Yaƙin Vietnam

Indochina ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20.Lokacin da Japanawa suka mamaye lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , Viet Minh, wata gaba daya karkashin jagorancin gurguzu karkashin jagorancin Ho Chi Minh, sun yi adawa da su tare da goyon bayan Amurka , Tarayyar Soviet da kumaChina .A ranar VJ, 2 ga Satumba, Ho Chi Minh ya yi shelar a Hanoi kafa Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam (DRV).DRV ta yi mulki a matsayin gwamnati kawai ta farar hula a duk ƙasar Vietnam na tsawon kwanaki 20, bayan hambarar da Sarkin sarakuna Bảo Đại, wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Japan.A ranar 23 ga Satumban 1945, sojojin Faransa sun hambarar da gwamnatin DRV na gida, kuma suka ayyana ikon Faransa sun maido da su.A hankali Faransawa sun sake karbe ikon Indochina.Bayan tattaunawar da ba ta yi nasara ba, Viet Minh ta fara tayar da kayar baya ga mulkin Faransa.Haƙiƙa ya ƙaru zuwa Yaƙin Indochina na Farko.A cikin 1950s, rikici ya shiga cikin yakin Cold War .A cikin Janairu 1950, Sin da Tarayyar Soviet sun amince da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam ta Viet Minh, mai hedkwata a Hanoi, a matsayin halatacciyar gwamnatin Vietnam.A wata mai zuwa Amurka da Burtaniya sun amince da kasar Vietnam da ke samun goyon bayan Faransa a Saigon, karkashin jagorancin tsohon Sarkin sarakuna Bảo Đại, a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Vietnam.Barkewar yakin Koriya a watan Yunin 1950 ya gamsar da yawancin masu tsara manufofin Washington cewa yakin Indochina misali ne na fadada tsarin gurguzu wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta jagoranta.A lokacin yakin Dien Bien Phu (1954), masu jigilar kaya na Amurka sun yi tafiya zuwa Tekun Tonkin kuma Amurka sun gudanar da jiragen leken asiri.Kasashen Faransa da Amurka sun kuma tattauna batun amfani da makamin nukiliya na dabara guda uku, duk da cewa rahotannin da ke nuni da yadda aka yi la'akari da hakan da kuma wadanda ba su da tushe balle makama.A cewar mataimakin shugaban kasar na lokacin Richard Nixon, hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin tsaron kasar sun tsara shirin yin amfani da kananan makaman kare dangi don tallafawa Faransawa.Nixon, wanda ake kira "hawk" a Vietnam, ya ba da shawarar cewa Amurka za ta iya "sa yara maza na Amurka".A ranar 7 ga Mayu 1954, sojojin Faransa a Dien Bien Phu sun mika wuya.Wannan shan kashi ya kawo karshen shigar sojojin Faransa a Indochina.

Taron Geneva, wanda aka yi niyya don daidaita batutuwan da suka faru a yakin Koriya da yakin Indochina na farko, taron ne da ya kunshi kasashe da dama da suka gudana a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, daga ranar 26 ga Afrilu zuwa 20 ga Yulin 1954. Yarjejeniyar Geneva da ta yi magana game da wargazawar. Indochina na Faransanci ya tabbatar da samun sakamako mai dorewa.Rugujewar daular mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya haifar da samuwar jihohin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam), Jihar Vietnam (Jamhuriyar Vietnam ta gaba, Kudancin Vietnam), Masarautar Cambodia da Masarautar. na Laos .Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tsakanin Faransa , Viet Minh, USSR, PRC, Amurka , Burtaniya da kuma jihohin da za a yi daga Indochina na Faransa.Yarjejeniyar ta raba Vietnam na wani dan lokaci zuwa yankuna biyu, yankin arewa da kasar Viet Minh za ta yi mulki da kuma yankin kudancin kasar da kasar Vietnam za ta yi mulki, sannan tsohon sarki Bảo Đại ya jagoranci.Sanarwa ta Ƙarshen Taro, wanda shugaban taron na Biritaniya ya bayar, ya tanadi cewa za a gudanar da babban zaɓe a watan Yulin 1956 don samar da ƙasa ɗaya ta Vietnam.Duk da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar wasu yarjejeniyoyin, ba a sanya hannu kai tsaye ba kuma ba a yarda da su daga wakilan jihohin Vietnam da Amurka ba.Kasar Vietnam, karkashin Ngo Dinh Diem, daga baya ta ki ba da damar zabe, wanda ya kai ga yakin Vietnam.An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin tsagaita wuta guda uku, da suka shafi Cambodia, Laos, da Vietnam a taron.

A karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva, an ba wa fararen hula damar tafiya cikin walwala tsakanin kasashen biyu na wucin gadi na tsawon kwanaki 300.A shekara ta 1956 ne za a gudanar da zabuka a duk fadin kasar domin kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa.Kimanin 'yan arewa miliyan daya, galibi 'yan Katolika marasa rinjaye, sun gudu zuwa kudu, suna tsoron tsanantawa daga 'yan gurguzu.Wannan ya biyo bayan yakin basasa na Amurka, wanda Edward Lansdale ya tsara don Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya (CIA), wanda ya wuce gona da iri na kyamar Katolika a tsakanin Viet Minh kuma wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa Amurka na shirin jefa bama-bamai a Hanoi.Shirin gudun hijirar dai ya hada da wani shirin tsugunar da dalar Amurka miliyan 93, wanda ya hada da amfani da jirgin ruwa na bakwai wajen jigilar 'yan gudun hijira.'Yan arewa, galibin 'yan gudun hijirar Katolika sun ba wa gwamnatin Ngô Đình Diệm daga baya babban yanki na adawa da gurguzu.Diệm ya yi aiki da manyan mukamai na gwamnatinsa galibi tare da mabiya darikar Katolika na arewa da na tsakiya.Baya ga Katolika da ke kwarara kudu, sama da 130,000 "Revolutionary Regroupees" sun je arewa don "sake ƙungiya", suna tsammanin komawa kudu cikin shekaru biyu.Viet Minh ya bar kusan 5,000 zuwa 10,000 cadres a kudu a matsayin tushe don tayar da zaune tsaye.Sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe sun bar Kudancin Vietnam a cikin Afrilu 1956. PRC ta kammala janyewarta daga Arewacin Vietnam a lokaci guda.

Arewacin Vietnam ya goyi bayan Pathet Lao don yaƙar Masarautar Laos tsakanin 1958-1959.Sarrafa kan Laos ya ba da izinin gina hanyar Ho Chi Minh na ƙarshe wanda zai zama babban hanyar samar da kayan aikin NLF (Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasar, Vietcong) da ayyukan NVA (Sojan Vietnam ta Arewa) a cikin Jamhuriyar Vietnam.Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Arewacin Vietnam ta amince da "yakin mutane" a Kudu a wani zama a cikin Janairu 1959, kuma, a watan Mayu, an kafa rukuni na 559 don kula da haɓaka hanyar Ho Chi Minh, a wannan lokaci na tsawon watanni shida. LaosA ranar 28 ga Yuli, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da na Pathet Lao sun mamaye Laos, suna yaƙi da Sojojin Royal Lao a kan iyakar.Rukunin 559 yana da hedikwata a Na Kai, lardin Houaphan a arewa maso gabashin Laos kusa da kan iyaka.Kimanin 500 na "regroupees" na 1954 an aika zuwa kudu a kan hanyar a cikin shekarar farko ta aiki.An kammala isar da makamai ta farko ta hanyar a watan Agusta 1959. A watan Afrilun 1960, Arewacin Vietnam ya sanya wa manyan mazaje shiga aikin soja na duniya.Kimanin sojojin gurguzu 40,000 ne suka kutsa kai kudancin kasar daga 1961 zuwa 1963.

A cikin Satumba 1960, COSVN, hedkwatar kudancin Vietnam ta Arewa, ya ba da oda don cikakken tsarin haɗe-haɗe a cikin Kudancin Vietnam don adawa da gwamnati kuma 1/3 na yawan jama'a ba da daɗewa ba suna zaune a yankunan da 'yan gurguzu ke iko da su.Arewacin Vietnam ya kafa Viet Cong (wanda aka kafa a Memot, Cambodia) a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1960, a ƙauyen Tân Lập a Lardin Tây Ninh don tayar da tawaye a Kudu.Yawancin mambobin kungiyar Viet Cong sun kasance masu aikin sa kai "masu sake haduwa", kudancin Vietnam Minh wadanda suka sake zama a Arewa bayan yarjejeniyar Geneva (1954).Hanoi ya bai wa 'yan kungiyar horon soji sannan ya mayar da su Kudu ta hanyar Ho Chi Minh a karshen shekarun 1950 da farkon 1960.Goyon baya ga VC ya haifar da bacin rai na koma bayan Diem na sake fasalin ƙasar Viet Minh a cikin karkara.Viet Minh ta kwace manyan filaye masu zaman kansu, rage haya da basussuka, da kuma hayar filayen jama'a, galibi ga talakawa masu talauci.Diem ya dawo da masu gida zuwa kauyuka.Mutanen da suka yi noma shekara da shekaru sai sun mayar da shi ga masu gidaje su biya hayar shekara.

