishara.Waɗannan ƙawance na asali na Jesuits sun taimaka wa Portuguese wajen korar Faransawa.Kutsawar Dutch ɗin da ba ta yi nasara ba cikin Brazil ya daɗe kuma yana da wahala ga Portugal (Brazil Dutch).Masu zaman kansu na Holland sun fara ne da kwace bakin teku: sun kori Bahia a 1604, har ma sun kama babban birnin Salvador na dan lokaci.Daga 1630 zuwa 1654, Yaren mutanen Holland sun kafa mafi dindindin a arewa maso yamma kuma suna sarrafa dogon bakin tekun da ya fi dacewa zuwa Turai, ba tare da shiga ciki ba.Amma masu mulkin mallaka na Kamfanin Dutch West India Company a Brazil sun kasance cikin yanayi na kewaye, duk da kasancewar Recife na John Maurice na Nassau a matsayin gwamna.Bayan shekaru da dama na yakin bude baki, mutanen Holland sun janye a shekara ta 1654. Ƙananan Faransanci da Dutch al'adu da kabilanci sun kasance daga cikin waɗannan yunƙurin da suka gaza, amma daga baya Portuguese sun yi ƙoƙari su kare bakin tekun da karfi.Daga shekara ta 1630 zuwa gaba, Jamhuriyar Holland ta ci kusan rabin yankin Turai na Brazil a lokacin.Kasar Brazil ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Holland a yankin arewa maso gabashin Brazil na zamani, wanda aka sarrafa daga 1630 zuwa 1654 a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Dutch na Amurka.Manyan biranen yankin su ne babban birnin kasar Mauritsstad (yau bangaren Recife), Frederikstadt (João Pessoa), Nieuw Amsterdam (Natal), Saint Louis (São Luís), São Cristóvão, Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Sirinhaém, da Olinda.Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya kafa hedkwatarsa ​​a Mauritsstad.Gwamna, John Maurice na Nassau, ya gayyaci masu zane-zane da masana kimiyya zuwa yankin don taimakawa wajen inganta Brazil da kuma haɓaka ƙaura.Duk da yake yana da mahimmancin tsaka-tsaki ga Dutch ɗin kawai, wannan lokacin yana da mahimmanci a tarihin Brazil.Wannan lokacin kuma ya haifar da raguwa a masana'antar sukari ta Brazil, tun da rikici tsakanin 'yan Holand da Fotigal ya kawo cikas ga samar da sukari na Brazil, a cikin karuwar gasa daga masu shukar Biritaniya, Faransanci, da Dutch a cikin Caribbean.

Yaƙin Guararapes na Biyu shine yaƙi na biyu kuma mai yanke hukunci a cikin wani rikici mai suna Pernambucana Insurrection, tsakanin sojojin Holland da na Portugal a watan Fabrairun 1649 a Jaboatão dos Guararapes a Pernambuco.Rashin nasara ya shawo kan Dutch "cewa Portuguese sun kasance abokan adawar abokan gaba, wani abu da suka ki amincewa."Tare da shan kashi na Dutch a cikin fadace-fadace guda biyu, da kuma ci gaba da koma bayan da Portugal ta sake kwato Angola, wanda ya gurgunta mulkin mallaka na Holland a Brazil saboda ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da bayi daga Angola ba, ra'ayi a Amsterdam yayi la'akari da cewa "Brazil Brazil ta yanzu ba ya da wata makoma mai daraja a faɗa, wanda "ya rufe makomar mulkin mallaka yadda ya kamata."Yaren mutanen Holland sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Brazil har zuwa 1654. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar The Hague a ranar 6 ga Agusta 1661 tsakanin wakilan Daular Holland da Daular Portugal.Dangane da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, Jamhuriyar Holland ta amince da ikon mulkin mallaka na Portugal a kan New Holland (Brazil Brazil) don musayar lamuni na reis miliyan 4 a tsawon shekaru 16.

Tawayen bayi sun kasance akai-akai har sai da aka kawar da bautar a cikin 1888. Mafi shaharar tawayen shi ne jagoran Zumbi dos Palmares.Jihar da ya kafa, mai suna Quilombo dos Palmares, jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta ta Maroons ta tsere daga matsugunan Portuguese a Brazil, kuma "yanki ne mai yiwuwa girman Portugal a cikin yankin Pernambuco".A tsayinsa, Palmares yana da yawan jama'a sama da 30,000.A shekara ta 1678, gwamnan kyaftin na Pernambuco, Pedro Almeida, wanda ya gaji da rikicin da aka dade da Palmares, ya tunkari shugabansa Ganga Zumba da reshen zaitun.Almeida ya ba da 'yanci ga duk bayin da suka gudu idan Palmares zai mika wuya ga ikon Portuguese, shawarar da Ganga Zumba ya yarda.Amma Zumbi ya ƙi amincewa da Portuguese.Bugu da ari, ya ki karbar 'yanci ga mutanen Palmares yayin da sauran 'yan Afirka suka kasance bayi.Ya yi watsi da ra’ayin Almeida kuma ya kalubalanci shugabancin Ganga Zumba.Da yake shan alwashin ci gaba da adawa da zaluncin Portuguese, Zumbi ya zama sabon shugaban Palmares.Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan Zumbi ya karbi ragamar jagorancin Palmares, kwamandojin sojan Portugal Domingos Jorge Velho da Vieira de Melo sun kai hari da makami a kan quilombo.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1694, bayan shekaru 67 na rikici ba tare da tsayawa ba tare da cafuzos (Maroons) na Palmares, Portuguese sun yi nasarar lalata Cerca do Macaco, tsakiyar tsakiyar jamhuriyar.Jaruman Palmares ba su yi daidai da maharban Portuguese ba;Jamhuriyar ta fadi, kuma Zumbi ta ji rauni.Ko da yake ya tsira kuma ya yi nasarar tserewa Portuguese, an ci amanar shi, aka kama shi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka fille kansa nan da nan a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1695. Portuguese ɗin ya kai kan Zumbi zuwa Recife, inda aka nuna shi a tsakiyar praça don tabbatar da cewa. Sabanin sanannen labari a tsakanin bayin Afirka, Zumbi ba ta dawwama.An kuma yi shi don faɗakar da abin da zai faru da wasu idan sun yi ƙoƙari su yi jaruntaka kamar shi.Ragowar tsoffin quilombos sun ci gaba da zama a yankin har tsawon shekaru ɗari.

