Tarihin Vietnam Tsarin lokaci

-1000

Yau

-257

Au Lac

-180

Nanyu

appendices

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Vietnam
History of Vietnam ©HistoryMaps

500 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Vietnam



Vietnam tana da tarihi mai arha tun kusan shekaru 20,000, farawa da sanannun mazaunanta, Hoabinhians.Fiye da shekaru dubunnan, fasalin dabarun yanki na yankin sun sauƙaƙe haɓaka al'adu da yawa, gami da Đông Sơn a arewa da Sa Huynh a tsakiyar Vietnam.Duk da yake sau da yawa a karkashin mulkinkasar Sin , Vietnam ta ga lokutan samun 'yancin kai na lokaci-lokaci karkashin jagorancin 'yan'uwa maza kamar Trưng Sisters da Ngô Quyền.Tare da gabatar da addinin Buddah da Hindu , Vietnam ta zama wata hanya ta musamman ta al'adu wadda al'adun Sinawa daIndiya suka rinjayi.Kasar ta fuskanci mamayewa da sana'o'i iri daban-daban, ciki har da na daular China da kuma daga baya daular Faransa , wanda ya bar tasiri mai dorewa.Mulkin na ƙarshe ya haifar da bacin rai da yawa, wanda ya kafa fage na tashin hankalin siyasa da haɓakar gurguzu bayan yakin duniya na biyu .Tarihin Vietnam yana da alamar juriya da hadaddun cudanya tsakanin al'adun ƴan asali da tasirin waje, kama daga China da Indiya zuwa Faransa da Amurka .
66000 BCE
Tarihiornament
Zaman Prehistoric na Vietnam
Prehistoric Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
65000 BCE Jan 1

Zaman Prehistoric na Vietnam

Vietnam
Vietnam kasa ce mai yawan kabilu da yawa a kan Mainland Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma tana da bambance-bambancen kabilanci.Jadawalin alƙaluma na Vietnam ya ƙunshi ƙabilun 54 daban-daban na cikin manyan iyalai na ƙabilu guda biyar: Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Hmong-Mien, Kra-Dai, Sino-Tibet.Daga cikin kungiyoyi 54, mafi rinjayen kabila shine Kinh mai magana da Austroasiatic kadai wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 85.32% na yawan jama'a.Sauran sun hada da wasu kabilu 53.Mosaic na kabilanci na Vietnam yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar tsarin jama'a wanda mutane daban-daban suka zo suka zauna a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi yanayin zamani na Vietnam a matakai da yawa, sau da yawa ya rabu da dubban shekaru, gaba ɗaya yana dawwama tsawon shekaru dubunnan.A bayyane yake cewa gaba dayan tarihin Vietnam an yi shi da polyethnic.[1]Holocene Vietnam ya fara a lokacin Late Pleistocene.Matsugunin ɗan adam na zamani na farko a ƙasar Mainland Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya kasance tun daga 65 kya (shekaru 65,000 da suka wuce) zuwa 10,5 kya.Wataƙila su ne manyan mafarauta waɗanda suka kira Hoabinhians, babban rukuni da sannu a hankali suka zauna a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wataƙila sun yi kama da mutanen Munda na zamani (masu jin Mundari) da kuma Malesiya Austroasiatics.[2]Yayin da ainihin mazaunan Vietnam su ne Hoabinhians, tabbas mutanen Gabashin Eurasian masu kama da juna sun maye gurbinsu da kuma fadada harsunan Austroasiatic na farko da na Austronesian, kodayake harshe ba ya da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta.Kuma daga baya a kan ci gaba da wannan yanayin tare da fadada yawan jama'ar Tibeto-Burman da Kra-Dai, da sabbin al'ummomin masu magana da Hmong-Mien.Sakamakon duk ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun zamani na Vietnam sun mallaki ma'auni daban-daban na cuɗanyar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin rukunin Gabashin Eurasian da Hoabinhian.[1]Mutanen Cham, waɗanda sama da shekaru dubu ɗaya suka zauna, suna sarrafawa da wayewa na yau a tsakiya da kudancin gabar tekun Vietnam daga kusan karni na 2 AZ, asalinsu na Austronesia ne.Yankin kudu mafi kusa na Vietnam na zamani, Mekong Delta da kewaye ya kasance har zuwa karni na 18, duk da haka ba shi da mahimmin mahimmancin Proto-Khmer na Austroasiatic - da sarakunan Khmer, kamar Funan, Chenla, daular Khmer da masarautar Khmer.[3]Da yake a gefen kudu maso gabas na damina a Asiya, yawancin ƙasar Vietnam ta dā sun ji daɗin haɗuwar ruwan sama mai yawa, zafi, zafi, iska mai kyau, da ƙasa mai albarka.Waɗannan tushen halitta sun haɗu don haifar da haɓakar haɓakar shinkafa da sauran tsirrai da namun daji.Kauyukan noma na wannan yanki sun mallaki sama da kashi 90 na al'ummar yankin.Yawan ruwan damina ya bukaci mazauna kauyuka su maida hankali wajen kula da ambaliyar ruwa, dashen shinkafa, da girbi.Wadannan ayyukan sun haifar da rayuwar ƙauye tare da addini wanda ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dabi'u shine sha'awar rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi da sauran mutane.Hanyar rayuwa, wadda ta kasance cikin jituwa, ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu daɗi da yawa waɗanda mutanen suka ƙaunace su.Misali ya haɗa da mutanen da ba sa buƙatar abubuwan duniya da yawa, jin daɗin kiɗa da waƙoƙi, da rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi.[4]Kamun kifi da farauta sun kara yawan noman shinkafa.An tsoma kibau da mashi cikin guba don kashe manyan dabbobi kamar giwaye.An tauna goro a ko'ina kuma ƙananan azuzuwan ba sa sa tufafi masu mahimmanci fiye da tsummoki.A duk lokacin bazara, ana gudanar da bikin haihuwa wanda ke nuna manyan liyafa da yin watsi da jima'i.Tun daga kusan 2000 KZ, kayan aikin hannu na dutse da makamai sun inganta sosai a cikin yawa da iri-iri.Bayan haka, Vietnam daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na hanyar Maritime Jade, wanda ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 3,000 tsakanin 2000 KZ zuwa 1000 CE.[5] Tukwane ya kai babban matakin fasaha da salon ado.Ƙungiyoyin noma na farko a cikin harsuna da yawa a Vietnam sun kasance masu noman shinkafa Oryza, wanda ya zama babban jigon abincin su.A lokacin mataki na gaba na rabin farko na karni na 2 KZ, farkon bayyanar kayan aikin tagulla ya faru duk da cewa waɗannan kayan aikin ba su da yawa.A game da 1000 KZ, tagulla ya maye gurbin dutse don kimanin kashi 40 na kayan aiki da makamai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 60.A nan, ba kawai makaman tagulla, gatari, da kayan ado na mutum ba, har da sikila da sauran kayan aikin noma.Zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Bronze, tagulla yana da sama da kashi 90 cikin ɗari na kayan aiki da makamai, kuma akwai kaburbura na musamman - wuraren binne manyan sarakuna - waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗaruruwan al'ada da kayan tarihi na tagulla na sirri kamar kayan kida, guga- ladles masu siffa, da wuƙaƙen ado.Bayan 1000 KZ, mutanen Vietnam na da suka zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun noma yayin da suke noman shinkafa kuma suna adana buffalo da aladu.Su ma ƙwararrun masunta ne da ƙwararrun ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, waɗanda dogayen kwalekwalen da aka haƙa suka bi ta tekun gabas.
Al'adun Phung Nguyen
Phung Nguyen al'adun tukwane. ©Gary Todd
2000 BCE Jan 1 - 1502 BCE

Al'adun Phung Nguyen

Viet Tri, Phu Tho Province, Vi
Al'adun Phùng Nguyên na Vietnam (kimanin 2,000 - 1,500 KZ) suna ne da aka ba wa al'adun zamanin Bronze a Vietnam wanda ya ɗauki sunansa daga wani wurin archeological a Phùng Nguyên, kilomita 18 (11 mi) gabashin Việt Trì da aka gano. a shekarar 1958. [6] A wannan lokacin ne aka fara noman shinkafa a yankin kogin Red River daga kudancin kasar Sin.[7] Farkon hako al'adun Phùng Nguyên ya kasance a cikin 1959, wanda aka sani da Co Nhue.Shafukan al'adun Phùng Nguyên yawanci suna da tsayin mita da yawa fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da kusa da koguna ko rafuka.[8]
Sa Huynh Culture
Tiren 'ya'yan itacen tukwane ©Bình Giang
1000 BCE Jan 1 - 200

Sa Huynh Culture

Sa Huỳnh, Phổ Thạnh, Đức Phổ D
Al'adar Sa Huỳnh al'ada ce a tsakiyar zamani da kudancin Vietnam wanda ya bunƙasa tsakanin 1000 KZ da 200 AD.[9] An gano wuraren binciken kayan tarihi daga al'adu daga Mekong Delta zuwa lardin Quảng Bình a tsakiyar Vietnam.Wataƙila mutanen Sa Huynh sun kasance magabata na mutanen Cham, mutanen Australiya da kuma waɗanda suka kafa daular Champa.[10]Al'adun Sa Huỳnh sun nuna shaidar babbar hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci wacce ta wanzu tsakanin 500 KZ zuwa CE 1500, wanda aka sani da Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere (mai suna bayan al'adun Sa Huỳnh da Kalanay Cave na Masbate, Philippines).Ya kasance tsakanin Sa Huỳnh da Philippines , amma kuma ya fadada zuwa wuraren binciken kayan tarihi a Taiwan , Kudancin Thailand , da arewa maso gabashin Borneo.Yana da alaƙa da al'adun tukwane masu ja-ja-jaja, da kuma kayan ado masu kai biyu da na penanular da aka sani da lingling-o wanda aka yi daga kayan kamar kore ja (wanda aka samo daga Taiwan), mica kore (daga Mindoro), nephrite baki (daga Hà Tĩnh). ) da yumbu (daga Vietnam da Arewacin Philippines).[11] Sa Huynh kuma ya samar da beads da aka yi da gilashi, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, zinariya da garnet;yawancinsu suna amfani da kayan da suma ake shigowa dasu.An kuma sami madubin tagulla irin na daular Han a wuraren Sa Huynh.[11]
Yau
Mutanen Yue na zamanin da. ©Shenzhen Museum
1000 BCE Jan 1

Yau

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Baiyue (Dari Yue, ko Yue kawai), ƙabilu ne daban-daban waɗanda suka zauna a yankunan Kudancin Sin da Arewacin Vietnam a cikin ƙarni na farko KZ da 1st Millennium.[19] An san su da gajeren gashi, jarfa na jiki, kyawawan takuba, da bajintar ruwa.A lokacin yakin basasa , kalmar "Yue" tana nufin jihar Yue a Zhejiang.Masarautun Minyue na baya na Fujian da Nanyue a Guangdong duk an dauke su a matsayin Yue.Meacham ya lura cewa, a lokacin daular Zhou da Han, Yue sun rayu a wani yanki mai fadi daga Jiangsu zuwa Yunnan, [20] yayin da Barlow ya nuna cewa Luoyue ya mamaye kudu maso yammacin Guangxi da arewacin Vietnam.[21] Littafin Han ya kwatanta kabilun Yue da al'ummomi daban-daban ana iya samun su daga yankunan Kuaiji zuwa Jiaozhi.[22] Ƙabilun Yue sun kasance suna ƙaura a hankali ko kuma sun haɗa su cikin al'adun Sinawa yayin da daular Han ta faɗaɗa zuwa yankin Kudancin China da Arewacin Vietnam.[23]
Al'adun Dong Son
Al'adar Dong Son al'adar tagulla ce ta Arewacin Vietnam, wacce fitattun ganguna suka bazu ko'ina cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya a tsakiyar karni na farko KZ. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
700 BCE Jan 1

Al'adun Dong Son

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Kwarin kogin Red River ya kafa wani yanki na yanayi da tattalin arziki, wanda ya yi iyaka da arewa da yamma da tsaunuka da dazuzzuka, daga gabas ta teku da kudu da Kogin Red River.[12] Bukatar samun iko guda ɗaya don hana ambaliya na kogin Red River, don haɗa kai wajen gina tsarin ruwa, musayar kasuwanci, da kuma tunkuɗe mahara, ya haifar da ƙirƙirar jihohin Vietnamese na farko na almara kusan 2879 KZ.Duk da yake a cikin lokutan baya, ci gaba da bincike daga masana ilmin kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa al'adun Đông Sơn na Vietnamese sun kasance a cikin Arewacin Vietnam, Guangxi da Laos a kusa da 700 KZ.[13]Masana tarihi na Vietnamese sun danganta al'adar ga jihohin Văn Lang da Âu Lạc.Tasirinsa ya bazu zuwa wasu sassa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gami da Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, daga kusan 1000 KZ zuwa 1 KZ.Mutanen Dong Son sun kware wajen noman shinkafa, adana bawon ruwa da aladu, kamun kifi da kuma tuki a cikin dogayen kwalekwale.Hakanan sun kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tagulla, wanda aka tabbatar da ganga Dong Son da aka samu a ko'ina cikin arewacin Vietnam da Kudancin China.[14] A kudancin al'adun Dong Son shine al'adun Sa Huỳnh na proto-Chams.
Lac Vietnam
Lạc Việt ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
700 BCE Jan 2 - 100

Lac Vietnam

Red River Delta, Vietnam
Lạc Việt ko Luoyue sun kasance ƙungiyar harsuna da yawa, musamman Kra-Dai da Austroasiatic, ƙabilar Yue waɗanda ke zaune a arewacin Vietnam, kuma, musamman tsohuwar Kogin Red River, [24] daga ca.700 KZ zuwa 100 AZ, a lokacin mataki na karshe na Neolithic kudu maso gabashin Asiya da farkon zamanin tsufa.Daga mahallin archaeological, an san su da Dongsonian.Lac Viet an san shi da yin manyan ganguna na Heger Type I, noman shinkafar paddy, da gina dikes.Lạc Việt wanda ya mallaki al'adun Bronze Age Đông Sơn, wanda ke tsakiya a Kogin Red River (yanzu a arewacin Vietnam, a babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya), [25] ana tsammanin su zama kakannin Kinh Vietnamese na zamani.[26] Wani al'ummar Luoyue, waɗanda ke zaune a kwarin kogin Zuo (yanzu a Kudancin China ta zamani), an yi imanin su ne kakannin mutanen Zhuang na zamani;[27] Bugu da ƙari, Luoyue a kudancin China an yi imanin kakannin mutanen Hlai ne.[28]
500 BCE - 111 BCE
Tsohon Zamaniornament
Mulkin Van Lang
Hung King. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
500 BCE Jan 1

Mulkin Van Lang

Red River Delta, Vietnam
A cewar wani almara na Vietnam wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin littafin karni na 14 Lĩnh nam chích quái, shugaban kabilar Lộc Tục ya shelanta kansa a matsayin Kinh Dương Vương kuma ya kafa jihar Xích Quỷ, wanda ke nuna farkon zamanin daular Hồng Bàng.Duk da haka, masana tarihi na Vietnamese na zamani suna ɗauka, cewa an haɓaka matsayin ƙasa ne kawai a cikin Red River Delta da rabin na biyu na 1st millennium KZ.Sùng Lãm ne ya gaje Kinh Dương Vương.Daular sarauta ta gaba ta haifar da sarakuna 18, waɗanda aka sani da Sarakunan Hùng.An fara daga daular Hùng ta uku, masarautar ta koma Văn Lang, kuma an kafa babban birnin kasar a Phong Châu (a zamanin Việt Trì, Phú Thọ) a bakin koguna uku inda Kogin Red River ya fara daga gindin tsaunuka. .[15]Tsarin gudanarwa ya haɗa da ofisoshi kamar hafsan soja (lạc tướng), paladin (lạc hầu) da mandarin (bố chính).[16] Yawancin makamai na ƙarfe da kayan aikin da aka tono a wurare daban-daban na al'adun Phung Nguyen a arewacin Indochina suna da alaƙa da farkon zamanin Copper a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[17] Bugu da ƙari, an tabbatar da farkon shekarun Bronze a kusan 500 KZ a Đông Sơn.Masana tarihi na Vietnam yawanci suna danganta al'adun Đông Sơn tare da masarautun Văn Lang, Âu Lạc, da daular Hồng Bàng.Al'ummar Lạc Việt na gida sun haɓaka ƙwararrun masana'antu na samar da tagulla masu inganci, sarrafawa da kera kayan aiki, makamai da ƙayatattun ganguna na Tagulla.Lallai suna da darajar alama an yi nufin amfani da su don dalilai na addini ko na biki.Masu sana'ar waɗannan abubuwan suna buƙatar ingantaccen ƙwarewa a cikin dabarun narkewa, a cikin dabarar simintin simintin ƙera da aka rasa da kuma samun ƙwarewar ƙira da kisa don ƙaƙƙarfan sassaƙaƙe.[18]
Au Lac
Âu Lạc ©Thibaut Tekla
257 BCE Jan 1 - 179 BCE

Au Lac

Co Loa Citadel, Cổ Loa, Đông A
A karni na 3 KZ, wata kungiyar Viet, Âu Việt, ta yi hijira daga kudancin kasar Sin a halin yanzu zuwa kogin Hồng, kuma ta hade tare da 'yan asalin Văn Lang.A cikin 257 KZ, sabuwar masarauta, Âu Lạc, ta fito a matsayin haɗin gwiwar Âu Việt da Lạc Việt, tare da Thuc Phán yana shelar kansa "An Dương Vương" ("King An Dương").Wasu 'yan Vietnamese na zamani sun yi imanin cewa Thuc Phán ya zo kan yankin Âu Việt (yanzu a arewa maso yammacin Vietnam, yammacin Guangdong, da kudancin lardin Guangxi, wanda babban birninsa a yau yake lardin Cao Bằng).[29]Bayan da ya tara runduna, ya yi galaba a kan daular sarakunan Hùng ta goma sha takwas, a wajajen shekara ta 258 KZ.Daga nan sai ya sake sunan sabuwar jiharsa daga Văn Lang zuwa Âu Lạc kuma ya kafa sabon babban birnin kasar a Phong Khê a garin Phú Thọ a arewacin Vietnam a yau, inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina Cổ Loa Citadel (Cổ Loa Thành), karkace. sansanin soja kusan mil goma arewa da wannan sabon babban birnin.Cổ Loa, birni mafi girma a cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [30] ita ce cibiyar siyasa ta farko ta wayewar Vietnam a zamanin Sinitic, wanda ya ƙunshi kadada 600 (kadada 1,500), kuma yana buƙatar kusan mita 2 na kayan aiki. .Koyaya, bayanai sun nuna cewa leƙen asiri ya haifar da faɗuwar An Dương Vương.
Yaƙin Qin na yaƙi da Bayiyue
Yaƙin Qin na yaƙi da Bayiyue ©Angus McBride
221 BCE Jan 1 - 214 BCE

Yaƙin Qin na yaƙi da Bayiyue

Guangxi, China
Bayan da Qin Shi Huang ya mamaye wasu masarautun kasar Sin guda shida na Han, da Zhao, da Wei, da Chu, da Yan, da Qi, ya mai da hankalinsa ga kabilun Xiongnu na arewa da yamma da kuma kabilar Yue dari na kasar Sin a yanzu.Da yake kasuwanci ya kasance muhimmin tushen arziki ga al'ummar Baiyue dake gabar tekun kudancin kasar Sin, yankin kudancin kogin Yangtze ya jawo hankalin sarki Qin Shi Huang.Da yanayin yanayi mai kyau, filayen albarkatu, hanyoyin kasuwanci na ruwa, tsaro na dangi daga ƙungiyoyin yaƙi zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma, da samun damar samun kayan alatu na wurare masu zafi daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sarkin ya aika da dakaru don cin nasara da masarautun Yue a shekara ta 221 KZ.[31 <>] A shekara ta 218 KZ, Sarkin farko ya aika da Janar Tu Sui tare da sojojin Qin 500,000 don su rabu gida biyar kuma su kai hari kan kabilun Yue ɗari na yankin Lingnan.An aika balaguron soji akan yankin tsakanin 221 da 214 KZ.[32] Zai ɗauki balaguron soji sau biyar a jere kafin Qin ya ci Yue a 214 KZ.[33]
Nanyu
Nanyue ©Thibaut Tekla
180 BCE Jan 1 - 111 BCE