A cikin 1962, gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam, tare da shawarwari da kudade daga Amurka, sun fara aiwatar da Shirin Hamlet Strategic.Dabarar ita ce ware mutanen karkara daga tuntuɓar juna da tasiri daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa (NLF), wadda aka fi sani da Viet Cong.Shirin Hamlet Strategic, tare da wanda ya gabace shi, Shirin Raya Al'ummar Karkara, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara abubuwan da suka faru a Kudancin Vietnam a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s.Duk waɗannan shirye-shiryen biyu sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar sabbin al'ummomi na "kungiyoyi masu kariya."Za a ba wa manoman karkara kariya, tallafin tattalin arziki, da taimako daga gwamnati, ta yadda za a karfafa alaka da gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu (GVN).An yi fatan hakan zai sa manoma su kara nuna biyayya ga gwamnati.Shirin Hamlet na Dabarun bai yi nasara ba, ya kasa dakatar da tayar da zaune tsaye ko samun goyon baya ga gwamnati daga yankunan karkarar Vietnamese, ya raba mutane da yawa kuma ya taimaka da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa tasirin Viet Cong.Bayan da aka hambarar da shugaba Ngo Dinh Diem a juyin mulki a watan Nuwamba 1963, an soke shirin.Makiyaya sun koma gidajensu na da, ko kuma su nemi mafaka daga yaƙi a birane.Rashin gazawar Hamlet Strategic da sauran shirye-shiryen yaki da tada kayar baya da zaman lafiya ne ya sa Amurka ta yanke shawarar shiga Kudancin Vietnam tare da kai hare-hare ta sama da sojojin kasa.

A lokacin yakin Vietnam, tsakanin 1962 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun fesa kusan galan 20,000,000 na Amurka (76,000 m3) na sinadarai daban-daban - "magungunan bakan gizo" da lalata - a Vietnam , gabashin Laos , da kuma sassan Cambodia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Ranch. Hannu, wanda ya kai kololuwar sa daga 1967 zuwa 1969. Kamar yadda turawan Ingila suka yi a Malaya , manufar Amurka ita ce ta lalata yankunan karkara/dazuzzukan daji, tare da hana 'yan ta'adda abinci da boyewa da kuma share wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar kewayen sansani da kuma wuraren da za a iya kai hari tare. hanyoyi da magudanar ruwa.Samuel P. Huntington ya kara da cewa, shirin kuma wani bangare ne na tsarin daftarin doka na tilastawa jama'a zama birane, wanda ke da nufin ruguza karfin da talakawa ke da su a yankunan karkara, lamarin da ya tilasta musu yin gudun hijira zuwa garuruwan da Amurka ke mamaye da su, tare da hana 'yan ta'adda. gindin tallafin su na karkara.Agent Orange yawanci ana fesa ne daga jirage masu saukar ungulu ko daga jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na C-123, wanda aka haɗa da injin feshi da tsarin famfo na "MC-1 Hourglass" da tankunan sinadarai 1,000 US (3,800 L).An kuma gudanar da aikin fesa daga manyan motoci, kwale-kwale, da masu feshin jakunkuna.Gabaɗaya, an yi amfani da fiye da lita miliyan 80 na Agent Orange.An sauke kashin farko na maganin ciyawa a sansanin jiragen sama na Tan Son Nhut da ke Kudancin Vietnam, a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1962. Bayanan da sojojin saman Amurka suka bayar sun nuna cewa an gudanar da aikin feshi a kalla 6,542 a lokacin aikin Operation Ranch Hand.A shekara ta 1971, kashi 12 cikin 100 na daukacin yankin Kudancin Vietnam an fesa su da sinadarai masu ɓarna, a matsakaicin maida hankali sau 13 bisa shawarar da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar don amfanin gida.A Kudancin Vietnam kadai, an yi kiyasin yanki mai faɗin murabba'in mil 39,000 (ha) na ƙasar noma daga ƙarshe.

A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1962, Mao Zedong ya amince ya baiwa Hanoi bindigogi da bindigogi 90,000 kyauta, kuma tun daga shekarar 1965, kasar Sin ta fara tura dakunan yaki da jiragen sama da bataliyoyin injiniya zuwa Arewacin Vietnam don gyara barnar da harin bam na Amurka ya haddasa.Musamman ma, sun taimaka wa batura masu hana jiragen sama, sake gina tituna da layin dogo, jigilar kayayyaki, da yin wasu ayyukan injiniya.Wannan ya 'yantar da rukunin sojojin Arewacin Vietnam don yaƙi a Kudu.Kasar Sin ta tura dakaru 320,000 da kuma jigilar makamai a duk shekara wanda kudinsu ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 180.Sojojin China sun yi iƙirarin haifar da kashi 38% na asarar iskan Amurkawa a yaƙin.

A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1962, jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun gano akwai na'urar watsa rediyo tare da wani adadi mai yawa na sojojin Viet Cong (VC), wadanda aka ruwaito sun kai kusan 120, a unguwar Ap Tan Thoi da ke lardin Dinh Tuong, gidan sojojin Jamhuriyar Kudancin Vietnam (ARVN) Division 7th Infantry.'Yan Vietnam ta Kudu da masu ba su shawara na Amurka sun yi shirin kai wa Ap Tan Thoi hari daga wurare uku don lalata rundunar VC ta hanyar amfani da bataliyoyin Tsaron farar hula guda biyu da wasu abubuwa na Runduna ta 11 ta Infantry, ARVN 7th Infantry Division.Rukunin sojojin za su sami tallafin manyan bindigogi, M113 masu sulke masu sulke (APCs), da jirage masu saukar ungulu.A safiyar ranar 2 ga Janairun 1963, ba tare da sanin cewa an ba da labarin shirin yakinsu ga abokan gaba ba, Sojojin farar hula na Kudancin Vietnam ne suka jagoranci harin ta hanyar tafiya zuwa Ap Tan Thoi daga kudu.Duk da haka, lokacin da suka isa ƙauyen Ap Bac, kudu maso gabashin Ap Tan Thoi, nan da nan wasu ɓangarorin VC 261st Battalion suka ruɗe su.Jim kadan bayan haka, kamfanoni uku na Runduna ta 11th Infantry Regiment sun kai farmaki a arewacin Ap Tan Thoi.Duk da haka, su ma sun kasa shawo kan sojojin VC da suka mamaye yankin.Kafin tsakar rana, an ƙara samun ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga Tan Hiep.Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Amurka 15 da ke jigilar sojojin sun yi ta harbin bindigar VC, kuma an yi asarar jirage masu saukar ungulu biyar a sakamakon haka.Daga nan ne aka tura ARVN 4th Mechanized Rifle Squadron don ceto sojojin Vietnam ta Kudu da ma'aikatan jirgin Amurka da suka makale a kudu maso yammacin Ap Bac.Duk da haka, kwamandan nata ya jajirce matuka wajen matsar da manyan APC na M113 a fadin yankin.Daga ƙarshe, kasancewarsu bai ɗan bambanta ba yayin da VC ta tsaya ƙasa kuma ta kashe fiye da dozin Kudancin Vietnam na M113 ma'aikatan jirgin a cikin wannan tsari.An jefar da Bataliya ta 8 ta Airborne Bataliya ta ARVN da yammacin ranar zuwa filin daga.A cikin yanayin da ke nuna yawancin fadan da aka yi a ranar, an danne su kuma sun kasa karya layin tsaron VC.A karkashin duhun duhu, VC ta ja da baya daga fagen fama, inda suka ci nasarar babbar nasara ta farko.

Rikicin addinin Buddah wani lokaci ne na rikicin siyasa da na addini a Kudancin Vietnam tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba 1963, wanda ke tattare da jerin ayyukan danniya da gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu ta yi da kuma kamfen na adawa da farar hula, wanda akasari mabiya addinin Buddah suka jagoranta.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga hare-haren Xá Lợi Pagoda da kuma harbin Huế Phật Đản , inda sojoji da 'yan sanda suka harba bindigogi tare da harba gurneti a cikin gungun mabiya addinin Buddha da suka yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da dokar hana fita da gwamnati ta yi na daga tutar Buddha a ranar Phật Đản. , wanda ke tunawa da haihuwar Gautama Buddha.Diệm ya musanta alhakin gwamnati game da lamarin kuma ya zargi Việt Cộng, wanda ya kara nuna rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin mabiya addinin Buddha masu rinjaye.

Jami'an Amurka sun fara tattaunawa kan yiwuwar samun sauyin mulki a tsakiyar shekara ta 1963. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta so ta karfafa juyin mulki, yayin da ma'aikatar tsaro ta goyi bayan Diệm.Babban daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar shi ne korar kanen Diệm Nhu, wanda ke kula da ‘yan sanda na sirri da sojoji na musamman, kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin mutumin da ke da hannu wajen danniya da addinin Buddah kuma galibi shi ne ya tsara tsarin mulkin gidan Ngô.An isar da wannan shawara ga ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Saigon a Cable 243.CIA ta tuntubi janar-janar da ke shirin cire Diệm kuma ta gaya musu cewa Amurka ba za ta yi adawa da irin wannan matakin ba kuma ba za ta hukunta janar-janar ta hanyar yanke agaji ba.A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1963, an kama Ngô Đình Diệm tare da kashe shi a cikin nasara juyin mulkin da Janar Dương Văn Minh ya jagoranta.Jakadan Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge ya gayyaci jagororin juyin mulkin zuwa ofishin jakadancin tare da taya su murna.Kennedy ya rubuta wa Lodge wasiƙa yana taya shi murna don "aiki mai kyau".Kennedy ya mutu a wannan watan;Lyndon Johnson ya maye gurbinsa.