Rush na Zinare na Brazil ya kasance tseren zinare da aka fara a cikin 1690s, a lokacin mulkin Portugal na Brazil a cikin daular Portugal .Gudun zinare ya buɗe babban yanki mai samar da zinari na Ouro Preto (Portuguese don baƙar zinare), wanda aka fi sani da Vila Rica.Daga ƙarshe, Gold Rush na Brazil ya ƙirƙiri lokacin tseren zinare mafi tsayi a duniya da mafi girman haƙar zinari a Kudancin Amurka.Guguwar ta fara ne lokacin da ‘yan bandeirantes suka gano manyan tarin zinare a tsaunukan Minas Gerais.Bandeirantes sun kasance 'yan kasada wadanda suka tsara kansu zuwa kananan kungiyoyi don bincika cikin Brazil.Yawancin Bandeirantes ’yan asali ne da na Turai gauraye waɗanda suka rungumi hanyoyin ’yan ƙasar, wanda ya ba su damar rayuwa a cikin gida.Yayin da 'yan bandeirante suka nemi 'yan asalin da aka kama, sun kuma nemi arzikin ma'adinai, wanda ya kai ga gano gwal.An yi amfani da kayan aiki na yau da kullum don ma'aikata.Fiye da 400,000 na Portuguese da bayi 500,000 na Afirka sun zo yankin zinariya don haka.Mutane da yawa sun yi watsi da gonakin sukari da garuruwan da ke gabar tekun arewa maso gabas don zuwa yankin zinari.A shekara ta 1725, rabin mutanen Brazil suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Brazil.A hukumance, an aika tan metric ton 800 na zinariya zuwa Portugal a karni na 18.Wasu zinariya sun yi yawo ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma wasu zinare sun kasance a cikin yankin don ƙawata majami'u da sauran abubuwan amfani.

Yarjejeniya ta farko irin su Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas da Yarjejeniyar Zaragoza da kasashen biyu suka rubuta, kuma kamar yadda Paparoma Alexander VI ya shiga tsakani, sun nuna cewa daular Portugal a Kudancin Amurka ba za ta iya fadada zuwa yamma ba fiye da lig 370 a yammacin tsibirin Cape Verde (wanda ake kira da Tordesillas meridian, kimanin 46th Meridian).Idan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun kasance ba su canza ba, da Mutanen Espanya za su riƙe abin da ke a yau birnin São Paulo da dukan ƙasar da ke yamma da kudu.Don haka, Brazil za ta zama ɗan ƙaramin girman girmanta a yau.An gano zinari a Mato Grosso a shekara ta 1695. Tun daga ƙarni na 17, masu bincike na Portugal, ’yan kasuwa, da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje daga jihar Maranhao da ke arewa, da masu neman zinariya da masu farautar bayi, shahararrun ’yan bande na São Paulo, a kudu. , ya shiga nesa zuwa yamma da kudu maso yammacin tsohuwar layin yarjejeniya kuma yana neman bayi.Sabbin jagororin kyaftin (rashin gudanarwa) waɗanda Portuguese suka ƙirƙira fiye da iyakokin Brazil da aka kafa a baya: Minas Gerais, Goias, Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina.Yarjejeniyar Madrid yarjejeniya ce da aka kulla tsakaninSpain da Portugal a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1750. A kokarin kawo karshen rikice-rikice na shekaru da dama a yankin na Uruguay a yau, yarjejeniyar ta kafa cikakken iyakokin yankuna tsakanin Portuguese Brazil da kuma yankunan Spain yan mulkin mallaka zuwa ga kudu da yamma.Portugal ta kuma amince da da'awar Spain ga Philippines yayin da Spain ta amince da fadada yammacin Brazil.Musamman ma, Spain da Portugal sun yi watsi da furucin Papal bijimin Inter caetera da yarjejeniyoyin Tordesillas da Zaragoza a matsayin tushen doka don rarraba mulkin mallaka.

Kotun masarautar Portugal ta koma daga Lisbon zuwa yankin Portuguese na Brazil a cikin dabarun ja da baya na Sarauniya Maria I ta Portugal, Yarima Regent John, dangin sarauta na Braganza, kotunta, da manyan jami'ai, kusan mutane 10,000, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1807. Jirgin ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga watan, amma saboda yanayin yanayi, jiragen sun sami damar tashi ne kawai a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba.Gidan sarautar Braganza sun tafi Brazil kwanaki kadan kafin sojojin Napoleon su mamaye Portugal a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1807. Kambin Portuguese ya kasance a Brazil daga 1808 har zuwa juyin juya halin Liberal na 1820 ya jagoranci dawowar John VI na Portugal a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1821.Shekaru goma sha uku, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, yayi aiki a matsayin babban birnin Masarautar Portugal a cikin abin da wasu masana tarihi suka kira juyin juya hali na birni (watau mulkin mallaka wanda ke aiwatar da mulki a kan gaba daya daular).Lokacin da kotun ta kasance a Rio ya kawo gagarumin canje-canje ga birnin da mazaunanta, kuma ana iya fassara su ta hanyoyi da yawa.Ya yi tasiri sosai kan al'ummar Brazil, tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa, da siyasa.Canja wurin sarki da kotun masarautar "ya wakilci matakin farko na samun 'yancin kai na Brazil, tun da nan da nan sarki ya bude tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Brazil zuwa jigilar kayayyaki na kasashen waje kuma ya mayar da babban birnin mulkin mallaka ya zama wurin zama na gwamnati."

Ƙasar Ingila ta Portugal , Brazil da Algarves an kafa su ne a cikin 1815, bayan canja wurin Kotun Portuguese zuwa Brazil a lokacin da Napoleon ya mamaye Portugal , kuma ya ci gaba da wanzuwa na kimanin shekara guda bayan komawar Kotun zuwa Turai, kasancewa. de facto ya narke a cikin 1822, lokacin da Brazil ta yi shelar 'yancin kai.Rushewar Ƙasar Ingila ta sami karbuwa daga Portugal kuma aka tsara de jure a cikin 1825, lokacin da Portugal ta amince da daular Brazil mai cin gashin kanta.A lokacin wanzuwarta Ƙasar Ingila ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves ba su dace da dukan daular Portuguese ba: maimakon haka, United Kingdom ita ce babban birni na transatlantic wanda ke kula da daular mulkin mallaka na Portugal, tare da dukiyarta na kasashen waje a Afirka da Asiya. .Don haka, daga mahangar kasar Brazil, daukaka zuwa matsayi na masarauta da samar da kasar Burtaniya na nuni da sauyin matsayi, daga na mulkin mallaka zuwa na memba daidai da na wata kungiyar siyasa.A sakamakon juyin juya halin Liberal na 1820 a Portugal, ƙoƙarin yin sulhunta 'yancin kai har ma da haɗin kai na Brazil, ya haifar da rushewar ƙungiyar.

