Carolingian Empire

Pepin the Short, wanda kuma ake kira ƙarami, shine Sarkin Franks daga 751 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 768. Shi ne Carolingian na farko da ya zama sarki.Mahaifin Pepin Charles Martel ya mutu a shekara ta 741. Ya raba mulkin mulkin Faransa tsakanin Pepin da ɗan'uwansa, Carloman, 'ya'yansa da suka tsira daga matarsa ​​ta farko: Carloman ya zama magajin fadar Austrasia, Pepin ya zama magajin fadar Neustria. .Tun da Pepin yana da iko a kan masu mulki kuma yana da ikon sarki, yanzu ya yi wa Paparoma Zachary wata tambaya mai ban sha'awa:Game da sarakunan Franks waɗanda ba su da ikon sarauta: shin wannan yanayin ya dace?Da wuya Lombards ya matsa masa, Paparoma Zachary ya yi maraba da wannan yunƙurin na Franks na kawo ƙarshen yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba tare da kafa harsashin tsarin mulki don yin amfani da ikon sarauta.Paparoma ya amsa da cewa irin wannan yanayin bai dace ba.A karkashin waɗannan yanayi, mai amfani da ainihin iko ya kamata a kira shi Sarki.Bayan wannan shawarar, an cire Childeric III kuma an tsare shi a gidan sufi.Shi ne na ƙarshe na Merovingians.Daga nan ne aka zaɓe Pepin Sarkin Franks ta wurin taron manyan sarakunan ƙasar Faransa, tare da wani kaso mai yawa na sojojinsa.

Siege na Narbonne ya faru ne tsakanin 752 zuwa 759 karkashin jagorancin Pepin Short a kan sansanin Umayyawa da wani sansanin Andalusian ke karewa tare da mazauna Gothic da Gallo-Roman.Siege ya kasance a matsayin babban filin yaƙi a cikin mahallin balaguron Caroling na kudu zuwa Provence da Septimania wanda ya fara a cikin 752. Yankin ya kasance har zuwa wannan lokacin a hannun kwamandojin sojojin Andalusian da masu martaba na gida na Gothic da Gallo-Roman stock, wanda ya kammala shirye-shiryen soja da na siyasa daban-daban don adawa da faɗaɗa mulkin Faransa.Mulkin Umayyawa ya ruguje da 750, kuma yankunan Umayyawa a Turai Yusuf bn AbdulRahman al-Fihri da magoya bayansa suka yi mulkin cin gashin kansu.

Mulkin Charlemagne ya fara a 768 a mutuwar Pepin.Ya ci gaba da karbar ragamar mulkin bayan mutuwar dan uwansa Carloman, yayin da ’yan’uwan biyu suka gaji sarautar mahaifinsu.

Yaƙin Saxon sune yaƙin neman zaɓe da tawaye na shekaru talatin da uku daga 772, lokacin da Charlemagne ya fara shiga Saxony da niyyar cin nasara, zuwa 804, lokacin da aka ci nasara kan tawaye na ƙarshe na 'yan kabilar.Gabaɗaya, an yi yaƙin neman zaɓe 18, musamman a yankin da ke arewacin Jamus.Sun haifar da shigar Saxony cikin daular Faransa da tilasta musu tuba daga maguzanci na Jamus zuwa Kiristanci . An raba Saxon zuwa rukuni huɗu a yankuna huɗu.Mafi kusa da tsohuwar mulkin Faransa ta Austrasia shine Westphalia, kuma mafi kusa shine Eastphalia.A tsakanin masarautun biyu akwai na Engria (ko Engrn), kuma arewacin ukun, a gindin jutland , Nordalbingia.Duk da koma baya da aka samu, Saxon sun yi tsayin daka, inda suka koma kai farmaki kan yankunan Charlemagne da zaran ya mai da hankalinsa wani waje.Babban shugabansu, Widukind, abokin hamayya ne mai juriya da basira, amma daga baya aka ci nasara aka yi masa baftisma (a cikin 785).Majiyoyi na zamanin da sun bayyana yadda Irminsul, abu mai tsarki, mai kama da ginshiƙi da aka tabbatar yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maguzanci na Jamusawa na Saxon da Charlemagne ya lalata a lokacin yakin Saxon.

