Tarihin Laos

Mazaunan farko na Laos - Australo-Melanesian - sun biyo bayan dangin Austro-Asiatic.Waɗannan al'ummomin farko sun ba da gudummawa ga tushen kakannin kabilun Lao na sama da aka fi sani da "Lao Theung," tare da manyan kabilun Khamu na arewacin Laos, da Brao da Katang a kudu.^[1]An bullo da dabarun noman rigar shinkafa da gero daga kogin Yangtze da ke kudancin kasar Sin tun kimanin shekaru 2,000 KZ.Farauta da tarawa sun kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na samar da abinci;musamman a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren tsaunuka na cikin gida.^[2] An tabbatar da samar da tagulla da tagulla na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a wurin Ban Chiang a arewa maso gabashin Thailand na zamani kuma a cikin al'adun Phung Nguyen na arewacin Vietnam tun kusan 2000 KZ.^[3]Daga karni na 8 KZ har zuwa karshen karni na 2 AZ wata al'umma ta kasuwanci a cikin kasa ta bulla a yankin Xieng Khouang Plateau, kusa da wurin megalithic da ake kira Plain of Jars.Tulunan sarcophagi ne na dutse, kwanan wata daga farkon zamanin ƙarfe (500 KZ zuwa 800 CE) kuma suna ɗauke da shaidar ragowar ɗan adam, kayan binnewa da yumbu.Wasu rukunin yanar gizon sun ƙunshi tuluna ɗaya sama da 250.Mafi tsayin tuluna sun fi mita 3 (9.8 ft) tsayi.An san kadan game da al'adun da suka samar da kuma amfani da kwalba.Tulunan da kasancewar taman ƙarfe a yankin sun nuna cewa waɗanda suka kirkiri wurin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin ƙasa da riba.^[4]

Masarautar farko ta 'yan asali da ta bulla a cikin Indochina an kira shi a cikin tarihin kasar Sin daular Funan kuma ta mamaye yankin Cambodia na zamani, da kuma gabar tekun kudancin Vietnam da kudancin Thailand tun daga karni na farko AZ.Funan wata masarauta ceta Indiyawa , wacce ta ƙunshi sassan tsakiya na cibiyoyin Indiya, addini, aikin gwamnati, gudanarwa, al'adu, tarihin rubutu, rubuce-rubuce da gine-gine kuma ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin Tekun Indiya mai fa'ida.^[5]A karni na 2 AD, mazauna Austronesiya sun kafa daular Indiyawa da aka sani da Champa tare da tsakiyar Vietnam ta zamani.Mutanen Cham sun kafa ƙauyuka na farko kusa da Champasak na zamani a Laos.Funan ya faɗaɗa kuma ya haɗa yankin Champasak a ƙarni na shida AZ, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da magajinsa Chenla.Chenla ta mamaye manyan yankuna na Laos na zamani yayin da take lissafin masarauta ta farko a ƙasar Laotian.^[6]Babban birnin Chenla na farko shine Shrestapura wanda ke kusa da Champasak da Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO na Wat Phu.Wat Phu babban katafaren haikali ne a kudancin Laos wanda ya haɗu da kewayen yanayi tare da ƙawancen dutsen yashi, waɗanda mutanen Chenla suka kiyaye su kuma suka ƙawata su har zuwa 900 AZ, kuma daga baya Khmer suka sake gano su kuma suka ƙawata su a ƙarni na 10.A karni na 8 AZ Chenla ya rabu zuwa "Land Chenla" dake cikin Laos, da kuma "Water Chenla" wanda Mahendravarman ya kafa kusa da Sambor Prei Kuk a Cambodia.Kasar Sin ta san Land Chenla a matsayin "Po Lou" ko "Wen Dan" kuma ta aika da aikin kasuwanci zuwa kotun daular Tang a shekara ta 717 AZ.Water Chenla, zai fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Champa, da masarautun teku na Mataram a Indonesia da ke cikin Java, da kuma 'yan fashin teku.Daga rashin kwanciyar hankali Khmer ya fito.^[7]A yankin da ke arewaci da tsakiyar Laos na zamani, da arewa maso gabashin Thailand mutanen Mon sun kafa nasu masarautu a cikin karni na 8 AZ, a waje da masarautun Chenla masu kwangila.A karni na 6 a cikin kwarin kogin Chao Phraya, mutanen Mon sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar masarautun Dvavati.A arewa, Haripunjaya (Lamphun) ya fito a matsayin mai adawa da Dvaravati.A karni na 8 Mon ya tura arewa don ƙirƙirar jihohin birni, wanda aka sani da "muang," a Fa Daet (arewa maso gabashin Thailand), Sri Gotapura (Sikhottabong) kusa da Tha Khek na zamani, Laos, Muang Sua (Luang Prabang), da Chantaburi ( Vientiane).A cikin karni na 8 AZ, Sri Gotapura (Sikhhottabong) ita ce mafi ƙarfi daga cikin waɗannan jahohin farko na birni, da sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin tsakiyar Mekong.Jihohin birnin an daure su a siyasance, amma sun kasance irin na al'ada kuma sun gabatar da addinin Buddha na Therevada daga mishan na Sri Lanka a duk yankin.^[8]

Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa da ke ba da shawarar asalin mutanen Tai - wanda Lao rukuni ne na rukuni.Daular Hanta kasar Sin na kamfen na sojojin kudancin kasar sun ba da rubutaccen tarihin mutanen Tai-Kadai wadanda suka zauna a yankunan Yunnan na kasar Sin da Guangxi na zamani.James R. Chamberlain (2016) ya ba da shawarar cewa an kafa dangin harshen Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) tun farkon karni na 12 KZ a tsakiyar tafkin Yangtze, wanda ya yi daidai da kafuwar Chu da farkon daular Zhou.^[9] Bayan hijira zuwa kudu na mutanen Kra da Hlai (Rei / Li) a cikin karni na 8 KZ, mutanen Be-Tai sun fara ballewa zuwa gaɓar gabas a cikin Zhejiang na yau, a cikin karni na 6 KZ. jihar Yue.^[9] Bayan da sojojin Chu suka lalata jihar Yue a wajajen shekara ta 333 KZ, mutanen Yue (Be-Tai) sun fara yin hijira zuwa kudu tare da gabar gabashin kasar Sin zuwa yankin Guangxi da Guizhou da arewacin Vietnam, inda suka kafa Luo Yue ( Tai ta tsakiya-kudu maso yamma) da kuma Xi Ou (Tai ta arewa).^[9] Mutanen Tai, daga Guangxi da arewacin Vietnam sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudu - da yamma a cikin ƙarni na farko AZ, daga ƙarshe sun bazu ko'ina cikin babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.^[10] Dangane da yadudduka na kalmomin lamuni na kasar Sin a cikin proto-Kudu maso Yamma Tai da sauran shaidun tarihi, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙaura zuwa kudu maso yamma na kabilun Tai daga Guangxi na zamani da arewacin Vietnam zuwa babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya dole ne a ɗauka. sanya wani lokaci tsakanin 8th-10th ƙarni.^[11] Ƙabilun Tai sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da koguna da kan ƙananan hanyoyi zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, watakila ta hanyar fadadawa da danne Sinawa.Taswirar mitochondrial na 2016 na al'ummar Thai da Lao yana goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa duka kabilun sun samo asali ne daga dangin harshen Tai-Kadai (TK).^[12]Tai, daga sabon gidansu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Khmer da Mon da kuma mafi mahimmancin addinin BuddahIndiya sun rinjaye su.An kafaMasarautar Tai ta Lanna a shekara ta 1259. An kafa Masarautar Sukhothai a shekara ta 1279 kuma ta faɗaɗa gabas don ɗaukar birnin Chantaburi kuma aka mayar da shi suna zuwa Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (Vientiane na zamani) da kuma arewa zuwa birnin Muang Sua wanda aka ɗauka a ciki. 1271 kuma ya canza sunan birnin zuwa Xieng Dong Xieng Thong ko "Bishiyar harshen wuta kusa da kogin Dong", (Luang Prabang na zamani, Laos).Mutanen Tai sun tabbatar da iko a yankunan arewa maso gabashin daular Khmer.Bayan mutuwar Sarkin Sukhothai Ram Khamhaeng, da kuma rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin masarautar Lanna, Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (Vientiane) da Xieng Dong Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang) sun kasance jihohi masu zaman kansu har zuwa kafuwar masarautar Lan Xang. shekara ta 1354. ^[13]An adana tarihin ƙauran Tai zuwa Laos cikin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi.Nithan Khun Borom ko "Labarin Khun Borom" yana tunawa da asalin tatsuniyoyi na Lao, kuma ya bi yadda 'ya'yansa bakwai suka yi amfani da su don samo masarautun Tai na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Har ila yau, tatsuniyoyi sun rubuta dokokin Khun Borom, waɗanda suka kafa tushen doka da asali a tsakanin Lao.Daga cikin ayyukan Khamu na jarumtarsu Thao Hung an ba da labarinsu a cikin almara na Thao Hung Thao Cheuang, wanda ke nuna gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin yankin tare da kwararar Tai a lokacin hijira.A cikin ƙarni na baya Lao da kansu za su adana labari a rubuce, zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan adabi na Laos da kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƴan abubuwan da suka nuna rayuwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kafin addinin Buddha na Therevada da tasirin al'adun Tai.^[14]