Yunkurin da Portuguese ta yi wa Banda Oriental shi ne rikici-makamai da ya faru tsakanin 1816 zuwa 1820 a Banda Oriental, don sarrafa abin da a yau ya ƙunshi dukan Jamhuriyar Uruguay, arewacin Mesopotamiya na Argentine da kudancin Brazil.Rikicin da aka kwashe shekaru 4 ana yi na dauke da makamai ya haifar da shigar Banda Oriental zuwa Burtaniyar Portugal da Brazil da kuma Algarves a matsayin lardin Cisplatina na Brazil.'Yan tawayen sun kasance a gefe guda, "'yan artiguistas" karkashin jagorancin José Gervasio Artigas da wasu shugabannin wasu larduna da suka hada da Tarayyar Tarayya, kamar Andrés Guazurary, kuma a daya bangaren, sojojin Birtaniya na Portugal, Brazil da kuma Birtaniya. Algarves, wanda Carlos Frederico Lecor ya jagoranta.

Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Brazil an yi shi ne tsakanin sabuwar daular Brazil mai cin gashin kanta da Burtaniya ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves, wanda aka yi juyin juya hali na sassaucin ra'ayi na 1820. Ya ci gaba daga Fabrairu 1822, lokacin da fadan farko ya faru, zuwa Maris. 1824, tare da mika wuya ga sojojin Portuguese a Montevideo.An yi yakin ne a kasa da ruwa kuma ya hada da sojoji na yau da kullun da na fararen hula.An yi gwabza fadan kasa da na ruwa a yankunan Bahia, Cisplatina da Rio de Janeiro, mataimakin mulkin Grão-Pará, da Maranhão da Pernambuco, wadanda a yau ke cikin jihohin Ceará, Piauí da Rio Grande do Norte.

'Yancin kai na Brazil ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa da na soja waɗanda suka kai ga samun 'yancin kai ga Masarautar Brazil daga Burtaniya ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves a matsayin daular Brazil.Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, da São Paulo tsakanin 1821-1824.An yi bikin ne a ranar 7 ga Satumba, ko da yake akwai takaddama ko ainihin 'yancin kai ya faru ne bayan Siege na Salvador a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1823 a Salvador, Bahia inda aka yi yakin 'yancin kai.Koyaya, ranar 7 ga Satumba ita ce ranar tunawa da ranar a 1822 da yarima mai jiran gado Dom Pedro ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Brazil daga dangin sarauta a Portugal da tsohuwar Burtaniya ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves.Yarjejeniya ta yau da kullun ta zo tare da wata yarjejeniya bayan shekaru uku, wacce sabuwar Daular Brazil da Masarautar Portugal suka sanya hannu a ƙarshen 1825.

Pedro I ya fuskanci rikice-rikice da dama a lokacin mulkinsa na Sarkin Brazil.Tawayen 'yan aware a lardin Cisplatina a farkon 1825 da kuma yunkurin da hadin gwiwar lardunan Río de la Plata (daga baya Argentina) suka yi na hade Cisplatina ya jagoranci Daular cikin Yakin Cisplatina: "Yaki mai tsawo, mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yakin banza. kudu".A cikin Maris 1826, John VI ya mutu kuma Pedro I ya gaji kambin Portuguese, a takaice ya zama Sarki Pedro IV na Portugal kafin ya yi murabus don goyon bayan babbar 'yarsa, Maria II.Lamarin ya tsananta a shekara ta 1828 lokacin da yaƙin kudancin ƙasar ya ƙare tare da asarar Cisplatina na Brazil, wanda zai zama jamhuriyar Uruguay mai cin gashin kanta.A wannan shekarar a Lisbon, Yarima Miguel, kanin Pedro I ya kwace sarautar Maria II.Wasu matsaloli sun taso lokacin da Majalisar Masarautar, Babban Taro, ta buɗe a shekara ta 1826. Pedro I, tare da wani kaso mai yawa na majalisa, ya yi jayayya da kafa shari'a mai zaman kanta, majalisa da aka zaba da kuma gwamnati wanda sarki mai mulki zai jagoranci. m ikon zartarwa da haƙƙin mallaka.Wasu a majalisar sun yi jayayya da tsarin irin wannan, kawai tare da rawar da ba ta da tasiri ga sarki da kuma bangaren majalisa suna da rinjaye a siyasa da mulki.Yaƙin neman zaɓe kan ko sarki ne zai mamaye gwamnati ko kuma majalisar dokoki ta shiga muhawara tsakanin 1826 zuwa 1831 kan kafa tsarin gwamnati da na siyasa.Ya kasa magance matsalolin Brazil da Portugal a lokaci guda, Sarkin sarakuna ya yi murabus a madadin dansa, Pedro II, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1831 kuma nan da nan ya tashi zuwa Turai don mayar da 'yarsa ga kursiyinta.

Yakin Cisplatine wani rikici ne na makami a cikin 1820s tsakanin Hadaddiyar Lardunan Río de la Plata da Masarautar Brazil akan lardin Cisplatina na Brazil, bayan lardunan United da Brazil ta samu 'yancin kai daga Spain da Portugal.Ya haifar da 'yancin kai na Cisplatina a matsayin Jamhuriyar Gabashin Uruguay.

Francisco de Melo Palheta ne ya shuka daji na kofi na farko a Brazil a cikin Pará a shekara ta 1727. A cewar almara, Portuguese suna neman yanke kasuwar kofi, amma ba su iya samun iri daga Guiana mai iyaka da Faransa saboda rashin yarda da gwamna. fitar da tsaba.An aika Palheta zuwa Guiana na Faransa don aikin diflomasiyya don warware rikicin kan iyaka.A hanyarsa ta komawa gida, ya yi nasarar shigo da irin shuka zuwa kasar Brazil ta hanyar lalata da matar gwamnan da ta ba shi wata fulawa da aka toka da tsaba a asirce.Kofi ya yadu daga Pará kuma ya isa Rio de Janeiro a cikin 1770, amma an samar da shi ne kawai don amfani da gida har zuwa farkon karni na 19 lokacin da bukatar Amurka da Turai ta karu, wanda ya haifar da farko na kofi biyu na kofi.Zagayowar ya gudana daga shekarun 1830 zuwa 1850, yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar bautar da haɓaka masana'antu.Noman kofi a Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo da Minas Gerais sun girma cikin sauri a cikin 1820s, wanda ke da kashi 20% na samar da duniya.A cikin 1830s, kofi ya zama mafi girma a Brazil zuwa fitarwa kuma ya kai kashi 30% na samar da duniya.A cikin 1840s, duka kason da ake fitarwa da kuma na duniya ya kai kashi 40 cikin 100, wanda hakan ya sa Brazil ta zama mai samar da kofi mafi girma.Masana'antar kofi na farko sun dogara ga bayi;a farkon rabin karni na 19 an shigo da bayi miliyan 1.5 don yin aikin gonakin.Lokacin da aka haramta cinikin bayi na kasashen waje a shekara ta 1850, masu shukar shuka sun fara juyowa zuwa baƙi na Turai don biyan bukatun aiki.