Nanyu

Guangzhou, Guangdong Province,
Bayan rugujewar daular Qin , Zhao Tuo ya karbi iko da birnin Guangzhou, ya kuma kara fadada yankinsa a kudancin kogin Red River, a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da daular Qin ta sa a gaba, ita ce tabbatar da muhimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na bakin teku don yin ciniki.[34] Sarki na farko ya mutu a shekara ta 210 KZ, kuma dansa Zhao Huhai ya zama Sarkin Qin na biyu.A shekara ta 206 KZ, daular Qin ta daina wanzuwa, kuma mutanen Yue na Guilin da Xiang sun sake samun 'yancin kai.A shekara ta 204 KZ, Zhao Tuo ya kafa daular Nanyue, wanda Panyu ya zama babban birnin kasar, kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Martial na Nanyue, ya kuma raba daularsa zuwa larduna bakwai, wadanda gamayyar sarakunan Han Sinawa da Yue suka gudanar da su.[35]Liu Bang, bayan shafe shekaru yana yaki da abokan hamayyarsa, ya kafa daular Han , ya kuma sake hade tsakiyar kasar Sin a shekara ta 202 KZ.A shekara ta 196 KZ, Liu Bang, wanda yanzu sarki Gaozu ne, ya aika Lu Jia zuwa Nanyue da fatan samun amincewar Zhao Tuo.Bayan ya isa wurin, Lu ya gana da Zhao Tuo, kuma an ce ya same shi sanye da tufafin Yue kuma ana gaishe shi bayan al'adarsu, wanda ya fusata shi.An yi doguwar musayar lokaci mai tsawo, [36] inda aka ce Lu ya shawarci Zhao Tuo, yana mai nuni da cewa shi dan kasar Sin ne, ba Yue ba, kuma ya kamata ya kiyaye tufafi da adon Sinawa, kuma bai manta da al'adun kakanninsa ba.Lu ya yaba da ƙarfin kotun Han kuma ya yi kashedi game da wata masarauta mai ƙanƙanta kamar Nanyue da ke yunƙurin adawa da ita.Ya kuma yi barazanar kashe 'yan uwan ​​Zhao a kasar Sin daidai da lalata makabartar kakanninsu, tare da tilasta wa Yue ya kori Zhao da kansa.Bayan wannan barazanar, Zhao Tuo ya yanke shawarar karbar hatimin sarki Gaozu kuma ya mika wuya ga hukumar Han.An kafa dangantakar kasuwanci a kan iyakar Nyue da masarautar Han ta Changsha.Ko da yake a hukumance jiha ce ta Han, Nanyue da alama ta riƙe babban ma'aunin cin gashin kansa.Masarautar Âu Lạc ta kasance a kudancin Nanyue a farkon shekarun da Nnyue ta kasance, tare da Âu Lạc da ke cikin yankin Red River delta, kuma Nanyue ya ƙunshi Kwamandojin Nanhai, Guilin, da Xiang.A lokacin da Nyue da Âu Lạc suka kasance tare, Âu Lạc ya yarda da suzerainty Nanyue, musamman saboda ra'ayinsu na anti-Han.Zhao Tuo ya gina kuma ya karfafa sojojinsa, yana tsoron harin Han.Duk da haka, lokacin da dangantaka tsakanin Han da Nanyue ta gyaru, a shekara ta 179 K.Z., Zhao Tuo ya ci Sarki An Dương Vương kuma ya haɗa Âu Lạc.[37]
111 BCE - 934
Mulkin kasar Sinornament
Zamanin Farko Na Mulkin Arewa
Sojojin Daular Han ©Osprey Publishing
111 BCE Jan 2 - 40

Zamanin Farko Na Mulkin Arewa

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
A cikin 111 KZ, daular Han ta ci Nanyue a lokacin fadada ta zuwa kudu kuma ta haɗa abin da yake a yanzu arewacin Vietnam, tare da yawancin Guangdong da Guangxi na zamani, cikin daular Han mai faɗaɗawa.[38 <>] A cikin shekaru ɗari masu zuwa na mulkinkasar Sin , an kawo wa Nanyue da aka mamaye da sabon mulkin mallaka ta hanyar hadin gwiwar ikon soja na daular Han, da matsuguni na yau da kullun, da kwararar 'yan gudun hijira na kasar Sin, jami'ai da gari, 'yan kasuwa, malamai, ma'aikata. , masu gudun hijira, da fursunonin yaƙi.[39 <>] A sa'i daya kuma, jami'an kasar Sin sun yi sha'awar yin amfani da albarkatun kasa da kuma damar yin ciniki a yankin.Ban da wannan kuma, jami'an kasar Sin sun kwace filayen noma mai albarka da manyan sarakunan Vietnam suka mamaye ga sabbin bakin haure na kasar Han da suka zauna.[40] Mulkin Han da gwamnatin gwamnati sun kawo sabon tasiri ga 'yan asalin Vietnamese da Vietnam kamar yadda lardin Sinawa ke aiki a matsayin iyakar daular Han.[41] Daular Han ta kasance mai tsananin buri don faɗaɗa ikonsu akan kogin Red River mai albarka, a wani ɓangare kamar yadda yankin ƙasa ya zama wurin samar da kayayyaki da madaidaicin wurin kasuwanci ga jiragen ruwa na Han waɗanda ke haɓaka kasuwancin teku tare da masarautun kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya daban-daban. da Daular Rum.[42] Daular Han ta dogara kacokan akan kasuwanci tare da Nanyue waɗanda suka samar da kayayyaki na musamman kamar: ƙona turare na tagulla da tukwane, hauren giwa, da ƙahon karkanda.Daular Han sun yi amfani da kayan amfanin jama'ar Yue kuma sun yi amfani da su a harkokin kasuwancin teku da suka tashi daga Lingnan zuwa Yunnan zuwa Burma daIndiya .[43]A karni na farko na mulkin kasar Sin, ana gudanar da mulkin Vietnam cikin sauki da kuma a kaikaice ba tare da wani sauyi na manufofin 'yan asalin kasar nan da nan ba.Da farko, ƴan asalin ƙasar Lac Viet ana gudanar da su a matakin ƙaramar hukuma amma tare da maye gurbin ƴan asalin ƙasar Biyetnam da sabbin jami'an Sinawa na Han.[44 <] > Ma'aikatan sarauta na Han gabaɗaya sun bi manufar dangantakar lumana da jama'ar ƴan asalin, suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan gudanarwa a hedkwatar larduna da garrison, da kiyaye amintattun hanyoyin kogi don kasuwanci.[45] A ƙarni na farko AZ, duk da haka, daular Han ta tsananta ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na haɗa sabbin yankunanta ta hanyar ƙara haraji da kafa gyare-gyaren aure da gadon ƙasa da nufin mayar da Vietnam ta zama al'ummar uba mafi dacewa ga ikon siyasa.[46] Shugaban Luo na ƙasar ya biya haraji mai yawa da haraji na masarauta ga Han mandarins don kula da ƙaramar hukuma da sojoji.[44] Sinawa sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don haɗawa da Vietnamese ko dai ta hanyar tilastawa ko kuma ta hanyar mamaye siyasar kasar Sin.[41] Daular Han ta nemi hade da Vietnamese kamar yadda Sinawa ke son kiyaye daular hadin kai ta hanyar "ayyukan wayewa" kamar yadda Sinawa ke daukar Vietnamese a matsayin maras al'ada da koma baya tare da Sinawa game da "Daular Celestial" a matsayin koli. cibiyar duniya.[40] A karkashin mulkin kasar Sin, jami'an daular Han sun sanya al'adun kasar Sin, ciki har da Taoism da Confucianism, tsarin jarrabawar daularsa, da tsarin mulkin Mandarin.[47]Ko da yake 'yan Vietnamese sun haɗa abubuwa masu ci gaba da fasaha da suke tunanin za su yi amfani da kansu, rashin yarda da rashin amincewa da wasu daga waje, sha'awar ci gaba da 'yancin kai na siyasa da kuma yunkurin sake samun 'yancin kai na Vietnam yana nuna tsayin daka da rashin amincewa da Vietnamese ga cin zarafi na kasar Sin, mulkin siyasa da kuma cin gashin kansa. mulkin mallaka akan al'ummar Vietnamese.[48] ​​Ma'aikatan Sinawa na Han sun nemi sanya manyan al'adun Sinawa a kan 'yan asalin Vietnamese ciki har da dabarun doka da ka'idojin Confucian, ilimi, fasaha, adabi, da harshe.[49] Vietnamese da aka ci da kuma rinjaye su dole ne su rungumi tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Sinanci, Confucianism, da girmama sarkin kasar Sin don cutar da harshe na asali, al'adu, kabila, da asalin ƙasa.[41]Zamanin Farko na Mulkin Arewa yana nufin lokacin tarihin Vietnam a lokacin da arewacin Vietnam a yau ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Han da daular Xin.An yi la'akari da shi a farkon lokaci hudu na mulkin kasar Sin a kan Vietnam, uku na farko sun kasance kusan ci gaba kuma ana kiran su Bắc thuộc ("Malaman Arewa").
Tawayen Trung Sisters
Tawayen Trung Sisters. ©HistoryMaps
40 Jan 1 - 43

Tawayen Trung Sisters

Red River Delta, Vietnam
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun rukunin tsoffin mutane a Arewacin Vietnam (Jiaozhi, Tonkin, yankin Red River Delta) lokacin mulkin daular Han bisa Vietnam ana kiransa Lac Viet ko Luòyuè a cikin tarihin kasar Sin.[50] Luoyue ƴan asalin yankin ne.Sun bi hanyoyin kabilanci da ba na kasar Sin ba, da kuma noma da fasa-kwauri.[51] A cewar masanin ilimin kimiya na Faransa Georges Maspero, wasu bakin haure na kasar Sin sun zo suka zauna a gefen kogin Red River a lokacin da aka kwace Wang Mang (9-25) da Han na farko na Han, yayin da gwamnonin Han biyu na Jiaozhi Xi Guang (?-30 CE). ) da Ren Yan, tare da goyon bayan ƙwararrun 'yan gudun hijira na kasar Sin, sun gudanar da "cin mutunci" na farko a kan kabilun gida ta hanyar gabatar da auratayya irin ta kasar Sin, da bude makarantun kasar Sin na farko, da gabatar da falsafar kasar Sin, don haka ya haifar da rikici na al'adu.[52] Masanin ilimin falsafa dan kasar Amurka Stephen O'Harrow ya nuna cewa bullo da al'adun auratayya irin na kasar Sin mai yiwuwa ya zo ne a cikin sha'awar mika hakin filaye ga 'yan gudun hijirar kasar Sin dake yankin, tare da maye gurbin al'adar mazan jiya na yankin.[53]'Yan'uwan Trưng mata ne na dangin arziƙi na ƙabilar Lac.[54] Mahaifinsu ya kasance Lac lord a gundumar Mê Linh (Yankin Mê Linh na zamani, Hanoi).Mijin Trưng Trắc (Zheng Ce) shi ne Thi Sách (Shi Suo), kuma shi ne Lac lord na Chu Diên (Lardin Khoái Châu na zamani, Lardin Hưng Yên).[55] Su Ding (gwamnan Jiaozhi 37-40), gwamnan lardin Jiaozhi na kasar Sin a lokacin, ana tunawa da zalunci da zalunci.[56] A cewar Hou Hanshu, Thi Sách ya kasance "mai tsananin zafi".Trưng Trắc, wadda ita ma aka kwatanta da "mallakar da kai da jajircewa", ba tare da tsoro ba ta sa mijinta ya ɗauki mataki.A sakamakon haka, Su Ding ya yi ƙoƙarin hana Thi Sách da dokoki, a zahiri fille kansa ba tare da shari'a ba.[57] Trưng Trắc ya zama babban jigo wajen jawo hankalin sarakunan Lac a kan Sinawa.[58]A watan Maris na shekara ta 40 AZ, Trưng Trắc da ƙanwarta Trưng Nhihi, sun jagoranci mutanen Lac Viet su tashi don tawaye ga Han.[59] Hou Han Shu ya rubuta cewa Trưng Trắc ta ƙaddamar da tawayen don ramuwar gayya ta kashe mijinta da ya ƙi amincewa.[55 <>] Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna cewa yunkurin Trưng Trắc na tawaye ya yi tasiri ne sakamakon asarar ƙasar da aka yi niyyar gadonta saboda sauya al'adun gargajiya na mata.[53] Ya fara ne a Kogin Red River, amma nan da nan ya bazu zuwa sauran kabilun Lac da mutanen da ba Hanan ba daga yankin da ya tashi daga Hepu zuwa Rinan.[54] An mamaye matsugunan kasar Sin, kuma Su Ting ya gudu.[58 <>] Tashin hankalin ya samu goyon bayan garuruwa da ƙauyuka kusan sittin da biyar.[60] An yi shelar Trưng Trắc a matsayin sarauniya.[59 <>] Ko da ta sami iko a karkara, amma ba ta iya kame garuruwa masu kagara ba.Gwamnatin Han (da ke Luoyang) ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali game da yanayin da ke kunno kai.A watan Mayu ko Yuni na shekara ta 42 AZ, Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu ya ba da umarnin fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja.Muhimmancin dabarun Jiaozhi yana nuna cewa, Hann sun aike da manyan hafsoshin sojojinsu, Ma Yuan da Duan Zhi don murkushe tawayen.Ma Yuan da ma'aikatansa sun fara tattara sojojin Han a kudancin kasar Sin.Ya ƙunshi wakilai 20,000 na yau da kullun da mataimakan yanki 12,000.Daga Guangdong, Ma Yuan ta aike da tawaga ta jiragen ruwa a bakin teku.[59]A cikin bazara na 42, sojojin daular sun kai tudu a Lãng Bạc, a cikin tsaunin Tiên Du na abin da ke yanzu Bắc Ninh.Sojojin Yuan sun gwabza da 'yan'uwan Trưng, ​​inda suka fille kawunan dubban 'yan tawayen Trưng Trắc, yayin da fiye da dubu goma suka mika wuya gare shi.[61 <>] Janar na kasar Sin ya ci gaba da yin nasara.Yuan ta bi Trưng Trắc tare da masu riƙe da ita zuwa Jinxi Tản Viên, inda kakannin ta ke;kuma ya rinjayi su sau da yawa.Da ƙara keɓancewa da katsewa daga kayayyaki, matan biyu sun kasa tsayawa tsayin daka na ƙarshe kuma Sinawa sun kama 'yan'uwan biyu a farkon 43. [62] An shawo kan tawayen a watan Afrilu ko Mayu.Ma Yuan ya yanke kawunan Trưng Trắc da Trưng Nhihi, [59] kuma ya aika da kawunansu zuwa kotun Han a Luoyang.[61 <>] A ƙarshen shekara ta 43 AZ, sojojin Han sun mamaye yankin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar fatattakar aljihu na ƙarshe na juriya.[59]
Zamani Na Biyu Na Mulkin Arewa
Second Era of Northern Domination ©Ấm Chè
43 Jan 1 - 544

Zamani Na Biyu Na Mulkin Arewa

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Zamani na biyu na mulkin Arewa yana nufin lokaci na biyu na mulkinkasar Sin a tarihin kasar Vietnam, tun daga karni na daya zuwa karni na 6 AZ, lokacin da arewacin Vietnam (Jiaozhi) ke mulkin dauloli daban-daban na kasar Sin a yau.Wannan lokacin ya fara lokacin da daular Han ta sake cin nasara a Giao Chỉ (Jiaozhi) daga Trưng Sisters kuma ya ƙare a 544 AZ lokacin da Lý Bí ya yi tawaye ga daular Liang kuma ya kafa daular Lý ta farko.Wannan lokacin ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 500.Koyon darasi daga tawayen Trưng, ​​Han da sauran daular Sinawa da suka yi nasara sun ɗauki matakan kawar da ikon sarakunan Vietnam.[63 <>] Manyan mutanen Vietnam sun sami ilimi a al'adu da siyasa na kasar Sin.Wani Hakimin Giao Chỉ, Shi Xie, ya mulki Vietnam a matsayin shugaban yaƙi mai cin gashin kansa na tsawon shekaru arba'in kuma sarakunan Vietnam daga baya suka yi masa allanci.[64] Shi Xie ya yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga Gabashin Wu na zamanin masarautu uku na kasar Sin.Gabashin Wu wani lokaci ne mai girma a tarihin Vietnam.Kusan shekaru 200 sun shude kafin Vietnamese ta sake yin wani tawaye.
Funan
Funan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
68 Jan 1 - 624

Funan

Ba Phnum District, Cambodia
A farkon karni na farko AZ, a ƙasan Mekong, daularIndiyawa ta farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya waddaSinawa suka kira su Funan ta fito kuma ta zama babbar karfin tattalin arziki a yankin, babban birninta na Oc Eo ya jawo 'yan kasuwa da masu sana'a daga Sin, Indiya. har ma da Rum.An ce Funan ita ce ƙasar Khmer ta farko, ko Austronesia, ko ƙabilanci.Ko da yake masana tarihi na kasar Sin suna daukarsu a matsayin daula guda daya tak, a cewar wasu masana na zamani, Funan na iya kasancewa tarin jahohin birni wadanda wani lokaci sukan yi yaki da juna a wasu lokutan kuma suka zama hadin kan siyasa.[65]Asalin kabilanci da yare na mutanen Funan saboda haka an yi ta muhawarar masana, kuma ba za a iya cimma matsaya mai ƙarfi dangane da shaidar da ake da su ba.Ƙila Funanese sun kasance Cham ko daga wata ƙungiyar Australiya, ko kuma sun kasance Khmer ko kuma daga wata ƙungiyar Austroasiatic.Mai yiyuwa ne su kakannin waɗannan ’yan asalin da ke zaune a kudancin Vietnam a yau waɗanda ke kiran kansu da “Khmer” ko “Khmer Krom”.Kalmar Khmer ta "krom" tana nufin "ƙasa" ko "ƙananan ɓangaren" kuma ana amfani da ita don nufin yankin da 'yan gudun hijirar Vietnam suka yi wa mulkin mallaka daga baya aka ɗauke su zuwa halin yanzu na Vietnam.[66] Duk da yake babu cikakken bincike don sanin ko sassan kabilanci na Funan na Austronesiya ne ko Austroasiatic, akwai jayayya tsakanin malamai.Bisa ga yawancin malaman Vietnamese, alal misali, Mac Duong, ya nuna cewa "hakika yawan mutanen Funan su ne Austronesians, ba Khmer ba;"faduwar Funan da hawan Zhenla daga arewa a karni na 6 sun nuna "shigowar Khmer zuwa yankin Mekong Delta."Wannan karatun ya sami tallafi daga zauren DGE.[67] Binciken archaeological na baya-bayan nan yana ba da nauyi ga ƙarshe cewa Funan tsarin mulkin Mon-Khmer ne.[68] A cikin bita na Funan, Michael Vickery ya bayyana kansa mai ƙarfi mai goyon bayan ka'idar rinjaye ta Khmer na Funan.
Farkon Masarautun Cham
Cham, Tufafin Gargajiya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
192 Jan 1 - 629

Farkon Masarautun Cham

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
A cikin 192 AZ, a tsakiyar Vietnam a yau, an yi nasarar tawaye na al'ummar Cham.Daular kasar Sin sun kira ta Lin-Yi.Daga baya ya zama daula mai ƙarfi, Champa, wanda ya tashi daga Quảng Bình zuwa Phan Thiết (Bình Thuận).Cham ya haɓaka tsarin rubutun ɗan ƙasa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, mafi dadewa na wallafe-wallafen kowane yare na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda ya jagoranci addinin Buddha , Hindu , da ƙwarewar al'adu a yankin.[69]Masarautar Lam ẤpLâm Ấp wata masarauta ce da ke tsakiyar Vietnam wacce ta wanzu daga kusan 192 AZ zuwa 629 CE a cikin abin da ke tsakiyar Vietnam a yau, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masarautun Champa na farko da aka yi rikodin.Sunan Linyi ya kasance a tarihin kasar Sin tun daga shekara ta 192 zuwa 758 AZ, don kwatanta wata masarauta ta farko ta Champa dake arewacin titin Hải Vân.Rugujewar babban birninta, tsohon birnin Kandapurpura yanzu yana cikin Long Tho Hill, mai nisan kilomita 3 zuwa yammacin birnin Huế.Masarautar XituXitu shi ne naɗin Sinawa na yanki mai tarihi ko mulkin Chamic ko masarauta da aka fara ambata a tsakiyar karni na biyar AZ, ana kyautata zaton yana ɗaya daga cikin magabata na Masarautar Champa.An ba da shawarar a kasance a cikin kwarin Thu Bồn, lardin Quảng Nam na yanzu, tsakiyar Vietnam.Masarautar QuduqianQuduqian shi ne sunan kasar Sin na tsohuwar masarauta, masarauta, ko mulkin da watakila ke kusa da lardin Binh Dinh, tsakiyar Vietnam, sannan ya zama wani bangare na masarautun Champa.
Champa
Bas agaji daga Haikalin Bayon wanda ke nuna yanayin yaƙi tsakanin Cham (sanye da kwalkwali) da sojojin Khmer ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
200 Jan 1 - 1832