Tarihin kotun gargajiya na Lan Xang ya fara a cikin shekarar Nāga 1316 tare da haihuwar Fa Ngum.^[15] Kakan Fa Ngum Souvanna Khampong shi ne sarkin Muang Sua kuma mahaifinsa Chao Fa Ngiao shi ne yarima mai jiran gado.Lokacin yana matashi an aika Fa Ngum zuwa daular Khmer don ya zauna a matsayin ɗan Sarki Jayavarman na IX, inda aka ba shi gimbiya Keo Kang Ya.A cikin 1343 Sarki Souvanna Khampong ya mutu, kuma an sami sabani na maye gurbin Muang Sua.^[16] A cikin 1349 Fa Ngum aka ba da rundunar da aka fi sani da "Dubu Goma" don ɗaukar rawani.A lokacin daular Khmer ta kasance tana raguwa (wataƙila daga fashewar Mutuwar Baƙar fata da haɗuwar mutanen Tai), ^[16] dukaLanna da Sukhothai an kafa su a cikin yankin Khmer, kuma Siamese suna girma a ciki. yankin kogin Chao Phraya wanda zai zama Masarautar Ayutthaya .^[17] Damar da Khmer ke da shi ita ce samar da wata ƙasa ta abokantaka a cikin yankin da ba za su iya sarrafa yadda ya kamata ba tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙarfin soja.Fa Ngum ya fara yakin neman zabe ne a kudancin kasar Laos, inda ya dauki garuruwa da biranen yankin da ke kusa da Champasak sannan ya nufi arewa ta hanyar Thakek da Kham Muang tare da tsakiyar Mekong.Daga matsayinsa a tsakiyar Mekong, Fa Ngum ya nemi taimako da wadata daga Vientiane don kai hari ga Muang Sua, wanda suka ƙi.Duk da haka, Yarima Nho na Muang Phuan (Muang Phoueune) ya ba da taimako da vassalation ga Fa Ngum don taimako a cikin takaddamar nasa da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da Muang Phuan daga Đại Việt.Fa Ngum ya amince kuma cikin sauri ya matsar da sojojinsa su dauki Muang Phuan sannan suka dauki Xam Neua da wasu kananan garuruwan Đại Việt.^[18]Masarautar Vietnamese ta Đại Việt , ta damu da abokin hamayyarsu Champa a kudu sun nemi iyakar ƙayyadaddun iyaka tare da girma na Fa Ngum.Sakamakon haka shine yin amfani da Range na Annamite a matsayin shingen al'adu da yanki tsakanin masarautun biyu.Ci gaba da cin nasararsa Fa Ngum ya juya zuwa ga Sip Song Chau Tai tare da kwarin Red da Black River, waɗanda ke da yawan jama'a da Lao.Bayan ya sami babban ƙarfin Lao daga kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin yankinsa Fa Ngum ya ƙaura daga Nam Ou don ɗaukar Muang Sua.Duk da hare-hare uku da aka kai Sarkin Muang Sua, wanda kawun Fa Ngum ne, ya kasa hana girman sojojin Fa Ngum, ya kashe kansa maimakon a dauke shi da ransa.^[18]A cikin 1353 Fa Ngum ya sami rawani, ^[19] kuma ya sanya masa suna Lan Xang Hom Khao "Ƙasar Giwaye Miliyan da Farin Parasol", Fa Ngum ya ci gaba da cin nasara don tabbatar da yankunan da ke kusa da Mekong ta hanyar tafiya zuwa Sipsong Panna ( zamani Xishuangbanna Dai Mai cin gashin kansa) kuma ya fara motsawa kudu zuwa iyakokin Lanna tare da Mekong.Sarki Phayu na Lanna ya tara sojoji wanda Fa Ngum ya mamaye Chiang Saen, wanda ya tilasta Lanna ta ware wasu yankunanta tare da ba da kyaututtuka masu mahimmanci don musanya juna.Bayan ya tsare kan iyakokinsa na kusa Fa Ngum ya koma Muang Sua.^[18] A shekara ta 1357 Fa Ngum ya kafa mandala na Masarautar Lan Xang wanda ya tashi daga kan iyakokin Sipsong Panna tare da kasar Sin ^[20] kudu zuwa Sambor a karkashin Mekong rapids a tsibirin Khong, kuma daga iyakar Vietnam tare da Annamite. Nisan zangon yamma na Khorat Plateau.^[21] Don haka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Fa Ngum ya sake jagorantar Lan Xang zuwa yaki a cikin 1360s da Sukhothai , inda Lan Xang ya yi nasara wajen kare yankinsu amma ya ba ƙungiyoyin kotunan da ke fafatawa da jama'ar da suka gaji da yaƙi ya ba da hujjar korar Fa Ngum don goyon bayan ɗansa Oun Huean.A cikin 1371, Oun Huean ya sami sarauta a matsayin Sarki Samsenthai (Sarkin 300,000 Tai) sunan da aka zaɓa a hankali don yariman Lao-Khmer, wanda ya nuna fifiko ga al'ummar Lao-tai da ya yi mulki a kan ƙungiyoyin Khmer a kotu.Samenthai ya ƙarfafa nasarorin mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi yaƙi daLanna a Chiang Saen a cikin 1390s.A cikin 1402 ya sami karbuwa a hukumance ga Lan Xang daga Daular Ming a kasar Sin.^[22] A cikin 1416, yana da shekaru sittin, Samsenthai ya mutu kuma waƙarsa Lan Kham Daeng ta gaje shi.Tarihi na Viet ya rubuta cewa a lokacin mulkin Lan Kham Daeng a cikin 1421 tashin hankali na Lam Sơn ya faru a ƙarƙashin Lê Lợi a kan Ming, kuma ya nemi taimakon Lan Xang.An aike da dakaru 30,000 tare da sojojin dokin giwaye 100, amma a maimakon haka sun goyi bayan Sinawa.^[23]

Mutuwar Lan Kham Daeng ta haifar da rashin tabbas da sake gyarawa.Daga 1428 zuwa 1440 sarakuna bakwai sun yi sarautar Lan Xang;An kashe duka ta hanyar kisa ko makirci da Sarauniya ta jagoranta da aka sani kawai da takenta na Maha Devi ko kuma Nang Keo Phimpha "The Cruel".Yana yiwuwa daga 1440 zuwa 1442 ta yi sarautar Lan Xang a matsayin shugabar mata ta farko kuma tilo, kafin a nutse a cikin Mekong a 1442 a matsayin hadaya ga naga.A cikin 1440 Vientiane ya yi tawaye, amma duk da shekarun rashin zaman lafiya babban birnin Muang Sua ya iya murkushe tawayen.An fara interregnum a cikin 1453 kuma ya ƙare a cikin 1456 tare da kambi na Sarki Chakkaphat (1456-1479).^[24]

