Tarihin Kanada

Asalin mutane ɗaya, ko tarin makada masu alaƙa, ƙabilun Ojibwe, Odawa, da Potawatomi sun haɓaka bayan Anishinaabe sun isa Michilimackinac akan tafiya zuwa yamma daga gabar tekun Atlantika.Ta yin amfani da naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen Midedewiwin, dattijon Potawatomi Shup-Shewana ya rubuta kwanan wata kafa Majalisar Gobara Uku zuwa 796 CE a Michilimackinac.A cikin wannan Majalisar, an yi wa Ojibwe lakabi da "Older Brother", Odawa a matsayin "Ubanwa Ta Tsakiya," da Potawatomi a matsayin "Kani."Saboda haka, duk lokacin da aka ambaci ƙasashen Anishinaabe guda uku a cikin wannan takamaiman tsari na Ojibwe, Odawa, da Potawatomi, alama ce da ke nuna Majalisar Gobara Uku kuma.Bugu da kari, Ojibwe su ne “masu kiyaye imani,” Odawa su ne “masu tsare-tsaren ciniki,” kuma Potawatomi su ne “masu kiyaye wuta” (boodawaadam), wanda ya zama ginshikin nasu. suna Boodewaaadamii (harufan Ojibwe) ko Bodéwadmi (harufan Potawatomi).Kodayake Wuta Uku tana da wuraren tarurruka da yawa, Michilimackinac ya zama wurin taron da aka fi so saboda wurin tsakiyarsa.Daga nan ne Majalisar ta yi taro don ayyukan soja da na siyasa.Daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon, Majalisar ta ci gaba da hulɗa tare da ƴan uwansu Anishinaabeg, Ozaagii (Sac), Odagaamii (Meskwaki), Omanoominii (Menominee), Wiinibiigoo (Ho-Chunk), Naadawe (Iroquois Confederacy), Nii'inaawi-Nadawe (Wyandot) , da Naadawensiw (Sioux).A nan, sun kuma ci gaba da dangantaka da Wemitigoozhi (Faransa), Zhaaganaashi (Ingilishi) da Gichi-mookomaanag (Amurkawa).Ta hanyar tsarin totem da haɓaka kasuwanci, Majalisar gabaɗaya tana da zaman lafiya tare da maƙwabta.Sai dai wasu rigingimun da ba a warware su ba sukan barke zuwa yake-yake.A karkashin waɗannan sharuɗɗa, Majalisar musamman ta yi yaƙi da Iroquois Confederacy da Sioux.A lokacin yakin Faransa da Indiya da yakin Pontiac, majalisar ta yi yaki da Birtaniya;kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma da Yaƙin 1812, sun yi yaƙi da Amurka.Bayan kafuwar Amurka ta Amurka a cikin 1776, Majalisar ta zama babban memba na Tarayyar Tafkunan Yamma (wanda kuma aka sani da "Great Lakes Confederacy"), tare da Wyandots, Algonquins, Nipissing, Sacs, Meskwaki da sauransu.

Binciken Norse na Arewacin Amurka ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 10, lokacin da Norsemen ya binciko yankunan Arewacin Atlantic da ke mulkin Greenland tare da samar da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci kusa da arewacin Newfoundland.An san wannan a yanzu da L'Anse aux Meadows inda aka sami ragowar gine-gine a cikin 1960 wanda ke kusan shekaru 1,000 da suka gabata.Wannan binciken ya taimaka sake farfado da binciken binciken kayan tarihi na Norse a Arewacin Atlantic.Wannan matsuguni guda ɗaya, wanda yake a tsibirin Newfoundland kuma ba a yankin Arewacin Amurka ba, an yi watsi da shi ba zato ba tsammani.Mazaunan Norse a Greenland sun kasance kusan shekaru 500.L'Anse aux Meadows, kawai rukunin yanar gizon Norse da aka tabbatar a Kanada a yau, ƙarami ne kuma bai daɗe ba.Wasu irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen na Norse suna iya faruwa na ɗan lokaci, amma babu wata shaida ta kowane yanki na Norse a Arewacin Amurka wanda ya wuce karni na 11.