Champa

Trà Kiệu, Quảng Nam, Vietnam
Champa tarin 'yan mulkin Cham ne masu zaman kansu da suka mamaye gabar tekun tsakiyar da kudancin Vietnam a yau daga kusan karni na 2 AD har zuwa 1832. Bisa ga nassoshi na farko na tarihi da aka samu a tsoffin madogara, an kafa tsarin mulkin Cham na farko a kusa da Karni na 2 zuwa na 3 AZ, bayan tawaye da Khu Liên ya yi wa mulkin daular Han ta Gabashin kasar Sin, kuma ya dade har zuwa lokacin da sarki Minh Mạng na daular Nguyễn na Vietnamese ya maye gurbin sarautar Champa na karshe na daular Nguyễn ta Vietnam a matsayin wani bangare na fadada Nam Tiến. siyasa.[73] An san masarautar daban-daban da Nagaracampa, Champa a Cham na zamani, da Châmpa a cikin rubutun Khmer , Chiêm Thành a cikin Vietnamese da Zhànchéng a cikin bayanan Sinanci.[74]Farkon Champa ya samo asali ne daga al'adun Austronesian Chamic Sa Huỳnh na teku a bakin tekun Vietnam na zamani.Fitowarsa a ƙarshen karni na 2 AZ yana misalta farkon fasahar fasahar zamani ta kudu maso gabashin Asiya a wani muhimmin mataki na samar da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Mutanen Champa sun ci gaba da yin tsarin hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci mai riba a duk yankin, wanda ya haɗa Tekun Indiya da Gabashin Asiya, har zuwa karni na 17.A Champa, masana tarihi kuma sun shaida farkon wallafe-wallafen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da aka rubuta a cikin yare na asali a kusa da c.350 AZ, kafin farkon Khmer, Mon, rubutun Malay ta ƙarni.[75]Chams na zamani na Vietnam da Cambodia sune manyan ragowar wannan tsohuwar masarauta.Suna magana da yarukan Chamic, dangin Malayo-Polynesia masu alaƙa da yarukan Malayic da Bali-Sasak waɗanda ake magana a cikin tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Ko da yake al'adun Cham yawanci yana haɗuwa tare da faffadan al'adun Champa, masarautar tana da yawan al'ummai dabam-dabam, waɗanda suka ƙunshi al'ummomin Austronesia Chamic waɗanda ke da mafi yawan al'adunta.Mutanen da a da suke zama a yankin su ne mutanen Cham, Rade da Jarai a yau a Kudu da Tsakiyar Vietnam da Cambodia;Acehnese daga Arewacin Sumatra, Indonesia, tare da abubuwan Austroasiatic Bahnaric da mutanen Katuic a tsakiyar Vietnam.[76]Champa ya riga ya kasance a yankin da wata masarauta mai suna Lâm Ấp, ko Linyi, wadda ta wanzu tun 192 AZ;ko da yake dangantakar tarihi tsakanin Linyi da Champa ba ta bayyana ba.Champa ya kai matsayinsa a cikin ƙarni na 9 da 10 AZ.Bayan haka, ya fara raguwa a hankali a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Đại Việt, tsarin mulkin Vietnam na tsakiya a yankin Hanoi na zamani.A cikin 1832, Sarkin Vietnam Minh Mạng ya mamaye sauran yankunan Cham.Addinin Hindu , wanda aka karbe ta hanyar rikice-rikice da mamaye yanki daga makwabciyar Funan a karni na 4 AZ, ya tsara fasaha da al'adun Masarautar Cham tsawon ƙarni, kamar yadda yawancin mutum-mutumi na Cham Hindu suka shaida da haikalin jajayen haikalin da ke cike da shimfidar wuri a cikin ƙasashen Cham.Mỹ Sơn, tsohuwar cibiyar addini, da Hội An, ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Champa, yanzu sune wuraren Tarihi na Duniya.A yau, da yawa daga cikin mutanen Cham suna bin addinin Musulunci, musuluntar da ta faro a karni na 10, tare da daular mulki ta karbi cikakken imani a karni na 17;ana kiran su Bani (Ni tục, daga Larabci: Bani).Akwai, duk da haka, Bacam (Bacham, Chiêm tục) waɗanda har yanzu suna riƙe da kiyaye bangaskiyarsu, al'adu, da bukukuwan Hindu.Bacam ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan Hindu na asali guda biyu da suka tsira a duniya, tare da al'adar da ta shafe shekaru dubbai.Sauran su ne mabiya addinin Hindu na Balinese na Balinese na Indonesia.[73]
Lady Trieu
Trieu Thi Trinh ©Cao Viet Nguyen
248 Jan 1

Lady Trieu

Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam
Lady Triệu jaruma ce a karni na 3 Vietnam wacce ta yi nasarar hana mulkin daular Wu ta Gabashinkasar Sin na wani lokaci.Ana kuma kiran ta Triệu Thì Trinh, kodayake ba a san ainihin sunanta ba.An jiyo ta tana cewa, “Zan so in hau guguwa, in kashe orkas a cikin budaddiyar teku, in kori ’yan ta’adda, in kwato kasar nan, in warware alakar bautar, kuma in daina karkata bayana in zama kuyangi ga kowane mutum. "[70] Ana nuna tashin hankalin Lady Triệu a cikin tarihin ƙasar Vietnam na zamani a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin surori da yawa da suka ƙunshi "dogon gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na kasa don kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na kasashen waje."[71]
Mulkin Van Xuan
Kingdom of Vạn Xuân ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
544 Jan 1 - 602

Mulkin Van Xuan

Hanoi, Vietnam
Karni na shida wani muhimmin mataki ne a juyin siyasar Vietnam zuwa ga 'yancin kai.A wannan lokacin, sarakunan Vietnamese, yayin da suke riƙe da tsarin siyasa da al'adu na kasar Sin, sun sami 'yancin kai daga kasar Sin.A tsakanin farkon zamanin rarrabuwar kawuna na kasar Sin da kuma karshen daular Tang, an yi tawaye da dama ga gwamnatin kasar Sin.A shekara ta 543, Lý Bí da ɗan'uwansa Lý Thiên Bảo sun yi tawaye ga daular Liang ta kasar Sin, kuma sun yi mulkin daular Van Xuan mai cin gashin kanta na tsawon kusan rabin karni, daga 544 zuwa 602, kafin Sui China ta sake mamaye daular.[72]
Zamani Na Uku Na Mulkin Arewa
Sojojin Daular Tang. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
602 Jan 1 - 905

Zamani Na Uku Na Mulkin Arewa

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Zamani na uku na mulkin Arewa yana nufin lokaci na uku na mulkinkasar Sin a tarihin Vietnam.Zamanin ya fara ne daga karshen daular Lý ta farko a shekara ta 602 zuwa hawan dangin Khúc na gida da sauran shugabannin yakin Viet a farkon karni na 10, daga karshe ya kare a shekara ta 938 bayan shan kayen Kudancin Han da shugaban kasar Viet Ngô Quyền ya yi.Wannan lokacin ya ga daular sarakunan kasar Sin guda uku sun yi mulki a kan abin da yake a yau arewacin Vietnam: Sui, Tang da Wu Zhou.Daular Sui ta yi mulki a arewacin Vietnam daga 602 zuwa 618, kuma ta sake mamaye tsakiyar Vietnam na ɗan lokaci a cikin 605. Daular Tang da ta biyo baya ta yi mulkin arewacin Vietnam daga 621 zuwa 690, kuma daga 705 zuwa 880. Tsakanin 690 zuwa 705, daular Tang ta katse ta hanyar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Daular Wu Zhou wadda ta rike mulkin kasar Sin bisa Vietnam.
Sui-Lam Ap War
Sui ta mamaye Champa ©Angus McBride
605 Jan 1

Sui-Lam Ap War

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
Kusan 540s, yankin Jiaozhou (arewacin Vietnam) ya ga tashin hankalin dangin Lý na gida wanda Lý Bí ya jagoranta.[88 <] > A shekara ta 589, daular Sui ta ci daular Chen ta kuma haɗa kan kasar Sin daidai.Yayin da ikon Sui ke ƙarfafa a hankali a wannan yanki, Lý Phật Tử, mai mulkin Vạn Xuân a Jiaozhou ya amince da ikon sui.A cikin 595, sarki Sambhuvarman (r. 572–629) na Lâm Ấp, masarautar Cham mai babban birninta da ke kusa da Da Nang ko Trà Kiệu na zamani, cikin hikima ya aika da haraji ga Sui.Duk da haka, akwai wani labari a kasar Sin wanda ya nuna cewa Champa yanki ne mai wadata sosai, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar jami'an Sui.[89]A shekara ta 601, jami'in kasar Sin Xi Linghu ya aika da sammacin sarki na Phật Tử a birnin Chang'an, babban birnin Sui.Da yake yanke shawarar yin tsayayya da wannan bukata, Phật Tử ya nemi jinkirta ta hanyar neman a dage sammacin har sai bayan sabuwar shekara.Xi ya amince da bukatar, yana mai imani cewa zai iya ci gaba da biyayya ga Phật Tử ta hanyar dagewa.Sai dai ana zargin Xi da karbar cin hanci daga Phật Tử, kuma kotun ta kara yin shakku.Lokacin da Phật Tử ya yi tawaye a fili a farkon shekara ta 602, an kama Xi nan da nan;ya rasu ne ana kai shi arewa.[90] A cikin 602, Sarkin Sui Wen na Sui ya umarci Janar Liu Fang ya kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata a kan Phật Tử daga Yunnan tare da bataliya 27.[91] Ba tare da shiri don yin tsayayya da harin wannan sikelin ba, Phật Tử ya yi biyayya ga gargaɗin Fang na mika wuya kuma an aika shi zuwa Chang'an.Lý Phật Tử da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa an yanke su don hana matsala ta gaba.[91] Daga Jiaozhou da aka sake kwacewa, Yang Jian ya ba Liu Fang izini ya kai hari Lâm Ấp, dake kudu da Jiaozhou.[89]Mamaya na Sui na Champa ya ƙunshi sojojin ƙasa da rundunar sojan ruwa karkashin jagorancin Liu Fang.[89 <] > Sambhuvarman ya tura giwaye na yaƙi ya fuskanci Sinawa.Da farko tawagar giwayen Linyi ta samu wasu nasarori a kan maharan.Daga nan sai Liu Fang ya umurci sojoji da su tono tarkon bogi tare da rufe su da ganyaye da ciyawa.Giwayen sun farga da tarko, suna juya baya suna tattake nasu sojojin.Daga nan sai maharba na kasar Sin suka ci sojojin Cham da suka ruguje.[92 <>] Dakarun kasar Sin sun kutsa kai zuwa babban birnin kasar, suka yi wa birnin fashi.Daga cikin ganimar da suka yi akwai allunan zinariya goma sha takwas da aka keɓe don tunawa da sarakunan Lâm Ấp goma sha takwas da suka gabace su, ɗakin karatu na addinin Buddha wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka 1,350 a yaren ƙasar, da kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa daga wata masarauta a yankin Mekong.[93] Nan take Sui suka kafa gwamnati a Lâm Ấp suka raba ƙasar zuwa gundumomi 3: Tỷ Ảnh, Hải Âm da Tượng Lâm.[94] Ƙoƙarin Sui na gudanar da sassan Champa kai tsaye bai daɗe ba.Sambuvarman ya sake tabbatar da ikonsa kuma ya aika da ofishin jakadanci zuwa Sui don "gane laifinsa."[89] Cham cikin sauri ya sami 'yancin kai a lokacin matsalolin da suka biyo bayan rushewar daular Sui, kuma ya aika da kyauta ga sabon sarkin Tang Empire a 623. [94.]
Dokar Tang
Tang Soliders. ©Angus McBride
618 Jan 1 - 880

Dokar Tang

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
A shekara ta 618, Sarkin sarakuna Gaozu na Tang ya kifar da daular Sui kuma ya kafa daular Tang.Qiu He ya fara mika wuya ga daular Xiao Xian a shekara ta 618, sannan ga Sarkin Tang a shekara ta 622, ya hada da arewacin Vietnam cikin daular Tang .[95] Wani mai mulkin Jiuzhen (Thanh Hóa na yau), Lê Ngọc, ya kasance da aminci ga Xiao Xian kuma ya yi yaƙi da Tang har tsawon shekaru uku.A shekara ta 627, Sarkin sarakuna Taizong ya kaddamar da gyara tsarin mulki wanda ya rage yawan larduna.A shekara ta 679, an maye gurbin lardin Jiaozhou tare da Janar mai kare hakkin jama'ar Kudu (Annan Duhufu).Tang ta yi amfani da wannan rukunin gudanarwa don gudanar da al'ummomin da ba 'yan China ba a kan iyakoki, kamar yadda Janar mai kare kariya ga Yamma a tsakiyar Asiya da Janar mai kare kare kare gabas aKoriya ta Arewa.[96 <>] A kowace shekara huɗu, “zaɓin kudu” ​​za su zaɓi sarakunan ƙabilar da za a naɗa don cike mukamai na digiri na biyar zuwa sama.Harajin ya fi matsakaici fiye da cikin daular da ta dace;Harajin girbin ya kasance rabin adadin daidaitattun adadin, amincewa da matsalolin siyasa da ke tattare da mulkin mutanen da ba 'yan China ba.[97] ’Yan matan Vietnam: Tais , Viets da sauransu suma ’yan kasuwar bayi sun yi niyya.[98] Matan kabilar Viet an fi amfani da su a matsayin bayi na yau da kullum da kuyangi a lokacin mafi yawan Tang.[99]A karon farko tun lokacin daular Han , an gina makarantun kasar Sin, kuma an gina dykes don kare babban birnin Songping (daga baya Đại La).Kogin Red River ya kasance filin noma mafi girma a kudancin daular, tare da hanyoyin da suka hada Champa da Zhenla zuwa kudu da kudu maso yamma, da hanyoyin teku da ke hade da Tekun Indiya.[100] Buddha ya bunƙasa a Annan, kodayake addinin Tang na hukuma shine Daoism.Akalla sufaye 6 daga arewacin Vietnam sun yi tafiya zuwaChina , Srivijaya,Indiya da Sri Lanka a lokacin Tang.[101] ƴan ƙasa kaɗan ne suka tsunduma cikin aikin malanta na Confucian da jarrabawar hidimar jama'a.[102]
Zamanin Zinare na Wayewar Cham
Concept Art na birnin Champa. ©Bhairvi Bhatt
629 Jan 1 - 982

Zamanin Zinare na Wayewar Cham

Quang Nam Province, Vietnam
Daga karni na 7 zuwa na 10, Champa ya shiga zamanin zinare.Hukumomin Cham sun tashi sun zama ikon sojan ruwa kuma jiragen ruwa na Cham suna sarrafa cinikin kayan yaji da siliki tsakaninChina ,Indiya , tsibiran Indonesiya , da daular Abbasiyawa a Baghdad.Sun kara samun kudaden shiga daga hanyoyin kasuwanci ba kawai ta hanyar fitar da hauren giwa da aloe zuwa kasashen waje ba, har ma ta hanyar yin fashi da makami.[77] Duk da haka, tasirin Champa ya tashi ya dauki hankalin thalassocracy makwabta wanda ya dauki Champa a matsayin abokin hamayya, Javanese (Javaka, mai yiwuwa yana nufin Srivijaya, mai mulkin Malay Peninsula , Sumatra da Java).A cikin 767, jiragen ruwa na Javanese (Daba) da 'yan fashin Kunlun sun kai farmaki kan gabar tekun Tonkin, [78] Champa daga bisani jiragen ruwa na Javanese ko Kunlun sun kai hari a 774 da 787. [79] A cikin 774 an kai hari kan Po-Nagar Nha Trang inda 'yan fashin suka rusa gidajen ibada, yayin da a cikin 787 aka kai hari kan Virapura, kusa da Phan Rang.[80] Maharan Javanese sun ci gaba da mamaye gabar tekun Champa ta kudu har sai da Indravarman I (r. 787-801) ya kore shi a cikin 799. [81.]A cikin 875, wani sabon daular Buddha wanda Indravarman II (r.? – 893) ya kafa ya sake mayar da babban birni ko babbar cibiyar Champa zuwa arewa.Indravarman II ya kafa birnin Indrapura, kusa da My Son da tsohon Simhapura.[82] Buddha Mahayana ya mamaye addinin Hindu , ya zama addinin jiha.[83] Masana tarihi na fasaha sukan danganta lokacin tsakanin 875 da 982 a matsayin Zamanin Zinare na fasahar Champa da al'adun Champa (banbanta da al'adun Cham na zamani).[84] [.] halaka ga Arewacin Champa.[86] Indrapura har yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin Champa har sai da Vijaya ya zarce shi a karni na 12.[87]
Bakar Sarkin sarakuna
Mai Thuc Loan ©Thibaut Tekla
722 Jan 1

Bakar Sarkin sarakuna

Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam
A shekara ta 722, lamunin Mai Thúc daga Jiude (a yau lardin Hà Tĩnh) ya jagoranci wani gagarumin tawaye ga mulkinSinawa .Salon kansa "Swarthy Emperor" ko "Black Emperor" (Hắc Đẽ), ya tattara mutane 400,000 daga gundumomi 23 don shiga, sannan kuma yana da alaƙa da Champa da Chenla, daular da ba a san ta ba mai suna Jinlin ("Gold Neighbor") da wasu masarautu da ba a bayyana sunansu ba.[103 <>] Dakarun Tang na 100,000 a ƙarƙashin Janar Yang Zixu, ciki har da ɗimbin ƙabilun tsaunuka waɗanda suka kasance masu biyayya ga Tang, sun yi tattaki kai tsaye a bakin tekun, suna bin tsohuwar hanyar da Ma Yuan ya gina.[103] Yang Zixu ya kai hari Mai Thúc Loan da mamaki kuma ya murkushe tawaye a shekara ta 723. Gawarwakin Sarkin Swarthy da mabiyansa sun taru don yin wani katon tudu kuma an bar su a bainar jama'a don duba ƙarin tawaye.[105] Daga baya daga 726 zuwa 728, Yang Zixu ya murkushe sauran tawaye na mutanen Li da Nung karkashin jagorancin Chen Xingfan da Feng Lin a arewa, wanda ya yi shelar lakabin "Sarkin Nanyue", wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 80,000.[104]
Rikicin Tang-Nanzhao a Annan
Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan ©Thibaut Tekla
854 Jan 1 - 866