A cikin 1448 a lokacin rashin lafiya na Maha Devi, Muang Phuan da wasu yankunan da ke kusa da Black River sun kasance a karkashin mulkin Đại Việt kuma an yi artabu da yawa a kanmasarautar Lanna tare da kogin Nan.^[25] A cikin 1471 Sarkin sarakuna Lê Thánh Tông na Đại Việt ya mamaye kuma ya lalata mulkin Champa.Har ila yau a cikin 1471, Muang Phuan ya yi tawaye kuma an kashe 'yan Vietnam da yawa.A shekara ta 1478 ana shirye-shiryen kai hari ga Lan Xang a matsayin fansa ga tawaye a Muang Phuan da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, don tallafawa daular Ming a 1421. ^[26.]A daidai wannan lokaci, an kama wata farar giwa aka kawo wa sarki Chakkaphat.An gane giwar a matsayin alamar sarauta a duk kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma Lê Thánh Tông ya bukaci a kawo gashin dabbar a matsayin kyauta ga kotun Vietnam.Ana ganin bukatar a matsayin cin zarafi, kuma a cewar almara, an aika da akwati cike da taki maimakon.Da aka kafa hujjar, wani gagarumin sojojin Viet na 180,000 sun yi tattaki a cikin ginshiƙai biyar don murkushe Muang Phuan, kuma sun gamu da rundunar Lan Xang na sojoji 200,000 da sojojin doki na giwaye 2,000 don tallafawa wanda yarima mai jiran gado da wasu manyan hafsoshin soja uku ke jagoranta. .^[27]Sojojin Vietnam sun sami nasara mai tsanani kuma sun ci gaba da yin barazana ga Muang Sua.Sarki Chakkaphat da kotun sun gudu zuwa kudu zuwa Vientiane tare da Mekong.'Yan Vietnam sun kwace babban birnin Luang Prabang, sannan suka raba dakarunsu don haifar da wani hari.Wani reshe ya ci gaba da yamma, ya dauki Sipsong Panna yana barazana ga Lanna, kuma wani karfi ya nufi kudu tare da Mekong zuwa Vientiane.Tawagar sojojin Vietnam sun yi nasarar isa kogin Irrawaddy na sama (Myanmar ta zamani).^[27] Sarki Tilok da Lanna sun halaka sojojin arewa da gangan, kuma sojojin da ke kusa da Vientiane sun yi taro a ƙarƙashin ɗan ƙaramin sarki Chakkaphat Prince Thaen Kham.Dakarun hadin gwiwa sun lalata sojojin Vietnam, wadanda suka gudu zuwa Muang Phuan.Ko da yake adadinsu ya kai kimanin maza 4,000, 'yan Vietnam sun lalata babban birnin Muang Phuan a wani mataki na ramuwar gayya na karshe kafin su ja da baya.^[28]Daga nan sai Yarima Thaen Kham ya yi tayin maido da mahaifinsa Chakkphat kan karagar mulki, amma ya ki ya yi murabus a matsayin dan nasa wanda aka nada a matsayin Suvanna Balang (The Golden Chair) a shekara ta 1479. Vietnamese ba za ta mamaye hadaddiyar Lan Xang na gaba ba. Shekaru 200, kuma Lanna ta zama abokiyar kusanci ga Lan Xang.^[29]

Ta hanyar sarakunan da suka biyo baya Lan Xang zai gyara lalacewar yaƙin tare da Đại Việt, wanda ya haifar da bunƙasa al'adu da kasuwanci.King Visoun (1500–1520) babban majibincin fasaha ne kuma a lokacin mulkinsa an fara rubuta adabin gargajiya na Lan Xang.^[30] Sufaye na Buddha na Theravada da gidajen ibada sun zama cibiyoyin koyo kuma sangha ya girma a cikin al'adu da ikon siyasa.An rubuta Tripitaka daga Pali zuwa Lao, kuma an rubuta sigar Lao na Ramayana ko Pra Lak Pra Lam.^[31]An rubuta waqoqin almara tare da littafai kan magani, falaki da shari’a.Hakanan an tsara kidan kotun Lao kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kotunan gargajiya ta sami tsari.King Visoun kuma ya dauki nauyin manyan haikali ko "wats" a ko'ina cikin kasar.Ya zaɓi Phra Bang hoton Buddha a tsaye a cikin laka ko matsayi na "kore tsoro" ya zama palladium na Lan Xang.^[31] Phra Bang matar Fa Ngum Khmer ce ta kawo Keo Kang Ya daga Angkor a matsayin kyauta daga mahaifinta.A al'adance an yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙira hoton a Ceylon, wadda ita ce cibiyar al'adun addinin Buddha na Therevada kuma an yi ta da gwal ɗin gwal da azurfa.^[32] Sarki Visoun, dansa Photisarath, jikansa Setthathirath, da babban jikansa Nokeo Koumane za su samar wa Lan Xang tare da wasu manyan jagororin da suka sami damar adanawa da maido da mulkin duk da manyan kalubale na duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Sarki Photisarath (1520-1550) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Lan Xang, ya ɗauki Nang Yot Kham Tip dagaLanna a matsayin sarauniyarsa da kuma ƙananan sarauniya daga Ayutthaya , da Longvek.^[33] Photisarath dan addinin Budda ne mai kishin addini, kuma ya ayyana shi a matsayin addinin kasa Lan Xang.A shekara ta 1523 ya nemi kwafin Tripiṭaka daga Sarki Kaeo a Lanna, kuma a shekara ta 1527 ya kawar da bautar ruhu a ko’ina cikin masarautar.A cikin 1533 ya koma kotunsa zuwa Vientiane, babban birnin kasuwanci na Lan Xang wanda ke kan kwararowar ambaliya na Mekong da ke ƙasa da babban birnin Luang Prabang.Vientiane shi ne babban birnin Lan Xang, kuma ya kwanta a mahaɗin hanyoyin kasuwanci, amma wannan damar kuma ta sanya ta zama wurin mamayewa wanda ke da wahalar karewa.Yunkurin ya ba Photisarath damar gudanar da mulkin da kyau da kuma mayar da martani ga lardunan da ke kan iyaka waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Đại Việt , Ayutthaya da ƙarfin girma na Burma.^[34]Lanna tana da jerin rikice-rikice na maye gurbi a cikin 1540s.Burma ne suka mamaye daular da aka raunana da farko sannan a cikin 1545 Ayutthaya.Dukkanin yunƙurin mamayewar biyu an dakile duk da cewa an yi barna sosai a ƙauyen da ke kewaye.Lan Xang sun aika da ƙarfafawa don tallafawa abokansu a Lanna.Rikicin gadon sarauta a Lanna ya ci gaba, amma matsayin Lanna tsakanin manyan jihohin Burma da Ayutthaya ya sa a dawo da mulkin.Domin karramawa da taimakonsa akan Ayutthaya, da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan alakarsa ta iyali da Lanna, an bai wa sarki Photisarath sarautar Lanna ga ɗansa Yarima Setthathirat, wanda a cikin 1547 aka naɗa Sarki a Chiang Mai.Lan Xang ya kasance a tsayin ƙarfin siyasarsu, tare da Photisarath a matsayin Sarkin Lan Xang da ɗansa Sethathirath a matsayin Sarkin Lanna.A shekara ta 1550 Photisarath ya koma Luang Prabang, amma an kashe shi a wani hatsari yayin da yake kan giwa a gaban tawagogin kasa da kasa goma sha biyar da ke neman masu sauraro.^[35]

A cikin 1548 Sarki Sethathirat (a matsayin SarkinLanna ) ya ɗauki Chiang Saen a matsayin babban birninsa.Har yanzu Chiang Mai yana da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a kotu, kuma barazanar Burma da Ayutthaya suna ƙaruwa.Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Sarki Sethathirath ya bar Lanna ya bar matarsa ​​​​a matsayin mai mulki.Lokacin da ya isa Lan Xang, an nada Setthathirath a matsayin Sarkin Lan Xang.Tafiyar ta karfafa bangarorin da ke hamayya da juna a kotu, wadanda a shekara ta 1551 suka nada Chao Mekuti a matsayin sarkin Lanna.^{[36 <>]} A shekara ta 1553 Sarki Setthathirat ya aika da sojoji su kwato Lanna amma aka ci nasara.Haka kuma a cikin 1555 Sarki Setthathirat ya aika da sojoji su kwato Lanna bisa umarnin Sen Soulintha, kuma sun yi nasarar daukar Chiang Saen.A cikin 1556 Burma, karkashin Sarki Bayinnaung ya mamaye Lanna.Sarki Mekuti na Lanna ya mika wuya ga Chiang Mai ba tare da fada ba, amma an maido da shi a matsayin basaraken Burma a karkashin mamayar sojoji.^[37]A cikin 1560, Sarki Setthathirath ya ƙaura daga Luang Prabang zuwa Vientiane babban birnin Lan Xang a hukumance, wanda zai kasance babban birnin cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da hamsin masu zuwa.^[38] Babban motsi na babban birnin ya biyo bayan wani shirin gine-gine mai fa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ƙarfafa tsaro na birni, gina babban gidan sarauta da Haw Phra Kaew don gina Emerald Buddha, da manyan gyare-gyare ga That Luang a Vientiane.Burma sun juya arewa don su kori Mekuti na Lanna, wanda ya kasa goyon bayan mamayewar Burma na Ayutthaya a 1563. Lokacin da Chiang Mai ya fada hannun Burma, wasu 'yan gudun hijira sun gudu zuwa Vientiane da Lan Xang.Sarki Setthathirath, da ya gane cewa ba za a iya riƙe Vientiane a yaƙi da dogon lokaci ba, ya ba da umarnin a kwashe birnin kuma a kwashe kayayyaki.Lokacin da Burma suka kai Vientiane an tilasta musu shiga cikin karkara don samun kayayyaki, inda sarki Setthathirath ya shirya hare-haren ’yan daba da kananan hare-hare don muzgunawa sojojin Burma.Fuskantar cututtuka, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da yaƙin neman zaɓe, an tilastawa sarki Bayinnaung ja da baya a shekara ta 1565 ya bar Lan Xang ɗaya tilo da ta rage mai cin gashin kanta ta Tai.^[39]