Tsawon lokaci shine yadda shekaru goma daga 1831 zuwa 1840 suka zama sananne a cikin tarihin daular Brazil, tsakanin hambarar da sarki Pedro I a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1831 da Golpe da Maioridade, lokacin da aka ayyana ɗansa Pedro II bisa doka ta hanyar shekaru. Majalisar dattijai tana da shekaru 14 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1840.An haife shi a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1825, Pedro II ya kasance, a lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi murabus, yana da shekaru 5 da watanni 4, don haka ba zai iya ɗaukar gwamnatin da, bisa doka, za ta kasance karkashin jagorancin wakilai uku.A cikin wannan shekaru goma akwai regencies hudu: Triumviral na wucin gadi, Triumviral na Dindindin, una (keɓe) na Diogo Antônio Feijó da una na Pedro de Araújo Lima.Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi ma'ana kuma lokuta masu ban mamaki a tarihin Brazil;A cikin wannan lokaci ne aka kafa hadin kan yankunan kasar tare da tsara rundunonin soji, bugu da kari kuma, lokaci ne da ake magana kan matakin cin gashin kansa na larduna da kuma sanya madafun iko.A cikin wannan lokaci, an gudanar da jerin tawaye na larduna, irin su Cabanagem, a Grão-Pará, Balaiada a Maranhão, Sabinada, a Bahia, da Ragamuffin War, a Rio Grande do Sul, na karshen shine mafi girma. kuma mafi tsayi.Wadannan tawaye sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da ikon tsakiya da kuma rikice-rikicen zamantakewa na sabuwar al'ummar da ta sami 'yancin kai, wanda ya tunzura kokarin hadin gwiwa na abokan adawar su da gwamnatin tsakiya don tabbatar da zaman lafiya.Masana tarihi sun yi nuni da cewa lokacin mulkin shi ne gwanintar jamhuriya ta farko a Brazil, idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin da aka zaba.

Tawayen Malê tawayen bayi musulmi ne da ya barke a lokacin mulkin daular Brazil.A ranar Lahadin da ta gabata a cikin watan Ramadan a watan Janairun 1835, a birnin Salvador da Bahia, gungun Musulmin Afirka da aka yi bauta da kuma ’yantattu, da malamai musulmi suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su, suka tayar da gwamnati.Ana kiran Musulmai malê a Bahia a wannan lokacin, daga Imale na Yarbawa wanda ya ayyana musulmin Yarbawa.An gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a ranar idin Lady of Guidance, bikin da aka yi a cocin Bonfim na bukukuwan addini.Sakamakon haka, masu ibada da yawa sun yi tafiya zuwa Bonfim a karshen mako don yin addu'a ko bikin.Hukumomin sun kasance a Bonfim domin ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan.Saboda haka, za a sami raguwar mutane da hukumomi a Salvador, wanda zai sauƙaƙa wa ’yan tawayen su mamaye birnin.Bayi sun san game da juyin juya halin Haiti (1791-1804) kuma sun sanya sarƙoƙi masu ɗauke da hoton Jean-Jacques Dessalines, wanda ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Haiti.Labarin tawayen ya ci gaba da bazuwa a ko'ina cikin Brazil kuma labarinsa ya bayyana a jaridun Amurka da Ingila.Mutane da yawa suna la'akari da wannan tawaye a matsayin sauyin da ake yi na bauta a Brazil.Tattaunawa da yawa game da ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Atlantic ya bayyana a cikin jarida.Yayin da bauta ta wanzu fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan tawayen Malê, an kawar da cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1851. Bayi sun ci gaba da kwarara cikin Brazil nan da nan bayan tawayen, wanda ya haifar da tsoro da tashin hankali a tsakanin mutanen Brazil.Suna tsoron cewa kawo ƙarin bayi zai sa wani sojan tawaye ya kara kuzari.Ko da yake ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci sama da shekaru goma sha biyar faruwa, an kawar da cinikin bayi a Brazil, saboda wani ɓangare na tawayen 1835.

Yaƙin Ragamuffin wani tawaye ne na Republican da ya fara a kudancin Brazil, a lardin Rio Grande do Sul a shekara ta 1835. Janar Bento Gonçalves da Silva da Antônio de Sousa Neto ne suka jagoranci 'yan tawayen tare da goyon bayan mayaƙin Italiya Giuseppe Garibaldi.Yakin ya ƙare da yarjejeniya tsakanin bangarorin biyu da aka sani da Green Poncho Treaty a 1845.A tsawon lokaci, juyin juya halin ya sami hali na 'yan aware kuma ya yi tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar 'yan tawayen Liberal a São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Minas Gerais a 1842, da Sabinada a Bahia a 1837. Soke bautar ya kasance daya. na buƙatun ƙungiyar Farrapos.Yawancin bayi sun shirya dakaru a lokacin yakin Ragamuffin, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shine Black Lancers Troop, wanda aka halaka a wani harin ba-zata a 1844 wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Porongos.An yi wahayi zuwa ga yakin Cisplatine da aka ƙare kwanan nan, yana ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da shugabannin Uruguay da kuma lardunan Argentine masu zaman kansu kamar Corrientes da Santa Fe.Har ma ya faɗaɗa zuwa bakin tekun Brazil, a Laguna, tare da shelar Jamhuriyar Juliana da kuma tudun Santa Catarina na Lages.