Iroquois ƙungiyar Iroquois ce ta al'ummar Farko a arewa maso gabas ta Arewacin Amirka / Tsibirin Turtle.Turawan Ingila sun kira su Al'ummai Biyar, waɗanda suka haɗa da Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, da Seneca.Bayan shekara ta 1722, mutanen Tuscarora masu magana da Iroquoian daga kudu maso gabas sun sami karbuwa a cikin kawancen da aka fi sani da kasashe shida.Ƙungiya ta zo ne a sakamakon Babbar Dokar Aminci, wadda aka ce Deganawidah Babban Mai Aminci, Hiawatha, da Jigonsaseh Uwar Al'ummai ne suka tsara.Kusan shekaru 200, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya/Haudenosaunee ta kasance wani abu mai ƙarfi a siyasar mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amirka, tare da wasu malaman suna jayayya game da manufar Ƙasa ta Tsakiya, ta yadda Iroquois ke amfani da ikon Turai kamar yadda Turawa suka yi amfani da su.A lokacin da yake kololuwa a kusa da 1700, ikon Iroquois ya miko daga abin da yake a yau New York State, arewa zuwa Ontario ta yau da Quebec tare da ƙananan Great Lakes–Upper St. Lawrence, da kudu a bangarorin biyu na tsaunin Allegheny zuwa Virginia ta yau. da Kentucky da kuma cikin kwarin Ohio.Daga baya Iroquois ya haifar da al'umma mai matukar daidaito.Wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya ya bayyana a cikin 1749 cewa Iroquois suna da "irin wannan cikakkiyar ra'ayi na 'Yanci da ba su yarda da wani nau'in fifiko na juna akan juna ba, kuma suna kore duk wani Bauta daga yankunansu".Yayin da aka kawo karshen hare-hare tsakanin kabilun membobi kuma suka jagoranci yaki da masu fafatawa, Iroquois ya karu da adadi yayin da abokan hamayyarsu suka ki.Haɗin kai na siyasa na Iroquois cikin sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfi mafi ƙarfi a arewa maso gabashin Amurka ta ƙarni na 17 da 18.Majalisar ta 50 ta League ta yanke hukunci kan takaddama tare da neman yarjejeniya.Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ba ta yi magana ga dukkanin kabilu biyar ba, waɗanda suka ci gaba da aiwatar da kansu tare da kafa ƙungiyoyin yaki.A kusa da 1678, majalisar ta fara yin ƙarin iko a cikin shawarwari tare da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania da New York, kuma Iroquois ya zama mai girma a diflomasiyya, yana wasa da Faransanci a kan Birtaniya kamar yadda kowane kabilu suka buga a baya Swedes, Dutch , da kuma Turanci.

Karkashin ikon mallakar wasiku daga Sarki Henry na VII na Ingila, mashigin Genoese John Cabot ya zama Bature na farko da aka sani da ya sauka a Kanada bayan zamanin Viking yana da'awar ƙasar Ingila ta Rukunan ganowa.Bayanai sun nuna cewa a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 1497, ya hango kasa a wani wuri na arewa da ake kyautata zaton yana cikin lardunan Atlantic.Al'adar hukuma ta yi tsammanin wurin sauka na farko ya kasance a Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, kodayake wasu wurare suna yiwuwa.Bayan shekara ta 1497 Cabot da dansa Sebastian Cabot sun ci gaba da yin wasu tafiye-tafiye don nemo mashigar Arewa maso Yamma, kuma sauran masu binciken sun ci gaba da tashi daga Ingila zuwa Sabuwar Duniya, ko da yake ba a rubuta cikakkun bayanai na wadannan tafiye-tafiyen ba.An ba da rahoton cewa Cabot ya sauka sau ɗaya kawai a lokacin balaguron kuma bai yi gaba ba "ya wuce tazarar harbin baka".Pasqualigo da Day duk sun bayyana cewa balaguron bai yi hulɗa da kowane ɗan ƙasa ba;Ma'aikatan jirgin sun gano ragowar wuta, sawun mutane, tarunan, da kayan aikin katako.Ma'aikatan sun bayyana sun tsaya a kan kasa tsawon lokacin da za su dauki ruwa mai dadi;sun kuma ɗaga tutocin Venetian da Paparoma, suna da'awar ƙasar ga Sarkin Ingila da kuma amincewa da ikon addini na Cocin Roman Katolika.Bayan wannan saukowar, Cabot ya shafe wasu makonni yana "gano bakin teku", tare da yawancin "an gano bayan ya koma".