Rikicin Tang-Nanzhao a Annan

Từ Liêm District, Hanoi, Vietn
A shekara ta 854, sabon gwamnan Annan, Li Zhuo, ya haifar da gaba da rikici da kabilun tsaunuka, ta hanyar rage cinikin gishiri da kashe manyan sarakuna, wanda ya haifar da sauya sheka daga manyan shugabannin yankin zuwa masarautar Nanzhao.Basaraken yankin Lý Do Độc, dangin Đỗ, shugaban yaƙi Chu Đạo Cổ, da kuma wasu, sun sallama ko kuma sun haɗa kai da Nanzhao.[106 <] > A cikin 858 sun kori babban birnin Annan.A cikin wannan shekarar ne kotun Tang ta mayar da martani inda ta nada Wang Shi a matsayin gwamnan soja na Annan, da nufin maido da zaman lafiya, da karfafa tsaron Songping.[107] An tuna Wang Shi don magance tawayen Qiu Fu a Zhejiang a ƙarshen 860. Arewacin Vietnam daga nan ya koma cikin rudani da hargitsi.Sabon gwamnan sojan kasar Sin Li Hu, ya zartar da hukuncin kisa kan Đỗ Thủ Trừng, wani babban basarake na yankin, ta haka ya raba da yawa daga cikin manyan dangin Annan.[108] Da farko mutanen garin sun maraba da sojojin Nanzhao, kuma sojojin hadin gwiwarsu sun kama Songping a watan Janairun 861, suka tilastawa Li Hu gudu.[109] Tang ta yi nasarar kwace yankin a lokacin rani na 861. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 863 Nanzhao da 'yan tawaye sun kai 50,000 karkashin Janar Yang Sijin da Duan Qiuqian sun kaddamar da Siege na Songping.Birnin ya fadi a karshen watan Janairu yayin da sojojin kasar Sin suka janye daga arewa.[110] An shafe Ma'ajin Annan.[111]Tang ta kaddamar da farmaki a watan Satumba na shekara ta 864 karkashin Gao Pian, wani gogaggen Janar wanda ya yi yaki da Turkawa da Tanguts a arewa.A cikin hunturu 865-866, Gao Pian ya sake kwace Songping da arewacin Vietnam, kuma ya kori Nanzhao daga yankin.[112] Gao ya hukunta mutanen yankin da suka yi kawance da Nanzhao, ya kashe Chu Đạo Cổ da 30,000 'yan tawayen gida.[113 <] > A shekara ta 868 ya canza sunan yankin zuwa "The Peaceful Sea Army" (Jinghai guan).Ya sake gina kagara Sin Songping, ya sa masa suna Đại La, ya gyara katangar birni mai tsawon mita 5,000 da ta lalace kuma ya sake gina matsuguni 400,000 ga mazaunanta.[112 <] > An girmama shi sosai har ma daga baya Vietnamese.[114]
Zamani mai cin gashin kansa
Autonomous Era ©Cao Viet Nguyen
905 Jan 1 - 938

Zamani mai cin gashin kansa

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Tun daga shekara ta 905, gwamnonin Vietnam na gida ne ke mulkin da'irar Tĩnh Hải kamar wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.[115] Tinh Hải da'irar dole ne ta biya haraji ga daular Liang daga baya don musayar kariyar siyasa.[116] A cikin 923, Kudancin Han na kusa ya mamaye Jinghai amma jagoran Vietnam Dương Đình Nghệ ya kore shi.[117 <] > A shekara ta 938, jihar Han ta kudancin kasar Sin ta sake aika da jirgin ruwa don cin galaba a kan Vietnamese.Janar Ngô Quyền (r. 938-944), surukin Dương Đình Nghệ, ya ci nasara da sojojin Kudancin Han a yakin Bạch Đằng (938).Daga nan ya shelanta kansa Sarki Ngô, ya kafa gwamnatin masarauta a Cổ Loa kuma ya fara shekarun samun yancin kai ga Vietnam.
938 - 1862
Zaman Sarautaornament
Lokacin Farko Dai Viet
First Dai Viet Period ©Koei
938 Jan 2 - 1009

Lokacin Farko Dai Viet

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Ngô Quyền a shekara ta 938 ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki, amma ya mutu bayan shekaru 6 kacal.Mutuwar da ya yi na rashin lokaci bayan wani ɗan gajeren mulki ya haifar da gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda ya haifar da babban yakin basasa na farko a kasar, tashin hankali na Warlords goma sha biyu (Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân).Yaƙin dai ya kasance daga shekara ta 944 zuwa 968, har sai da dangin da Đinh Bộ Lĩnh ya jagoranta suka fatattaki sauran shugabannin yaƙi, suka haɗa ƙasar.[123] Đinh Bộ Lĩnh ya kafa daular Đinh kuma ya shelanta kansa Đinh Tiên Hoàng (Đinh the Majestic Emperor) kuma ya sake suna ƙasar daga Tĩnh Hải quân zuwa Đại Cồ Việt (a zahiri babban birninta) na babban birninta "Greet". Lư (Lardin Ninh Bình na zamani).Sabon sarkin ya gabatar da tsauraran ka'idojin hukunta masu laifi don hana hargitsi sake faruwa.Sannan ya yi kokarin kulla kawance ta hanyar bai wa mata biyar daga cikin manyan iyalai biyar suna sarautar Sarauniya.Đại La ya zama babban birni.A cikin 979, Đỗ Tích, wani jami'in gwamnati ne ya kashe sarki Đinh Tiên Hoàng da yarima mai jiran gado Đinh Liễn, inda ya bar ɗansa guda ɗaya mai tsira, Đinh Toàn mai shekaru 6, ya hau gadon sarauta.Ta yin amfani da yanayin, daular Song ta mamaye Đại Cồ Việt.Da yake fuskantar irin wannan mummunar barazana ga 'yancin kai na kasa, kwamandan sojojin, (Thập Đạo Tướng Quân) Lê Hoàn ya ɗauki kursiyin, ya maye gurbin gidan Đinh kuma ya kafa daular Lê na farko.ƙwararren masanin soja, Lê Hoan ya fahimci haɗarin shiga manyan sojojin Song gaba;don haka, ya yaudari sojojin da suka shiga cikin Chi Lăng Pass, sa'an nan kuma ya yi musu kwanton bauna ya kashe kwamandansu, da sauri ya kawo karshen barazana ga matasansa a 981. Daular Song ta janye sojojinsu kuma an kira Lê Hoàn a cikin mulkinsa a matsayin Emperor Đại Hành ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế).[124] Sarkin sarakuna Lê Đại Hành kuma shine sarki na farko na Vietnam wanda ya fara tsarin fadada kudu da mulkin Champa.Mutuwar Emperor Lê Đại Hành a shekara ta 1005 ya haifar da rikici ga kursiyin tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza.Wanda ya ci nasara, Lê Long Đĩnh, ya zama fitaccen azzalumi a tarihin Vietnam.Ya ƙulla azabtar da fursunoni don nishaɗin kansa kuma ya yi lalata da ayyukan jima’i.A kusan ƙarshen rayuwarsa - ya mutu a shekara ta 1009 yana da shekaru 24 - Lê Long Đĩnh ya yi rashin lafiya sosai, har ya kwanta lokacin da yake ganawa da jami'ansa a kotu.[125]
Yaƙin Bach Dang
Yaƙin Bach Dang ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
938 Sep 1

Yaƙin Bach Dang

Bạch Đằng River, Vietnam
A ƙarshen 938, rundunar jiragen ruwata Kudancin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Hongcao sun haɗu da rundunar Ngô Quyền a ƙofar kogin Bạch Đằng.Rundunar ta Kudancin Han ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa masu sauri da ke ɗauke da mutane hamsin akan kowane ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ashirin, mayaka ashirin da biyar, da mayaƙa biyu.[118] Ngô Quyền tare da rundunarsa sun kafa manyan gundumomi da aka toshe tare da gurɓatattun maki a kan gadon kogin.[119 <] > Sa'ad da kogin ya tashi, sai ruwa ya rufe ƙullun da aka kayyade.Yayin da Kudancin Han ya shiga cikin tekun, Viets a cikin ƙananan sana'o'i sun gangara suna tursasa jiragen ruwan yakin Kudancin Han, suna jawo su su biyo baya.Sa’ad da igiyar ruwa ta faɗo, sojojin Ngô Quyền suka kai farmaki kuma suka tura rundunar abokan gaba zuwa teku.Hannun jarin sun hana jiragen ruwan Kudancin Han.[118] Rabin sojojin Han sun mutu, ko dai an kashe su ko kuma sun nutse, ciki har da Liu Hongcao.[119 <] > Lokacin da labarin shan kashi ya kai ga Liu Yan a kan teku, ya koma Guangzhou.[120] A cikin bazara 939, Ngô Quyền ya shelanta kansa sarki kuma ya zaɓi garin Co Loa a matsayin babban birni.[121 <] > Yaƙin Kogin Bạch Đằng ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin Mulkin Arewa na uku (China ta yi mulkin Vietnam).[122 <] > An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin juyi a tarihin Vietnamese.[118]
Anarchy of Warlord 12
Concept Art of Annam Warlords. ©Thibaut Tekla
944 Jan 1 - 968

Anarchy of Warlord 12

Ninh Bình, Vietnam
Ngô Quyền a shekara ta 938 ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki, amma ya mutu bayan shekaru 6 kacal.Mutuwar tasa bayan gajeruwar mulki ta haifar da gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa na farko a kasar, tashin gwauron zabi na sha biyu.Rikicin Sarakunan Yaki 12, da kuma Zamanin Sarakunan Yaki 12, wani lokaci ne na hargitsi da yakin basasa a tarihin Vietnam, daga 944 zuwa 968 sakamakon maye gurbin daular Ngô bayan mutuwar sarki Ngô Quyền.Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, ɗan Ubangiji Trần Lãm, wanda ya mallaki yankin Bố Hải Khẩu (yanzu lardin Thái Bình), ya gaji Lãm bayan mutuwarsa.A shekara ta 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh ya ci nasara da sauran manyan hafsoshin yaƙi goma sha ɗaya kuma ya sake haɗa al'ummar ƙarƙashin mulkinsa.A cikin wannan shekarar, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh ya hau kan karagar mulki, ya yi shelar kansa a matsayin sarki mai suna Đinh Tiên Hoàng, ya kafa daular Đinh, kuma ya sake suna al'umma a matsayin Đại Cồ Việt ("Great Viet").Ya koma babban birni zuwa Hoa Lư (Ninh Bình na yau).
Song-Dai Co Vietnam War
Song–Đại Cồ Việt War ©Cao Viet Nguyen
981 Jan 1 - Apr

Song-Dai Co Vietnam War

Chi Lăng District, Lạng Sơn, V
A cikin 979, Đỗ Tích, wani jami'in gwamnati ne ya kashe sarki Đinh Tiên Hoàng da yarima mai jiran gado Đinh Liễn, inda ya bar ɗansa guda ɗaya mai tsira, Đinh Toàn mai shekaru 6, ya hau gadon sarauta.Ta yin amfani da yanayin,daular Song ta mamaye Đại Cồ Việt.Da yake fuskantar irin wannan mummunar barazana ga 'yancin kai na kasa, kwamandan sojojin, (Thập Đạo Tướng Quân) Lê Hoàn ya ɗauki kursiyin, ya maye gurbin gidan Đinh kuma ya kafa daular Lê na farko.ƙwararren masanin soja, Lê Hoan ya fahimci haɗarin shiga manyan sojojin Song gaba;don haka, ya yaudari sojojin da suka shiga cikin Chi Lăng Pass, sa'an nan kuma ya yi musu kwanton bauna ya kashe kwamandansu, da sauri ya kawo karshen barazana ga matasansa a 981. Daular Song ta janye sojojinsu kuma an kira Lê Hoàn a cikin mulkinsa a matsayin Emperor Đại Hành ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế).[126] Sarkin sarakuna Lê Đại Hành kuma shi ne sarkin Vietnam na farko wanda ya fara aikin fadada kudu da mulkin Champa.
Champa-Dai Co Viet War
Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
982 Jan 1

Champa-Dai Co Viet War

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 979, wani eunuch mai suna Đỗ Thích ya kashe Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh da Prince Đinh Liễn na Dai Co Viet a lokacin da suke barci a farfajiyar fadar.Mutuwar su ta haifar da tashin hankali a duk fadin kasar ta Dai Viet.Bayan ya ji labarin, Ngô Nhật Khánh, wanda har yanzu yana zaune a gudun hijira a Champa, ya ƙarfafa sarkin Cham Jaya Paramesvaravarman I don ya kai hari a Đại Việt.An dakatar da farmakin sojojin ruwa saboda wata mahaukaciyar guguwa.[127 <>] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, sabon sarkin Bietnam, Lê Hoàn, ya aika da jakadu zuwa Champa don ya sanar da hawansa kan karaga.[128] Amma, Jaya Paramesvaravarman na tsare su.Kamar yadda babu wata fa'ida ta sulhu, Lê Hoàn ya yi amfani da wannan matakin a matsayin hujja don balaguron ramuwar gayya zuwa Champa.[129 <] > Wannan ya nuna farkon ci gaban kudancin Vietnam da Champa.[130]A cikin 982, Lê Hoàn ya umarci sojoji kuma ya mamaye babban birnin Cham na Indrapura (Quảng Nam na zamani).An kashe Jaya Paramesvaravarman an kashe ni yayin da mahara suka kori Indrapura.A cikin 983, bayan yakin ya lalata arewacin Champa, Lưu Kế Tông, wani jami'in sojan Vietnam, ya yi amfani da tarzoma kuma ya kwace iko a Indrapura.[131 <>] A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi nasarar kalubalantar ƙoƙarin Lê Hoàn na cire shi daga mulki.[132] A cikin 986, Indravarman IV ya mutu kuma Lưu Kế Tông ya yi shelar kansa Sarkin Champa.[128] Bayan cin zarafin Lưu Kế Tông, Chams da Musulmai da yawa sun gudu zuwa Song China, musamman yankunan Hainan da Guangzhou, don neman mafaka.[131] Bayan mutuwar Lưu Kế Tông a shekara ta 989, an naɗa sarkin Cham Jaya Harivarman II sarauta.
Ly daular
Tafiya ta Dai Viet zuwa Song China. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1009 Jan 1 - 1225

Ly daular

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Lokacin da sarki Lê Long Đĩnh ya mutu a shekara ta 1009, kotu ta nada wani kwamandan gadin fadar mai suna Lý Công Uẩn don ya karbi sarautar, kuma ya kafa daular Lý.[133 <] > Ana ɗaukar wannan taron a matsayin farkon wani zamani na zinariya a tarihin Vietnam, tare da dauloli masu zuwa sun gaji wadatar daular Lý da yin abubuwa da yawa don kiyayewa da faɗaɗa shi.Yadda Lý Công Uẩn ya hau kan karagar mulki ya kasance ba a saba gani ba a tarihin Vietnam.A matsayinsa na babban kwamandan soji da ke zama a babban birnin kasar, yana da dukkan damar da zai iya kwace mulki a cikin shekaru masu tada hankali bayan mutuwar sarki Lê Hoàn, amma duk da haka ya gwammace kada ya yi hakan saboda tunanin aikinsa.Ya kasance a hanyar da kotu ta "zabe" bayan wasu muhawara kafin a cimma matsaya.[134] A lokacin mulkin Lý Thánh Tông, an canza sunan hukuma daga Đại Cồ Việt zuwa Đại Việt, sunan da zai kasance sunan hukuma na Vietnam har zuwa farkon karni na 19.A cikin gida, yayin da sarakunan Lý suka kasance masu aminci a cikin bin addinin Buddha , tasirin Confucian na kasar Sin yana karuwa, tare da bude Haikalin Adabi a 1070, wanda aka gina don girmama Confucius da almajiransa.Bayan shekaru shida a cikin 1076, an kafa Quốc Tử Giám (Guozijian) a cikin wannan rukunin;Da farko karatun ya iyakance ga yaran sarki, dangin sarki da kuma mandarin da manyan mutane, wanda ke zama cibiyar jami'a ta farko ta Vietnam.An gudanar da jarrabawar daular farko a cikin 1075 kuma Lê Văn Thịnh ya zama Trạng Nguyên na Vietnam na farko.A siyasance, daular ta kafa tsarin gudanar da mulki bisa tsarin doka maimakon kan tsarin mulkin kama karya.Sun zaɓi Đại La Citadel a matsayin babban birni (daga baya aka sake masa suna Thăng Long sannan daga baya Hanoi).Daular Ly ta rike madafun iko a wani bangare saboda karfin tattalin arzikinsu, kwanciyar hankali da farin jini a tsakanin al'umma maimakon ta hanyar soja kamar dauloli da suka gabata.Wannan ya kafa tarihin tarihi don bin daular, kamar yadda kafin daular Ly, yawancin daular Vietnam sun dade a takaice, sau da yawa sun fada cikin yanayin raguwa bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa daular.Malamai masu daraja irin su Lê Văn Thịnh, Bùi Quốc Khái, Doãn Tử Tư, Đoàn Văn Khâm, Lý Đạo Thành, da Tô Hiến Thành sun ba da gudunmawa mai yawa a al'adu da siyasa, suna barin daular ta bunƙasa shekaru 216.
Mamaye Khmer na Arewacin Champa
Khmer Empire a kan Masarautar Champa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1074 Jan 1 - 1080

Mamaye Khmer na Arewacin Champa

Tháp Chăm Cánh Tiên, Nhơn Hậu,
A 1074, Harivarman IV ya zama Sarkin Champa.Ya na da dangantaka ta kut-da-kut daSong Sin , kuma ya yi sulhu da Dai Viet, amma ya haifar da yaki da daular Khmer .[135 <] > A cikin 1080, sojojin Khmer sun kai hari Vijaya da wasu cibiyoyi a arewacin Champa.An kori gidajen ibada da gidajen ibada da kuma kwashe kayayyakin al'adu.Bayan hargitsi da yawa, sojojin Cham karkashin sarki Harivarman sun sami nasarar fatattakar maharan tare da mayar da babban birnin kasar da gidajen ibada.[136] Bayan haka, sojojin da suka kai masa farmaki sun kutsa cikin Cambodia har zuwa Sambor da Mekong, inda suka lalata duk wuraren ibada.[137]
Yaƙin Kogin Nhu Nguyet
Battle of Như Nguyệt River ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1077 Feb 1

Yaƙin Kogin Nhu Nguyet

Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam
'Yan Vietnamese a lokacin daular Lý sun yi babban yaki daya daSong Sin , da kuma wasu 'yan yakin neman zabe kan makwabciyar Champa a kudu.[138 <>] Wani rikici mafi shahara ya faru a yankin Guangxi na kasar Sin a ƙarshen shekara ta 1075. Bayan da aka sami labarin cewa an kusa kai wa waƙa hari, sojojin Vietnam da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lý Thường Kiệt, kuma Tông Đản sun yi amfani da faya-fayen faretin don lalata gine-ginen sojan Song guda uku. a Yongzhou, Qinzhou, da Lianzhou a Guangdong da Guangxi na yanzu.Daular Song ta dauki fansa kuma ta mamaye Đại Việt a shekara ta 1076, amma sojojin Song sun kasance a baya a yakin Như Nguyệt River wanda aka fi sani da kogin Cầu, yanzu a lardin Bắc Ninh kimanin kilomita 40 daga babban birnin yanzu, Hanoi.Babu wani bangare da ya iya tilasta yin nasara, don haka kotun Vietnam ta ba da shawarar sasantawa, wanda Sarkin Song ya yarda.[139]
Dai Viet-Khmer War
Đại Việt–Khmer War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1123 Jan 1 - 1150

Dai Viet-Khmer War

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
Champa da daular Khmer mai ƙarfi sun yi amfani da Đại Việt na shagala tare da waƙar don ƙwace lardunan kudancin Đại Việt.Tare suka mamaye Đại Việt a cikin 1128 da 1132. A cikin 1127, Yarima mai jiran gado mai shekaru 12 Lý Dương Hoán ya zama sabon sarkin Đại Việt.[140] Suryavarman II ya bukaci Đại Việt da ya biya haraji ga daular Khmer, amma Vietnamese ta ki ba da haraji ga Khmers.Suryavarman II ya yanke shawarar fadada yankinsa zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Vietnam.[141]Harin farko shine a shekara ta 1128 lokacin da sarki Suryavarman na biyu ya jagoranci sojoji 20,000 daga Savannakhet zuwa Nghệ An amma aka fatattake su a yaƙi.A shekara mai zuwa Suryavarman ya ci gaba da gwabza fada a kasa kuma ya aika da jiragen ruwa 700 don kai hare-hare a yankunan bakin teku na Đại Việt.Yaƙin ya ƙaru a cikin 1132 lokacin da Masarautar Khmer da Champa tare suka mamaye Đại Việt tare da kwace Nghệ An.A shekara ta 1136, Duke Đỗ Anh Vũ ya jagoranci balaguro tare da sojoji dubu talatin zuwa yankunan Khmer, amma daga baya sojojinsa sun ja da baya bayan da suka fatattaki kabilun tsaunuka a Xiangkhoang.[141] A shekara ta 1136, Sarki Jaya Indravarman III na Champa ya yi sulhu da Vietnamese, wanda ya kai ga Khmer-Cham War.A cikin 1138, Lý Thần Tông ya mutu yana da shekaru 22 daga wata cuta kuma ɗansa ɗan shekara biyu Lý Anh Tông ya gaje shi.Suryavarman II ya jagoranci wasu hare-hare da yawa akan Đại Việt har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1150. [142]Bayan yunƙurin kwace tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Đại Việt, Suryavarman ya juya ya mamaye Champa a 1145 kuma ya kori Vijaya, ya kawo karshen mulkin Jaya Indravarman III da lalata haikalin a Mỹ Sơn.[143] Shaidar rubutu ta nuna cewa Suryavarman II ya mutu tsakanin 1145 CE da 1150 CE, maiyuwa ne a lokacin yaƙin yaƙi da Champa.Dharanindravarman II, ɗan kawu, ɗan kanin mahaifiyar sarki ne ya gaje shi.An fara wani lokaci na mulki mai rauni da husuma.
Cham Invasions na Angkor
Cham Invasions of Angkor ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1170 Jan 1 - 1181