An gwabza yakin Platine ne tsakanin kungiyar tarayyar Argentina da kawancen da ya kunshi daular Brazil, Uruguay, da lardunan Argentina na Entre Ríos da Corrientes, tare da halartar jamhuriyar Paraguay a matsayin 'yar kawance da kawancen Brazil.Yakin ya kasance wani bangare na takaddamar shekaru da dama tsakanin Argentina da Brazil don tasiri kan Uruguay da Paraguay, da kuma mulkin mallaka a kan yankin Platine (yankunan da ke kan iyaka da Río de la Plata).Rikicin ya faru ne a Uruguay da arewa maso gabashin Argentina da kuma Río de la Plata.Matsalolin cikin gida na Uruguay, gami da yakin basasar Uruguay mai dadewa (La Guerra Grande - "Babban Yakin"), abubuwa ne masu tasiri da suka kai ga yakin Platine.A cikin 1850, yankin Platine ba shi da kwanciyar hankali a siyasance.Ko da yake Gwamnan Buenos Aires Juan Manuel de Rosas ya samu ikon kama-karya a kan wasu lardunan Argentina, amma mulkinsa ya yi fama da jerin ‘yan tawayen yankin.A halin da ake ciki, Uruguay ta yi gwagwarmaya da yakin basasa, wanda ya fara bayan samun 'yancin kai daga daular Brazil a 1828 a yakin Cisplatine.Rosas ya goyi bayan jam'iyyar Blanco ta Uruguay a cikin wannan rikici, kuma ya kara da son fadada iyakokin Argentina zuwa yankunan da Mataimakin Shugaban Spain na Río de la Plata ya mamaye.Wannan yana nufin tabbatar da iko a kan Uruguay, Paraguay, da Bolivia, wanda ke barazana ga muradun Brazil da ikon mallaka tun lokacin da tsohuwar mataimakiyar Spain ta haɗa da yankuna waɗanda aka daɗe da haɗa su cikin lardin Rio Grande do Sul na Brazil.Brazil ta bi hanyoyin da za ta kawar da barazanar daga Rosas.A cikin 1851, ta haɗu da lardunan Corrientes da Entre Ríos (wanda Justo José de Urquiza ya jagoranta), da jam'iyyar anti-Rosas Colorado a Uruguay.Brazil ta ci gaba da kare gefen kudu maso yamma ta hanyar kulla kawancen tsaro da Paraguay da Bolivia.Da yake fuskantar ƙawance mai muni ga gwamnatinsa, Rosas ya ayyana yaƙi a kan Brazil.Dakarun kawancen sun fara shiga yankin Uruguay inda suka fatattaki magoya bayan jam'iyyar Rosas Blanco karkashin jagorancin Manuel Oribe.Bayan haka, an raba sojojin ƙawancen, tare da babban hannun da ke gaba ta ƙasa don shiga manyan kariyar Rosas, ɗayan kuma ya kai hari ta teku da aka kai Buenos Aires.Yaƙin Platine ya ƙare a cikin 1852 tare da nasarar Allied a Yaƙin Caseros, na ɗan lokaci ya kafa mulkin Brazil akan yawancin Kudancin Amurka.Yakin ya haifar da zaman lafiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa a daular Brazil.Da Rosas ya tafi, Argentina ta fara tsarin siyasa wanda zai haifar da ƙarin haɗin kai.Duk da haka, ƙarshen yakin Platine bai warware gaba ɗaya batutuwan da ke cikin yankin Platine ba.Tashin hankali ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa a Uruguay, dogon yakin basasa a Argentina, da kuma Paraguay mai ba da izini ta tabbatar da ikirarinta.Wasu manyan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na ƙasa da ƙasa sun biyo baya a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da buri na yanki da rikice-rikice kan tasiri.

An gwabza yakin Uruguay tsakanin jam'iyyar Blanco mai mulkin kasar Uruguay da kawancen da ya kunshi daular Brazil da jam'iyyar Colorado Party ta Uruguay, wanda Argentina ke marawa baya.Tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai, Uruguay ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Colorado da Blanco, kowannensu yana ƙoƙarin kamawa da riƙe madafun iko.Shugaban Colorado Venancio Flores ya ƙaddamar da Crusade na 'Yanci a cikin 1863, tashin hankalin da aka yi niyya don kawar da Bernardo Berro, wanda ya jagoranci gwamnatin haɗin gwiwar Colorado – Blanco (fusuist).Ajentina ce ta taimaka wa Flores, wanda shugabanta Bartolomé Miter ya ba shi kayan aiki, masu aikin sa kai na Argentina da jigilar kogi ga sojoji.Ƙungiyar fusionism ta rushe yayin da Colorados suka watsar da haɗin gwiwa don shiga cikin sahun Flores.Yaƙin basasa na Uruguay ya ƙaru cikin sauri, ya zama rikici na kasa da kasa wanda ya dagula duk yankin.Tun kafin tawayen Colorado, Los Blancos a cikin fusionism sun nemi haɗin gwiwa tare da mai mulkin Paraguay Francisco Solano López.Gwamnatin Berro ta yanzu Blanco zalla ta kuma sami goyon baya daga masu ra'ayin tarayya na Argentina, waɗanda ke adawa da Miter da Unitarians.Lamarin ya tabarbare yayin da aka ja daular Brazil cikin rikici.Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na al'ummar Uruguay ana ɗaukarsu ɗan Brazil ne.Wasu sun shiga tawayen Flores, sakamakon rashin gamsuwa da manufofin gwamnatin Blanco da suke ɗauka a matsayin cutarwa ga muradunsu.Daga karshe dai Brazil ta yanke shawarar tsoma baki a lamarin na Uruguay domin sake tabbatar da tsaron iyakokinta na kudanci da kuma yankinta.A cikin Afrilu 1864, Brazil ta aika da Minista mai cikakken iko José Antônio Saraiva don tattaunawa da Atanasio Aguirre, wanda ya gaji Berro a Uruguay.Saraiva ya yi ƙoƙari na farko don sasanta rigima tsakanin Blancos da Colorados.Da yake fuskantar rashin amincewar Aguirre game da bukatun Flores, jami'in diflomasiyyar Brazil ya yi watsi da ƙoƙarin kuma ya goyi bayan Colorados.A ranar 10 ga Agustan 1864, bayan da aka ki amincewa da wani wa'adi na Brazil, Saraiva ta bayyana cewa sojojin Brazil za su fara daukar fansa.Brazil ta ki amincewa da wani yanayi na yaki, kuma mafi yawan lokutansa, rikicin makami na Uruguay da Brazil yaki ne da ba a bayyana ba.A wani farmakin da suka kai kan sansanonin Blanco, sojojin Brazil-Colorado sun bi ta cikin yankin Uruguay, suna daukar gari daya bayan daya.Daga ƙarshe an bar Los Blancos saniyar ware a Montevideo, babban birnin ƙasar.Fuskanci da wasu shan kashi, gwamnatin Blanco ta kaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1865. Yaƙin ɗan gajeren lokaci da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban nasara ga bukatun Brazil da Argentine, da Paraguay ya shiga tsakani don tallafawa Los Angeles (tare da hare-haren Brazil da Argentina) bai kai ga yakin Paraguay mai tsayi da tsada ba.