Operation Pierce Arrow wani yakin bama-bamai ne na Amurka a farkon yakin Vietnam.Aikin ya kunshi nau'ikan jirage 64 ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na USS Ticonderoga da USS Constellation a kan sansanonin kwale-kwalen Hon Gai, Loc Chao, Quang Khe, da Phuc Loi, da ma'ajiyar man fetur dake Vinh.Wannan shine farkon hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka akan Arewacin Vietnam da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ƙoƙarin lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa, kayan yaƙi, da rundunonin soji da Arewacin Vietnam ke buƙata don gurfanar da yaƙin kudanci a Kudu.Ayyukan iska da ke biye da Pierce Arrow za su kumbura ta yadda a ƙarshen yaƙin, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Amurka ya kasance mafi tsayi da nauyi a tarihi.Ton 7,662,000 na bama-bamai da aka jefa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a lokacin yakin Vietnam ya kusan ninka ton 2,150,000 da Amurka ta jefa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu .

A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1964, USS Maddox, a wani aikin leken asiri a gabar tekun Vietnam ta Arewa, ana zarginsa da harbawa tare da lalata wasu kwale-kwale da dama da suka yi kaca-kaca da su a Tekun Tonkin.An bayar da rahoton wani hari na biyu bayan kwanaki biyu a kan USS Turner Joy da Maddox a wuri guda.Halin hare-haren ba su da yawa.–219 Lyndon Johnson yayi tsokaci ga Mataimakin Sakatare na Gwamnati George Ball cewa "wadannan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na iya harbi kifin da ke tashi."Wani bugu na NSA wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a cikin 2005 ya bayyana cewa babu wani hari a ranar 4 ga Agusta."Harin" na biyu ya haifar da harin ramuwar gayya ta sama, kuma ya sa Majalisa ta amince da kudurin Gulf of Tonkin a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1964. Kudurin ya baiwa shugaban kasa ikon "daukar dukkan matakan da suka dace don dakile duk wani hari da makami a kan sojojin Amurka da kuma don hana ci gaba da zalunci" kuma Johnson zai dogara da wannan don ba shi ikon fadada yakin.A cikin wannan watan, Johnson ya yi alƙawarin cewa ba "ya sa yaran Amurka su yi yaƙin da nake ganin ya kamata yaran Asiya su yi don su kare ƙasarsu".Kwamitin tsaron kasa ya ba da shawarar a kara kaimi a matakai uku na tashin bam a Arewacin Vietnam.Bayan wani hari da aka kai sansanin sojojin Amurka a Pleiku a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 1965, an fara kai wasu hare-hare ta sama mai suna Operation Flaming Dart.Operation Rolling Thunder da Operation Arc Light sun faɗaɗa tashin bama-bamai na iska da ayyukan tallafin ƙasa.Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda a ƙarshe ya ɗauki shekaru uku, an yi niyya ne don tilastawa Arewacin Vietnam don dakatar da goyon bayanta ga Viet Cong ta hanyar barazanar lalata kariya ta iska ta Arewacin Vietnam da kayayyakin masana'antu.Hakanan an yi niyya don ƙarfafa ɗabi'ar Kudancin Vietnamese.

Ba a keɓe ba a Arewacin Vietnam kawai.Sauran kamfen na iska, irin su Operation Barrel Roll, sun yi niyya ga sassa daban-daban na kayan aikin Viet Cong da PAVN.Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyar samar da hanyar Ho Chi Minh, wacce ta ratsa Laos da Cambodia .Laos mai tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki ya zama wurin yakin basasa, wanda ya hada gwamnatin Laotian da Amurka ke goyan bayan Pathet Lao da abokanta na Arewacin Vietnam.Babban harin bama-bamai na iska a kan Pathet Lao da sojojin PAVN ne Amurka ta yi don hana rugujewar gwamnatin tsakiya ta masarautar, da kuma musanta amfani da hanyar Ho Chi Minh.Tsakanin 1964 da 1973, Amurka ta jefa bama-bamai tan miliyan biyu a Laos, kusan daidai da tan miliyan 2.1 na bama-bamai da Amurka ta jefa a Turai da Asiya a duk lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, wanda ya sanya Laos ta zama kasa mafi yawan bama-bamai a tarihi dangane da. girman yawan jama'arta.Manufar dakatar da Arewacin Vietnam da Viet Cong ba a taɓa cimma ba.Babban Hafsan Hafsan Sojan Sama na Amurka Curtis LeMay, ya dade yana ba da shawarar kai harin bam a Vietnam kuma ya rubuta game da 'yan gurguzu cewa "za mu sake jefa bam a cikin zamanin dutse".

Bayan ƙudurin Gulf of Tonkin, Hanoi ya yi tsammanin isowar sojojin Amurka kuma ya fara faɗaɗa ƙasar Viet Cong, tare da aika ƙarin adadin ma'aikatan Arewacin Vietnam zuwa kudu.A wannan lokaci sun yi wa sojojin Viet Cong kayan aiki tare da daidaita kayan aikinsu da bindigogin AK-47 da sauran kayayyaki, tare da kafa runduna ta tara."Daga ƙarfin kusan 5,000 a farkon 1959, matsayi na Viet Cong ya karu zuwa kimanin 100,000 a karshen 1964 ... Tsakanin 1961 da 1964 Sojojin sun tashi daga kimanin 850,000 zuwa kusan maza miliyan."Adadin sojojin Amurka da aka tura zuwa Vietnam a daidai wannan lokacin sun yi ƙasa sosai: 2,000 a 1961, ya ƙaru da sauri zuwa 16,500 a 1964. A wannan lokacin, amfani da kayan aikin da aka kama ya ragu, yayin da ake buƙatar adadin harsasai da kayayyaki don kiyayewa akai-akai. raka'a.Rukunin na 559 an dorawa alhakin fadada hanyar Ho Chi Minh, bisa la'akari da harin bama-bamai da jiragen yakin Amurka ke kaiwa akai.Yaƙin ya fara rikidewa zuwa ƙarshe, yanayin yaƙi na al'ada na Hanoi na tsawon lokaci na yaƙi mai matakai uku.Yanzu an dora wa kungiyar ta Viet Cong alhakin lalata ARVN da kamawa da kuma rike wuraren;duk da haka, har yanzu Viet Cong ba ta da karfin kai hari ga manyan garuruwa da birane.A cikin watan Disamba na 1964, sojojin ARVN sun sha asara mai yawa a yakin Bình Giã, a yakin da bangarorin biyu ke kallo a matsayin magudanar ruwa.A baya can, VC ta yi amfani da dabarun fage-da-gudu.A Binh Gia kuwa, sun yi galaba a kan wani kakkarfan runduna ta ARVN a yakin da suka saba kuma suka zauna a filin har na tsawon kwanaki hudu.A cewarsa, an sake cin galaba a kan sojojin Kudancin Vietnam a watan Yunin 1965 a yakin Đồng Xoài.

Harin da aka kai kan Camp Holloway ya faru ne a farkon ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1965, a farkon yakin Vietnam.Camp Holloway wani wurin jirage mai saukar ungulu ne wanda Sojojin Amurka suka gina a kusa da Pleiku a cikin 1962. An gina shi don tallafawa ayyukan Sojojin Sojan Duniya na 'Yanci a Tsaunukan Tsakiyar Kudancin Vietnam.Tare da nasarar da ya samu a zaben shugaban kasa na 1964, Johnson ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da Operation Flaming Dart wanda ya haifar da hare-hare a kan sojojin Arewacin Vietnam.Duk da haka, tare da Kosygin har yanzu a Hanoi a lokacin harin bam na Amurka, gwamnatin Soviet ta yanke shawarar kara kai hare-haren soja zuwa Arewacin Vietnam, wanda ke nuna babban koma baya ga manufofin Khrushchev a Vietnam.Harin bam da Amurka ta kai a Arewacin Vietnam a watan Fabrairun 1965 ya yi tasiri sosai kan dabarun Tarayyar Soviet a Vietnam.A lokacin zaman Kosygin a Hanoi, Arewacin Vietnam ya fuskanci hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka wanda ya harzuka gwamnatin Soviet.Sakamakon haka, a ranar 10 ga Fabrairun 1965, Kosygin da takwaransa na Arewacin Vietnam, Firayim Minista Phạm Văn Đồng, sun ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa wanda ya nuna ƙudurin Soviet don ƙarfafa ƙarfin tsaro na Arewacin Vietnam ta hanyar ba shi duka "taimako da tallafi".Sai kuma a watan Afrilun shekarar 1965, yayin da ya kai ziyara birnin Moscow, babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Vietnam, Lê Duẩn, ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar makami mai linzami da Tarayyar Soviet, wadda ta bai wa sojojin Arewacin Vietnam abin da suke bukata don yin tir da Operation Rolling Thunder.

An kai nau'ikan ramuwar gayya arba'in da tara don Flaming Dart I a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 1965. Flaming Dart Na kai hari kan sansanonin sojojin Vietnam ta Arewa kusa da Đồng Hới, yayin da igiyar ruwa ta biyu ta yi niyya kan dabaru da hanyoyin sadarwa na Vietcong kusa da Yankin Bietnam Demilitarized (DMZ).Halin da Amurka ta yi game da haɓakar kwaminisanci bai takaita ga harin bom na Arewacin Vietnam ba.Har ila yau, Washington ta kara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki a lokacin da ta ba da izinin yin amfani da jiragen yakin Amurka wajen kai hari a kudancin kasar.A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, USF B-57s ta gudanar da hare-haren jiragen sama na farko da Amurkawa suka yi don tallafawa sassan ƙasa na Kudancin Vietnam.A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, jiragen yakin AmurkaF sun sake kai hari, a wannan karon sun karya wani harin kwanton bauna na kasar Viet Cong a tsakiyar tsaunuka ta tsakiya tare da jerin dabarun dabarun iska.Bugu da ƙari, wannan ya kasance ci gaba a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki na Amurka.