A cikin 1571, Masarautar Ayutthaya da Lan Na sun kasance 'yan Burma .Bayan sau biyu yana kare Lan Xang daga mamayewar Burmese, Sarki Setthathirath ya koma kudu don gudanar da yakin da Daular Khmer .Cin nasara da Khmer zai ƙarfafa Lan Xang sosai, yana ba shi damar shiga teku mai mahimmanci, damar kasuwanci, kuma mafi mahimmanci, bindigogin Turai waɗanda ake amfani da su tun farkon shekarun 1500.Tarihi na Khmer ya rubuta cewa sojojin Lan Xang sun mamaye a 1571 da 1572, a lokacin mamayewa na biyu Sarki Barom Reacha I a cikin giwaye.Dole ne Khmer ya taru kuma Lan Xang ya ja da baya, Setthathirath ya ɓace kusa da Attapeu.Burma da Lao Tarihi sun rubuta kawai zato cewa ya mutu a yaƙi.^[40]Janar Setthathirath Sen Soulintha ya koma Vientiane tare da ragowar balaguron Lan Xang.Ya fada cikin tuhuma nan da nan, kuma yakin basasa ya barke a Vientiane yayin da rikici ya gudana.A 1573, ya fito a matsayin sarki regent amma ya rasa goyon baya.Bayan jin rahotannin tashin hankalin, Bayinnaung ya aika da jakadu suna neman Lan Xang ya mika wuya cikin gaggawa.Sen Soulintha ya sa aka kashe jakadun.^[41]Bayinnaung ya mamaye Vientiane a cikin 1574, Sen Soulintha ya ba da umarnin a kwashe birnin amma ya rasa goyon bayan mutane da sojoji.Vientiane ya fadi ga Burma.An aika Sen Soulintha a matsayin fursuna zuwa Burma tare da magajin Setthathirath Prince Nokeo Koumane.^[42] Wani vassal Burma, Chao Tha Heua, an bar shi don gudanar da Vientiane, amma zai yi mulki shekaru hudu kawai.An kafa Daular Taungoo ta farko (1510-99) amma ta fuskanci tawaye na cikin gida.A shekara ta 1580 Sen Soulintha ya dawo a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Burma, kuma a shekara ta 1581 Bayinnaung ya mutu tare da ɗansa Sarki Nanda Bayin da ke iko da Daular Toungoo.Daga 1583 zuwa 1591 an yi yakin basasa a Lan Xang.^[43]

An tsare Prince Nokeo Koumane a kotun Taungoo shekaru goma sha shida, kuma a 1591 yana da kimanin shekaru ashirin.Sangha a Lan Xang ya aika da manufa zuwa ga Sarki Nandabayin yana neman a mayar da Nokeo Koumane zuwa Lan Xang a matsayin sarkin vassal.A cikin 1591 an nada shi rawani a Vientiane, ya tattara sojoji ya zarce zuwa Luang Prabang inda ya sake hada garuruwan, ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Lan Xang kuma ya watsar da duk wata biyayya ga Daular Toungoo .Daga nan sai sarki Nokeo Koumane ya zarce zuwa Muang Phuan sannan ya nufi lardunan tsakiya inda ya sake hada dukkan tsoffin yankuna na Lan Xang.^[44]A cikin 1593 Sarki Nokeo Koumane ya kaddamar da hari kanLanna da Taungoo Yarima Tharrawaddy Min.Tharrawaddy Min ya nemi taimako daga Burma, amma tawaye a cikin daular sun hana duk wani tallafi.A cikin damuwa an aika buƙatu zuwa ga vassal Burma a Ayutthaya King Naresuan.Sarki Naresuan ya aika da dakaru masu yawa ya kunna Tharrawaddy Min, wanda ya tilasta wa Burma su yarda da Ayutthaya a matsayin mai cin gashin kanta da Lanna a matsayin masarautar vassal.Sarki Nokeo Koumane ya gane cewa karfin Ayutthaya da Lanna sun fi shi yawa kuma ya dakatar da harin.A cikin 1596, Sarki Nokeo Koumane ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da magaji ba.Duk da cewa ya hada Lan Xang, ya maido da mulkin zuwa wani matsayi da zai iya tunkude wani hari na waje, an samu sabani na gadon sarauta kuma jerin sarakuna masu rauni sun biyo baya har zuwa shekara ta 1637. ^[44.]

Karkashin mulkin Sarki Sourigna Vongsa (1637–1694) Lan Xang ya sami zaman lafiya da sabuntawa na tsawon shekaru hamsin da bakwai.^[45] A lokacin Lan Xang sangha ya kasance a koli na iko, yana zana sufaye da nuns don nazarin addini daga ko'ina cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Adabi, fasaha, kiɗa, raye-rayen kotu sun sami farfaɗowa.Sarki Sourigna Vongsa ya sake duba yawancin dokokin Lan Xang kuma ya kafa kotunan shari'a.Ya kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyin da suka kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da iyakoki tsakanin masarautun da ke kewaye.^[46]A cikin 1641, Gerritt van Wuysthoff tare da Kamfanin Yaren mutanen Gabashin Indiya sun yi hulɗar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun tare da Lan Xang.Van Wuysthoff ya bar cikakken asusun Turai na kayan ciniki, kuma ya kafa dangantakar kamfani tare da Lan Xang ta Longvek da Mekong.^[46]Lokacin da Sourigna Vongsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1694, ya bar jikoki guda biyu (Prince Kingkitsarat da Prince Inthasom) da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Princess Kumar da Princess Sumangala) tare da ikirarin sarauta.An samu sabani na gadon sarauta inda dan uwan ​​sarki Yarima Sai Ong Hue ya fito;Jikokin Sourigna Vongsa sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira a Sipsong Panna da Gimbiya Sumangala zuwa Champasak.A cikin 1705, Yarima Kingkitsarat ya ɗauki ƙaramin ƙarfi daga kawunsa a Sipsong Panna ya nufi Luang Prabang.Dan uwan ​​Sai Ong Hue, gwamnan Luang Prabang, ya gudu kuma aka nada Kingkitsarat sarauta a matsayin sarki mai hamayya a Luang Prabang.A cikin 1707 an raba Lan Xang kuma an sami mulkokin Luang Prabang da Vientiane.

Tun daga shekara ta 1707 an raba masarautar Lao ta Lan Xang zuwa masarautun yankin Vientiane, Luang Prabang da Champasak (1713).Masarautar Vientiane ita ce mafi ƙarfi daga cikin ukun, tare da Vientiane ya ba da tasiri a fadin Khorat Plateau (yanzu wani ɓangare na Thailand na zamani) kuma yana cin karo da Masarautar Luang Prabang don kula da Plateau Xieng Khouang (a kan iyakar Vietnam ta zamani).Masarautar Luang Prabang ita ce ta farko daga cikin masarautun yankin da ta bulla a shekarar 1707, lokacin da Sarki Xai Ong Hue na Lan Xang ya kalubalanci Kingkitsarat, jikan Sourigna Vongsa.Xai Ong Hue da iyalinsa sun nemi mafaka a Vietnam lokacin da aka yi hijira a lokacin mulkin Sourigna Vongsa.Xai Ong Hue ya sami goyon bayan Sarkin Bietnam Le Duy Hiep don musaya don amincewa da suzerainty na Vietnam akan Lan Xang.A shugaban sojojin Vietnam Xai Ong Hue ya kai wa Vientiane hari kuma ya kashe wani sarki Nantharat wani mai da'awar sarauta.A cikin martani, jikan Sourigna Vongsa Kingkitsarat ya yi tawaye ya tashi da sojojinsa daga Sipsong Panna zuwa Luang Prabang.Daga nan Kingkitsarat ya koma kudu don kalubalantar Xai Ong Hue a Vientiane.Daga nan Xai Ong Hue ya juya zuwa ga Masarautar Ayutthaya don samun tallafi, kuma an aika da sojoji waɗanda maimakon goyon bayan Xai Ong Hue suka sasanta tsakanin Luang Prabang da Vientiane.A cikin 1713, sarakunan kudancin Lao sun ci gaba da tawaye ga Xai Ong Hue a karkashin Nokasad, dan dan uwan ​​Sourigna Vongsa, kuma Masarautar Champasak ta fito.Masarautar Champasak ta ƙunshi yankin kudu da kogin Xe Bang har zuwa Stung Treng tare da yankunan ƙananan kogin Mun da Chi a kan Khorat Plateau.Ko da yake ba shi da yawan jama'a fiye da na Luang Prabang ko Vientiane, Champasak ya kasance muhimmin matsayi na ikon yanki da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta kogin Mekong.A cikin shekarun 1760 da 1770 masarautun Siam da Burma sun gwabza da juna a wani kazamin hamayya da makami, inda suka nemi kawance da masarautun Lao don karfafa matsayinsu na dangi ta hanyar kara wa nasu sojojin da kin amincewa da abokan gabarsu.Sakamakon haka, yin amfani da ƙawance masu fafatawa zai ƙara dagula rikicin da ke tsakanin masarautun Lao na arewacin Luang Prabang da Vientiane.Tsakanin manyan masarautun Lao guda biyu idan Burma ko Siam suka nemi kawance da daya, ɗayan zai nuna goyon bayan sauran bangarorin.Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙawance ta canza tare da yanayin siyasa da na soja a cikin ƙarshen rabin karni na sha takwas.