Yaƙin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Sau Uku Yaƙin Kudancin Amirka ne wanda ya kasance daga 1864 zuwa 1870. An yi yaƙi tsakanin Paraguay da Ƙungiyar Triple Alliance ta Argentina, Daular Brazil, da Uruguay.Ya kasance mafi muni da zubar da jini a tsakanin jahohi a tarihin Latin Amurka.Paraguay ta sami asarar rayuka da yawa, amma ana jayayya game da adadin.An tilastawa Paraguay mika yankin da ake takaddama a kai ga kasashen Argentina da Brazil.An fara yakin ne a karshen shekara ta 1864, sakamakon rikici tsakanin Paraguay da Brazil wanda yakin Uruguay ya haifar.Argentina da Uruguay sun shiga yaki da Paraguay a shekara ta 1865, sannan aka san shi da "War of the Triple Alliance."Bayan da Paraguay ta sha kaye a yakin na al'ada, ta gudanar da wani fafutikar tinkarar 'yan ta'adda, dabarun da ya haifar da kara lalata sojojin Paraguay da fararen hula.Yawancin fararen hula sun mutu saboda yaki, yunwa, da cututtuka.Yakin da ake gwabzawa dai ya dauki tsawon watanni 14 ana gwabzawa har zuwa lokacin da sojojin Brazil suka kashe shugaban kasar Francisco Solano López a yakin Cerro Corá a ranar 1 ga Maris din 1870. Sojojin Argentina da na Brazil sun mamaye Paraguay har zuwa shekara ta 1876.Yakin ya taimaka wa daular Brazil ta kai ga kololuwar tasirin siyasa da na soja, inda ta zama babbar karfin Kudancin Amurka, sannan kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo karshen bautar da ake yi a Brazil, inda ya sa sojoji suka zama wata muhimmiyar rawa a fagen jama’a.Duk da haka, yakin ya haifar da karuwar basussukan jama'a, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru ana biya, wanda ya takaita ci gaban kasar.Bashin yaƙi, tare da rikicin zamantakewa na dindindin bayan rikici, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mahimman abubuwan faɗuwar Daular da shelar Jamhuriyar Brazil ta Farko.Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da ƙarfafa sojojin daga baya sun taka rawa sosai wajen tsige sarki Pedro II da shelar jamhuriya a shekara ta 1889.Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe, "ɗaukar bayi na lokacin yaƙi a cikin Amurka da wuya yana nuna rashin amincewa da bautar kuma yawanci sun yarda da haƙƙin masters game da dukiyarsu."Kasar Brazil ta biya diyya ga masu 'yantar da bayi da nufin fada a yakin, da sharadin wadanda aka 'yanta nan da nan suka shiga.Har ila yau, ya burge bayi daga masu shi lokacin da ake buƙatar ma'aikata, kuma ya biya diyya.A yankunan da ke kusa da rikicin, bayi sun yi amfani da yanayin yaƙi don tserewa, kuma wasu bayi da suka tsere sun ba da kansu don aikin soja.Tare waɗannan tasirin sun lalata tsarin bautar.

A cikin 1872, yawan mutanen Brazil miliyan 10 ne, kuma 15% bayi ne.Sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula (mai sauƙi a Brazil fiye da Arewacin Amirka), a wannan lokacin kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na baƙar fata da mulattoes a Brazil sun sami 'yanci.Ba a ƙare ba da doka ba a duk faɗin ƙasar har zuwa 1888, lokacin da Isabel, Gimbiya Imperial ta Brazil, ta ƙaddamar da Lei Áurea ("Dokar Zinariya").Amma ya riga ya ragu a wannan lokacin (tun daga 1880s kasar ta fara jawo hankalin ƙwararrun baƙi na Turai maimakon).Brazil ita ce kasa ta karshe a kasashen yammacin duniya da ta kawar da bauta, kuma a lokacin ta shigo da bayi kimanin 4,000,000 (wasu kiyasin 5, 6, ko kuma sama da miliyan 12.5) daga Afirka.Wannan shine kashi 40% na duk bayi da aka aika zuwa Amurka.

Haɓakar roba a cikin Amazon a cikin shekarun 1880-1910 ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin Amazon.Alal misali, ya mai da ƙauyen dajin Manaus mai nisa ya zama ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan birni mai ci gaba, tare da yawan jama'a waɗanda ke kula da wasan kwaikwayo, ƙungiyoyin adabi, da shagunan alatu, kuma suna tallafawa makarantu masu kyau.Gabaɗaya, mahimman halaye na haɓakar roba sun haɗa da shukar da aka tarwatsa, da kuma tsari mai ɗorewa, duk da haka ba su amsa gasar Asiya ba.Ƙaƙƙarfan roba yana da babban tasiri na dogon lokaci: dukiya mai zaman kansa ya zama nau'i na filaye na yau da kullum;An gina hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci a ko'ina cikin rafin Amazon;barter ya zama babban nau'i na musayar;kuma ’yan asalin ƙasar sun kasance suna gudun hijira.Tabarbarewar ta tabbatar da tasirin jihar a duk fadin yankin.Haɓakawa ta ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 1920s, kuma matakan samun kudin shiga ya koma matakan talauci na 1870s.Akwai manyan mummunan tasiri a kan yanayin Amazonian mara ƙarfi.

Ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1889, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca ya kori Sarkin sarakuna Pedro II, ya ayyana Brazil a matsayin jamhuriya, kuma ya sake tsara gwamnati.Bisa ga sabon kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya da aka kafa a shekara ta 1891, gwamnati ita ce dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki, amma dimokuradiyya ba ta dace ba.A hakikanin gaskiya, an tabka magudi a zaben, an matsa wa masu kada kuri’a a yankunan karkara lamba, ko kuma a sa su kada kuri’a ga zababbun ’yan takarar shugabanninsu (duba coronelismo) kuma, idan duk wadannan hanyoyin ba su yi tasiri ba, za a iya canza sakamakon zaben ta hanyar yanke shawarar bangare daya. na Majalisar tabbatar da ikon hukumar (hukumomin zabe a cikin República Velha ba su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga bangaren zartarwa da majalisar dokoki ba, wadanda masu mulki suka mamaye).Wannan tsari dai ya sanya shugabancin kasar Brazil ya rika musgunawa tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na manyan jihohin São Paulo da Minas Gerais, wadanda suka gudanar da mulkin kasar ta hannun jam’iyyar Paulista Republican Party (PRP) da Minas Republican Party (PRM).Ana kiran wannan tsarin da sunan "café com leite", 'kofi tare da madara', bayan nau'ikan noma na jihohin biyu.Jamhuriyar Brazil ba zuriyar akida ce ta jamhuriyar da aka haifa daga juyin juya halin Faransa ko Amurka ba, ko da yake gwamnatin Brazil za ta yi ƙoƙari ta danganta kanta da duka biyun.Jamhuriyar ba ta da isassun goyon bayan jama'a da za su yi kasadar zaben bude baki.Mulki ne da aka haifa ta hanyar juyin mulkin da ta ci gaba da rike kanta da karfi.'Yan jamhuriyar sun sanya Deodoro shugaban kasa (1889-91) kuma, bayan rikicin kudi, sun nada Field Marshal Floriano Vieira Peixoto Ministan Yakin don tabbatar da amincewar sojoji.