Operation Rolling Thunder wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne a hankali da kuma ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta iska wanda Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, da Jamhuriyar Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) suka yi a kan Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam) daga 2 Maris 1965 har zuwa 2 ga Nuwamba 1968 , a lokacin yakin Vietnam.Manufofi hudu na aikin (wanda ya samo asali a kan lokaci) shine don bunkasa halin da ake ciki na gwamnatin Saigon a Jamhuriyar Vietnam (Kudancin Vietnam);don shawo kan Arewacin Vietnam ya daina goyon bayan tawayen gurguzu a Kudancin Vietnam ba tare da tura sojojin ƙasa zuwa Arewacin Vietnam na gurguzu ba;don lalata tsarin sufuri na Arewacin Vietnam, tushen masana'antu, da kariya ta iska;da kuma dakatar da kwararar maza da kayan aiki zuwa Kudancin Vietnam.Cimma waɗannan manufofin ya kasance mai wahala ta hanyar takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Amurka da kawayenta na yakin cacar baka , da taimakon soja da taimakon da Arewacin Vietnam ta samu daga kawayenta na gurguzu, Tarayyar Soviet , Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Arewa. Koriya.Aikin ya zama mafi tsananin yaƙin iska / ƙasa da aka yi a lokacin yakin cacar baka;Ya kasance mafi wahala irin wannan yakin da Amurka ta yi tun bayan harin bama-bamai ta sama da Jamus ta yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Tare da goyon bayan kawayenta na kwaminisanci, Tarayyar Soviet da China, Arewacin Vietnam sun samar da wani hadadden hadaddiyar makamai masu linzami na MiG da jiragen yaki da kuma nagartattun makamai na iska da na sama da na sama wadanda suka haifar da daya daga cikin mafi inganci tsaron iska da aka taba fuskanta. Sojojin Amurka.Wannan ya haifar da soke Operation Rolling Thunder a cikin 1968.

A ranar 8 ga Maris 1965, sojojin ruwa na Amurka 3,500 suka sauka kusa da Da Nang, Kudancin Vietnam.Wannan ya nuna farkon yakin kasa na Amurka.Ra'ayin jama'a na Amurka ya goyi bayan tura sojojin.Aikin farko na sojojin Marines shine tsaron Da Nang Air Base.An ƙara tura mutane 3,500 na farko a cikin Maris 1965 zuwa kusan 200,000 zuwa Disamba.Sojojin Amurka sun dade suna makaranta a yakin yaki.Ba tare da la'akari da manufofin siyasa ba, kwamandojin Amurka sun kasance a hukumance da tunani ba su dace da aikin tsaro ba.Janar William Westmoreland ya sanar da Admiral US Grant Sharp Jr. kwamandan sojojin Amurka na Pacific cewa lamarin na da matukar muhimmanci.Ya ce, "Na gamsu da cewa sojojin Amurka da karfinsu, motsinsu, da karfin wuta na iya samun nasarar kai yakin zuwa NLF (Viet Cong)".Tare da wannan shawarwarin, Westmoreland na ba da shawarar ficewa daga matsayin tsaron Amurka da kuma nesantar Kudancin Vietnamese.Ta yin watsi da raka'o'in ARVN, alƙawarin Amurka ya zama abin buɗe ido.Westmoreland ta zayyana wani tsari mai maki uku don cin nasara a yakin:Mataki na 1. Ƙaddamar da sojojin Amurka (da sauran duniya masu 'yanci) waɗanda suka wajaba don dakatar da asarar da aka yi a ƙarshen 1965.Mataki na 2. Sojojin Amurka da na kawayenta sun dauki wasu manyan hare-hare don karbe yunkurin ruguza 'yan ta'adda da kungiyoyin makiya.Wannan lokaci zai ƙare lokacin da abokan gaba suka gaji, aka jefa su a kan tsaro, kuma an kore su daga manyan wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa.Mataki na 3. Idan abokan gaba sun ci gaba, za a buƙaci tsawon watanni goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas bayan mataki na 2 don halakar ƙarshe na sojojin abokan gaba da suka rage a wurare masu nisa.

Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa a Saigon ya bai wa shugabannin Arewacin Vietnam damar haɓaka yakin neman aikinsu a kudanci.Sun yi imanin cewa, ikon gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu ya dogara ne ga sojojin kasar masu karfi, don haka Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam (PAVN) da VC suka kaddamar da hare-haren bazara na 1965 don yin hasara mai yawa ga sojojin Kudancin Vietnam.A cikin Lardin Dogon Phước, harin rani na PAVN/VC ya ƙare a yakin Đồng Xoài.Yaƙin na Đồng Xoài ya fara ne a yammacin ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1965, lokacin da VC 272 Regiment suka kai hari tare da kame rukunin Tsaron Farar Hula da Dakarun Musamman na Amurka a can.Rundunar Sojojin Jumhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojin kasar sun mayar da martani ga harin kwatsam inda suka umurci Bataliya ta daya ta ARVN, Rejimenti ta 7, runduna ta 5 ta ARVN da su kwato gundumar Đồng Xoài.Sojojin ARVN sun isa filin daga a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, amma a kusa da Thuận Lợi, dakarun VC 271st Regiment sun mamaye bataliyar Kudancin Vietnam.Daga baya a wannan rana, Bataliya ta 52 ta ARVN, wacce ta tsira daga harin kwantan bauna a lokacin da take tafiya zuwa Đồng Xoài, ta sake kwace gundumar.A ranar 11 ga Yuni, Bataliya ta 7 ta ARVN ta isa don ƙarfafa matsayin Kudancin Vietnam;yayin da jami’an tsaron ke binciken gonakin roba na Thuận Lợi domin ceto wadanda suka tsira daga bataliya ta daya, VC ta kama su a wani mummunan harin kwantan bauna.

Yakin Ia Drang shi ne babban yaki na farko tsakanin Sojojin Amurka da Sojojin Kasar Vietnam (PAVN), a zaman wani bangare na Yakin Pleiku da aka gudanar a farkon yakin Vietnam, a gabar gabashin Chu Pong Massif a tsakiyar kasar. Tsaunuka na Vietnam, a cikin 1965. Yana da mahimmanci don kasancewa farkon harin jirgin sama mai girma na farko da kuma amfani da farko na Boeing B-52 Stratofortress dabarun bama-bamai a cikin rawar tallafi na dabara.Ia Drang ya kafa tsarin yakin Vietnam tare da Amurkawa da suka dogara da motsin iska, harbin bindigogi da tallafin iska, yayin da PAVN ta kawar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar shigar da sojojin Amurka da sauri a kusa.

Matakin da aka yi a Đắk Tô yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ɓarkewar Sojojin Jama'ar Vietnam (PAVN) waɗanda suka fara a cikin rabin na biyu na shekara.PAVN ta kai hari a Lộc Ninh (a lardin Bình Long), Song Be (a cikin Phước Long Province) da kuma a Con Thien da Khe Sanh, (a lardin Quảng Trị), wasu ayyuka ne waɗanda, haɗe da Đắk Tô, an san su da "The fadan kan iyaka".Maƙasudin sojojin PAVN na post hoc shine don kawar da hankalin sojojin Amurka da na Kudancin Vietnam daga birane zuwa kan iyakoki a shirye-shiryen harin Tet.A lokacin bazara na 1967, haɗin gwiwa tare da sojojin PAVN a yankin ya haifar da ƙaddamar da Operation Greeley, binciken da aka haɗa tare da lalata ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce daga rukunin runduna ta 4 ta Amurka da Brigade na 173 na Airborne, tare da Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) ) runduna ta 42 ta runduna ta 22 da kuma runduna ta sama.Yaƙin ya yi tsanani kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen 1967, lokacin da PAVN da alama ta janye.A ƙarshen Oktoba, bayanan sirri na Amurka sun nuna cewa an ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin gurguzu na gida tare da haɗa su cikin Sashen 1 na PAVN, wanda shine kama Đắk Tô tare da lalata ƙungiyar Amurka mai girman brigade.Bayanin da wani mai sauya sheka na PAVN ya bayar ya ba abokan hadin gwiwa kyakkyawar nuni ga wuraren da sojojin PAVN suke.Wannan sirrin ya sa aka kaddamar da Operation MacArthur kuma ya dawo da sassan yankin tare da ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga ARVN Airborne Division.Yaƙe-yaƙe a kan tudun jama'a kudu da kudu maso gabas na Đắk Tô sun zama wasu daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala da zubar jini na Yaƙin Vietnam.