A lokacin da ya gaje shi a shekara ta 772, Paparoma Adrian na I ya bukaci a dawo da wasu garuruwa a tsohon exarchate na Ravenna bisa ga alkawarin da Desiderius ya yi.Maimakon haka, Desiderius ya mallaki wasu biranen Paparoma kuma ya mamaye Pentapolis, ya nufi Roma.Adrian ya aika jakadu zuwa Charlemagne a cikin kaka yana neman ya tilasta manufofin mahaifinsa, Pepin.Desiderius ya aika da nasa jakadu suna musanta zargin da Paparoman ya yi.Jakadun sun hadu a Thionville, kuma Charlemagne ya goyi bayan bangaren Paparoma.Charlemagne ya bukaci abin da Paparoman ya bukata, amma Desiderius ya yi rantsuwa ba zai taba yin biyayya ba.Charlemagne da kawunsa Bernard sun haye Alps a cikin 773 kuma suka kori Lombards zuwa Pavia, wanda sai suka kewaye.Charlemagne ya bar wurin na ɗan lokaci don magance Adelchis, ɗan Desiderius, wanda ke haɓaka sojoji a Verona.An kori matashin yariman zuwa Adriatic littoral kuma ya gudu zuwa Konstantinoful don neman taimako daga Constantine V, wanda ke yaƙi da Bulgaria .Sifen ya ci gaba har zuwa bazara na 774 lokacin da Charlemagne ya ziyarci Paparoma a Roma.Paparoma ya ba shi mukamin patrician.Daga nan ya koma Pavia, inda Lombards ke gab da mika wuya.Domin ceton rayuwarsu, Lombards sun mika wuya suka bude kofa a farkon bazara.An aika Desiderius zuwa abbey na Corbie, kuma dansa Adelchis ya mutu a Constantinople, wani patrician.Charlemagne ya kasance mai mulkinItaliya a matsayin sarkin Lombards.A cikin 776, Dukes Hrodgaud na Friuli da Hildeprand na Spoleto sun yi tawaye.Charlemagne ya gudu daga Saxony ya ci Duke na Friuli a yaƙi;an kashe Duke.Duke na Spoleto ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya.Arewacin Italiya ya kasance da aminci a yanzu.

A cewar masanin tarihin musulmi Ibn al-Athir, abincin Paderborn ya karbi wakilan sarakunan musulmi na Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona da Huesca.Abd ar-Rahman na I, sarkin Umayyawa na Cordova ya yi wa ubangidansu kusurwoyi a yankin Iberian.Waɗannan sarakunan “Saracen” (Moorish da Muwallad) sun ba da mubaya’a ga sarkin Franks don neman taimakon soja.Ganin damar da ya ba wa Kiristendam da ikonsa, da kuma gaskanta cewa Saxon su zama al'ummar da ta ci nasara sosai, Charlemagne ya amince ya tafiSpain .A cikin 778, Charlemage ya jagoranci sojojin Neustrian a fadin Yammacin Pyrenees, yayin da Austrasians, Lombards, da Burgundians suka wuce Gabashin Pyrenees.Sojojin sun hadu a Saragossa kuma Charlemagne ya karbi girmamawar sarakunan musulmi, amma birnin bai fado masa ba.Tabbas, Charlemagne ya fuskanci yaƙi mafi tsauri a cikin aikinsa.Musulmi suka tilasta masa ya ja da baya, don haka ya yanke shawarar komawa gida, saboda ba zai iya amincewa da Basques ba, wanda ya ci nasara da Pamplona.Ya juya ya bar Iberia, amma yayin da sojojinsa ke dawowa ta hanyar wucewar Roncesvalles, daya daga cikin shahararrun al'amuran mulkinsa ya faru: Basques sun kai hari tare da lalata motarsa ​​na baya da kaya.Yaƙin Roncevaux Pass, ko da yake ƙasa da yaƙi, ya bar shahararrun mutane da yawa sun mutu, ciki har da Roland.