A lokacin yakin duniya na 1 , Brazil ta fara karbar matsayin tsaka-tsaki, daidai da yarjejeniyar Hague, a wani yunƙuri na kula da kasuwanni don kayayyakin da ake fitarwa, musamman kofi, latex da masana'antu da aka ƙera.Duk da haka, bayan nutsewar jiragen ruwan ‘yan kasuwa na Brazil da jiragen ruwa na Jamus suka yi akai-akai, Shugaba Venceslau Brás ya shelanta yaƙi da Mahukuntan Tsakiyar a shekara ta 1917. Brazil ce kawai ƙasa a Latin Amurka da ta shiga cikin yaƙin.Babban hatsarin da aka yi shi ne aikin sintiri na sojojin ruwa na Brazil a yankunan Tekun Atlantika.

Siyasar Brazil a karshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon karni na 20 ta kasance karkashin kawance tsakanin jihohin São Paulo da Minas Gerais, inda fadar shugaban kasar ke musanya tsakanin jihohin biyu a kowane zabe.Duk da haka, a cikin 1929, Shugaba Washington Luís ya karya wannan al'ada ta hanyar zabar Júlio Prestes, shi ma daga São Paulo, a matsayin magajinsa, wanda ya kai ga kafa gamayyar jihohi, wanda aka fi sani da "Liberal Alliance," wanda ya goyi bayan dan takarar adawa, Getúlio. Vargas, shugaban Rio Grande do Sul.Kungiyar ta yi tir da zaben shugaban kasa na Maris 1930, wanda Prestes ya lashe, a matsayin magudi.Kisan abokin takarar Vargas a watan Yuli ya haifar da tawaye a watan Oktoba karkashin jagorancin Vargas da Goís Monteiro a Rio Grande do Sul, wanda cikin sauri ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan kasar, ciki har da Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas.Minas Gerais ya shiga hannun tawayen a cikin mako guda duk da juriya.Don hana yakin basasa, manyan hafsoshin soji sun yi juyin mulki a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, suka hambarar da shugaba Luís tare da kafa gwamnatin soji.Daga nan ne Vargas ya karbi mulki daga mulkin soja a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba.Ya karfafa ikonsa ta hanyar gwamnatocin wucin gadi har zuwa kafa mulkin kama-karya a 1937, wanda ya dade har zuwa 1945.

Gwamnatin sojan Brazil ita ce mulkin kama-karya na soji da ya mulki Brazil daga 1 ga Afrilu 1964 zuwa 15 ga Maris 1985. An fara juyin mulkin 1964 da Sojoji suka yi wa gwamnatin Shugaba João Goulart.Kwamandojin sojojin Brazil ne suka shirya kuma suka aiwatar da juyin mulkin kuma ya sami goyon bayan kusan dukkanin manyan jami'an soji, tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'umma, kamar cocin Katolika da ƙungiyoyin farar hula masu adawa da kwaminisanci tsakanin Brazilian tsakiya da na Brazil. manyan aji.Bangaren kasa da kasa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tallafa mata ta ofishin jakadancinta da ke Brasilia.Mulkin kama-karya na soja ya yi kusan shekaru ashirin da daya;duk da alkawuran farko na akasin haka, gwamnatin mulkin soja, a shekara ta 1967, ta kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki mai takaitawa, da kuma tauye ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da adawar siyasa.Gwamnatin ta dauki kishin kasa da kyamar kwaminisanci a matsayin jagororinta.Mulkin kama-karya ya sami ci gaba a cikin GDP a cikin 1970s tare da abin da ake kira "Mu'ujiza na Brazil", kamar yadda gwamnatin ta yi la'akari da duk kafofin watsa labaru, da azabtarwa da kuma korar 'yan adawa.João Figueiredo ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Maris 1979;A cikin wannan shekarar ne ya zartar da dokar afuwa kan laifukan siyasa da aka yi wa gwamnati da kuma a kan mulki.A wannan lokacin rashin daidaito da rashin zaman lafiya na tattalin arziki ya maye gurbin ci gaban da aka samu a baya, kuma Figueiredo ba zai iya sarrafa tattalin arzikin da ke durkushewa ba, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kuma faduwar sauran mulkin kama-karya na soja a Kudancin Amirka.A cikin gagarumin zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a titunan manyan biranen kasar, an gudanar da zabukan 'yan majalisar dokoki na farko cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata a shekara ta 1982. A shekara ta 1988, an amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Brazil kuma a hukumance ta koma kan tafarkin dimokradiyya.Tun daga wancan lokaci sojoji na ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ‘yan siyasa farar hula, ba tare da wata rawar da ta taka a harkokin siyasar cikin gida a hukumance ba.

A lokacin shugabancin João Goulart, tattalin arziƙin ya kusan kusantar rikici, kuma hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a shekara ya kai 100%.Bayan juyin mulkin 1964, sojojin Brazil sun fi damu da kula da siyasa kuma sun bar manufofin tattalin arziki ga gungun amintattun masu fasaha, karkashin jagorancin Delfim Netto.Delfim Netto ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "ka'idar cake" dangane da wannan samfurin: cake ɗin ya yi girma kafin a iya rarraba shi.Kodayake "cake" a misalin Delfim Netto ya girma, an rarraba shi sosai.Gwamnati ta shiga cikin harkokin tattalin arziki kai tsaye, saboda ta zuba jari sosai a sabbin manyan hanyoyi, gadoji, da hanyoyin jirgin kasa.Manyan kamfanonin Eletrobras da Petrobras na gwamnati ne suka gina injinan ƙarfe, masana'antar petrochemical, tashoshin wutar lantarki, da injinan nukiliya.Don rage dogaro ga mai da ake shigowa da shi, an inganta masana'antar ethanol sosai.Ya zuwa shekarar 1980, kashi 57% na kayayyakin da Brazil ke fitarwa na masana'antu ne, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 20% a shekarar 1968. A wannan lokacin, karuwar GDP na shekara-shekara ya tashi daga kashi 9.8% a shekara a shekarar 1968 zuwa kashi 14% a shekarar 1973 kuma hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya tashi daga 19.46% a shekarar 1968 zuwa kashi 14. 34.55% a cikin 1974. Don haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arzikinta, Brazil na buƙatar ƙarin man da ake shigo da su daga waje.Shekarun farko na Mu'ujiza ta Brazil sun sami ci gaba mai dorewa da rance.Sai dai rikicin man fetur na shekarar 1973 ya sa gwamnatin mulkin soja ta kara samun rance daga kasashen duniya masu ba da lamuni, kuma bashin ya zama wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi.A ƙarshen shekaru goma, Brazil tana da bashin mafi girma a duniya: kusan dala biliyan 92.Babu shakka ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ƙare tare da rikicin makamashi na 1979, wanda ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekaru da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.