Laifin Tet ya kasance babban haɓaka kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙin Vietnam.An kaddamar da shi a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1968 ta sojojin Viet Cong (VC) da Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam na Vietnam (PAVN).Yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na kai hare-hare na ba-zata a kan sojoji da farar hular umarni da cibiyoyin sarrafawa a duk Kudancin Vietnam.Manufar wannan gagarumin farmakin na Hanoi Politburo shi ne ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, bisa imanin cewa yawan kai hari da makami a birane zai haifar da koma baya da tawaye.Harin ya kasance cin kashin kashin soji ne ga Arewacin Vietnam, domin babu wata tayar da kayar baya ko kungiyar ta ARVN da ta faru a Kudancin Vietnam.Sai dai kuma wannan harin ya haifar da sakamako mai nisa saboda tasirinsa kan ra'ayoyin yakin Vietnam da jama'ar Amurka da ma duniya baki daya suka yi.Janar Westmoreland ya ruwaito cewa kayar da PAVN/VC zai buƙaci karin sojojin Amurka 200,000 da kuma kunna ajiyar ajiyar, wanda ya sa har ma da masu goyon bayan yakin don ganin cewa dabarun yaki na yanzu yana buƙatar sake dubawa.Wannan farmakin ya yi tasiri mai karfi a kan gwamnatin Amurka, ya kuma gigita al'ummar Amurka, lamarin da ya sa shugabanninta na siyasa da na soja suka yi imani da cewa ana fatattakar 'yan kabilar Vietnam ta Arewa, kuma ba za su iya kaddamar da irin wannan gagarumin farmaki na soja ba;Tallafin jama'a na Amurka ga yakin ya ragu sakamakon asarar da aka yi a Tet da kuma karuwar daftarin kira.Bayan haka, gwamnatin Johnson ta nemi tattaunawa don kawo karshen yakin, wanda ya ci tura a wata yarjejeniya ta sirri tsakanin tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Richard Nixon, wanda ya shirya tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a zaben shugaban Amurka na 1968, da shugaban Vietnam ta Kudu Nguyễn Văn. Tayi.

A farkon harin Tet na Arewacin Vietnam a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1968, wanda ya yi daidai da Sabuwar Shekarar Lunar na Vietnamese, manyan sojojin Amurka na al'ada sun himmatu wajen yaki da ayyukan a kasar Vietnam kusan shekaru uku.Babbar hanya 1, ta ratsa cikin birnin Huế, ta kasance muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kayan aiki ga Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) da sojojin Amurka daga birnin Da Nang da ke bakin teku zuwa yankin Vietnam Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), iyakar iyaka tsakanin. Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam nisan kilomita 50 (mita 31) zuwa arewacin Huế.Har ila yau, babbar hanyar ta ba da damar shiga kogin Turare (Vietnamese: Sông Hương ko Hương Giang) a wurin da kogin ya bi ta Huế, ya raba birnin zuwa yankunan arewa da kudancin.Har ila yau, Huế ya kasance cibiyar samar da jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka.Saboda bukukuwan Tết, ɗimbin sojojin ARVN sun tafi hutu kuma ba a kare birnin ba.Yayin da ARVN 1st Division ta soke duk wani izinin Tết kuma tana ƙoƙarin tunawa da sojojinta, sojojin Kudancin Vietnam da Amurka a cikin birnin ba su shirya ba lokacin da Việt Cộng (VC) da Sojojin Vietnam (PAVN) suka kaddamar da Tet Offensive. harin daruruwa na sojoji da cibiyoyin jama'a a fadin kasar, ciki har da Huế.Sojojin PAVN-VC sun mamaye mafi yawan birnin cikin hanzari.A cikin wata mai zuwa, an kori su a hankali yayin fadan gida-gida da Marines da ARVN suka jagoranta.

Mawallafin Labaran Maraice na CBS Walter Cronkite, wanda ya dawo daga Vietnam, ya gaya wa masu kallo, “Da alama yanzu ya ƙara tabbata fiye da kowane lokaci cewa zub da jini na Vietnam zai ƙare a cikin tsaka mai wuya.A ce mun fi kusa da nasara a yau, shi ne mu yarda, ta fuskar hujjoji, masu fata da suka yi kuskure a baya”.An ce shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya mayar da martani, "Idan na yi rashin Cronkite, na rasa Amurka ta Tsakiya."

Kisan Huế shine taƙaitaccen kisa da kisan gillar da 'yan Vietnam Cong (VC) da Sojojin Vietnam (PAVN) suka yi a lokacin kama su, aikin soja da kuma janyewa daga birnin Huế a lokacin Tet Offensive, wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin mafi tsawo. da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe mafi zubar da jini na Yaƙin Vietnam.A cikin watanni da shekarun da suka biyo bayan yakin Huế, an gano kaburbura da dama a ciki da wajen Huế.Wadanda abin ya shafa sun hada da maza, mata, yara, da jarirai.Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kasance tsakanin fararen hula 2,800 zuwa 6,000 da fursunonin yaki, ko kuma kashi 5-10% na yawan mutanen Huế.Jamhuriyar Vietnam ta Kudu ta fitar da jerin sunayen mutane 4,062 da aka gano cewa an kashe su ko kuma aka sace su.An samu wadanda abin ya shafa a daure, ana azabtar da su, wasu lokutan kuma ana binne su da ransu.Yawancin wadanda lamarin ya rutsa da su kuma an kwantar da su har suka mutu.Hukumomin Amurka da na Kudancin Vietnam da kuma wasu ‘yan jarida da suka binciki abubuwan da suka faru sun dauki wannan binciken, tare da wasu shaidun da ke tabbatar da cewa an aikata wani babban ta’asa a cikin da kewayen Huế a tsawon makwanni hudu da ta yi. .An yi la'akarin kashe-kashen a matsayin wani bangare mai girma na kawar da duk wani nau'i na zamantakewa, ciki har da duk wani mai abokantaka da sojojin Amurka a yankin.Kisan gillar da aka yi a Huế ya zo karkashin karin binciken manema labarai daga baya, lokacin da rahotannin manema labarai suka yi zargin cewa "Rundunar ramuwar gayya" ta Kudancin Vietnam su ma sun kasance suna aiki bayan yakin, suna bincike da kuma kashe 'yan kasar da suka goyi bayan mulkin gurguzu.

Bayan harin Tet da raguwar goyon bayan da jama'ar Amurka suka samu kan yakin, sojojin Amurka sun fara rugujewar rugujewa, rashin kunya da rashin biyayya.A gida, adadin ƙaura ya ninka sau huɗu daga matakan 1966.Daga cikin waɗanda aka yi wa rajista, kashi 2.5 ne kawai suka zaɓi matsayi na yaƙi a cikin 1969-1970.Rijistar ROTC ta ragu daga 191,749 a shekarar 1966 zuwa 72,459 a shekarar 1971, kuma ta kai mafi kankantar 33,220 a 1974, wanda ya hana sojojin Amurka samun shugabancin soja da ake bukata.Budaddiyar ƙin shiga sintiri ko aiwatar da umarni kuma rashin biyayya ya fara bayyana a cikin wannan lokacin, tare da wani sanannen lamari na ɗaukacin kamfani ya ƙi ba da umarnin shiga ko gudanar da ayyuka.Haɗin kai na ƙungiya ya fara watsewa kuma ya mai da hankali kan rage hulɗa da Viet Cong da PAVN.Wani al’ada da aka fi sani da “Jaka-Yashi” ta fara faruwa, inda sassan da aka ba da umarnin yin sintiri za su shiga cikin kasa-kasa, su nemo wani wuri da ba a gani ba daga wajen manyan su kuma su huta yayin da suke yin rediyo a cikin kwamitocin karya da rahotanni.Amfani da muggan kwayoyi ya karu da sauri a tsakanin sojojin Amurka a wannan lokacin, yayin da kashi 30% na sojojin Amurka a kai a kai suna amfani da tabar wiwi, yayin da wani kwamitin majalisar ya gano kashi 10-15% na sojojin Amurka a Vietnam a kai a kai suna amfani da tabar heroin.Tun daga shekarar 1969, ayyukan bincike da lalata sun zama ana kiransu da "bincike da gujewa" ko "bincike da gujewa" ayyuka, da lalata rahotannin yaƙi tare da guje wa mayaka.An bincika jimillar ɓangarorin gungu 900 da waɗanda ake zargin sun faru ne a tsakanin 1969 da 1971. A cikin 1969, rawar da sojojin Amurka suka yi a fagen fama ya kasance da ƙarancin ɗabi'a, rashin kuzari, da rashin jagoranci.Yaƙin FSB Mary Ann ya nuna gagarumin raguwar ɗabi'ar Amurka a cikin Maris 1971, inda wani harin sapper ya yi mummunar asara ga masu tsaron Amurka.William Westmoreland, ba shi da iko amma yana da alhakin gudanar da bincike kan gazawar, ya ambata a sarari. rashin aiki, rashin tsaro da rashin jami’an da ke kula da shi a matsayin dalilinsa.

Kisan gillar Mỹ Lai shi ne kisan gillar da sojojin Amurka suka yi wa fararen hula 'yan Kudancin Vietnam marasa makami a gundumar Sơn Tịnh, Kudancin Vietnam, a ranar 16 ga Maris 1968 a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam.Tsakanin mutane 347 zuwa 504 ne sojojin Amurka daga Kamfanin C, Bataliya ta 1, Rejimenti ta 20 da Kamfanin B, Bataliya ta 4, ta 3, Brigade 11, Brigade na 23 (Amurka) suka kashe.Wadanda abin ya shafa sun hada da maza, mata, yara, da jarirai.Wasu daga cikin matan an yi musu fyade tare da datse jikinsu, wasu kuma sun yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 12 fyade tare da yi musu fyade. An tuhumi sojoji 26 da laifin aikata laifuka, amma Laftanar William Calley Jr., shugaban rukunin rukunin C Company ne kawai. , an yanke masa hukunci.Da aka same shi da laifin kashe mutanen kauyen 22, tun da farko an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai, amma ya shafe shekaru uku da rabi a gidan yari bayan da shugaba Richard Nixon ya sassauta hukuncin da aka yanke masa.Wannan laifin yaki, wanda daga baya aka kira shi "babban abin mamaki na yakin Vietnam", ya faru ne a kauyuka biyu na kauyen Sơn Mỹ a lardin Quảng Ngãi.An yiwa waɗannan ƙauyuka alama akan taswirorin saman sojojin Amurka kamar Mỹ Lai da Mỹ Khê.Lamarin ya haifar da bacin rai a duniya lokacin da jama'a suka sani a watan Nuwamba 1969. Lamarin ya ba da gudummawa ga adawar cikin gida ga shigar Amurka a yakin Vietnam, duka saboda yawan kisa da yunkurin boyewa.Mỹ Lai shine kisan gilla mafi girma da sojojin Amurka suka yi wa farar hula a karni na 20.