Yakin Süntel yaki ne na kasa wanda ya gudana tsakanin 'yan tawayen Saxon karkashin jagorancin Widukind da kuma wani ayarin sojojin Faransa karkashin jagorancin wakilan Charlemagne mai suna Adalgis, Geilo, da Worad a Süntel a shekara ta 782 a lokacin yakin Saxon.Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Saxon, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Adalgis, Geilo, kirga hudu, da wasu manyan mutane 20.Jim kadan bayan asarar da aka yi, Charlemagne ya sa aka fille kawunan 'yan tawaye 4,500 a rana guda, a wani lamari da aka fi sani da kisan gillar Verden.

Renaissance na Carolingian shine farkon sabuntawar zamani guda uku, lokacin ayyukan al'adu a cikin Daular Carolingian.Ya faru ne daga ƙarshen karni na 8 zuwa karni na 9, yana samun wahayi daga Daular Romawa ta Kirista a ƙarni na huɗu.A cikin wannan lokacin, an sami karuwar wallafe-wallafe, rubuce-rubuce, fasaha, gine-gine, fikihu, gyare-gyaren liturgical, da nazarin nassi.Renaissance na Carolingian ya faru mafi yawa a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Carolingian Charlemagne da Louis the Pious.Malaman kotun Carolingian sun goyi bayansa, musamman Alcuin na York.Tasirin wannan farfaɗowar al'ada galibi an iyakance ga ƙaramin rukuni na litattafan kotu.A cewar John Contreni, "ya yi tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga ilimi da al'adu a Faransa, wani tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan ayyukan fasaha, da kuma tasiri maras kyau a kan abin da ya fi dacewa ga Carolingians, sake farfadowa na al'umma".Shugabannin addini da na majami'u na Renaissance na Carolingian sun yi ƙoƙari don rubuta mafi kyawun Latin, don kwafi da adana litattafai na al'adun gargajiya da na gargajiya, da haɓaka ingantaccen rubutu, na al'ada, tare da manyan manyan haruffa da ƙananan haruffa.

A yakin Bornhöved, Obodrites, karkashin jagorancin Drożko, masu kawance da Franks, sun ci Nordalbingian Saxon.Nasarar Charlemagne a yakin daga karshe ya karya juriya na Nordalbingian Saxon zuwa Kiristanci .Charlemagne ya yanke shawarar kashe Nordalbingian Saxons ko tura su: yankunansu a Holstein sun zama marasa yawan jama'a kuma an mika su ga Obodrites.An yi nasarar kafa iyakar tasiri tsakanin Denmark da Daular Faransa a kan kogin Eider a cikin 811. Wannan iyakar za ta kasance a wurin kusan ba tare da hutu ba har tsawon shekaru dubu masu zuwa.

A farkon karni na 8 lokacin da sojojin musulmi na Khalifancin Umayyad suka mamaye daular Visigothic , Barcelona waliyyi na Al-Andalus, Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi ya kwace Barcelona.Bayan gazawar da musulmi suka yi wa Gaul a yakin Toulouse a shekara ta 721 da Tours a shekara ta 732, birnin ya hade cikin babban Maris na Al-Andalus.Daga shekara ta 759 daular Faransa ta fara mamaye yankunan karkashin mamayar musulmi.Kame birnin Narbonne da sojojin sarkin Faransa, Pepin the Short suka yi, ya kawo iyakar Pyrenees.Ci gaban Faransanci ya gamu da gazawa a gaban Zaragoza, lokacin da Charlemagne ya tilasta ja da baya kuma ya fuskanci koma baya a Roncevaux a hannun sojojin Basque masu kawance da Musulmai.Amma a cikin 785, tawaye na mazauna Girona, waɗanda suka buɗe ƙofofinsu ga sojojin Faransa, sun tura iyakar kuma sun buɗe hanyar kai hari kan Barcelona.A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 801, Harun, kwamandan Barcelona, ​​ya yarda da sharuɗɗan mika wuya ga birnin , yunwa, rashi da hare-hare na yau da kullun.Mazaunan Barcelona sai suka bude kofofin birnin ga sojojin Carolingian.Louis, ɗan Charlemagne, ya shiga birnin kafin firistoci da limamai suna rera zabura, suna aiki zuwa coci don yin godiya ga Allah.Mutanen Carolingians sun mayar da Barcelona babban birnin lardin Barcelona kuma sun haɗa shi a cikin Tattalin Arziki na Hispanic.Count da Bishop za a yi amfani da iko a cikin birni.Bera, ɗan Count of Toulouse, William na Gellone, an sanya shi na farko Count of Barcelona.