Tarihin Brazil daga 1985 zuwa yau, wanda kuma aka sani da Sabuwar Jamhuriya, shine zamani na zamani a tarihin Brazil, wanda ya fara lokacin da aka dawo da gwamnatin farar hula bayan mulkin kama-karya na soja na shekaru 21 da aka kafa bayan juyin mulkin 1964.Tattaunawar miƙa mulki ga mulkin demokraɗiyya ya kai kololuwa tare da zaɓen Tancredo Neves kai tsaye ta Majalisa.Neves ya kasance na Jam'iyyar Democratic Movement Party ta Brazil, jam'iyyar adawa da ta saba adawa da mulkin soja.Shi ne shugaban farar hula na farko da aka zaba tun 1964.Zababben shugaban kasar Tancredo Neves ya kamu da rashin lafiya a jajibirin rantsar da shi kuma ya kasa halartar taron.An rantsar da abokin takararsa, José Sarney, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi aiki a madadin Neves a matsayin shugaban riko.Kamar yadda Neves ya mutu ba tare da ya taba yin rantsuwar ofis ba, Sarney ya yi nasara zuwa shugaban kasa.Kashi na farko na sabuwar jamhuriyar, tun daga lokacin rantsar da José Sarney a 1985 har zuwa lokacin rantsar da Fernando Collor a 1990, ana daukarsa a matsayin lokacin rikon kwarya kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin 1967-1969 ya ci gaba da aiki, har yanzu bangaren zartarwa yana da ikon veto, kuma shugaban kasa ya iya yin mulki bisa doka.An yi la'akarin mika mulki tabbatacce bayan kundin tsarin mulkin Brazil na yanzu, wanda aka tsara a shekarar 1988, ya fara aiki sosai a shekarar 1990.A shekarar 1986, an yi kira da a yi zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta kasa da za ta tsara da kuma amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.Majalisar Zartarwa ta fara tattaunawa a watan Fabrairun 1987 kuma ta kammala aikinta a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1988. An gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Brazil a 1988 kuma ya kammala cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya.Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya maye gurbin dokokin da suka rage daga mulkin soja.A 1989 Brazil ta gudanar da zaɓenta na farko na shugaban ƙasa ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'a kai tsaye tun bayan juyin mulkin 1964.Fernando Collor ya lashe zaben kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 15 ga Maris 1990, a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko da aka zaba karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin 1988.

Matsalolin Brazil mafi muni a yau, za a iya cewa rashin daidaiton rabon arzikinta da samun kudin shiga, daya daga cikin mafi tsanani a duniya.Ya zuwa shekarun 1990, fiye da ɗaya cikin huɗu na Brazil sun ci gaba da rayuwa akan ƙasa da dala ɗaya a rana.Wadannan sabani na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun taimaka wajen zaben Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva na Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) a shekara ta 2002. A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2003, aka rantsar da Lula a matsayin shugaban kasar Brazil na hagu na farko.A cikin 'yan watanni kafin zaben, masu zuba jari sun tsorata saboda dandalin yakin neman sauyi na Lula, da kuma saninsa a baya da kungiyoyin kwadago da akidar hagu.Yayin da nasararsa ta ƙara tabbata, Real ta rage darajar kuma ƙimar zuba jari ta Brazil ta ragu (ana jayayya da musabbabin waɗannan abubuwan, tunda Cardoso ya bar ƙaramin ajiyar waje).Bayan da ya hau karagar mulki, Lula ya ci gaba da kiyaye manufofin tattalin arziki na Cardoso, yana mai gargadin cewa sauye-sauyen zamantakewa za su dauki shekaru, kuma Brazil ba ta da wata hanya illa tsawaita manufofin tsuke bakin aljihu.Ba da daɗewa ba ƙimar haɗarin gaske da al'ummar ƙasar ta murmure.Lula, duk da haka, ya ba da ƙaƙƙarfan haɓaka a cikin mafi ƙarancin albashi (ƙara daga R$200 zuwa R$350 a cikin shekaru huɗu).Lula ya kuma jagoranci dokar da za ta rage albashin ma'aikatan gwamnati sosai.Babban muhimmin shirinsa na zamantakewa, a gefe guda, shine shirin Fome Zero (Zero Yun), wanda aka tsara don baiwa kowane ɗan Brazil abinci uku a rana.A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Lula ta fuskanci mummunan rauni tare da zarge-zarge da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma amfani da iko a kan majalisar ministocinsa, lamarin da ya tilastawa wasu mambobinta yin murabus.Yawancin manazarta siyasa a lokacin sun tabbata cewa Lula a siyasance ya kare, amma ya yi nasarar rike madafun iko, wani bangare kuma ya bayyana nasarorin da aka samu a wa’adinsa (misali, rage talauci, rashin aikin yi da dogaro da albarkatun waje, kamar man fetur). da kuma nisantar da kansa daga wannan badakala.An sake zaben Lula a matsayin shugaban kasa a babban zaben Oktoba na 2006.Adadin kudin shiga na matalauta ya karu da 14% a cikin 2004, tare da Bolsa Familia yana lissafin kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na wannan ci gaban.A cikin 2004, Lula ya ƙaddamar da shirin "sanannen kantin magani", wanda aka ƙera don sanya magungunan da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga marasa galihu.A wa'adin farko na Lula a kan karagar mulki, karancin abinci mai gina jiki ya ragu da kashi 46 cikin dari.A watan Mayun 2010, Hukumar Abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WFP) ta ba Lula da Silva lambar yabo ta "Gwarzon Duniya a yaki da yunwa".

An gudanar da gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 daga ranar 5 zuwa 21 ga watan Agustan 2016 a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, tare da wasannin share fage a wasu wasannin da za a fara ranar 3 ga watan Agusta.An sanar da Rio de Janeiro a matsayin birni mai masaukin baki a taron IOC karo na 121 da aka yi a birnin Copenhagen na kasar Denmark a ranar 2 ga Oktoban 2009. Wad'annan ne wasannin Olympics na farko da aka gudanar a Kudancin Amirka, da kuma na farko da aka gudanar a cikin harshen Portuguese. kasar, bugu na farko na bazara da za a gudanar gabaɗaya a lokacin hunturu na ƙasar mai masaukin baki, na farko tun 1968 da za a gudanar a Latin Amurka kuma na farko tun 2000 da za a gudanar a Kudancin Hemisphere.