Operation Commando Hunt wani ɓoye ne na Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka na Bakwai da Task Force 77 na Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka wanda ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam.An fara aikin ne a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1968 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 29 ga Maris 1972. Makasudin yakin shine don hana jigilar ma'aikatan Sojojin Vietnam (PAVN) da kayayyaki a kan titin dabaru da ake kira Ho Chi Minh Trail wanda ya tashi daga kudu maso yammacin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam) ta yankin kudu maso gabashin Masarautar Laos da kuma zuwa cikin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (Kudancin Vietnam).Rashin nasarar aikin yana da tushe guda uku.Na farko, akwai takunkumin siyasa da Washington ta sanya wanda ya iyakance duk kokarin Amurka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Tushen gazawar ta biyu ita ce amfani da abin da Kanar Charles Morrison ya kira "hanyoyi masu yawa" a kan "tsarin abubuwa."Bukatun kayan aiki na farko na Arewacin Vietnamese (aƙalla har zuwa lokacin yaƙi na ƙarshe) ya ba su damar zamewa a ƙarƙashin radar abokan gabansu na fasaha na fasaha.A ƙarshe, duk abubuwan da ke sama sun tsananta saboda ƙwaryar 'yan gurguzu don daidaita koyaswarsu da dabarunsu da kuma mai da rauni zuwa ƙarfi.Ƙoƙarin ƙetare (kamar dukan ƙoƙarin Amirka a Vietnam) ya mayar da hankali ga kididdiga a matsayin ma'auni na nasara kuma "ya rabu da dabarar la'akari da al'ada marar ma'ana."Ƙididdiga, duk da haka, ba ta tabbatar da wani abin da zai maye gurbin dabarun ba, kuma, "ga duk nasarar da aka samu a wannan wasan lambobi, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta yi nasarar yaudarar kanta kawai don gaskata cewa Commando Hunt yana aiki. gaf da rugujewa, PAVN ta kiyaye da kuma faɗaɗa kwararar kayan aikinta don yaƙar raka'a a cikin filin kuma ta sami nasarar ƙaddamar da manyan hare-hare a 1968 da 1972 da tashin hankali a cikin 1971. Arewacin Vietnam ya gina, kiyayewa, da faɗaɗa, ƙarƙashin ruwan bama-bamai, sama da haka. Kimanin kilomita 3,000 na hanyoyi da hanyoyi ta tsaunuka da dazuzzuka yayin da kashi biyu kacal na sojojin da aka tura kudanci suka kashe a kokarin Amurka na dakatar da kutsawa cikin Kudancin Vietnam.

Vietnamization wata manufa ce ta gwamnatin Richard Nixon don kawo karshen shigar Amurka cikin yakin Vietnam ta hanyar wani shiri na "fadada, ba da kayan aiki, da horar da sojojin Kudancin Vietnam tare da ba su rawar yaki da ke karuwa, a lokaci guda kuma a hankali rage adadin. na sojojin Amurka".Rashin amincewa da jama'ar Amurka game da gwamnatinsu wanda ya fara bayan harin Tet ya kara tsananta tare da sakin labarai game da yadda sojojin Amurka suka kashe fararen hula a My Lai (1968), mamayewar Cambodia (1970), da leaking na Pentagon Papers (1971) .Nixon ya umarci Kissinger ya tattauna manufofin diflomasiyya tare da dan kasar Soviet Anatoly Dobrynin.Nixon ya kuma bude babban hulda da kasar Sin.Dangantakar Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da China ta kasance mafi fifiko fiye da Kudancin Vietnam.Manufofin Vietnamization, duk da nasarar da aka yi na kisa, ya kasance a ƙarshe ya gaza yayin da ingantattun sojojin ARVN da raguwar Amurkawa da kawayenta suka kasa hana faduwar Saigon da hadewar arewa da kudanci, don kafa Jamhuriyar Socialist. Vietnam.

Operation Menu wani sirri ne na Amurka Strategic Air Command (SAC) yakin harin bam da aka gudanar a gabashin Cambodia .Nixon da gwamnatinsa ne suka rufe bama-baman tun lokacin da Cambodia ba ta da hannu a yakin, ko da yake jaridar New York Times za ta bayyana aikin a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1969. Wani rahoto da rundunar sojin saman Amurka ta bayar na harin bam a Indochina daga 1964. zuwa 1973 an bayyana shi a cikin 2000. Rahoton ya ba da cikakken bayani game da girman harin bam na Cambodia, da kuma na Laos da Vietnam .Bayanai sun ce, sojojin sama sun fara luguden wuta a yankunan karkarar Cambodia da ke kan iyakarta ta Kudancin Vietnam a shekarar 1965 karkashin gwamnatin Johnson;wannan ya kasance shekaru hudu a baya fiye da yadda aka yi imani a baya.Hare-haren bama-bamai na Menu wani abu ne da ke ta'azzara abin da a baya ya kasance na kai hare-hare ta sama.Sabon shugaban kasa Richard Nixon ya ba da izini a karon farko amfani da manyan bama-bamai masu dogon zango na Boeing B-52 Stratofortress zuwa kafet bam Cambodia.Operation Freedom Deal nan take ya bi Operation Menu.A karkashin Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci, an fadada harin bam na B-52 zuwa wani yanki mafi girma na Cambodia kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa Agusta 1973.

Operation Giant Lance wani aiki ne na soji na boye na Amurka wanda babban makasudin shine a yi amfani da matsin lambar soji ga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin yakin cacar baka .An fara shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1969, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya ba da izini ga tawagar 'yan ta'adda 18 B-52 don yin sintiri a kan kankara na Arctic da kuma kara barazanar barazanar nukiliya.Manufar ita ce ta tilasta wa Tarayyar Soviet da Arewacin Vietnam su amince da sharuɗɗa masu kyau da Amurka, da kuma kawo karshen yakin Vietnam.Hakanan an gina tasirin aikin akan tsarin diflomasiyyar ka'idar mahaukata ta Nixon, don yin tasiri ga shawarar Moscow har ma.Aikin ya kasance sirrin sirri daga jama'a da kuma manyan hukumomi a cikin Strategic Air Command, wanda aka yi niyya kawai ta hanyar leken asirin Rasha.An kwashe wata guda ana gudanar da aikin kafin a dage aikin.

Tun daga shekarar 1970, an janye sojojin Amurka daga yankunan kan iyaka inda akasarin fadan aka yi, a maimakon haka aka sake girke su a gabar teku da ciki.Yayin da aka sake tura sojojin Amurka, rundunar ta ARVN ta dauki nauyin yaki a fadin kasar, inda aka kashe Amurkawa sau biyu a 1969, sannan fiye da na Amurka sau uku a 1970. A cikin yanayin bayan Tet, kasancewa memba a Rundunar Yanki ta Kudancin Vietnam da Popular Force. 'Yan bindiga sun girma, kuma a yanzu sun fi iya samar da tsaro a ƙauye, wanda Amirkawa ba su cim ma a karkashin Westmoreland ba.A cikin 1970, Nixon ya sanar da janye ƙarin sojojin Amurka 150,000, wanda ya rage yawan Amurkawa zuwa 265,500.A shekara ta 1970, sojojin Viet Cong ba su da rinjayen kudanci, saboda kusan kashi 70% na sassan 'yan arewa ne.Tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1971, Viet Cong da wasu rukunin PAVN sun koma cikin ƙananan dabaru na 1967 da kafin a maimakon manyan hare-hare na ƙasa baki ɗaya.A cikin 1971, Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun janye sojojinsu kuma an rage adadin sojojin Amurka zuwa 196,700, tare da wa'adin cire wasu sojoji 45,000 a watan Fabrairun 1972.

Manufar kamfen na Cambodia shine cin kashi kusan dakaru 40,000 na Sojojin Jama'ar Vietnam (PAVN) da Viet Cong (VC) a yankunan gabas kan iyakar Cambodia.Tsare-tsare na Kambodiya da raunin soja sun sanya yankinsa ya zama yanki mai aminci inda dakarun PAVN/VC za su iya kafa sansanonin gudanar da ayyuka a kan iyaka.Tare da Amurka ta matsa zuwa ga manufar Vietnamization da kuma janyewa, ta nemi kafa gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam ta hanyar kawar da barazanar kan iyaka.Canji a cikin gwamnatin Cambodia ya ba da damar damar lalata sansanonin a cikin 1970, lokacin da aka kori Yarima Norodom Sihanouk kuma Janar Lon Nol ya maye gurbinsa.Wasu jerin ayyukan Kudancin Vietnam-Khmer sun kama garuruwa da yawa, amma PAVN/VC soja da jagoranci na siyasa sun tsira daga tarkon.Wannan farmakin wani bangare ne na martani ga farmakin da PAVN ta kai ranar 29 ga watan Maris kan Sojojin Cambodia da suka kame manyan sassan gabashin Cambodia sakamakon wadannan hare-hare.Ayyukan soja na haɗin gwiwa sun kasa kawar da yawancin sojojin PAVN/VC ko kuma kama hedkwatarsu da ba su da kyau, wanda aka sani da Babban Ofishin Kudancin Vietnam (COSVN) kamar yadda suka bar wata guda kafin.