Yaƙin Lao-Siamese ko mamayewar Siamese na Laos (1778-1779) rikicin soja ne tsakanin Masarautar Thonburi ta Siam (yanzu Thailand ) da masarautun Lao na Vientiane da Champasak.Yaƙin ya haifar da dukkan masarautun Lao guda uku na Luang Phrabang, Vientiane da Champasak sun zama masarautun vassal na Siamese a ƙarƙashin mulkin Siamese da mamayewa a cikin Thonburi da na Rattanakosin na gaba.A shekara ta 1779 Janar Taksin ya kori Burmese daga Siam, ya mamaye daular Lao na Champasak da Vientiane, kuma ya tilasta Luang Prabang ya karbi vassalage (Luang Prabang ya taimaka wa Siam a lokacin da aka kewaye Vientiane).Alamar ikon gargajiya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta bi tsarin Mandala, an yi yaƙi don tabbatar da cibiyoyin yawan jama'a don ma'aikata, sarrafa kasuwancin yanki, da tabbatar da ikon addini da na duniya ta hanyar sarrafa alamomin Buddha masu ƙarfi (fararen giwaye, stupas masu mahimmanci, temples, da hotunan Buddha) .Don halatta daular Thonburi, Janar Taksin ya kwace hotunan Emerald Buddha da Phra Bang daga Vientiane.Taksin ya kuma bukaci masu rike da madafun iko na masarautun Lao da iyalansu na masarauta su yi wa Siam alkawari domin su ci gaba da cin gashin kansu a yankin kamar yadda Mandala ta tsara.A cikin tsarin Mandala na al'ada, sarakunan vassal sun riƙe ikonsu na ƙara haraji, horar da 'yan baranda, yanke hukuncin kisa, da nada nasu jami'ai.Batun yaki kawai, da magaji sun buƙaci amincewa daga suzerain.Har ila yau, ana sa ran Vassals za su ba da harajin zinariya da azurfa na shekara-shekara (wanda aka tsara a al'ada a cikin bishiyoyi), samar da haraji da haraji a cikin nau'i, tara rundunonin tallafi a lokacin yaƙi, da samar da ƙwazo don ayyukan jihohi.

Tawayen Lao na 1826–1828 ƙoƙari ne na Sarki Anouvong na Masarautar Vientiane don kawo ƙarshen mulkin Siam da sake ƙirƙirar tsohuwar masarautar Lan Xang.A cikin watan Janairun 1827 sojojin Lao na masarautun Vientiane da Champasak sun ratsa kudu da yamma ta Khorat Plateau, inda suka yi gaba har zuwa Saraburi, kwanaki uku kacal daga babban birnin Siamese na Bangkok.Siamese sun kai farmaki a arewa da gabas, lamarin da ya tilastawa sojojin Lao ja da baya tare da karbe babban birnin Vientiane.Anouvong ya gaza a cikin duka yunƙurin da ya yi na yin adawa da kutsawa Siamese, da kuma duba ƙarin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Lao.An soke Masarautar Vientiane, an tilasta wa jama'arta komawa Siam, kuma tsoffin yankunanta sun fada ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin lardin Siamese kai tsaye.Masarautar Champasak da Lan Na sun fi kusantar su cikin tsarin gudanarwa na Siamese.Masarautar Luang Prabang ta yi rauni amma ta ba da damar cin gashin kai a yankin.A cikin fadadata zuwa cikin jihohin Lao, Siam ya wuce gona da iri.Tawayen ya kasance dalilin kai tsaye na yakin Siamese-Vietnamese a cikin 1830s da 1840s.Hare-haren bayi da tilasta wa jama'a canja wurin da Siam ya yi ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yankunan da a ƙarshe za su zama Tailandia da Laos, kuma sun sauƙaƙe "ayyukan wayewa" na Faransawa zuwa yankunan Lao a ƙarshen rabin karni na sha tara.

A cikin 1840s na tawaye na lokaci-lokaci, hare-haren bayi, da motsi na 'yan gudun hijira a ko'ina cikin yankunan da za su zama Laos na zamani sun bar dukan yankuna a siyasance da rauni.A kasar Sin , daular Qing tana matsawa kudu don shigar da al'ummomin tuddai cikin gwamnatin tsakiya, da farko ambaliyar 'yan gudun hijira, daga baya kuma wasu 'yan tawaye dagaTaiping Rebellion suka tura zuwa kasashen Lao.Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawayen sun zama sanannun tutocinsu kuma sun haɗa da Tutoci na Yellow (ko Tsage), Jajayen Tutoci da Baƙar Tuta.Kungiyoyin 'yan fashin sun yi kaca-kaca a ko'ina cikin karkara, ba tare da wani martani daga Siam ba.A farkon karni na goma sha tara Lao Sung na farko da suka hada da Hmong, Mien, Yao da sauran kungiyoyin Sino-Tibet sun fara zama a cikin tuddai na lardin Phongsali da arewa maso gabashin Laos.An sami sauƙaƙa kwararar ƙaura ta hanyar raunin siyasa iri ɗaya wanda ya ba da matsuguni ga 'yan bindigar Haw kuma ya bar wuraren da ba su da yawa a cikin Laos.A cikin shekarun 1860, masu binciken Faransa na farko sun tura arewa suna tsara hanyar kogin Mekong, tare da fatan samun hanyar ruwa zuwa kudancin kasar Sin.Daga cikin masu binciken Faransa na farko akwai wani balaguro da Francis Garnier ya jagoranta, wanda aka kashe a lokacin balaguron da 'yan tawayen Haw suka yi a Tonkin.Faransawa za su ƙara gudanar da yakin soja a kan Haw a cikin Laos da Vietnam (Tonkin) har zuwa 1880s.^[47]

Bukatun mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Laos sun fara ne da ayyukan bincike na Doudart de Lagree da Francis Garnier a cikin 1860s.Faransa ta yi fatan yin amfani da kogin Mekong a matsayin hanyar zuwa kudancin kasar Sin.Ko da yake Mekong ba zai iya kewayawa ba saboda yawan hanzarin jiragen ruwa, bege shi ne cewa za a iya horar da kogin tare da taimakon injiniyan Faransanci da haɗin gwiwar layin dogo.A cikin 1886, Biritaniya ta sami damar nada wakili a Chiang Mai, a arewacin Siam.Don magance ikon Birtaniyya a Burma da karuwar tasirin Siam , a wannan shekarar Faransa ta nemi kafa wakilci a Luang Prabang, kuma ta aika Auguste Pavie don tabbatar da muradun Faransa.Dakarun Pavie da na Faransa sun isa birnin Luang Prabang a shekara ta 1887 domin ganewa idanunsu harin da 'yan bindigan kasar Sin da na Tai suka kai wa Luang Prabang, wadanda ke fatan 'yantar da 'yan'uwan shugabansu Đèo Văn Tri, wadanda 'yan kabilar Siamese ke tsare da su a fursuna.Pavie ya hana kamo Sarki Oun Kham da ke fama da rashin lafiya ta hanyar dauke shi daga birnin da ke konewa zuwa mafaka.Lamarin dai ya samu godiyar sarkin, inda ya ba da dama ga kasar Faransa ta mallaki yankin Sipsong Chu Thai a matsayin wani bangare na Tonkin na kasar Faransa Indochina, da kuma nuna raunin Siamese a kasar Laos.A cikin 1892, Pavie ya zama Ministan Mazauni a Bangkok, inda ya karfafa manufar Faransa wacce ta fara neman ƙin yarda ko watsi da ikon Siamese akan yankunan Lao da ke gabar gabashin Mekong, na biyu kuma don murkushe bautar Lao Theung da ke kan iyaka da yawan jama'a. Lao Loum ta Siamese a matsayin share fage don kafa kariyar tsaro a Laos.Siam ya mayar da martani ta hanyar musanta muradun kasuwancin Faransa, wanda a shekara ta 1893 ya ƙara shiga cikin aika soja da diflomasiyyar jirgin ruwa.Faransa da Siam za su sanya sojoji su musanta muradun juna, lamarin da ya sa Siamese suka kewaye tsibirin Khong da ke kudancin kasar da kuma kai hare-hare kan sojojin Faransa a arewacin kasar.Sakamakon haka shi ne abin da ya faru na Paknam na 13 ga Yuli 1893, Yaƙin Franco-Siamese (1893) da kuma kyakkyawar amincewar da'awar yankin Faransa a Laos.