Cham Invasions na Angkor

Tonlé Sap, Cambodia
Bayan samun zaman lafiya tare da Đại Việt a cikin 1170, sojojin Cham karkashin Jaya Indravarman IV sun mamaye daular Khmer a kan ƙasa tare da sakamako mara kyau.[144 <>] A wannan shekarar, wani jami'in kasar Sin daga Hainan ya shaida fadan giwaye tsakanin sojojin Cham da Khmer, inda daga yanzu ya shawo kan sarkin Cham ya ba da sayan dokin yaki daga kasar Sin, amma kotun Song ta yi watsi da tayin sau da yawa.A cikin 1177, duk da haka, sojojinsa sun kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata a kan babban birnin Khmer na Yasodharapura daga jiragen ruwa na yaki da suka kulla da kogin Mekong zuwa babban tafkin Tonlé Sap kuma suka kashe Sarkin Khmer Tribhuvanadityavarman.[145] An gabatar da bakuna da yawa na baka a Champa dagadaular Song a cikin 1171, kuma daga baya an dora su a bayan giwayen Cham da Vietnamese.Cham ne aka tura su a lokacin da aka yi wa Angkor hari, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi da kayan kwalliyar katako, wanda ya kai ga mamayar Cham na Cambodia na shekaru hudu masu zuwa.[146] Daular Khmer tana gab da rugujewa.Jayavarman VII daga arewa ya hada sojoji don yakar maharan.Ya yi yaƙi da Chams a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, a cikin 1140s, kuma ya shiga yakin neman zabe a babban birnin Cham Vijaya.Sojojinsa sun yi nasara a jerin nasarorin da ba a taba gani ba a kan Cham, kuma a shekara ta 1181 bayan da suka ci nasara a yakin ruwa, Jayavarman ya ceci daular kuma ya kori Cham.[147]
Jayavarman VII&#39;s Nasara na Champa
Jayavarman VII's Conquest of Champa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1190 Jan 1 - 1203

Jayavarman VII's Nasara na Champa

Canh Tien Cham tower, Nhơn Hậu
A cikin 1190, Sarkin Khmer Jayavarman VII ya nada wani basarake Cham mai suna Vidyandana, wanda ya koma Jayavarman a 1182 kuma ya sami ilimi a Angkor, don jagorantar sojojin Khmer.Vidyandana ya ci Chams, kuma ya ci gaba da mamaye Vijaya kuma ya kama Jaya Indravarman IV, wanda ya mayar da shi zuwa Angkor a matsayin fursuna.[147] Ɗaukar taken Shri Suryavarmadeva (ko Suryavarman), Vidyandana ya mai da kansa sarkin Panduranga, wanda ya zama vassal Khmer.Ya sanya Prince In, surukin Jayavarman VII, "Sarki Suryajayavarmadeva a cikin Nagara na Vijaya".A cikin 1191, tawaye a Vijaya ya kori Suryajayavarman zuwa Cambodia kuma ya hau gadon sarautar Jaya Indravarman V. Vidyandana, wanda Jayavarman VII ya taimaka, ya sake kama Vijaya, ya kashe Jaya Indravarman IV da Jaya Indravarman V, sannan "ya yi sarauta ba tare da hamayya ba bisa Mulkin Champa," [148 <>] yana bayyana 'yancin kansa daga daular Khmer.Jayavarman VII ya amsa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da mamayewa da yawa na Champa a cikin 1192, 1195, 1198-1199, 1201-1203.Daga baya Khmer kuma ya sami giwaye biyu bakan baka, wanda Michel Jacq Hergoualc'h ya nuna cewa wasu gungun sojojin haya ne na Cham a cikin sojojin Jayavarman VII.[149]Sojojin Khmer karkashin Jayavarman VII sun ci gaba da yakin Champa har sai da Chams suka ci nasara a karshe a shekara ta 1203. [150] A Cham renegade-Prince ong Dhanapatigräma, ya hambarar da dan uwansa mai mulki Vidyandana/Suryavarman zuwa Dai Viet, ya kammala cin nasarar Khmer na Champa Viet.[151] Daga 1203 zuwa 1220, Champa a matsayin lardin Khmer wata gwamnatin yar tsana ta jagoranci ko dai ong Dhanapatigräma sannan kuma yarima Angsaräja, dan Harivarman I, wanda daga baya zai zama Jaya Paramesvaravarman II.A cikin 1207, Angsaräja ya raka sojojin Khmer tare da sojojin Burma da na Siamese na sojojin haya don yaki da sojojin Yvan (Dai Viet).[152] Bayan kasancewar sojojin Khmer da ke raguwa da fitar da Khmer na son rai daga Champa a cikin 1220, Angsaräja ya karbi ragamar mulki cikin lumana, yana shelanta kansa Jaya Paramesvaravarman II, ya maido da 'yancin kai na Champa.[153]
Daular Tran
An sake yin wani mutumin daular Tran daga zanen &quot;Truc Lam Dai Su Tu&quot; daga Daular Tran. ©Vietnam Centre
1225 Jan 1 - 1400

Daular Tran

Imperial Citadel of Thang Long
Game da raguwar ikon sarkin Lý a ƙarshen karni na 12, dangin Trần daga Nam Định sun hau kan mulki.[154] A cikin 1224, ministan shari'a mai karfi Trần Thủ Độ ya tilasta wa sarki Lý Huệ Tông ya zama malamin addinin Buddha da Lý Chiêu Hoàng, 'yar ƙaramar Huệ Tông mai shekaru 8, ta zama mai mulkin ƙasar.[155] Trần Thủ Độ sa'an nan ya shirya auren Chiêu Hoàng da dan uwansa Trần Cảnh kuma daga karshe ya sanya kursiyin ya koma Trần Cảnh, don haka ya fara daular Trần.[156] Daular Trần, bisa hukuma Great Việt, daular Vietnam ce da ta yi mulki daga 1225 zuwa 1400. Daular Trần ta ci nasara da mamayewar Mongol guda uku, musamman a lokacin yakin Bạch Đằng River a 128 kogin karshe. Thiếu Đế, wanda aka tilasta wa yin murabus daga karagar mulki a shekara ta 1400, yana da shekaru biyar a duniya don goyon bayan kakansa na uwa, Hồ Quý Ly.Trần sun inganta foda na kasar Sin, [157] ya ba su damar fadada kudu don cin nasara da kuma lalata Champa.[158 <] > kuma sun fara amfani da kuɗin takarda a karon farko a Vietnam.[159] An dauki lokacin a matsayin shekarun zinari a cikin yare, fasaha, da al'adun Vietnamese.[160] An rubuta sassa na farko na adabin Chữ Nôm a wannan lokacin, [161] yayin da aka kafa shigar da harshen Vietnamanci cikin kotu, tare da Sinanci.[162] Wannan ya kafa harsashin ci gaba da haɓaka harshe da ainihi na Vietnamese.
Mamayewar Mongol na Vietnam
Mamayar Mongol na Dai Viet. ©Cao Viet Nguyen
1258 Jan 1 - 1288

Mamayewar Mongol na Vietnam

Vietnam
Daular Mongol, daga baya kumadaular Yuan , ta kaddamar da manyan yakin soji guda hudu, a kan daular Đại Việt (arewacin Vietnam na yau) wanda daular Trần da masarautar Champa (tsakiya ta Vietnam ta zamani) ke mulki a shekara ta 1258. 1282-1284, 1285, da 1287-88.An fara mamayewa na farko a shekara ta 1258 a karkashin hadaddiyar daular Mongol, yayin da take neman madadin hanyoyin mamaye daular Song.Janar Uriyangkhadai na Mongol ya yi nasarar kwace babban birnin kasar Vietnam Thang Long (Hanoi a yau) kafin ya juya zuwa arewa a shekara ta 1259 don mamaye daular Song a Guangxi ta zamani a wani bangare na harin Mongol tare da sojojin da suka kai hari a Sichuan karkashin Möngke Khan. sauran sojojin Mongol suna kai hari a Shandong da Henan na zamani.[163 <>] Har ila yau, mamayewa na farko ya kafa dangantaka tsakanin daular Vietnam, wadda a da ita ce ta daular Song, da kuma daular Yuan.A shekara ta 1282, Kublai Khan da daular Yuan suka kaddamar da farmakin sojan ruwa a Champa wanda kuma ya haifar da kulla alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu.Da nufin neman karin girma da kuma sa ido kan al'amuran cikin gida na Yuan a cikin Đại Việt da Champa, Yuan ta sake kaddamar da wani hari a shekara ta 1285. Mamaya na biyu na Đại Việt ya kasa cimma burinsa, kuma Yuan ya kaddamar da hari na uku a shekara ta 1287 da niyya. na maye gurbin Đại Việt mai mulki Trần Nhân Tông da basarake Trần Trần Trần Ích Tắc.Makullin nasarorin da Annam ya samu shine don kaucewa ƙarfin Mongols a fage na fage da kuma kewaye birane - kotun Trần ta yi watsi da babban birnin kasar da biranen.Daga nan sai aka tunkari Mongols sosai a wuraren da suke da rauni, wanda ya kasance fadace-fadace a yankunan fadama irin su Chương Dương, Hàm Tử, Vạn Kiếp da kuma kan koguna irin su Vân Đồn da Bạch Đằng.Mongols kuma sun sha fama da cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da kuma asarar kayayyaki ga hare-haren sojojin Trần.Yaƙin Yuan-Trần ya kai kololuwar sa lokacin da aka lalata rundunar Yuan da ke ja da baya a Yaƙin Bạch Đằng (1288).Masanin sojan da ke bayan nasarar Annam shine Kwamanda Trần Quốc Tuấn, wanda aka fi sani da Trần Hưng Đạo.A karshen hare-haren na biyu da na uku, wanda ya hada da nasarorin farko na farko da kuma babbar nasara ga Mongols, duka biyun Đại Việt da Champa sun yanke shawarar amincewa da sarautar daular Yuan da aka fi sani da suna, kuma sun zama kasashe masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don guje wa rikici.[164]
Rushewar Champa a karni na 14
Ragewa da Faɗuwar Champa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1300 Jan 1

Rushewar Champa a karni na 14

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
Ƙarni na goma sha huɗu ya ga babban ɓarna na bayanai na asali a cikin Champa, ba tare da wani rubutu da aka kafa ba bayan 1307, har zuwa 1401, kodayake tarihin Cham yana da jerin sunayen sarakunan Panduranga na karni na 14.Gine-gine da fasaha na addini sun tsaya cik, kuma wani lokaci sun lalace.[171] Waɗannan na iya zama alamu na raguwar al'adun Indic a Champa, ko kuma sakamakon mummunan yaƙin Champa da Dai Viet da Sukhothai .Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba na tarihin Cham na karni na 14, Pierre Lafont ya yi jayayya, watakila ya kasance saboda dogon rikice-rikicen da Champa ya yi da makwabtansu, Daular Angkor da Dai Viet, da Mongols na baya-bayan nan, sun haifar da halakar jama'a da rugujewar al'adu da zamantakewa. .Korafe-korafen da ba a warware ba da tabarbarewar yanayin tattalin arziki sun ci gaba da taruwa.Zana rubutun Sanskrit a cikin Champa, harshen da aka fi amfani da shi don dalilai na addini, ya daina wanzuwa a shekara ta 1253. [172] An bar wasu garuruwa da filayen noma, kamar Tra Kieu (Simhapura).[173 <>] Juyawar addini a hankali zuwa Musulunci a Champa daga ƙarni na 11 zuwa 15 ya rushe kafuwar sarautar Hindu-Buddha da kuma allahntakar sarki, wanda ya haifar da ƙara takaicin sarauta da jayayya tsakanin masu mulkin Cham.Wadannan sun haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma koma bayan Champa a cikin karni na 14.[174]Domin babu wani rubutu a cikin Champa a wannan lokacin da aka samu, yana da rashin tsaro don kafa zuriyar sarakunan Champa ba tare da sanin sunayen sunayensu da shekarun da suka yi sarauta ba.Masu tarihi dole ne su karanta tarihin Vietnam daban-daban da tarihin kasar Sin don sake gina Champa a cikin karni na 14 a hankali.[175]
Champa-Dai Viet War
Champa–Đại Việt War ©Phòng Tranh Cu Tí
1318 Jan 1 - 1428

Champa-Dai Viet War

Vietnam
Vietnamese sun kaddamar da yaki da kudancin Champa, suna ci gaba da dogon tarihin kudanci na Vietnam (wanda aka sani da Nam tiến) wanda ya fara jim kadan bayan samun 'yancin kai a karni na 10.Sau da yawa, sun fuskanci turjiya mai karfi daga Chams.Bayan nasarar da aka yi tare da Champa a lokacin mamayar Mongol, sarki Trần Nhân Tông na Đại Việt ya sami larduna biyu na Champa, wanda ke kusa da Huế na yau, ta hanyar zaman lafiya na auren siyasa na Princess Huyền Trân da Sarkin Cham Jaya Simhavarman III.Ba a daɗe da ɗaurin auren ba, sarki ya rasu, kuma gimbiya ta koma gidanta na arewa don gujewa al'adar Cham da zata buƙaci ta haɗa mijinta da mutuwa.[165] A cikin 1307, sabon sarki Cham Simhavarman IV (r. 1307-1312), ya tashi don sake kwato lardunan biyu don nuna rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyar Vietnam amma an ci shi kuma aka kama shi a matsayin fursuna.Cham ta zama ƙasar vassal ta Vietnam a shekara ta 1312. [166] Cham ya yi tawaye a 1318. A 1326 sun yi nasarar kayar da Vietnamese kuma sun sake tabbatar da 'yancin kai.[167] Rikicin sarauta a cikin kotun Cham ya ci gaba har zuwa 1360, lokacin da aka nada wani sarki mai karfi na Cham, wanda aka sani da Po Binasuor (r. 1360-90).A lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru talatin, Champa ya sami babban kololuwa.Po Binasuor ya halaka mahara Vietnamese a cikin 1377, ya kori Hanoi a 1371, 1378, 1379, da 1383, kusan ya haɗu da Vietnam a karon farko ta 1380s.[168 <>] A lokacin yaƙin sojan ruwa a farkon 1390, maharan na Cham duk da haka ƙungiyoyin bindigogi na Vietnam sun kashe shi, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen tashin ɗan gajeren lokaci na masarautar Cham.A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Champa ya koma matsayin zaman lafiya.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice masu banƙyama, sarki Indravarman na VI (r. 1400-41) ya sake ƙulla dangantaka da masarauta ta biyu ta mai mulkin Dai Viet Le Loi a 1428. [169.]
1400 Jan 1 - 1407

Daular Lake

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Yaƙe-yaƙe da Champa da Mongols sun bar Đại Việt ya gaji kuma ya yi fatara.Daya daga cikin jami'an kotuna, Hồ Quý Ly ya hambarar da dangin Trần.Hồ Quý Ly ya tilasta wa sarkin Trần na ƙarshe ya yi murabus kuma ya hau gadon sarautar a shekara ta 1400. Ya canza sunan ƙasar zuwa Đại Ngu kuma ya ƙaura babban birnin ƙasar zuwa Tây Đô, Babban Birnin Yamma, yanzu Thanh Hóa.Thăng Long an sake masa suna Đông Đô, Babban Birnin Gabas.Duk da cewa ana zarginsa da haddasa rashin hadin kan kasa da kuma rasa kasar daga baya ga daular Ming , a zahiri mulkin Hồ Quý Ly ya gabatar da sauye-sauye masu yawa na ci gaba, masu fa'ida, gami da kara ilmin lissafi ga jarrabawar kasa, budaddiyar ra'ayin falsafar Confucian, da amfani. na kudin takarda a madadin tsabar kudi, zuba jari wajen kera manyan jiragen ruwa na yaki da igwa, da sake fasalin kasa.Ya ba da gadon sarauta ga ɗansa, Hồ Hán Thương, a shekara ta 1401 kuma ya ɗauki lakabin Thái Thượng Hoàng, kamar haka ga sarakunan Trần.[176 <] > Daular Ming ta kasar Sin ta mamaye daular Hồ a shekara ta 1407.
Zamanin Mulkin Arewa Na Hudu
Daular Ming Mai Martaba Sarkin Daular Daular. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1407 Jan 1 - 1427

Zamanin Mulkin Arewa Na Hudu

Northern Vietnam, Vietnam
Zamani na Hudu na Mulkin Arewa lokaci ne na tarihin Vietnam, daga 1407 zuwa 1427, lokacin da daular Ming ta kasar Sin ta yi mulkin Vietnam a matsayin lardin Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ).An kafa mulkin Ming a Vietnam bayan cin nasarar daular Hồ.Lokutan da suka gabata na mulkinkasar Sin , wadanda aka fi sani da Bắc thuộc, sun dade sosai kuma sun kai kusan shekaru 1000.Lokaci na hudu na mulkin kasar Sin a kan Vietnam ya ƙare tare da kafa daular Later Lê.
Amma Daular
Hotunan ayyukan mutanen Vietnam a cikin daular Revival Lê ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1427 Jan 1 - 1524

Amma Daular

Vietnam
Daular Lê, wacce aka fi sani da tarihin tarihi a matsayin daular Later Lê, ita ce daular Vietnam mafi dadewa a kan mulki, wacce ta yi mulki daga 1428 zuwa 1789, tare da interregnum tsakanin 1527 da 1533. Daular Lê ta kasu kashi biyu na tarihi: Farkon Lê. daular (1428-1527) kafin cin zarafi ta daular Mạc, wanda sarakuna suka yi mulkin kansu, da daular Revival Lê (1533-1789), wanda sarakunan tsana suka yi sarauta a karkashin kulawar dangin Trinh mai iko.Daular Revival Lê ta kasance alama ce ta yakin basasa guda biyu: yakin Lê-Mạc (1533-1592) wanda dauloli biyu suka yi yaƙi don haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin daular Lê (1627–1672, 1774-1777) tsakanin TRINh – Nguyễn sarakunan Arewa da Nguyễn sarakunan Kudu.An fara daular bisa hukuma a shekara ta 1428 tare da naɗa Lê Lợi bayan ya kori sojojin Ming daga Vietnam.Daular ta kai kololuwarta a lokacin mulkin Lê Thánh Tông kuma ta ƙi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1497. A cikin 1527, daular Mạc ta kwace sarautar;lokacin da aka dawo da daular Lê a cikin 1533, Mạc ya gudu zuwa arewa mai nisa kuma ya ci gaba da da'awar kursiyin a lokacin da ake kira daular Kudu da Arewa.Sarakunan Lê da aka mayar da su ba su da iko na gaske, kuma a lokacin da aka kawar da daular Mạc a 1677, ainihin ikon ya kasance a hannun sarakunan Trinh a Arewa da Nguyễn a Kudu, dukansu suna mulki da sunan Lê. sarki yayin fada da juna.Daular Lê ta ƙare a hukumance a shekara ta 1789, lokacin da tawayen ƙauyen Tây Sơn 'yan'uwan Tây Sơn ya ci duka Trinh da Nguyễn, abin mamaki don a maido da mulki ga daular Lê.Yawan jama'a da ƙarancin filaye sun haifar da faɗaɗa kudancin Vietnam.Daular Lê ta ci gaba da fadada iyakokin Vietnam zuwa kudu ta hanyar mamayar daular Champa da kuma balaguro zuwa yau Laos da Myanmar , kusan isa ga iyakokin zamani na Vietnam a lokacin tashin Tây Sơn.Har ila yau, ta ga manyan canje-canje ga al'ummar Vietnamese: Jihar Buddha a baya ta zama Confucian bayan shekaru 20 na mulkin Ming.Sarakunan Lê sun kafa sauye-sauye da yawa bisa tsarin Sinawa, ciki har da ma'aikatan gwamnati da dokoki.Mulkin da suka dade ana alakanta shi da farin jinin sarakunan farko.Lê Lợi ya 'yantar da ƙasar daga shekaru 20 na mulkin Ming da Lê Thánh Tông da ya kawo ƙasar cikin lokaci na zinariya ya kasance abin tunawa da mutane.Ko da yake mulkin sarakunan Lê da aka maido ya kasance da rikicin cikin gida da tada kayar baya na manoma, wasu kaɗan ne suka jajirce wajen ƙalubalantar ikonsu a fili don tsoron rasa goyon bayan jama'a.Daular Lê kuma ita ce lokacin da Vietnam ta ga zuwan Turawan Yamma da Kiristanci a farkon karni na 16.
1471 Feb 1