Yaƙin basasa na Carolingian ya kasance daga kusan 823 zuwa 835 kuma ya haɗa da jerin rikice-rikice tsakanin Louis the Pious da Charles the Bald da manyan yayansa Lothar, Pepin, da Louis Bajamushe.A cikin 829 Louis the Pious ya tube Lothar daga matsayinsa na babban sarki kuma ya kore shi zuwa Italiya.A shekara ta gaba, a cikin 830, 'ya'yansa maza sun rama kuma suka mamaye daular Louis the Pious kuma suka maye gurbinsa da Lothar.A cikin 831, Louis the Pious ya sake kai hari ga 'ya'yansa kuma ya ba da mulkin Italiya ga Charles the Bald.A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa Pepin, Louis Bajamushe, da Lothar sun sake yin tawaye, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin Louis the Pious da Charles the Bald.A ƙarshe, a cikin 835, an sami zaman lafiya a cikin dangi kuma Louis the Pious ya kasance ƙarshe

Yaƙin basasa na Carolingian na shekaru uku ya ƙare a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan Yaƙin Fontenoy.An yi yakin ne don yanke hukunci kan gadon jikokin Charlemagne - rabon daular Carolingian tsakanin 'ya'yan Louis the Pious guda uku da suka tsira.An bayyana yakin a matsayin babban shan kashi ga dakarun kawance na Lothair na Italiya da Pepin II na Aquitaine, da kuma nasara ga Charles the Bald da Louis Bajamushe.Haƙiƙa ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa yarjejeniyar Verdun, wadda ta yi tasiri sosai a tarihin Turai na gaba.Ko da yake an san yakin ya yi yawa, amma ba a tantance shi sosai ba.An yi imanin cewa an lalata majiyoyin tarihi da dama bayan yakin, inda aka bar bayanan da ba za a iya tantance adadin mayakan da aka kashe ba.

Yarjejeniyar Verdun, wadda aka amince da ita a watan Agustan 843, ta raba daular Faransa zuwa masarautu uku tsakanin 'ya'yan sarki Louis I da suka tsira, dan kuma magajin Charlemagne.An kulla yarjejeniyar bayan kusan shekaru uku na yakin basasa kuma ta kasance ƙulla yarjejeniyar da aka shafe sama da shekara guda ana yi.Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin jerin sassan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rugujewar daular da Charlemagne ta kirkira kuma ana ganin ta yi nuni da samuwar da dama daga cikin kasashen zamani na yammacin Turai.Lothair Na karɓi Media Media (sarauta ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya).Louis II ya karbi Francia Orientalis (sarauta ta Gabas ta Faransa).Charles II ya karbi Francia Occidentalis (sarauta ta yammacin Faransa).