Ƙasar Faransa ta Laos ita ce kariyar Faransa wacce take a yau Laos tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1953 - tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin ƙasar 'yar tsana ta Japan a 1945 - wacce ta zama wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa .An kafa ta a kan Siamese vassal, daular Luang Phrabang, bayan Yaƙin Franco-Siamese a 1893. An haɗa shi cikin Indochina na Faransa kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa an ƙara ɓangarorin Siamese vassals, Masarautar Phuan da Masarautar Champasak. a cikin 1899 da 1904, bi da bi.Yankin da ke kare Luang Prabang yana karkashin mulkin Sarkinsa ne, amma ainihin ikon yana hannun wani Gwamna-Janar na Faransa na cikin gida, wanda shi kuma ya kai rahoto ga Gwamnan-Janar na Faransa Indochina.Yankunan Laos da aka haɗa daga baya sun kasance, duk da haka, suna ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa ne kawai.Kariyar Faransa ta Laos ta kafa yankuna biyu (kuma a wasu lokuta uku) na gudanarwa daga Vietnam a cikin 1893. Sai a 1899 ne Laos ta zama ta tsakiya ta zama Babban Babban Magidanta da ke Savannakhet, kuma daga baya a Vientiane.Faransawa sun zaɓi kafa Vientiane a matsayin babban birnin mulkin mallaka saboda dalilai biyu, na farko ya kasance a tsakiya tsakanin lardunan tsakiya da Luang Prabang, na biyu kuma Faransawa sun san mahimmancin alamar sake gina tsohon babban birnin masarautar Lan Xang wanda Siamese ya lalace.A matsayin wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa, ana ganin Laos da Cambodia a matsayin tushen albarkatun ƙasa da aiki don mafi mahimmancin rijiyoyin a Vietnam.Kasancewar mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Laos ya kasance haske;Resident Superieur ne ke da alhakin duk mulkin mallaka tun daga haraji zuwa adalci da ayyukan jama'a.Faransawa sun ci gaba da zama sojoji a babban birnin mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Garde Indigene wanda ya ƙunshi sojojin Vietnam a ƙarƙashin wani kwamandan Faransa.A cikin muhimman biranen larduna kamar Luang Prabang, Savannakhet, da Pakse za a sami mataimakiyar mazauni, 'yan sanda, mai biyan albashi, malamin makaranta, malamin makaranta da likita.Vietnamese sun cika mafi yawan matsayi na sama da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin tsarin mulki, tare da Lao ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda, masu fassara, ma'aikatan dafa abinci da ma'aikata na gabaɗaya.Ƙauyen sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gargajiya na shugabannin yankin ko kuma chao muang.A duk lokacin mulkin mallaka a Laos kasancewar Faransanci bai kai ƴan turawa dubu kaɗan ba.Faransawa sun mayar da hankali kan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, da kawar da bautar da bautar da ake yi (ko da yake har yanzu ana ci gaba da aikin ƙorafi), kasuwanci da ya haɗa da samar da opium, kuma mafi mahimmancin tattara haraji.A karkashin mulkin Faransa, an ƙarfafa 'yan Vietnamese su yi ƙaura zuwa Laos, wanda 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka gani a matsayin mafita mai ma'ana ga matsala mai aiki a cikin iyakokin sararin samaniya na Indochina.^[48] ​​A shekara ta 1943, yawan mutanen Vietnam sun tsaya kusan 40,000, sun zama mafi rinjaye a cikin manyan biranen Laos kuma suna jin daɗin zabar shugabanninsu.^[49] Sakamakon haka, 53% na yawan mutanen Vientiane, 85% na Thakhek da 62% na Pakse 'yan Vietnam ne, ban da Luang Phrabang kawai inda yawancin jama'ar Lao ne.^[49] A ƙarshen 1945, Faransawa har ma sun tsara wani kyakkyawan shiri don matsar da ɗimbin mutanen Vietnam zuwa wurare uku masu mahimmanci, watau Vientiane Plain, yankin Savannakhet, Bolaven Plateau, wanda mamayar Japanawa ta Indochina kawai ta watsar.^[49] In ba haka ba, a cewar Martin Stuart-Fox, da Lao na iya rasa iko a kan ƙasarsu.^[49]Amsar Lao ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya kasance gauraye, kodayake ana kallon Faransawa a matsayin wanda ya fi dacewa da Siamese ta hanyar masu mulki, yawancin Lao Loum, Lao Theung, da Lao Sung sun kasance suna da nauyin haraji da kuma buƙatun ma'aikata na corvee don kafa wuraren mulkin mallaka.A shekara ta 1914, Sarkin Tai Lu ya gudu zuwa sassan kasar Sin na Sipsong Panna, inda ya fara yakin shekaru biyu na yaki da Faransanci a arewacin Laos, wanda ya buƙaci tafiye-tafiye na soja guda uku don murkushe shi kuma ya haifar da ikon Faransanci na Muang Sing kai tsaye. .A shekara ta 1920 yawancin Laos na Faransa sun kasance cikin zaman lafiya kuma an kafa tsarin mulkin mallaka.A cikin 1928, an kafa makarantar farko don horar da ma'aikatan Lao, kuma an ba da izini ga haɓakar motsi na Lao don cike mukamai da Vietnamese suka mamaye.A cikin 1920s da 1930s Faransa ta yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da Yammacin Turai, musamman Faransanci, ilimi, kiwon lafiya na zamani da magani, da ayyukan jama'a tare da cin nasara gauraye.Kasafin kudin Laos na mulkin mallaka ya kasance na biyu a Hanoi, kuma Babban Bala'in Duniya ya kara takaita kudade.Har ila yau, a cikin 1920s da 1930s ne farkon kirtani na asalin ƙasar Lao ya fito saboda aikin Prince Phetsarath Rattanavongsa da Faransanci Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient don mayar da tsoffin abubuwan tarihi, temples, da gudanar da bincike na gabaɗaya a tarihin Lao, adabi. , fasaha da gine-gine.

Haɓaka asalin ƙasar Lao ya sami mahimmanci a cikin 1938 tare da haɓakar firayim minista Phibunsongkhram a Bangkok.Phibunsongkhram ya sake masa suna Siam zuwa Tailandia , canjin suna wanda wani bangare ne na babban yunkuri na siyasa don hada kan daukacin al'ummar Tai karkashin tsakiyar Thai na Bangkok.Faransawa sun kalli waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙararrawa, amma abubuwan da suka faru a Turai da Yaƙin Duniya na biyu sun karkatar da Gwamnatin Vichy.Duk da yarjejeniyar rashin zalunci da aka sanya hannu a watan Yuni 1940, Thailand ta yi amfani da matsayin Faransanci kuma ta fara yakin Franco-Thai.Yaƙin ya ƙare ba daidai ba ga muradun Lao tare da yarjejeniyar Tokyo, da asarar yankunan trans-Mekong na Xainyaburi da wani ɓangare na Champasak.Sakamakon haka shi ne Lao rashin amincewa da Faransawa da kuma ƙungiyoyin al'adu na farko a cikin Laos, wanda ke cikin matsayi mara kyau na samun iyakacin tallafin Faransa.Charles Rochet Darektan Ilimi na Jama'a na Faransa a Vientiane, da haziƙan Lao karkashin jagorancin Nyuy Aphai da Katay Don Sasorith sun fara Ƙungiyar Renovation ta ƙasa.Amma duk da haka mafi girman tasirin yakin duniya na biyu bai da tasiri a Laos har zuwa watan Fabrairun 1945, lokacin da wani rukuni dagasojojin daular Japan suka koma Xieng Khouang.Jafanawa sun yi tunanin cewa za a maye gurbin gwamnatin Vichy na Indochina na Faransa a karkashin Admiral Decoux da wakilin Faransanci na 'yanci ga Charles DeGaulle kuma ya fara Operation Meigo ("wata mai haske").Jafananci sun yi nasara a cikin shigar Faransawan da ke zaune a Vietnam da Cambodia.An yi watsi da ikon Faransa a Laos.