Fall of Champa

Canh Tien Cham tower, Nhơn Hậu
Yawan jama'a da ƙarancin filaye sun haifar da faɗaɗa kudancin Vietnam.A shekara ta 1471, sojojin Dai Viet karkashin jagorancin sarki Lê Thánh Tông sun mamaye Champa tare da kwace babban birnin kasar Vijaya.Wannan taron ya ƙare da kyau Champa a matsayin masarauta mai ƙarfi, kodayake wasu ƙananan jahohin Cham da suka tsira sun daɗe na wasu ƙarni.Ya fara tarwatsa mutanen Cham a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Tare da mulkin Champa akasarin halakar da mutanen Cham da aka yi gudun hijira ko kuma aka danne su, mulkin mallaka na Vietnam na abin da ke tsakiyar Vietnam ya ci gaba ba tare da juriya ba.Duk da haka, duk da kasancewar mazauna Vietnam sun fi yawa da kuma hadewar yankin Cham na farko a cikin al'ummar Vietnam, yawancin mutanen Cham sun kasance a Vietnam kuma yanzu ana daukar su daya daga cikin manyan 'yan tsiraru a Vietnam na zamani.Sojojin Vietnam sun kuma kai farmaki a Mekong Delta, wanda daular Khmer da ke ruguzawa ba za ta iya karewa ba.
Dai Viet-Lan Xang War
Đại Việt–Lan Xang War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1479 Jan 1 - 1484

Dai Viet-Lan Xang War

Laos
Yaƙin Đại Việt-Lan Xang na 1479-84, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Giwaye, [177] rikici ne na soja wanda mamaye masarautar Lao na Lan Xang ta Daular Vietnamese Đại Việt.Rikicin Vietnam ya ci gaba da fadada Sarkin sarakuna Lê Thánh Tông, wanda Đại Việt ya ci mulkin Champa a shekara ta 1471. Rikicin ya zama babban rikici wanda ya shafi mutanen Ai-Lao daga Sip Song Chau Tai tare da kwarin kogin Mekong. Mutanen Tai daga masarautar Yuan ta Lan Na, masarautar Lü Sip Song Pan Na (Sipsong Panna), zuwa Muang tare da kogin Irawaddy na sama.[178 <>] A ƙarshe dai rikicin ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyar yana ƙaruwa, yana yin barazana ga iyakar kudancin Yunnan da kuma ƙara damun Ming China .[179] Makaman foda na farko sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikici, wanda ya ba da damar Đại Việt ta zalunci.Nasarar farko a yakin ya baiwa Đại Việt damar kwace babban birnin Lao na Luang Prabang tare da lalata birnin Muang Phuan na Xiang Khouang.Yaƙin ya ƙare a matsayin nasara mai dabara ga Lan Xang, saboda sun sami damar tilastawa Vietnamese janyewa tare da taimakon Lan Na da Ming China.[180 <>] Daga ƙarshe yaƙin ya ba da gudummawar kusantar dangantakar siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin Lan Na, Lan Xang, da Ming China.Musamman yadda Lan Na ya fadada siyasa da tattalin arziki ya haifar da "zamanin zinare" ga wannan masarauta.
Daular Arewa da Kudu
Sojojin Cao Bang na Mac. ©Slave Dog
1533 Jan 1 - 1592

Daular Arewa da Kudu

Vietnam
Daular Arewa da ta Kudu a cikin tarihin Vietnam, wanda ya kasance daga 1533 zuwa 1592, lokaci ne na siyasa a cikin karni na 16 lokacin da daular Mạc (daular Arewa), ta kafa ta Mạc Đăng Dung a Đông Đô, da daular Revival Lê (daular Lê). Daular Kudancin) da ke cikin Tây Đô sun kasance cikin jayayya.Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan daular biyu sun yi yaƙi mai tsayi da aka sani da Yaƙin Lê–Mạc.Da farko, yankin kotun Kudancin ya kasance a cikin lardin Thanh Hoa.Bayan balaguron Nguyễn Hoàng don kwato yankin Lê a Kudu daga rundunar sojojin Mạc, daular Arewa kawai ke iko da larduna daga Thanh Hoa zuwa Arewa.Dukansu dauloli sun yi iƙirarin su ne kawai halaltacciyar daular Vietnam.Manyan mutane da danginsu sun canza sheka akai-akai har ma masu rike da amana irin su Prince Mạc Kinh Điển sun sami yabo har ma da abokan gaba a matsayin mazaje masu nagarta.A matsayinsu na ubangidan da ba su da kasa, wadannan masu fada a ji da sojojinsu sun yi kadan ko ba su wuce kananan barayi ba, suna kai farmaki da wawashe manoma don azurta kansu.Wannan yanayi na hargitsi ya kawo halakar ƙauyuka kuma ya rage yawancin biranen da suke da wadata a da kamar Đông Kinh zuwa talauci.Daulolin biyu sun yi yaƙi kusan shekaru sittin, sun ƙare a shekara ta 1592 lokacin da daular Kudu ta ci Arewa kuma ta sake kwace Đông Kinh.Duk da haka, 'yan uwa Mac sun ci gaba da mulkin mallaka a Cao Bằng a ƙarƙashin ikon daular Sin har zuwa 1677.
Trinh - Nguyen War
Trịnh–Nguyễn War ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1627 Jan 1 - 1777

Trinh - Nguyen War

Vietnam
Yaƙin basasa tsakanin daular Lê-Trinh da Mạc ya ƙare a shekara ta 1592, lokacin da sojojin Trinh Tùng suka ci Hanoi suka kashe sarki Mạc Mậu Hợp.Wadanda suka tsira daga dangin sarauta na Mạc sun gudu zuwa tsaunukan arewa a lardin Cao Bằng kuma suka ci gaba da mulki a can har zuwa 1677 lokacin da Trinh Tạc ya ci wannan yankin Mạc na ƙarshe.Sarakunan Lê, tun daga lokacin da Nguyễn Kim ya sake dawo da su, sun kasance kawai a matsayin shugabanni.Bayan faduwar daular Mạc, duk iko na gaske a arewa na sarakunan Trinh ne.A halin yanzu, kotun Ming ta yanke shawarar shiga tsakani na soja a cikin yakin basasar Vietnam, amma Mạc Đăng Dung ya ba da biyayya ga Masarautar Ming , wanda aka yarda.A cikin shekara ta 1600, Nguyễn Hoàng kuma ya ayyana kansa Ubangiji (a hukumance "Vương") kuma ya ƙi aika ƙarin kuɗi ko sojoji don taimakawa Trinh.Ya kuma mayar da babban birninsa zuwa Phú Xuân, Huế na zamani.Trinh Tráng ya gaji Trinh Tùng, mahaifinsa, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1623. Tráng ya umarci Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên ya mika wuya ga ikonsa.An ƙi umarnin sau biyu.A cikin 1627, Trinh Tráng ya aika da sojoji 150,000 zuwa kudu a cikin yakin soja da bai yi nasara ba.Trinh sun fi karfi, suna da yawan jama'a, tattalin arziki da sojoji, amma sun kasa cin nasara akan Nguyễn, wanda ya gina bangon dutsen tsaro guda biyu kuma ya zuba jari a cikin manyan bindigogi na Portuguese.Yaƙin Trinh–Nguyễn ya kasance daga 1627 har zuwa 1672. Sojojin Trinh sun kai hare-hare aƙalla guda bakwai, waɗanda suka kasa kama Phú Xuân.Na wani lokaci, tun daga shekara ta 1651, Nguyễn da kansu sun ci gaba da kai farmaki kuma suka kai hari a wasu sassan yankin Trinh.Duk da haka, Trinh, a ƙarƙashin sabon shugaba, Trinh Tạc, ya tilastawa Nguyễn baya ta 1655. Bayan wani hari na ƙarshe a 1672, Trinh Tạc ya amince da sulhu tare da Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần.An raba kasar yadda ya kamata gida biyu.Yaƙin Trinh-Nguyễn ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa na Turai damar tallafawa kowane bangare da makamai da fasaha: Portuguese sun taimaka wa Nguyễn a Kudu yayin da Yaren mutanen Holland suka taimaka wa Trinh a Arewa.TRINh da Nguyễn sun ci gaba da samun zaman lafiya na tsawon shekaru dari masu zuwa, inda bangarorin biyu suka samu gagarumar nasara.Kamfanin Trinh ya samar da ofisoshin gwamnati da ke kula da kasafin kudi na jihohi da samar da kudade, ya hade sassan nauyi zuwa tsarin decimal, ya kafa shagunan buga littattafai don rage bukatar shigo da kayan bugu daga kasar Sin, bude makarantar koyon aikin soja, da kuma hada littattafan tarihi.A halin yanzu, sarakunan Nguyễn sun ci gaba da faɗaɗa kudu ta hanyar cin nasara a sauran ƙasar Cham.Mazaunan Việt suma sun isa yankin da ba kowa ke da yawan jama'a da ake kira "Water Chenla", wanda shine ƙananan yankin Mekong Delta na tsohuwar daular Khmer .Tsakanin tsakiyar karni na 17 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, yayin da tsohuwar daular Khmer ta yi rauni sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da mamayar Siamese , Uwargidan Nguyễn sun yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, auratayya ta siyasa, matsin lamba na diflomasiyya, tagomashi na siyasa da na soja, don samun yankin a halin yanzu. -day Saigon da Mekong Delta.Sojojin Nguyễn a wasu lokuta kuma suna yin arangama da sojojin Siamese don samun tasiri a tsohuwar daular Khmer.
1700 Jan 1

Mekong Delta ta mamaye Viet

Mekong-delta, Vietnam
Mazaunan Việt sun isa yankin da babu yawan jama'a da ake kira "Water Chenla", wanda shine ƙananan yankin Mekong Delta na tsohuwar daular Khmer.Tsakanin tsakiyar karni na 17 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, yayin da tsohuwar daular Khmer ta yi rauni sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da mamayar Siamese, Uwargidan Nguyễn sun yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, auratayya ta siyasa, matsin lamba na diflomasiyya, tagomashi na siyasa da na soja, don samun yankin a halin yanzu. -day Saigon da Mekong Delta.Sojojin Nguyễn a wasu lokuta kuma suna yin arangama da sojojin Siamese don samun tasiri a tsohuwar daular Khmer.
Tay Son Tawaye
Sojojin kasar Sin suna fada da sojojin Vietnam Tay Son a karshen 1788 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1771 Aug 1 - 1802 Jul 22

Tay Son Tawaye

Vietnam
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Tây Sơn ko tawayen Tây Sơn sun kasance jerin ƙungiyoyin rikice-rikice na soja sun biyo bayan tashin hankalin manoma na Vietnamese na Tây Sơn ya jagoranci 'yan'uwa uku Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, da Nguyễn Lữ.Sun fara a 1771 kuma sun ƙare a 1802 lokacin da Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ko Emperor Gia Long, zuriyar Ubangiji Nguyễn, ya ci Tây Sơn kuma ya sake haɗuwa da Đại Việt, sa'an nan kuma ya sake sunan ƙasar zuwa Vietnam.A cikin 1771, juyin juya halin Tây Sơn ya barke a Quy Nhon, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ubangiji Nguyễn.[181] Jagororin wannan juyin sun kasance 'yan'uwa uku masu suna Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ, da Nguyễn Huệ, ba su da alaka da dangin Ubangiji Nguyễn.A cikin 1773, 'yan tawayen Tây Sơn sun ɗauki Quy Nhon a matsayin babban birnin juyin juya hali.Dakarun 'yan uwan ​​​​Tây Sơn sun jawo hankalin talakawa da yawa manoma, ma'aikata, Kiristoci, tsirarun kabilu a tsaunukan tsakiyar tsaunuka da kuma mutanen Cham waɗanda Nguyễn Ubangiji ke zalunta na dogon lokaci, [182] kuma sun sha'awar rukunin 'yan kasuwa na Sinawa, waɗanda ke fata. Tawayen Tây Sơn za su rage wa tsarin haraji mai nauyi na Ubangiji Nguyễn, duk da haka gudummawar da suka bayar daga baya ta iyakance saboda kyamar China ta kishin kasa ta Tây Sơn.[181 <] > A shekara ta 1776, Tây Sơn sun mamaye ƙasar Nguyễn Ubangiji kuma sun kashe kusan dukan dangin sarauta.Yarima mai rai Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (wanda aka fi sani da Nguyễn Ánh) ya gudu zuwa Siam , kuma ya sami goyon bayan soja daga sarkin Siamese.Nguyễn Ánh ya dawo tare da sojojin Siamese 50,000 don dawo da mulki, amma an ci nasara a yakin Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút kuma an kusan kashe shi.Nguyễn Ánh ya gudu daga Vietnam, amma bai daina ba.[183]Sojojin Tây Sơn da Nguyễn Huệ ke jagoranta sun yi tattaki zuwa arewa a shekara ta 1786 don yaƙar Ubangiji Trinh, Trinh Khải.Sojojin Trinh sun kasa kuma Trinh Khải ya kashe kansa.Sojojin Tây Sơn sun kwace babban birnin kasar cikin kasa da watanni biyu.Sarkin Lê na ƙarshe, Lê Chiêu Thống, ya gudu zuwa Qing China kuma ya roƙi Sarkin Qianlong a 1788 don taimako.Sarkin Qianlong ya ba Lê Chiêu Thống da ɗimbin dakaru kusan 200,000 don maido da karagarsa daga hannun masu cin zarafi.A watan Disamba na 1788, Nguyễn Huệ - ɗan'uwan Tây Sơn na uku - ya shelanta kansa da kansa sarki Quang Trung kuma ya ci sojojin Qing tare da mutane 100,000 a cikin yakin kwanaki 7 na ban mamaki a lokacin sabuwar shekara (Tết).Har ma akwai jita-jita da ke cewa Quang Trung shi ma ya shirya ya mamaye kasar Sin, ko da yake ba a fayyace ba.A lokacin mulkinsa, Quang Trung ya yi hasashen gyare-gyare da yawa amma ya mutu ta dalilin da ba a san shi ba a kan hanyar tafiya kudu a 1792, yana da shekaru 40. A lokacin mulkin Emperor Quang Trung, Đại Việt ya rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyin siyasa uku.[184] Shugaban Tây Sơn, Nguyễn Nhạc, ya mulki tsakiyar ƙasar daga babban birninsa Qui Nhơn.Sarkin sarakuna Quang Trung ya mulki arewa daga babban birnin kasar Phú Xuân Huế.A Kudu.Ya ba da tallafi a hukumance da horar da 'yan fashin teku na gabar tekun Kudancin China - daya daga cikin sojojin 'yan fashin teku mafi karfi da tsoro a duniya a karshen karni na 18 - farkon karni na 19.[185] Nguyễn Ánh, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma’aikata [185] [185].[186]Bayan mutuwar Quang Trung a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1792, kotun Tây Sơn ta zama marar kwanciyar hankali sa’ad da ’yan’uwan da suka rage suka yi yaƙi da juna da kuma mutanen da suke biyayya ga ƙaramin ɗan Nguyễn Huệ.Dan Quang Trung mai shekaru 10 Nguyễn Quang Toản ya gaji sarautar, ya zama Cảnh Thịnh Sarkin sarakuna, sarki na uku na daular Tây Sơn.A Kudu, an taimaka wa sarki Nguyễn Ánh da ’yan sarautar Nguyễn tare da tallafin Faransanci ,Sinawa , Siamese da Kirista, sun tashi zuwa arewa a cikin 1799, inda suka kama babban birnin Tây Sơn Quy Nhon.[187 <] > A cikin 1801, rundunarsa ta kwace Phú Xuân, babban birnin Tây Sơn.A ƙarshe Nguyễn Ánh ya yi nasara a yaƙin a shekara ta 1802, lokacin da ya kewaye Thăng Long (Hanoi) kuma ya kashe Nguyễn Quang Toản, tare da ƴan gidan sarauta da yawa na Tây Sơn, janar da jami'ai.Nguyễn Ánh ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma ya kira kansa Emperor Gia Long.Gia na Gia Định, tsohon sunan Saigon;Dogon yana ga Thăng Long, tsohon sunan Hanoi.Don haka Gia Long ya nuna haɗin kan ƙasar.Kamar yadda kasar Sin ta kira Đại Việt a matsayin Annam shekaru aru-aru, Gia Long ya bukaci sarkin Manchu Qing ya sake sunan kasar, daga Annam zuwa Nam Việt.Don hana duk wani rudani na masarautar Gia Long tare da tsohuwar mulkin Triệu Đà, sarkin Manchu ya juya tsarin kalmomin biyu zuwa Việt Nam.
Yakin Siamese-Vietnamese
Sarki Taksin Mai Girma. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1771 Oct 1 - 1773 Mar

Yakin Siamese-Vietnamese

Cambodia
A cikin 1769, Sarki Taksin na Siam ya mamaye kuma ya mamaye wasu sassan Cambodia.A shekara ta gaba an yi yaƙi tsakanin Vietnam da Siam a Cambodia lokacin da Nguyễn Lords suka mayar da martani ta hanyar kai hari a garuruwan Siamese.A farkon yakin, Taksin ya ci gaba ta hanyar Cambodia kuma ya sanya Ang Non II a kan kursiyin Cambodia.Vietnamese ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kwato babban birnin Cambodia tare da sanya Outey II a matsayin sarkin da suka fi so.A cikin 1773, Vietnamese sun yi sulhu da Siamese don magance tawayen Tây Sơn, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yakin da Siam.Bayan shekaru biyu aka ayyana Ang Non II a matsayin sarkin Cambodia.
Daular Nguyen
Nguyen Phuc Anh ©Thibaut Tekla
1802 Jan 1 - 1945

Daular Nguyen

Vietnam
Daular Nguyễn ita ce daular Vietnam ta ƙarshe, wadda sarakunan Nguyễn suka gabace ta kuma suka yi mulkin haɗewar ƙasar Vietnam daga 1802 zuwa 1883 kafin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa .A lokacin wanzuwarsa, daular ta faɗaɗa zuwa kudancin Vietnam na zamani, Cambodia , da Laos ta hanyar ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na Nam tiến da Siamese -Vietnamese na ƙarni.Tare da mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Vietnam, daular Nguyễn ta tilastawa daular Nguyễn barin ikon mallakar wasu sassa na Kudancin Vietnam ta Faransa a cikin 1862 da 1874, kuma bayan 1883 daular Nguyễn kawai ta mallaki masu kare Faransanci na Annam (a tsakiyar Vietnam) haka ma. Tonkin (a Arewacin Vietnam).Daga baya sun soke yarjejeniya da Faransa kuma sun kasance daular Vietnam na ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa 25 ga Agusta 1945.Iyalin Nguyễn Phúc sun kafa mulkin feudal akan yankuna masu yawa a matsayin sarakunan Nguyễn (1558-1777, 1780-1802) zuwa karni na 16 kafin su ci daular Tây Sơn tare da kafa nasu mulkin mallaka a karni na 19.Mulkin daular ya fara ne da Gia Long ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1802, bayan kawo karshen daular Tây Sơn da ta gabata.A hankali Faransa ta mamaye daular Nguyễn tsawon shekaru da dama a karshen rabin karni na 19, wanda ya fara da yakin Cochinchina a 1858 wanda ya kai ga mamaye yankin kudancin Vietnam.An bi jerin yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba;Yankin da aka mamaye ya zama yankin Cochinchina na Faransa a cikin yarjejeniyar Saigon ta 1862, kuma yarjejeniyar Huế ta 1863 ta ba Faransa damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Vietnam tare da kara kula da harkokinta na waje.A ƙarshe, yarjejeniyoyin 1883 da 1884 na Huế sun raba ragowar yankin Vietnam zuwa cikin kariyar Annam da Tonkin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nguyễn Phúc mara kyau.A cikin 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, da Faransanci na Kambodiya sun haɗu tare don samar da Indochina na Faransa.Daular Nguyễn ta kasance sarakunan Annam da Tonkin a cikin Indochina har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu .Japan ta mamaye Indochina tare da haɗin gwiwar Faransa a cikin 1940, amma yayin da yaƙin ya zama kamar yana ƙara ɓacewa, ya hambarar da gwamnatin Faransa a cikin Maris 1945 tare da shelar 'yancin kai ga ƙasashen da suka kafa.Daular Vietnam a ƙarƙashin Bảo Đại Sarkin sarakuna wata ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta Jafananci a cikin watannin ƙarshe na yaƙi.Ya ƙare tare da kawar da Bảo Đại Sarkin sarakuna bayan mika wuya na Japan da Agusta Juyin Juya Halin da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka Việt Minh suka yi a watan Agustan 1945. Wannan ya kawo karshen mulkin shekaru 143 na daular Nguyễn.[188]
1831 Jan 1 - 1834