Mahara Viking sun fara kai wa Daular Faransa hari a shekara ta 799, wanda ya sa Charlemagne ya samar da tsarin tsaro a gabar tekun arewa a shekara ta 810. Tsarin tsaro ya dakile wani harin Viking a bakin Seine a 820 (bayan mutuwar Charlemagne) amma ya kasa yin nasara. rike da sabon harin Danish Vikings a Frisia da Dorestad a cikin 834. Kamar sauran al'ummomi da ke kusa da Franks, Danes sun kasance da masaniya game da yanayin siyasa a Faransa a cikin 830s da farkon 840s sun yi amfani da yakin basasa na Frankish.An kai manyan hare-hare a Antwerp da Noirmoutier a 836, a Rouen (a kan Seine) a 841 da Quentovic da Nantes a 842.Sifen da aka yi wabirnin Paris na shekara ta 845 shi ne ƙarshen mamayar Viking a yammacin Faransa.Wani jigon Norse mai suna "Reginherus" ko Ragnar ne ya jagoranci sojojin Viking, wanda a zahiri an gano shi da halin saga na almara Ragnar Lodbrok.Rundunar Reginherus na jiragen ruwa 120 Viking, dauke da dubban mutane, sun shiga Seine a watan Maris kuma suka haye kogin.Sarkin Faransa Charles the Bald ya tara wasu ƙananan sojoji don mayar da martani amma bayan Vikings sun ci kashi ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi rabin sojojin, sauran dakarun sun ja da baya.Vikings sun isa Paris a ƙarshen wata, lokacin Ista.Sun yi wa ganima tare da mamaye birnin, inda suka janye bayan Charles the Bald ya biya kudin fansa na Faransawa 7,000 na zinari da azurfa.

A cikin 881, Charles the Fat ya zama sarki yayin da Louis III na Saxony da Louis III na Faransa suka mutu a shekara mai zuwa.Saxony da Bavaria sun haɗu tare da Charles the Fat Kingdom, kuma an ba Francia da Neustria ga Carloman na Aquitaine wanda shi ma ya ci Lower Burgundy.Carloman ya mutu a cikin wani hatsarin farauta a shekara ta 884 bayan wani rikici da rashin tasiri, kuma Charles the Fat ya gaji ƙasashensa, wanda ya sake haifar da daular Charlemagne yadda ya kamata.Charles, yana fama da abin da aka yi imanin cewa farfadiya ne, ba zai iya tabbatar da mulkin a kan maharan Viking ba, kuma bayan siyan janyewar su dagaParis a 886 kotu ta gane cewa matsoraci ne kuma ba shi da kwarewa.A shekara ta gaba ɗan'uwansa Arnulf na Carinthia, ɗan shege na Sarki Carloman na Bavaria, ya ɗaga matsayin tawaye.Maimakon yaki da tayar da zaune tsaye, Charles ya gudu zuwa Neidingen kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 888, ya bar ƙungiya mai rarrafe da rikici.

Duk da ɗan gajeren wanzuwar daular Carolingian idan aka kwatanta da sauran daulolin daular Turai, gadonta ya wuce jihar da ta ƙirƙira ta.A cikin sharuddan tarihi, ana ganin daular Carolingian a matsayin farkon 'feudalism' ko kuma, ra'ayin feudalism da aka gudanar a zamanin yau.Ko da yake yawancin masana tarihi ba za su yi shakkar sanya Charles Martel da zuriyarsa a matsayin waɗanda suka kafa feudalism ba, a bayyane yake cewa 'samfurin' Carolingian ya ba da rance ga tsarin al'adun siyasa na tsakiya.Girman daular a farkonsa ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita 1,112,000 (429,000 sq mi), mai yawan jama'a tsakanin mutane miliyan 10 zuwa 20.Ƙasar zuciyarta ita ce Faransa, ƙasar da ke tsakanin Loire da Rhine, inda gidan sarauta na farko, Aachen, yake.A kudu ta ketare Pyrenees kuma ta yi iyaka da Masarautar Cordoba kuma, bayan 824,Masarautar Pamplona a arewa ta yi iyaka da masarautar Danes zuwa yamma tana da ɗan gajeren ƙasa da iyakar ƙasa da Brittany, wanda daga baya ya rage zuwa ƙasa. tributary kuma zuwa gabas tana da iyaka mai tsawo da Slavs da Avars, waɗanda aka ci nasara a ƙarshe kuma ƙasarsu ta shiga cikin daular.A kudancin Italiya, Rumawa (Romawa ta gabas) sun yi gardama kan iƙirarin da Carolingians ke yi na samun iko daga hannun Rumawa (Romawa ta gabas) da kuma iyakokin masarautar Lombard a cikin Mulkin Benevento.Kalmar "Daular Carolingian" al'ada ce ta zamani kuma mutanen zamaninta ba su yi amfani da ita ba.