Harbin da aka yi a Jihar Kent shi ne kashe mutane hudu da raunata wasu daliban Jami’ar Jihar Kent da ba su dauke da makamai a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1970, a cikin Kent, Ohio, mai nisan mil 40 (kilomita 64) kudu da Cleveland.Kisan ya faru ne a yayin wani gangamin neman zaman lafiya da ke adawa da fadada yakin Vietnam cikin kasar Cambodia da sojojin Amurka suka yi da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da kasancewar jami'an tsaron kasa a harabar jami'ar.Lamarin dai shi ne karo na farko da aka kashe dalibi a wani taron yaki da yaki a tarihin Amurka.Mummunan harbe-harbe ya haifar da tashin hankali kai tsaye a harabar jami'o'in kasar.Ya kara shiga yajin aikin daliban da aka fara a watan Mayu.Daga qarshe, sama da ɗalibai miliyan 4 ne suka halarci taron fita da aka shirya a ɗaruruwan jami’o’i, kwalejoji, da manyan makarantu.Harbin da yajin aikin ya shafi ra'ayin jama'a a wani lokaci da tuni aka yi ta cece-kuce kan rawar da Amurka ta taka a yakin Vietnam.

A shekara ta 1967, dalilin abin da ya zama sa hannun Amurka mai tsada A cikin Yaƙin Vietnam yana samun cikakken bincike.Tare da adawa da yakin da ake yi, wani yunkuri na soke ƙuduri - wanda masu sukar yaki suka yi la'akari da cewa sun bai wa gwamnatin Johnson "cake mara kyau" - ya fara tattara tururi.Wani bincike da kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na majalisar dattawa ya gudanar ya nuna cewa Maddox ya kasance yana aikin tattara bayanan sirri na lantarki a gabar tekun Arewacin Vietnam.Har ila yau, an samu labarin cewa cibiyar sadarwa ta sojojin ruwan Amurka da ke tsibirin Philippine, a yayin da take bitar sakwannin jiragen ruwa, ta yi tambaya kan ko an kai harin na biyu.Haɓaka ra'ayin jama'a game da yaƙin daga ƙarshe ya haifar da soke ƙudurin, wanda aka haɗa da Dokar Tallace-tallacen Soja ta Waje wanda Nixon ya sanya hannu a cikin Janairu 1971. Yana neman maido da iyakokin ikon shugaban ƙasa don shiga sojojin Amurka ba tare da sanarwar yaƙi ba, Majalisa. ya wuce Ƙaddamar Ƙarfin Yaƙi a cikin 1973, akan veto na Nixon.Ƙididdigar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Yaƙin, wanda har yanzu yana aiki, ya fitar da wasu buƙatu don Shugaban Ƙasa ya tuntuɓi Majalisa game da yanke shawara da ke shiga sojojin Amurka a cikin tashin hankali ko tashin hankali.

Takardun Pentagon, a hukumance mai suna Rahoton Ofishin Sakataren Tsaron Vietnam Task Force, tarihin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ce ta shigar da Amurka siyasa da soja a Vietnam daga 1945 zuwa 1967. Daniel Ellsberg ya sake shi, wanda ya yi nasara. sun yi aiki a kan binciken, an fara jawo hankalin jama’a a shafi na farko na The New York Times a shekara ta 1971. Wani labarin da aka buga a cikin The New York Times a shekara ta 1996 ya ce takardun Pentagon sun nuna, tare da wasu abubuwa, cewa Johnson Gwamnati ta yi "karya a tsanake, ba ga jama'a kadai ba har ma da Majalisa."Takardun Pentagon sun bayyana cewa a asirce, Amurka ta kara girman ayyukanta a yakin Vietnam tare da kai hare-hare a gabar teku a Arewacin Vietnam da hare-haren Marine Corps - ba a ba da rahoton ko daya ba a cikin kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun.Domin bayyana bayanansa na Takardun Pentagon, da farko an tuhumi Ellsberg da laifin hada baki, leken asiri, da satar kadarorin gwamnati;Daga baya an yi watsi da tuhumar, bayan da masu gabatar da kara da ke binciken badakalar Watergate suka gano cewa ma'aikatan fadar White House ta Nixon sun umarci wadanda ake kira White House Plumbers da su shiga wani yunkuri na karya doka don bata sunan Ellsberg.A cikin watan Yuni 2011, an rarraba takaddun da ke samar da Takardun Pentagon kuma an fitar da su a bainar jama'a.

Wannan mamayewa na al'ada (mamaye mafi girma tun bayan da sojojin kasar Sin 300,000 suka ketare kogin Yalu zuwa Koriya ta Arewa a lokacin yakin Koriya) ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi daga hare-haren Arewacin Vietnam na baya.An tsara wannan farmakin ne domin cimma wata gaggarumar nasara, wanda ko da bai kai ga rugujewar Kudancin Vietnam ba, zai inganta matsayin da Arewa ke da shi sosai a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris.Babban kwamandan Amurka ya yi tsammanin kai hari a cikin 1972 amma girman da girman kai harin ya sa masu tsaron baya su daidaita, saboda maharan sun kai hari a gaba guda uku a lokaci guda, tare da yawancin sojojin Arewacin Vietnam.Wannan yunƙuri na farko da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam) ta yi na mamaye kudanci tun bayan Tet Offensive na 1968, ya zama sananne ne da hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake na yau da kullun da ke da goyan bayan manyan bindigogi, tare da ɓangarorin biyu suna samun sabbin ci gaban fasaha a cikin tsarin makamai.A yankin dabara na I Corps, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam sun mamaye wuraren tsaron Kudancin Vietnam a cikin yakin da aka kwashe tsawon wata guda ana yi tare da kwace birnin Quảng Trị, kafin su wuce kudu a yunkurin kwace Huế.Hakazalika rundunar ta PAVN ta kawar da dakarun tsaron kan iyaka a yankin na II Corps Tactical Zone, ta kuma zarce zuwa babban birnin lardin Kon Tum, inda ta yi barazanar bude hanyar zuwa tekun, wanda da ya raba Kudancin Vietnam gida biyu.Arewa maso gabashin Saigon, a cikin Sashen Dabarun na III Corps, sojojin PAVN sun mamaye Lộc Ninh kuma suka ci gaba da kai hari babban birnin lardin Bình Long a An Lộc.Ana iya raba yakin zuwa matakai uku: Afrilu wata ne na ci gaban PAVN;Mayu ya zama lokacin daidaito;a watan Yuni da Yuli sojojin Kudancin Vietnam sun kai farmaki, inda suka kai ga kwato birnin Quảng Trị a watan Satumba.A dukkan bangarori ukun, nasarar farko ta Arewacin Vietnam ta sami cikas ta manyan hasashe, ingantattun dabaru da karuwar aikace-aikacen ikon iska na Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam.Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon harin shi ne ƙaddamar da Operation Linebacker, na farko da Amurka ta ci gaba da kai hare-haren bam a Arewacin Vietnam tun daga Nuwamba 1968. Ko da yake sojojin Kudancin Vietnam sun yi tsayayya da gwaji mafi girma ya zuwa yanzu a cikin rikici, Arewacin Vietnam ya cim ma mahimman manufofi guda biyu: suna da. sun sami yanki mai mahimmanci a Kudancin Vietnam daga inda za su fara kai hare-hare a nan gaba kuma sun sami kyakkyawan matsayi a tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ake gudanarwa a Paris.

Operation Linebacker shine lambar sunan rundunar sojojin saman Amurka ta bakwai da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka 77 yaƙin neman zaɓe da aka gudanar akan Arewacin Vietnam daga 9 ga Mayu zuwa 23 ga Oktoba 1972, lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam.Manufarsa ita ce ta dakatar ko jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki da kayan don Nguyen Hue Offensive (wanda aka sani a Yamma a matsayin Easter Offensive), mamayewa na Kudancin Vietnam daga Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam na Vietnam (PAVN) wanda aka kaddamar. a ranar 30 ga Maris.Linebacker shine karo na farko da aka ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan Arewacin Vietnam tun bayan karshen Operation Rolling Thunder a watan Nuwamba 1968.

Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris yarjejeniya ce ta zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1973, don samar da zaman lafiya a Vietnam da kawo karshen yakin Vietnam.Yarjejeniyar ta hada da gwamnatocin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam), Jamhuriyar Vietnam (Kudancin Vietnam), da Amurka, da kuma Jamhuriyar Kudancin Vietnam (PRG) da ke wakiltar 'yan gurguzu na Kudancin Vietnam.Sojojin Amurka na kasa har zuwa wannan lokaci an yi watsi da su tare da tabarbarewar halin kirki kuma a hankali an janye su zuwa yankunan bakin teku, ba tare da shiga cikin hare-haren wuce gona da iri ba ko kuma fada kai tsaye na tsawon shekaru biyu da suka gabata.Yarjejeniyar yarjejeniyar ta Paris za ta kawar da duk sauran sojojin Amurka, ciki har da sojojin sama da na ruwa a musayar.An kawo karshen shiga tsakani na sojan Amurka kai tsaye, kuma fada tsakanin kasashe ukun da suka rage ya tsaya na wani dan lokaci kasa da kwana guda.Majalisar dattawan Amurka ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba.Sojojin Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam sun karya tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar nan da nan ba tare da wani martani a hukumance daga Amurka ba.An buɗe faɗa a cikin Maris 1973, kuma laifuffukan Arewacin Vietnam sun haɓaka ikon su a ƙarshen shekara.