Yakin Siamese-Vietnamese

Cambodia
Yakin Siamese-Vietnamese na 1831-1834 ya samo asali ne daga wani hari na Siamese karkashin Janar Bodindecha wanda ke yunkurin cin nasara a Cambodia da kudancin Vietnam.Bayan nasarar farko da kuma shan kashin da sojojin Khmer suka yi a yakin Kompong Cham a shekara ta 1832, sojojin daular Nguyễn sun fatattaki sojojin Siamese a kudancin Vietnam a shekara ta 1833.Bayan barkewar wata zanga-zangar gama gari a Cambodia da Laos , Siamese sun janye, kuma Vietnam ta kasance a hannun Cambodia.
Le Van Khoi Revolt
Tawayen Lê Văn Khôi ya nemi sake kafa layin Prince Cảnh (a nan lokacin ziyararsa ta 1787 a Paris). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1833 Jan 1 - 1835

Le Van Khoi Revolt

South Vietnam, South Vietnam,
Tawayen Lê Văn Khôi wani muhimmin tawaye ne a cikin karni na 19 na Vietnam, inda kudancin Vietnamese, Katolika na Vietnamese, mishan Katolika na Faransa da kuma mazauna kasar Sin a karkashin jagorancin Lê Văn Khôi sun yi adawa da mulkin Imperial na Emperor Minh Mạng.Yayin da Minh Mạng ya tara sojoji don murkushe tawayen, Lê Văn Khôi ya ƙarfafa kansa a cikin sansanin Saigon kuma ya nemi taimakon Siamese.Rama III, Sarkin Siam, ya karɓi tayin kuma ya aika da sojoji su kai farmaki kan lardunan Ha-tien na Vietnam da An-giang da sojojin daular Vietnam a Laos da Cambodia .Janar Truong Minh Giang ya kori wadannan sojojin Siamese da Vietnam a lokacin rani 1834.An ɗauki shekaru uku don Minh Mạng don kwantar da tawaye da kuma harin Siamese. Rashin nasarar tawayen ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan al'ummomin Kirista na Vietnam.Sabbin tsanantawa ga Kiristoci sun biyo baya, kuma aka bukaci a nemo da kashe sauran masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje.
1841 Jan 1 - 1845

Yakin Siamese-Vietnamese (1841-1845)

Cambodia
Yaƙin Siamese-Vietnamese na 1841-1845 rikici ne na soja tsakanin Đại Nam, wanda Sarkin sarakuna Thiệu Tri ya yi mulki, da Masarautar Siam , ƙarƙashin mulkin Chakri King Nangklao.Kishiya tsakanin Vietnam da Siam a kan kula da yankunan zuciyar Cambodia a cikin Lower Mekong basin ya tsananta bayan Siam ya yi ƙoƙarin cin nasara a Cambodia a lokacin yakin Siamese – Vietnamese (1831-1834).Sarkin Vietnam Minh Mạng ya nada Gimbiya Ang Mey don mulkin Cambodia a matsayin sarauniyar 'yar tsana da ta yi watsi da zabinsa a cikin 1834 kuma ya ayyana cikakken ikonsa akan Cambodia, wanda ya ragu zuwa lardin 32 na Vietnam, Kwamandan Yamma (Lardin Tây Thành).[189 <] > A cikin 1841, Siam ya yi amfani da damar rashin jin daɗi don taimaka wa Khmer tawaye ga mulkin Vietnam.Sarki Rama III ya aika da sojoji don tilasta wa Yarima Ang Duong nadawa Sarkin Cambodia.Bayan shekaru hudu na yakin basasa, bangarorin biyu sun amince da yin sulhu tare da sanya Cambodia karkashin mulkin hadin gwiwa.[190]
1850 - 1945
Zamanin Zamaniornament
Faransa ta mamaye Vietnam
18 ga Fabrairu, 1859, Faransa ta kama Saigon. ©Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio
1858 Sep 1 - 1885 Jun 9

Faransa ta mamaye Vietnam

Vietnam
Daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta kasance da hannu sosai a cikin Vietnam a cikin karni na 19;sau da yawa ana shiga tsakani na Faransa don kare aikin ƙungiyar Ofishin Jakadancin Paris a cikin ƙasar.Don faɗaɗa tasirin Faransa a Asiya, Napoleon na III na Faransa ya umarci Charles Rigault de Genouilly tare da wasu jiragen ruwan Faransa 14 da su kai hari tashar jiragen ruwa na Đà Nẵng (Tourane) a 1858. Harin ya haifar da babbar illa, duk da haka ya kasa samun gindin zama, a cikin wannan tsari yana kasancewa. fama da zafi da cututtuka na wurare masu zafi.De Genouilly ya yanke shawarar tafiya kudu kuma ya kama birnin Gia Định da ba shi da kyau (Ho Chi Minh City a yau).Daga 1859 a lokacin Siege na Saigon zuwa 1867, sojojin Faransa sun fadada ikonsu a kan dukkanin larduna shida na Mekong delta kuma suka kafa wani yanki mai suna Cochinchina.Bayan 'yan shekaru, sojojin Faransa sun sauka a arewacin Vietnam (wanda ake kira Tonkin) kuma suka kama Hà Nội sau biyu a 1873 da 1882. Faransanci sun yi nasarar ci gaba da rike Tonkin ko da yake, sau biyu, manyan kwamandojin su Francis Garnier da Henri Rivière, sun kasance. sun yi kwanton bauna tare da kashe ’yan fashin teku na Sojojin Bakar Tuta da Mandarin suka dauka hayarsu.Daular Nguyễn ta mika wuya ga Faransa ta hanyar yerjejeniyar Huế (1883), wanda ke nuna lokacin mulkin mallaka (1883-1954) a cikin tarihin Vietnam.Faransa ta ɗauki iko a kan dukan Vietnam bayan Yaƙin Tonkin (1883-1886).An kafa Indochina na Faransa a watan Oktoba 1887 daga Annam (Trung Kỳ, tsakiyar Vietnam), Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ, arewacin Vietnam) da Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ, kudancin Vietnam), tare da Cambodia da Laos a cikin 1893. A cikin Indochina na Faransa, Cochinchina yana da matsayin mulkin mallaka, Annam ya kasance mai karewa ne inda daular Nguyễn ke mulki har yanzu, kuma Tonkin yana da gwamnan Faransa tare da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'an Vietnamese ke gudanarwa.
Resistance Movement
Shugabannin Duong Be, Tu Binh da Doi Nhan Faransawa sun yanke kawunansu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1908. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1860 Jan 2

Resistance Movement

Vietnam
Bayan da Vietnam ta rasa Gia Định, tsibirin Poulo Condor, da larduna uku na kudanci zuwa Faransa tare da yerjejeniyar Saigon tsakanin daular Nguyễn da Faransa a 1862, ƙungiyoyin juriya da yawa a kudancin sun ƙi amincewa da yarjejeniyar kuma suka ci gaba da yakar Faransa. wasu daga cikin tsoffin jami’an kotuna, irin su Trương Định, wasu manoma da sauran mutanen karkara, irin su Nguyễn Trung Trực, wanda ya nutsar da jirgin L’Esperance na Faransa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun bore.A arewacin kasar kuma, an samu jagorancin tsoffin jami’an kotu, kuma mayakan sun fito ne daga mazauna karkara.Ra'ayin adawa da mamayewa ya zurfafa a cikin karkara - sama da kashi 90 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a-saboda Faransawa sun kama tare da fitar da mafi yawan shinkafar, suna haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki tun daga shekarun 1880 zuwa gaba.Kuma, wata tsohuwar al'ada ta kasance ta korar duk mahara.Wadannan dalilai biyu ne da ya sa mafi yawansu ke adawa da mamayar Faransa.[191]Maharan Faransawa sun kwace gonaki da yawa kuma suka ba Faransawa da masu haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda galibi ’yan Katolika ne.A shekara ta 1898, waɗannan kame-kamen sun haifar da babban aji na matalauta waɗanda ba su da ƙasa kaɗan ko babu ƙasa, da kuma ƙaramin rukunin masu arzikin ƙasa sun dogara da Faransanci.A shekara ta 1905, wani Bafaranshe ya lura cewa “al’ummar Annamite ta Gargajiya, da aka tsara ta sosai don ta biya bukatun jama’a, a ƙarshe, mu ta lalatar da mu.”Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'umma ya kai ga yakin a shekarun 1960.Akwai ƙungiyoyi guda biyu masu kamanceceniya da zamani.Na farko shi ne motsi na Đông Du ("Tafiya zuwa Gabas") wanda Phan Bội Châu ya fara a 1905.Shirin na Châu shi ne na tura daliban Vietnam zuwa kasar Japan don koyon fasahohin zamani, ta yadda a nan gaba za su iya yin nasarar yin tawaye da makami a kan Faransawa.Tare da Yarima Cường Để, ya kafa ƙungiyoyi biyu a Japan: Duy Tân Hội da Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội.Sakamakon matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na Faransa, daga baya Japan ta kori Châu.Phan Châu Trinh, wanda ya yarda da gwagwarmayar lumana, rashin tashin hankali don samun 'yancin kai, ya jagoranci yunkuri na biyu, Duy Tân (Modernization), wanda ya jaddada ilimi ga talakawa, sabunta ƙasar, haɓaka fahimta da haƙuri tsakanin Faransanci da Vietnamese. da kuma mika mulki cikin lumana.Farkon ɓangaren ƙarni na 20 ya ga girma cikin matsayi na haruffan Quốc Ngữ Romanized don harshen Vietnamese.Masu kishin Vietnamese sun fahimci yuwuwar Quốc Ngữ a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don rage jahilci da sauri da kuma ilmantar da talakawa.Rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin ko kuma rubutun Nôm ana ganin sun yi yawa kuma suna da wuyar koyo.Yayin da Faransawa suka murkushe ƙungiyoyin biyu, kuma bayan sun shaida masu juyin juya hali a China da Rasha, masu juyin juya hali na Vietnam sun fara komawa zuwa hanyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.Phan Bội Châu ya ƙirƙiri Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội a Guangzhou, yana shirin yin tir da makamai ga Faransawa.A cikin 1925, jami'an Faransa sun kama shi a Shanghai kuma suka tura shi zuwa Vietnam.Saboda shahararsa, Châu ya tsira daga kisa, kuma an tsare shi a gida har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1940. A shekara ta 1927, aka kafa jam'iyyar Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Jam'iyyar Nationalist Vietnamese), wadda aka tsara ta Kuomintang a China, kuma aka kaddamar da jam'iyyar. Mutiny Yên Bái dauke da makamai a cikin 1930 a Tonkin wanda ya haifar da shugabanta, Nguyễn Thái Học da sauran shugabannin da yawa sun kama tare da kashe su.
Vietnam a lokacin yakin duniya na daya
Kamfanin sojojin Vietnam na yin faretin bincike na biki tare da kayan ado a Etampes a Yaƙin Duniya na I ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1914 Jan 1 - 1918

Vietnam a lokacin yakin duniya na daya

Europe
A farkon yakin duniya na 1 , Vietnam, wadda aka fi sani da suna ƙarƙashin daular Nguyễn, tana ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci kuma wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa.Yayin da ake neman haɓaka amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da ikon Indochina don yaƙin yaƙi, Faransa ta fatattaki duk ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Vietnam.[192] Shigar da Faransanci cikin yakin duniya na farko ya ga hukumomi a Vietnam sun buga dubban "masu aikin sa kai" don hidima a Turai, wanda ya haifar da tayar da hankali a Tonkin da Cochinchina.[193] Kusan 100,000 'yan Vietnamese sun kasance masu aikin soja kuma sun tafi Turai don yin yaki da hidima a fagen fama na Faransa, ko aiki a matsayin ma'aikata.[194] Bataliyoyin da dama sun yi yaƙi kuma sun yi asarar rayuka a Somme da Picardy, yayin da aka tura wasu a Verdun, Chemin des Dames, da Champagne.[195] Sojojin Vietnam kuma sun yi aiki a yankin Balkan da Gabas ta Tsakiya.Fitar da sabbin akidu na siyasa da komawa ga mulkin mallaka na kasarsu (da wani mai mulki da da yawa daga cikinsu suka yi yaki suka mutu), ya haifar da wasu munanan halaye.Yawancin waɗannan sojojin sun nemi kuma sun shiga ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Vietnam sun mai da hankali kan hambarar da Faransanci.A cikin 1917 ɗan jarida mai matsakaicin ra'ayi Phạm Quỳnh ya fara buga mujallar quốc ngữ nam Phong a Hanoi.Ya magance matsalar ɗaukar dabi'un yammacin duniya na zamani ba tare da lalata ainihin al'adun ƙasar Vietnam ba.Ta Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, quốc ngữ ya zama abin hawa don yada ba wai kawai na Vietnamanci, Hán, da na Faransanci na adabi da na falsafa ba har ma da wani sabon tsarin adabin kishin ƙasa na Vietnam wanda ke jaddada sharhi da zargi.A Cochinchina, ayyukan kishin ƙasa sun bayyana kansa a farkon shekarun karni ta hanyar ƙirƙirar al'ummomin karkashin kasa.Mafi mahimmanci wanda shine Thiên Địa Hội (Ƙungiyar Sama da Duniya) waɗanda rassanta suka mamaye larduna da yawa a kusa da Saigon.Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sukan dauki nau'i na kungiyoyin siyasa-addini, daya daga cikin manyan ayyukansu shine hukunta masu cin amana a cikin albashin Faransanci.
Faransa Indochina a yakin duniya na biyu
Sojojin Japan akan kekuna sun shiga Saigon ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1940 Jan 1 - 1945

Faransa Indochina a yakin duniya na biyu

Indochina
A tsakiyar 1940, Nazi Jamus ta ci nasara da Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Uku cikin sauri, kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa Indochina (Vietnam, Laos da Cambodia ta yau) ta wuce zuwa Ƙasar Faransa (Vichy France).An ba da dama da yawa ga DaularJapan da ke kawance da Nazi, kamar amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa, filayen jiragen sama, da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa.[196] Sojojin Japan sun fara shiga sassa na Indochina a watan Satumba na 1940, kuma a watan Yuli 1941 Japan ta tsawaita ikonta a kan dukkan Indochina na Faransa.{ Asar Amirka , da ta damu da fadada Japan, ta fara sanya takunkumi kan fitar da karafa da man fetur zuwa Japan daga Yuli 1940. Sha'awar tserewa daga wannan takunkumi da kuma zama mai dogaro da kanta a cikin albarkatun ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar Japan na kai hari a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941. , Daular Biritaniya (a Hong Kong da Malaya ) da kuma Amurka lokaci guda (a cikin Philippines da Pearl Harbor, Hawaii).Wannan ya kai ga Amurka ta shelanta yaki da Japan a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1941. Daga nan sai Amurka ta shiga bangaren daular Burtaniya, a yakin da ta yi da Jamus tun 1939, da kawayenta na yaki da masu karfin Axis.'Yan kwaminisanci na Indochine sun kafa hedkwatar sirri a lardin Cao Bằng a cikin 1941, amma yawancin juriyar Vietnam ga Japan, Faransa, ko duka biyun, gami da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu da na gurguzu, sun kasance a kan iyaka, a China.A matsayin wani ɓangare na adawa da faɗaɗa Jafananci, Sinawa sun ƙarfafa kafa ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa ta Vietnam, Dong Minh Hoi (DMH), a Nanking a 1935/1936;wannan ya haɗa da 'yan gurguzu, amma ba su da iko.Wannan bai samar da sakamakon da ake so ba, don haka jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta aika da Ho Chi Minh zuwa Vietnam a shekara ta 1941 domin ya jagoranci wata kafa ta karkashin kasa mai ra'ayin gurguzu ta Viet Minh.Ho shi ne babban wakilin kwaminisanci a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [197] kuma ya kasance a kasar Sin a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga sojojin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin.[198] Hukumar leƙen asiri ta Turai ce ta taimaka wa wannan manufa, kuma daga baya Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun Amurka (OSS).[199] Har ila yau, bayanan sirri na Faransanci ya yi ƙoƙarin rinjayar ci gaba a cikin haɗin gwiwar Vichy-Japan.A cikin Maris 1945, Jafananci sun ɗaure masu mulkin Faransa kuma suka mamaye Vietnam kai tsaye har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin.
Juyin Juya Halin Agusta
Sojojin Viet Minh a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1945 Aug 16 - Aug 30

Juyin Juya Halin Agusta

Vietnam
Juyin Juya Halin Agusta wani juyin juya hali ne da kungiyar Việt Minh (League for Independence of Vietnam) ta kaddamar da Daular Vietnam dadaular Japan a karshen rabin watan Agustan 1945. An kirkiro Việt Minh, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indochine. a cikin 1941 kuma an tsara shi don yin kira ga yawan jama'a fiye da yadda 'yan gurguzu za su iya ba da umurni.A cikin makonni biyu, dakarun da ke karkashin Việt Minh sun kwace iko da mafi yawan kauyuka da garuruwan da ke cikin Arewaci, Tsakiya da Kudancin Vietnam, ciki har da Huế (babban birnin Vietnam a lokacin), Hanoi da Saigon.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Agusta ya nemi samar da tsarin mulki bai daya ga daukacin kasar a karkashin mulkin Việt Minh.Shugaban Việt Minh Hồ Chí Minh ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Vietnam a ranar 2 ga Satumbar 1945. Kamar dai yadda Hồ Chí Minh da Việt Minh suka fara mika ikon DRV ga daukacin kasar Vietnam, hankalin sabuwar gwamnatinsa ya karkata daga cikin gida. al'amura na zuwan sojojin kawance.A taron Potsdam da aka yi a watan Yulin shekarar 1945, kawancen kasashen biyu sun raba Indochina zuwa shiyya biyu a jere na 16, inda suka dora yankin kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sannan suka bar yankin arewa zuwajamhuriyar Chiang Kai-shek ta kasar Sin don amincewa da mika wuya na Japanawa.Laifukan Yakin FaransaLokacin da sojojin Birtaniya daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya suka isa Saigon a ranar 13 ga Satumba, sun kawo wani rukunin sojojin Faransa .Amincewa da sojojin mamaya na Birtaniya a kudanci ya baiwa Faransa damar matsawa cikin sauri don sake tabbatar da ikon kudancin kasar, inda bukatun tattalin arzikinta ya fi karfi, ikon DRV ya kasance mafi rauni kuma sojojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance mafi zurfi.[] [200] Sojojin Faransa sun yi wa farar hular Vietnam fashi, fyade da kashe su a Saigon lokacin da suka dawo a watan Agusta 1945. da Phu Lu, wanda ya sa 'yan Vietnam 400 da Faransa ta horar da su sauya sheka a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 1948. An wawashe gumakan mabiya addinin Buddah tare da yi wa 'yan Vietnam fashi, fyade da azabtarwa da Faransawa bayan Faransawa sun murkushe Viet Minh a arewacin Vietnam a 1947-1948. tilastawa Viet Minh gudu zuwa Yunnan na kasar Sin don samun mafaka da taimako daga 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin.An gaya wa wani dan jarida Faransa "Mun san abin da yake yaki kullum, mun fahimci sojojin ku suna daukar dabbobinmu, kayan adonmu, Buddha; abu ne na al'ada. Mun yi murabus don yi wa matanmu da 'ya'yanmu mata fyade; yaki ya kasance haka. Amma muna ƙin a yi mana haka, ba ’ya’yanmu kaɗai ba, amma kanmu, da dattawa da manyan mutane da muke yi.”ta fitattun ƙauyen Vietnam.Wadanda aka yi wa fyaden Vietnamese sun zama "rabi hauka".[202]
Kisan Haiphong
Dumont d'Urville a cikin Indies Gabas ta Gabas, 1930-1936 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1946 Nov 23