Shekarar 1945 shekara ce mai cike da ruwa a cikin tarihin Laos.A karkashin matsin lamba na Japan, Sarki Sisavangvong ya ayyana 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu.Yunkurin ya ba da damar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na samun 'yancin kai a Laos ciki har da Lao Seri da Lao Pen Lao don haɗa kai cikin ƙungiyar Lao Issara ko "Free Lao" wanda Yarima Phetsarath ya jagoranta tare da adawa da komawar Laos ga Faransa .Jafanawa sun mika wuya a ranar 15 ga Agustan 1945 sun ba da karfin gwiwa ga bangarorin Faransawa kuma Sarki Sisavangvong ya kori Yarima Phetsarath.Yarima Phetsarath wanda bai yanke hukunci ba ya yi juyin mulki a watan Satumba kuma ya sanya dangin sarki a Luang Prabang a gidan kaso.A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1945 aka ayyana gwamnatin Lao Issara a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin farar hula na Prince Phetsarath.A cikin watanni shida masu zuwa Faransawa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da Lao Issara kuma sun sami damar sake tabbatar da ikon Indochina a cikin Afrilu 1946. Gwamnatin Lao Issara ta tsere zuwa Thailand, inda suka ci gaba da adawa da Faransa har zuwa 1949, lokacin da kungiyar ta rabu kan tambayoyi game da dangantaka. tare da Vietminh da kwaminisanci Pathet Lao aka kafa.Tare da Lao Issara da ke gudun hijira, a cikin watan Agustan 1946 Faransa ta kafa daular tsarin mulki a Laos karkashin jagorancin Sarki Sisavangvong, kuma Thailand ta amince da mayar da yankunan da aka kwace a lokacin yakin Franco-Thai don musanya wakilci a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Babban taron Franco-Lao na 1949 ya ba wa mafi yawan membobin Lao Issara afuwa ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da neman sassauci ta hanyar kafa Masarautar Laos daular mulkin mallaka mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Tarayyar Faransa.A cikin 1950, an ba da ƙarin iko ga Gwamnatin Royal Lao ciki har da horo da taimako ga sojojin ƙasa.A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1953, Yarjejeniyar Amity da Association ta Franco-Lao ta mika sauran ikon Faransa zuwa ga Gwamnatin Royal Lao mai zaman kanta.A shekara ta 1954 rashin nasara a Dien Bien Phu ya kawo shekaru takwas na fada da Vietminh, a lokacin yakin Indochina na farko , zuwa ƙarshe kuma Faransa ta yi watsi da duk wani iƙirari ga yankunan Indochina.^[50]

Yaƙin basasa na Laotian (1959-1975) yaƙin basasa ne a Laos wanda aka yi tsakanin Pathet Lao na Kwaminisanci da Gwamnatin Royal Lao daga 23 Mayu 1959 zuwa 2 Disamba 1975. Yana da alaƙa da Yaƙin Basasar Cambodia da Yaƙin Vietnam , tare da duka biyun. Bangarorin da ke samun gagarumin goyon bayan waje a yakin neman zabe tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya na yakin cacar baka .Ana kiransa Yaƙin Sirrin tsakanin Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Musamman ta CIA ta Amurka, da Hmong da Mien tsoffin sojojin yaƙin.^[51] Shekaru masu zuwa sun kasance alama ce ta hamayya tsakanin masu tsaka tsaki a karkashin Yarima Souvanna Phouma, reshe na dama a karkashin Yarima Boun Oum na Champassak, da kuma bangaren hagu na Lao Patriotic Front karkashin Yarima Souphanouvong da rabin-bietnam Firayim Minista na gaba Kaysone Phomvihane.An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don kafa gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwa, kuma a ƙarshe an zaunar da gwamnatin "haɗin kai" a Vientiane.Yakin da aka yi a Laos ya hada da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam, sojojin Amurka da sojojin Thai da sojojin Kudancin Vietnam kai tsaye kuma ta hanyar da ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gwagwarmayar neman iko da Panhandle Laotian.Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam sun mamaye yankin don amfani da hanyar samar da titin Ho Chi Minh da kuma matsayin yanki don kai hare-hare zuwa Kudancin Vietnam.Akwai babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu akan kuma kusa da Filayen Jars na Arewa.Arewacin Vietnam da Pathet Lao a ƙarshe sun sami nasara a cikin 1975 a cikin ɓacin rai na nasarar sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da Vietnamese ta Kudu Vietnam a Yaƙin Vietnam.Kimanin mutane 300,000 ne daga kasar Laos suka tsere zuwa makwabciyar kasar Thailand sakamakon kwace Pathet Lao.^[52]Bayan da 'yan gurguzu suka karbi mulki a Laos, 'yan tawayen Hmong sun yaki sabuwar gwamnati.An tsananta wa Hmong a matsayin maciya amana da "marasa" Amurkawa, tare da gwamnati da kawayenta na Vietnam suna cin zarafin bil'adama kan fararen hula na Hmong.Rikicin farko tsakanin Vietnam da China kuma ya taka rawa inda ake zargin 'yan tawayen Hmong da samun tallafi daga China.Sama da mutane 40,000 ne suka mutu a rikicin.^[53] Pathet Lao ta kama dangin sarautar Lao bayan yakin kuma aka tura su sansanonin kwadago, inda akasarinsu suka mutu a karshen 1970s da 1980, ciki har da Sarki Savang Vathana, Sarauniya Khamphoui da Yarima mai jiran gado Vong Savang.

A cikin watan Disamba na 1975, an sami babban canji a manufofin.An gudanar da taron hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da majalisar tuntuba, inda Suphānuvong ya bukaci sauyi cikin gaggawa.Babu juriya.A ranar 2 ga Disamba Sarkin ya amince ya yi murabus, kuma Suvannaphūmā ya yi murabus.An shelanta Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Jama'ar Lao tare da Suphānuvong a matsayin shugaban kasa.Kaisôn Phomvihān ya fito daga inuwar ya zama Firayim Minista kuma ainihin mai mulkin ƙasar.Kaisôn nan da nan ya fara aikin kafa sabuwar jamhuriya a matsayin jam'iyyar gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya.^[54]Ba a sake jin labarin zabuka ko 'yancin siyasa ba: an rufe jaridun da ba na gurguzu ba, kuma an kaddamar da wani gagarumin aikin share fage na ma'aikatan gwamnati, sojoji da 'yan sanda.An aike da dubunnan dubbai don "sake karatu" a sassa masu nisa na kasar, inda da yawa suka mutu, wasu da dama kuma aka ajiye har na tsawon shekaru goma.Hakan ya sa aka sabunta jirgin daga kasar.Yawancin kwararru da aji na ilimi, waɗanda da farko sun kasance da farko don yin aiki don sabon tsarin mulki, sun canza ra'ayinsu da hagu - abu mafi sauƙi da za a yi daga Laos fiye da daga ɗayan Vietnam ko Kambodiya .A shekara ta 1977, kashi 10 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun bar kasar, ciki har da yawancin azuzuwan kasuwanci da ilimi.Da kyar kungiyar jagororin jam'iyyar Lao People's Revolutionary Party ta canza sheka tun kafuwar jam'iyyar, kuma ba ta canza komai ba a cikin shekaru goma na farko na mulki.Iko na gaske a cikin jam'iyyar ya kasance tare da maza hudu: Babban Sakatare Kaisôn, amintaccen mataimakinsa kuma shugaban tattalin arziki Nuhak Phumsavan (dukansu daga asali masu tawali'u a Savannakhet), ministan tsare-tsare Sālī Vongkhamxao (wanda ya mutu a 1991) da kwamandan Sojoji da shugaban tsaro Khamtai Siphandôn. .An fi ganin jiga-jigan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar da suka yi karatu a Faransa - Shugaba Souphanavong da ministar ilimi da farfagandar Phumi Vongvichit - a bainar jama'a kuma 'yan siyasa ne, amma ba sa cikin kungiyar ciki.Manufar jama'a na jam'iyyar ita ce "ci gaba, mataki-mataki, zuwa tsarin gurguzu, ba tare da tafiya ta hanyar ci gaban jari-hujja ba."Wannan makasudin ya sanya dabi'ar larura: babu damar Laos ta sami "matakin ci gaban jari-hujja" yayin da kashi 90 cikin 100 na al'ummarta manoma ne masu noma, kuma babu wata dama ta hanyar tafarkin Markisanci zuwa gurguzu ta hanyar juyin juya halin ajin aiki a wata kasa. wanda ba shi da ajin aikin masana'antu.Manufofin Vietnam sun haifar da warewar tattalin arzikin Laos daga dukkan makwabta wanda hakan ya haifar da dogaro da Vietnam gaba daya.Ga Kaisôn hanyar zuwa gurguzu tana cikin yin koyi da farko na Vietnamese sannan kuma tsarin Soviet.Dole ne a bullo da "dangantakar 'yan gurguzu na samarwa" kuma wannan, a cikin kasar noma, yana nufin da farko tara aikin noma.An ayyana dukkan filaye a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, kuma an hade gonaki guda ɗaya zuwa manyan “ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa”.Hanyoyin samarwa - wanda a cikin Laos na nufin buffalo da garma na katako - dole ne a mallaki su gaba ɗaya.A karshen shekarar 1978 yawancin masu noman shinkafa na Lao sun fuskanci tattarawa.Sakamakon haka, siyan kayan abinci na jihohi ya faɗi sosai, kuma wannan, haɗe tare da yanke tallafin Amurka , raguwar tallafin Vietnamese/ Soviet bayan yaƙi da bacewar kayan da ake shigowa da su, ya haifar da ƙarancin aiki, rashin aikin yi da wahalhalun tattalin arziki a garuruwa.Al'amura sun kara tabarbarewa a shekarar 1979 lokacin da Vietnam ta mamaye Cambodia, da yakin Sino-Bietnam da ya biyo baya, ya sa Vietnam ta umarci gwamnatin Lao da ta yanke hulda da kasar Sin, lamarin da ya kawo karshen wata hanyar samun taimako da cinikayya daga kasashen waje.A tsakiyar 1979 gwamnati, a fili bisa ga matsawar masu ba da shawara na Soviet waɗanda ke tsoron cewa mulkin gurguzu yana kan hanyar rugujewa, ta ba da sanarwar sauya manufofin ba zato ba tsammani.Kaisôn, ɗan kwaminisanci na tsawon rayuwarsa, ya nuna kansa a matsayin shugaba mai sassauci fiye da yadda mutane da yawa suke tsammani.A cikin babban jawabi a watan Disamba, ya yarda cewa Laos ba ta shirya don zamantakewa ba.Misalin Kaisôn ba Lenin ba ne, ammaDeng Xiaoping na kasar Sin, wanda a wannan lokaci ya fara yin gyare-gyaren 'yan kasuwa da ya kafa tushen ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a baya.An yi watsi da tattarawa, kuma an gaya wa manoma cewa suna da ’yancin barin gonakin “haɗin kai”, wanda kusan dukkaninsu suka yi nan da nan, kuma su sayar da rarar hatsin su a kasuwa kyauta.Sauran masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun biyo baya.An ɗage ƙuntatawa kan motsi na ciki, kuma an sassauta manufofin al'adu.Kamar yadda yake a kasar Sin, duk da haka, ba a sassauta ikon jam'iyyar a harkokin siyasa ba.Laos ta ci gaba da gaba da Vietnam tare da Sabon Tsarin Tattalin Arziki don gabatar da hanyoyin kasuwa a cikin tattalin arzikinta.^[55] <> Ta yin haka, Laos ta buɗe kofa na kusantar juna da Thailand da Rasha a wani kuɗi don dogaro na musamman ga Vietnam.^[55] Mai yiwuwa Laos ta kai daidai wannan matsayi na daidaitawa wajen bin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya na Vietnam, amma ta ci gaba da tsayin daka da kuma mayar da martani ga karimcin Thai da na Rasha, Laos ta fadada yawan masu ba da gudummawa, abokan ciniki, da masu zuba jari ba tare da yunƙurin Vietnam ba. don cimma manufa guda.^[55] Don haka, Vietnam ta kasance a cikin inuwa a matsayin mai ba da shawara da abokantaka na gaggawa, kuma horar da Laos ya canza sosai zuwa bankunan ci gaba da 'yan kasuwa na duniya.^[55]