Rikicin bazara na 1975 shine yaƙin neman zaɓe na Arewacin Vietnam na ƙarshe a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ya kai ga mamaye Jamhuriyar Vietnam.Bayan nasarar farko ta kwace lardin Phước Dogon Lardin, shugabancin Arewacin Vietnam ya kara girman kai hari na Sojojin Sojojin Vietnam (PAVN) kuma suka kama tare da rike babban birnin tsakiyar tsaunukan Buôn Ma Thuột tsakanin 10 zuwa 18 ga Maris.Wadannan ayyuka an yi niyya su zama shiri don ƙaddamar da wani babban hari a cikin 1976.Bayan harin da aka kai a Buôn Ma Thuôt, Jamhuriyar Vietnam ta gane cewa ba za su iya kare kasar gaba daya ba kuma ta ba da umarnin janye dabarun ficewa daga tsaunukan tsakiya.Komawar da aka yi daga tsaunukan tsakiya, duk da haka, ya kasance abin takaici yayin da fararen hula 'yan gudun hijira suka tsere da wuta tare da sojoji, galibi akan babbar hanya guda daya taso daga tsaunuka zuwa bakin teku.Wannan lamarin ya kara ta'azzara ta hanyar umarni masu ruɗani, rashin umarni da sarrafawa, da kuma maƙiyi masu ja-gora kuma masu tsaurin ra'ayi, wanda ya kai ga halaka da halakar yawancin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam a tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiya.Irin wannan rugujewar ta afku a lardunan arewa.Ta yi mamakin saurin rugujewar ARVN, Arewacin Vietnam ta tura yawancin sojojinta na arewa fiye da mil 350 (kilomita 560) zuwa kudu don kwace babban birnin Kudancin Vietnam na Saigon a daidai lokacin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar shugabansu Ho Chi Minh. da kawo karshen yakin.Sojojin Kudancin Vietnam sun sake haduwa a kewayen babban birnin kasar tare da kare manyan hanyoyin sufuri a Phan Rang da Xuân Lộc, amma hasarar siyasa da soji na ci gaba da yakin ya kara bayyana.A karkashin matsin lamba na siyasa, shugaban Vietnam ta Kudu Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ya yi murabus a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, da fatan sabon shugaban da ya fi dacewa da Arewacin Vietnam zai iya sake tattaunawa da su.Duk da haka, ya makara.Kudu maso yammacin Saigon IV Corps, a halin da ake ciki, ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali tare da dakarunsa da suka hana sassan VC karbe duk wani babban birnin lardi.Tare da mashinan PAVN sun riga sun shiga Saigon, gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu, sannan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dương Văn Minh, wanda aka ƙaddamar akan 30 Afrilu 1975.

A lokacin bazara na 1975, Babban Rundunar PAVN a Hanoi ta yanke shawarar kwace manyan biranen Kudancin Vietnam na Huế da Da Nang, tare da lalata sassan Kudancin Vietnam daban-daban a cikin I Corps Tactical Zone, wanda ARVN Janar Ngô Quang Trưởng ke jagoranta. .Tun da farko, an shirya yakin neman zabe sama da matakai biyu;a lokacin bazara-rani da kaka.Duk da haka, yayin da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam suka yi birgima a kan kariya ta Kudancin Vietnam a wajen Huế da Da Nang, Shugaba Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ya umarci Janar Trưởng da ya yi watsi da dukkan yankunan da ke karkashin ikonsa, kuma ya janye sojojinsa zuwa yankunan bakin teku na I Corps.Janyewar Kudancin Vietnam cikin sauri ya koma gamuwa, yayin da Rundunar Sojoji ta 2 ta PAVN ta kama wani rukunin Kudancin Vietnam bayan daya, har sai da Huế da Da Nang suka kewaye gaba daya.A ranar 29 ga Maris, 1975, sojojin PAVN suna da cikakken iko da Huế da Da Nang, yayin da Kudancin Vietnam ya rasa dukkan yankuna da yawancin sassan na I Corps.Faduwar Huế da Da Nang bai fayyace ƙarshen wahalhalun da ARVN suka sha ba.A ranar 31 ga Maris, ARVN Janar Phạm Văn Phú - kwamandan II Corps Tactical Zone - ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da sabon layin tsaro daga Qui Nhơn don rufe koma baya na ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, amma su ma PAVN ta lalata su.A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, Kudancin Vietnam ya rasa iko da lardunan arewa, da kuma gawarwakin sojoji biyu.

Faɗuwar Saigon ita ce kame Saigon, babban birnin Kudancin Vietnam, da Sojojin Vietnam (PAVN) da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Kudancin Vietnam (Viet Cong) suka yi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1975. Lamarin ya nuna ƙarshen Vietnam. Yaƙi da farkon lokacin miƙa mulki daga haɗewar Vietnam zuwa jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam.PAVN, karkashin jagorancin Janar Văn Tiến Dũng, sun fara kai hari na karshe a kan Saigon a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1975, tare da sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) karkashin jagorancin Janar Nguyễn Văn Toàn, sun sha fama da tashin bama-bamai.Da yammacin rana ta gaba, PAVN da Viet Cong sun mamaye muhimman wurare na birnin kuma sun daga tutarsu a kan fadar shugaban kasar Vietnam ta Kudu.Kame birnin ya kasance ne da Operation Frequent Wind, da kwashe kusan daukacin jami'an farar hula da na sojan Amurka a Saigon, tare da dubun-dubatar fararen hula 'yan Vietnam ta Kudu wadanda ke da alaka da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Vietnam.Wasu 'yan Amurkawa sun zaɓi kada a kwashe su.Ƙungiyoyin yaƙi na ƙasa na Amurka sun bar Kudancin Vietnam fiye da shekaru biyu kafin faduwar Saigon kuma ba su da damar taimakawa tare da kare Saigon ko ƙaura.Ficewar ta kasance mafi girma da jirgin helikwafta a tarihi.Baya ga gudun hijira, kawo karshen yakin da kafa sabbin dokoki da gwamnatin gurguzu ta yi, sun taimaka wajen rage yawan mutanen birnin har zuwa shekara ta 1979, bayan haka kuma yawan jama'a ya sake karuwa.A ranar 3 ga Yulin 1976, Majalisar Dokokin {asa ta {asa ta {asar Vietnam ta sake suna Saigon don girmama Hồ Chí Minh, Marigayi Shugaban Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata na Vietnam kuma wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Vietnam (Arewacin Vietnam).

A ranar 2 ga Yuli 1976, Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam sun haɗu don kafa Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Vietnam .Duk da rade-radin da ake yi cewa dan Arewacin Vietnam mai nasara zai, a cikin kalaman Shugaba Nixon, "kashe fararen hula a can (Kudancin Vietnam) da miliyoyin mutane," akwai ra'ayi dayawa cewa ba a yi kisan gilla ba.Amurka ta yi amfani da veto na majalisar tsaro wajen hana Vietnam amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya har sau uku, lamarin da ke kawo cikas ga kasar samun tallafin kasa da kasa.Bama-bamai da ba a fashe ba, akasari daga harin bama-bamai na Amurka, na ci gaba da tayar da mutane tare da kashe mutane a yau kuma sun mayar da fili mai yawa da hadari kuma ba za a iya nomawa ba.A cewar gwamnatin Vietnam, barayin ya kashe mutane kusan 42,000 tun bayan kawo karshen yakin a hukumance.A Laos , bama-bamai miliyan 80 sun kasa fashewa kuma sun kasance a warwatse a cikin kasar.A cewar gwamnatin Laos, wasu bama-bamai da ba a fashe ba sun kashe ko jikkata 'yan kasar sama da 20,000 tun bayan kawo karshen yakin kuma a halin yanzu ana kashe ko jikkata mutane 50 a kowace shekara.An yi kiyasin cewa abubuwan fashewar da suka rage a binne a cikin kasa ba za a kawar da su gaba daya ba nan da ’yan shekaru masu zuwa.Amurka ta jefa sama da tan miliyan 7 na bama-bamai kan Indochina a lokacin yakin, fiye da sau uku tan miliyan 2.1 na bama-bamai da Amurka ta jefa a Turai da Asiya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma fiye da sau goma adadin da Amurka ta yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Yaƙin Koriya .Tsohon jami'in sojan saman Amurka Earl Tilford ya ba da labarin "sakamakon harin bama-bamai da aka yi a wani tafkin da ke tsakiyar Cambodia. A zahiri jiragen B-52 sun sauke nauyinsu a tafkin."Rundunar Sojan Sama ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na irin wannan don samun ƙarin kudade yayin tattaunawar kasafin kuɗi, don haka ton ɗin da aka kashe ba ya daidaita kai tsaye da lalacewa.Mutuwar kusan fararen hula 2,000,000 na Vietnam, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam 1,100,000, sojojin Kudancin Vietnam 250,000, da wasu sojojin Amurka 58,000.Rikici a makwabciyarta Cambodia , inda ƙungiyar gurguzu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka fi sani da Khmer Rouge ta kwace mulki kuma ta yi sanadin mutuwar aƙalla 1,500,000 Cambodia kafin sojojin Vietnam su hambarar da su a shekara ta 1979. Fiye da mutane miliyan 3 sun bar Vietnam, Laos, da Cambodia a cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Indochina. rikicin bayan 1975.