Kisan Haiphong

Haiphong, Hai Phong, Vietnam
A arewacin kasar, an samar da zaman lafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali yayin tattaunawar, amma a watan Nuwamba, fada ya barke a Haiphong tsakanin gwamnatin Việt Minh da Faransa kan rikicin harajin shigo da kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa.[234 <>] A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1946, jiragen ruwan Faransa sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a sassan birnin Vietnam inda suka kashe fararen hula 6,000 a rana ɗaya.[235 <>] Kasa da makonni biyu bayan harin da aka kai, bayan da ya sami matsin lamba daga Paris don "koyar da Vietnamese darasi" Janar Morlière ya ba da umarnin janyewar Vietnam gaba ɗaya daga birnin, yana buƙatar kwashe dukkanin sojojin Viet Minh daga Haiphong.[236] A farkon Disamba 1946, Haiphong yana karkashin cikakken mamayar sojojin Faransa.[237 <>] Mummunan ayyukan da Faransawa suka yi game da mamayar Haiphong ya bayyana a idon Viet Minh cewa Faransawa sun yi niyyar ci gaba da zama a ƙasar Vietnam.[238 <] > Barazanar Faransawa na kafa wata ƙasa ta kudanci dabam dabam a Vietnam ta hanyar kewaye birnin Hanoi ya zama babban fifiko ga Viet Minh don magance shi.An ba da wa'adin karshe ga Vietnamese ranar 19 ga Disamba, lokacin da Janar Morlière ya ba da umarnin manyan mayakan Viet Minh, Tu Ve ("kare kai"), da su kwance damara gaba daya.A wannan daren, an kashe duk wutar lantarki a Hanoi kuma garin ya kasance cikin duhu.Vietnamese (musamman ma mayakan Tu Ve) sun kai wa Faransa hari daga cikin Hanoi da bindigogi, manyan bindigogi, da kuma turmi.Dubban sojojin Faransa da fararen hula 'yan Vietnam ne suka rasa rayukansu.Faransawa sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kutsawa Hanoi washegari, wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin Vietnam mafaka a wajen birnin.Ho Chi Minh da kansa an tilasta masa tserewa daga Hanoi zuwa wani yanki mai nisa.Ana iya siffanta harin a matsayin harin riga-kafin da aka kaiwa Faransawa bayan da aka ci Haiphong ya jefar da ikirarin Vietnam na Hanoi da duk Vietnam.Tashin hankalin da aka yi a Hanoi ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Viet Minh zuwa yakin Indochina na farko.
Yakin Indochina na Farko
Sojojin Faransa da aka kama, tare da rakiyar sojojin Vietnam, suna tafiya zuwa sansanin fursunoni a Dien Bien Phu ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1946 Dec 19 - 1954 Aug 1

Yakin Indochina na Farko

Indochina
An gwabza Yaƙin Resistance Faransa tsakanin Faransa da Việt Minh (Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Vietnam), da ƙawancensu, daga 19 Disamba 1946 har zuwa 20 Yuli 1954. [203] Võ Nguyên Giáp da Hồ Chí Minh ne suka jagoranci Việt Minh.[204] Yawancin fadan ya faru ne a Tonkin da ke Arewacin Vietnam, ko da yake rikicin ya mamaye kasar baki daya sannan kuma ya karade makwabciyar kasar Faransa Indochina na Laos da Cambodia.’Yan shekarun farko na yaƙin sun haɗa da ƙaramin ƙauyuka na tawaye da Faransawa.A shekara ta 1949 rikicin ya rikide zuwa yaki na al'ada tsakanin runduna biyu sanye da kayan yaki na zamani, wanda Amurka ce ke ba da Faransa, da kuma Việt Minh da Tarayyar Soviet da sabuwar kasar Sin 'yan gurguzu suka kawo.[205] Sojojin Tarayyar Faransa sun haɗa da sojojin mulkin mallaka daga daular - Arewacin Afirka;'Yan tsiraru na Laotian, Cambodia da Vietnamese;'Yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara - da ƙwararrun sojojin Faransa, masu aikin sa kai na Turai, da ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Waje.An kira shi "yaƙin datti" (la sale guerre) ta hannun hagu a Faransa.[206]Dabarun Faransawa na jawo Việt Minh don kai hari ga sansanonin da aka kayyade da kyau a yankuna masu nisa a ƙarshen hanyoyin dabarun su an inganta su yayin Yaƙin Nà Sản.Ƙoƙarin Faransa ya kawo cikas saboda ƙarancin amfani da tankunan yaƙi a cikin dazuzzuka, da rashin ƙarfin sojojin sama, da kuma dogara ga sojoji daga ƙasashen Faransa.Việt Minh sun yi amfani da sabbin dabaru da dabaru masu inganci, gami da harbin bindiga kai tsaye, harin kwanton bauna, da makamin yaki da jiragen sama don hana samar da kasa da iska tare da dabarun da ya danganta da daukar dimbin sojoji na yau da kullun wanda babban goyon bayan jama'a ya saukaka.Sun yi amfani da koyarwa da koyarwar yaƙin da aka samo daga China, kuma sun yi amfani da kayan yaƙi da Tarayyar Soviet ta samar.Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya tabbatar da kisa ga sansanonin Faransa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan shan kashi na Faransa a yakin Dien Bien Phu.[207]Bangarorin biyu sun aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin rikicin, wadanda suka hada da kashe fararen hula (kamar kisan kiyashin da sojojin Faransa suka yi wa Mỹ Trach), fyade da azabtarwa.[208] A taron Geneva na kasa da kasa a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1954, sabuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta Faransa da Việt Minh sun kulla yarjejeniya wacce ta bai wa Việt Minh ikon Arewacin Vietnam sama da daidaici na 17, yarjejeniyar da jihar Vietnam ta ki amincewa da ita. da Amurka.Bayan shekara guda, Bảo Đại zai zama firaministansa, Ngô Đình Diệm, wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Vietnam (Kudancin Vietnam).Ba da daɗewa ba, wani tawaye, da ke samun goyon bayan ’yan gurguzu na arewa, ya ɓullo da gwamnatin Diệm mai adawa da kwaminisanci.Wannan rikici, wanda aka sani da Yaƙin Vietnam , ya haɗa da babban tsoma bakin sojan Amurka don tallafawa Kudancin Vietnam.
Yaƙin Vietnam
&quot;Terror of War&quot; na Nick Ut, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize na 1973 don Spot News Photography, yana nuna yarinya 'yar shekara tara da ke gudu a kan hanya bayan da napalm ya kone ta. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1955 Nov 1 - 1975 Apr 30

Yaƙin Vietnam

Vietnam
Yaƙin Vietnam rikici ne a Vietnam, Laos , da Cambodia daga 1 ga Nuwamba 1955 zuwa faduwar Saigon a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1975. [209] Shi ne na biyu na Yaƙin Indochina kuma an yi yaƙi a hukumance tsakanin Arewacin Vietnam da Kudancin Vietnam.Arewa ta samu goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet ,China , da sauran kasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, yayin da kudanci ke samun goyon bayan Amurka da sauran kawayen gurguzu.[210] Ya yi kusan shekaru 20, tare da shigar da Amurka kai tsaye ya ƙare a 1973. Rikicin kuma ya bazu zuwa ƙasashe makwabta, wanda ya tsananta yakin basasa na Laotian da yakin basasar Cambodia, wanda ya ƙare tare da dukan ƙasashe uku a hukumance sun zama 'yan gurguzu a 1976. [211 <>] Shekaru biyu bayan janyewar sojojin Amurka na ƙarshe a cikin 1973, Saigon, babban birnin Kudancin Vietnam, ya faɗa hannun 'yan gurguzu, kuma sojojin Vietnam ta Kudu sun mika wuya a 1975. A 1976, gwamnatin Vietnam ta hadaddiyar daular ta sake suna Saigon zuwa Hồ Birnin Chí Minh don girmama Hồ, wanda ya mutu a cikin 1969.Yakin ya jawo asarar rayuka mai yawa kuma ya bar Vietnam cikin rugujewa, tare da adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai tsakanin 966,000 da miliyan 3.8, [212] da dubunnan da yawa sun gurgunta ta hanyar makamai da abubuwa kamar napalm da Agent Orange.Sojojin saman Amurka sun lalata fiye da kashi 20% na gandun daji na Kudancin Vietnam da kashi 20 – 50% na gandun daji na mangrove ta hanyar fesa sama da galan miliyan 20 na maganin ciyawa mai guba (defoliants) gami da Agent Orange.[213] Gwamnatin Vietnam ta ce 'yan kasarta miliyan 4 sun kamu da Agent Orange, kuma kusan miliyan 3 sun kamu da cututtuka saboda haka;wadannan alkaluma sun hada da ‘ya’yan mutanen da aka fallasa.[214] Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Vietnam ta kiyasta cewa mutane kusan miliyan 1 ne nakasassu ko kuma suna da matsalolin lafiya saboda gurbataccen Agent Orange.[215] Ƙarshen Yaƙin Vietnam zai haifar da mutanen jirgin ruwan Vietnam da kuma babban rikicin 'yan gudun hijirar Indochina, wanda ya ga miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijirar sun bar Indochina, kimanin 250,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a teku.
Zaman Haɗin Kai
Hoton Le Duan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1972 Jan 1

Zaman Haɗin Kai

Vietnam
A cikin shekarun 1975 bayan 1975, nan da nan ya bayyana cewa tasirin manufofin jam'iyyar gurguzu (CPV) ba lallai ba ne ya kai ga shirin samar da zaman lafiya na jam'iyyar.Kasancewar hada kan Arewa da Kudu a siyasance, CPV har yanzu dole ne ta hade su ta fuskar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.A cikin wannan aiki, masu tsara manufofin CPV sun fuskanci tsayin daka kan yadda kudu ke adawa da sauye-sauyen gurguzu, da kuma kiyayyar gargajiya da ta taso daga bambance-bambancen al'adu da tarihi tsakanin Arewa da Kudu.Bayan yakin, a karkashin gwamnatin Lê Duẩn, babu wani kisa mai yawa na Kudancin Vietnamese waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da Amurka ko gwamnatin Saigon, suna rikitar da tsoro na yammacin Turai.[217] Duk da haka, har zuwa 300,000 Kudancin Vietnam an aika zuwa sansanonin sake koyo, inda mutane da yawa suka jimre azabtarwa, yunwa, da cututtuka yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki mai wuyar gaske.[218] Sabon Shirin Yankunan Tattalin Arziki gwamnatin gurguzu ta Vietnam ce ta aiwatar da shi bayan faduwar Saigon.Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1980, fiye da 'yan arewa miliyan 1 sun yi hijira zuwa yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar kasar da a da a karkashin Jamhuriyar Vietnam.Shi kuma wannan shirin, ya raba ’yan Kudu kusan 750,000 zuwa sama da miliyan 1 daga gidajensu tare da tilasta musu tsugunar da su zuwa yankunan dazuzzukan dajin da ba su da yawa.[219]
Yaƙin Kambodiya-Vietnamese
Shekaru 10 na mamayar Vietnam na Kampuchea a hukumance ya ƙare a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1989, lokacin da aka fitar da sauran rukunin sojojin Vietnam na ƙarshe.Sojojin Vietnam da suka tashi sun sami karbuwa da yabo sosai yayin da suke tafiya ta Phnom Penh, babban birnin Kampuchea. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1978 Dec 23 - 1989 Sep 26

Yaƙin Kambodiya-Vietnamese

Cambodia
Haɗa matsalolin tattalin arziki sabbin ƙalubalen soja ne.A ƙarshen 1970s, Cambodia a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta fara cin zarafi da kai hare-hare a ƙauyukan Vietnam a kan iyakar gama gari.A ƙarshen 1978, shugabannin Vietnam sun yanke shawarar cire gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta Democratic Kampuchea, suna la'akari da ita a matsayin mai goyon bayan Sinawa da ƙiyayya ga Vietnam.A ranar 25 ga Disamba 1978, sojojin Vietnam 150,000 suka mamaye Kampuchea Democratic Kampuchea kuma suka mamaye sojojin Kampuchean Revolutionary Army a cikin makonni biyu kacal, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen gwamnatin Pol Pot, wacce ke da alhakin mutuwar kusan kwata na dukkan Cambodia tsakanin 1975 zuwa Disamba 1978 a lokacin Cambodia. kisan kare dangi.Shishigin sojan Vietnam, da kuma taimakon da sojojin mamaya suka yi na taimakon abinci na kasa da kasa don rage yawan yunwa, sun kawo karshen kisan kiyashin.[220]A ranar 8 ga Janairun 1979 an kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea Pro-Vietnamese (PRK) a Phnom Penh, wanda ke nuna farkon mamayar Vietnam na shekaru goma.A wannan lokacin, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da amincewa da Jamhuriyar Khmer Rouge ta Democratic Kampuchea a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Kampuchea, yayin da aka kafa kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya da dama don yaki da mamayar Vietnam.A tsawon wannan rikici, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun sami horo a Thailand daga Ma'aikatar Sojan Sama na Musamman na Sojojin Burtaniya.[221 <>] A bayan fage, Firayim Minista Hun Sen na gwamnatin PRK ya tunkari ƙungiyoyin gwamnatin haɗin gwiwar Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) don fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya.A karkashin matsin lamba na diflomasiyya da na tattalin arziki daga kasashen duniya, gwamnatin Vietnam ta aiwatar da wasu sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki da na ketare, sannan ta fice daga Kampuchea a watan Satumban shekarar 1989.
Yaƙin Sino-Bietnam
Sojojin kasar Sin a lokacin yakin Sino-Vietnamese. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1979 Feb 17 - Mar 16

Yaƙin Sino-Bietnam

Lạng Sơn, Vietnam
Kasar Sin wadda a yanzu karkashin Deng Xiaoping ta fara yin gyare-gyare a fannin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, da bude kofa ga kasashen yammacin duniya, kuma tana kara nuna adawa da Tarayyar Soviet .Kasar Sin ta damu matuka game da tasirin Soviet mai karfi a Vietnam, tana tsoron cewa Vietnam za ta iya zama mai kare Tarayyar Soviet.Ikirarin da Vietnam ta yi na zama kasa ta uku a duniya a karfin soja bayan nasarar da ta samu a yakin Vietnam ya kuma kara fargabar kasar Sin.A ra'ayin kasar Sin, Vietnam na bin manufofin hegemonic na yanki a yunƙurin sarrafa Indochina.A cikin watan Yuli na shekarar 1978, ofishin siyasa na kasar Sin ya tattauna yiwuwar daukar matakin soja a kan Vietnam don kawo cikas ga sojojin Soviet, kuma, bayan watanni biyu, Babban Jami'in PLA ya ba da shawarar daukar matakan hukunta Vietnam.[222]Babban rugujewar ra'ayin Sinawa game da Vietnam ya faru ne a cikin Nuwamba 1978. [222] Vietnam ta shiga CMEA kuma, a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Tarayyar Soviet da Vietnam sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaro na shekaru 25, wanda ya sanya Vietnam ta zama "linchpin" a cikin shekaru 25. Yunkurin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi don ɗaukar kasar Sin” [223] (duk da haka, Tarayyar Soviet ta kau da kai daga ƙiyayyar ƙiyayya ga dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da Sin ba da daɗewa ba).[224] Vietnam ta yi kira ga dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin ƙasashen Indochine uku, amma mulkin Khmer Rouge na Democratic Kampuchea ya ƙi ra'ayin.[222] A ranar 25 ga Disamba 1978, Vietnam ta mamaye Democratic Kampuchea, ta mamaye yawancin ƙasar, ta kori Khmer Rouge, kuma ta sanya Heng Samrin a matsayin shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin Cambodia.[225 <] > Matakin ya ɓata China, wanda a yanzu ke kallon Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai iya kewaye iyakar kudancinta.[226]Dalilin da ya sa aka kai harin shi ne don tallafa wa kawancen kasar Sin Khmer Rouge na Cambodia, baya ga musgunawa 'yan kabilar Vietnam 'yan tsiraru da kuma mamayar da 'yan Vietnam suka yi a tsibirin Spratly da kasar Sin ta yi ikirarin cewa.Don hana tsoma bakin Soviet a madadin Vietnam, Deng ya gargadi Moscow a washegari cewa, Sin ta shirya tsaf don yaki da Tarayyar Soviet;A shirye-shiryen wannan rikici, kasar Sin ta sanya dukkan sojojinta da ke kan iyakar kasar Sin da Soviet cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana, ta kafa wani sabon kwamandan soja a jihar Xinjiang, har ma ta kwashe fararen hula kimanin 300,000 daga kan iyakar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet.[227 <] > Bugu da ƙari, yawancin sojojin Sin (dakaru miliyan ɗaya da rabi) sun kasance a kan iyakar China da Tarayyar Soviet.[228]A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1979, sojojin kasar Sin sun kaddamar da wani farmaki na ba-zata a arewacin Vietnam, inda suka yi gaggawar kwace garuruwa da dama da ke kusa da kan iyaka.A ranar 6 ga Maris na wannan shekarar, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar cewa, an bude "kofar zuwa Hanoi" kuma an cika aikinta na hukunta masu laifi.Daga nan ne sojojin China suka janye daga Vietnam.Duk da haka, Vietnam ta ci gaba da mamaye Cambodia har zuwa 1989, wanda ke nufin cewa Sin ba ta cimma burinta na kawar da Vietnam daga shiga Cambodia ba.Amma, aikin da kasar Sin ta yi a kalla ya yi nasarar tilastawa Vietnam janye wasu runduna, wato rundunar soja ta 2, daga mamayar Cambodia don karfafa tsaron Hanoi.[229 <>] Rikicin ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a dangantakar dake tsakanin Sin da Vietnam, kuma dangantakar diflomasiyya a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ba ta cika ba sai a shekara ta 1991. Bayan wargajewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991, an kammala iyakar Sin da Biyetnam.Ko da yake ba za ta iya hana Vietnam daga korar Pol Pot daga Cambodia ba, Sin ta nuna cewa Tarayyar Soviet, abokiyar kwaminisanci ta Cold War, ba ta iya kare kawayenta na Vietnam.[230]
Zamanin Gyarawa
Sakatare Janar Nguyễn Phú Trọng tare da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Kerry a Hanoi, 2013. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1986 Jan 1

Zamanin Gyarawa

Vietnam
Bayan Shugaba Bill Clinton ya ziyarci Vietnam a shekara ta 2000, wani sabon zamanin Vietnam ya fara.[231] Vietnam ta zama wuri mai ban sha'awa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.A tsawon lokaci, Vietnam ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a matakin duniya.sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinta sun canza al'ummar Vietnam sosai tare da haɓaka dacewar Vietnamanci a cikin al'amuran Asiya da na duniya baki ɗaya.Har ila yau, saboda dabarun siyasar yankin Vietnam kusa da mahadar tekun Pasifik da Indiya, da yawa daga cikin manyan kasashen duniya sun fara daukar matsayi mai kyau ga Vietnam.Duk da haka, Vietnam kuma tana fuskantar takaddama, galibi tare da Cambodia game da kan iyakarsu, musamman ma da China, kan tekun Kudancin China.A cikin 2016, Shugaba Barack Obama ya zama shugaban Amurka na 3 da ya ziyarci Vietnam.Ziyarar tasa mai tarihi ta taimaka wajen daidaita dangantaka da Vietnam.Wannan ci gaban da aka samu na dangantakar Amurka da Vietnam ya kara karuwa ne bayan dage takunkumin hana sayar da makamai da aka yi mata, wanda ya baiwa gwamnatin Vietnam damar sayen muggan makamai da kuma zamanantar da sojojinta.[232] Ana sa ran Vietnam za ta zama sabuwar ƙasa mai ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma, ikon yanki a nan gaba.Vietnam na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya na gaba.[233]

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Vietnam's Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX 2

Nam tiến: Southward Advance


Nam tiến: Southward Advance
Nam tiến: Southward Advance ©Anonymous




APPENDIX 3

The Legacy Chinese Settlers in Hà Tiên and Vietnam


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APPENDIX 4

Geopolitics of Vietnam


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Footnotes



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  2. Tagore, Debashree; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Naidu, Rakesh; Phipps, Maude E.; Basu, Analabha (2021-03-29). "Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 61. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8008685. PMID 33781248.
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  7. Nola Cooke, Tana Li, James Anderson - The Tongking Gulf Through History 2011- Page 6 "Charles Higham and Tracey L.-D. Lu, for instance, have demonstrated that rice was introduced into the Red River region from southern China during the prehistoric period, with evidence dating back to the Phùng Nguyên culture (2000–1500 ..."
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