Yin watsi da tattara ayyukan noma da kuma kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya ya kawo musu sababbin matsaloli, waɗanda suka yi muni a yayin da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta ci moriyar mulkin mallaka.Wadannan sun hada da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa da son zuciya (siffar al'ada ta rayuwar siyasar Lao), yayin da sadaukarwar akida ta ɓace kuma son kai ya tashi don maye gurbinsa a matsayin babban dalili na neman da rike mukamai.Hakanan fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin na samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziƙi ya kasance sannu a hankali fitowa.Ba kamarkasar Sin ba, Laos ba ta da yuwuwar samun saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki ta hanyar hanyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci a fannin noma da bunkasa masana'antun karancin albashin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje.Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda Laos karamar kasa ce, matalauciya, wacce ba ta da tudu, yayin da kasar Sin ta samu ci gaba a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata.Sakamakon haka, manoman Lao, wadanda galibinsu ke rayuwa a matsayin kasa da kasa, ba za su iya samar da rarar rarar kayayyaki ba, har ma da karfin tattalin arziki, da manoman kasar Sin za su iya kuma suka yi bayan da Deng ya kaddamar da aikin noma.An yanke daga damar ilimi a yamma, an tura matasa Lao da yawa don neman ilimi mafi girma a Vietnam , Tarayyar Soviet ko gabashin Turai, amma har da darussan ilimin haɗari sun ɗauki lokaci don samar da ƙwararrun malamai, injiniyoyi da likitoci.A kowane hali, mizanin horarwa a wasu lokuta bai yi yawa ba, kuma yawancin ɗaliban Lao ba su da ƙwarewar harshe don fahimtar abin da ake koya musu.A yau da yawa daga cikin waɗannan Lao suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "ɓatattun tsararraki" kuma dole ne su sami sababbin cancanta a matsayin ƙasashen yamma don samun damar yin aiki.A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da kasar Sin ta fara yin tsami yayin da kasar Sin ta fusata kan goyon bayan Lao ga Vietnam a shekarar 1979, kuma ikon Vietnam a cikin Laos ya ragu.Da rugujewar tsarin gurguzu a gabashin Turai, wanda ya faro a shekarar 1989 ya kawo karshe da faduwar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, ya yi matukar girgiza shugabannin gurguzu na Lao.A cikin akida, bai ba da shawarar ga shugabannin Lao cewa akwai wani abu ba daidai ba tare da tsarin gurguzu a matsayin ra'ayi, amma ya tabbatar musu da hikimar rangwame a manufofin tattalin arziki da suka yi tun 1979. An katse taimakon gaba daya a cikin 1990, wanda ya haifar da shi. wani sabon rikicin tattalin arziki.An tilastawa Laos ta nemi Faransa daJapan agajin gaggawa, sannan kuma ta nemi Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Asiya.A karshe, a shekarar 1989, Kaisôn ya ziyarci birnin Beijing domin tabbatar da maido da huldar abokantaka, da kuma tabbatar da taimakon kasar Sin.A cikin 1990s tsohon mai gadin kwaminisancin Lao ya wuce daga wurin.Tun daga shekarun 1990, babban abin da ke cikin tattalin arzikin Lao shine babban ci gaba a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, musamman a Thailand.Don cin gajiyar wannan, gwamnatin Lao ta dage kusan duk wasu takunkumin da aka sanyawa kasuwancin waje da saka hannun jari, wanda ya baiwa Thai da sauran kamfanonin ketare damar kafawa da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci a cikin kasar.An kuma ƙarfafa 'yan gudun hijirar Lao da Sinawa su koma Laos, kuma su kawo kuɗinsu tare da su.Mutane da yawa sun yi haka - a yau wani memba na tsohon gidan sarautar Lao, Gimbiya Manilai, ya mallaki otal da wurin shakatawa a Luang Phrabāng, yayin da wasu tsoffin iyalai na Lao, irin su Inthavongs, ke sake yin aiki (idan ba a raye) a cikin kasa.Tun bayan gyare-gyaren da aka yi a shekarun 1980, Laos ta samu ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda ya kai kashi shida cikin dari a shekara tun daga shekarar 1988, sai dai lokacin rikicin kudi na Asiya na shekarar 1997. Amma har yanzu noman noma ya kai rabin GDP da kuma samar da kashi 80 cikin 100 na jimillar ayyukan yi.Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna karkashin ikon kamfanonin Thai da na kasar Sin, kuma hakika Laos ta zama wani yanki na tattalin arziki da al'adu na Thailand, abin da ke haifar da fushi a tsakanin Lao.Laos har yanzu tana dogaro sosai kan taimakon waje, amma ci gaba da faɗaɗa da Thailand ke ci gaba da haɓaka buƙatun katako da wutar lantarki, Laos kawai manyan kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa waje.Kwanan nan Laos ta daidaita dangantakarta ta kasuwanci da Amurka, amma har yanzu wannan bai haifar da wani babban fa'ida ba.Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kudade don baiwa Laos damar biyan bukatun membobin kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya.Babbar matsala ita ce Lao kip, wanda har yanzu ba kudin canji ba ne a hukumance.Jam'iyyar kwaminisanci tana riƙe da ikon siyasa kawai, amma tana barin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin zuwa kasuwanni, kuma ba ta tsoma baki cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ta al'ummar Lao muddin ba su ƙalubalanci mulkinta ba.An yi watsi da yunƙurin 'yan sanda ayyukan addini, al'adu, tattalin arziki da jima'i na mutane, kodayake aikin bisharar Kirista ya yi sanyi a hukumance.Kafofin yada labarai na gwamnati ne ke sarrafa su, amma yawancin Lao suna da damar yin amfani da rediyo da talabijin na Thai kyauta (Thai da Lao harsuna ne da ake fahimtar juna), wanda ke ba su labarai daga duniyar waje.Ana samun damar Intanet mai ƙima a mafi yawan garuruwa.Lao kuma suna da 'yanci don tafiya zuwa Thailand, kuma haƙiƙa ƙaura na Lao ba bisa ƙa'ida ba zuwa Thailand matsala ce ga gwamnatin Thailand.Wadanda ke kalubalantar mulkin kwaminisanci, duk da haka, suna samun mugun hali.A halin yanzu yawancin Lao suna jin sun gamsu da 'yancin kai da wadatar da suka samu cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.