Dangane da yarjejeniyar Tordesillas, masarautarSipaniya ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da haƙƙin yanki a yankin da John Cabot ya ziyarta a cikin 1497 da 1498 AZ.Duk da haka, masu binciken Portuguese kamar João Fernandes Lavrador za su ci gaba da ziyartar arewacin tekun Atlantika, wanda ke nuna bayyanar "Labrador" akan taswirar lokacin.A cikin 1501 da 1502 'yan'uwan Corte-Real sun bincika Newfoundland (Terra Nova) da Labrador suna da'awar waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Portuguese .A shekara ta 1506, Sarki Manuel I na Portugal ya ƙirƙira haraji ga kamun kifi a cikin ruwan Newfoundland.João Álvares Fagundes da Pêro de Barcelos sun kafa wuraren kamun kifi a Newfoundland da Nova Scotia a kusan 1521 AZ;duk da haka, an yi watsi da waɗannan daga baya, tare da masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun mayar da hankali ga kokarin su a kudancin Amirka.Girma da yanayin ayyukan Portuguese a cikin babban yankin Kanada a cikin ƙarni na 16 har yanzu ba a sani ba kuma ana jayayya.

Sha'awar Faransa a Sabuwar Duniya ta fara ne da Francis I na Faransa, wanda a cikin 1524 ya dauki nauyin kewayawa Giovanni da Verrazzano na yankin tsakanin Florida da Newfoundland da fatan samun hanyar zuwa Tekun Pacific.Ko da yake Ingilishi ya yi iƙirari a cikin 1497 lokacin da John Cabot ya yi ƙasa a wani wuri a bakin tekun Arewacin Amirka (wataƙila ko Newfoundland na zamani ko Nova Scotia) kuma ya yi iƙirarin ƙasar Ingila a madadin Henry VII, waɗannan da'awar ba a yi amfani da su ba. kuma Ingila ba ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar mulkin mallaka na dindindin ba.Amma game da Faransanci, duk da haka, Jacques Cartier ya dasa giciye a cikin Gaspé Peninsula a cikin 1534 kuma ya yi ikirarin ƙasar da sunan Francis I, ya haifar da yanki mai suna "Kanada" a lokacin rani na gaba.Cartier ya haura kogin St. Lawrence har zuwa Lachine Rapids, zuwa wurin da Montreal ke tsaye yanzu.Ƙoƙarin sulhu na dindindin da Cartier ya yi a Charlesbourg-Royal a 1541, a Sable Island a 1598 ta Marquis de La Roche-Mesgouez, da kuma a Tadoussac, Quebec a 1600 na François Gravé Du Pont duk ƙarshe ya kasa.Duk da waɗannan gazawar farko, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Faransa sun ziyarci al'ummomin gabar tekun Atlantika kuma suka shiga cikin kogin St. Lawrence, suna kasuwanci da yin ƙawance da al'ummai na farko, da kuma kafa wuraren kamun kifi kamar a Percé (1603).Yayin da aka gabatar da ra'ayoyi iri-iri don asalin asalin ƙasar Kanada, yanzu an karɓi sunan kamar yadda ya fito daga kalmar St. Lawrence Iroquoian kanata, ma'ana "ƙauye" ko "zaure".A cikin 1535, 'yan asalin mazauna yankin Quebec City na yanzu sun yi amfani da kalmar don jagorantar mai binciken Faransa Jacques Cartier zuwa ƙauyen Stadacona.Cartier daga baya ya yi amfani da kalmar Kanada don komawa ba kawai ga ƙauyen ba amma ga dukan yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Donnacona (shugaba a Stadacona);zuwa 1545, littattafan Turai da taswirori sun fara magana game da wannan ƙaramin yanki kusa da Kogin Saint Lawrence a matsayin Kanada.

A cikin 1604, an ba wa Pierre Du Gua, Sieur de Mons ikon cin gashin gashi na Arewacin Amurka.Kasuwancin Jawo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan harkokin tattalin arziki a Arewacin Amirka.Du Gua ya jagoranci balaguron mulkin mallaka na farko zuwa wani tsibiri da ke kusa da bakin kogin St. Croix.Daga cikin mukarraban sa har da wani masanin kasa mai suna Samuel de Champlain, wanda ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya gudanar da wani gagarumin bincike a gabar tekun arewa maso gabashin kasar da ake kira Amurka.A cikin bazara na 1605, karkashin Samuel de Champlain, sabon mazaunin St. Croix ya koma Port Royal (Annapolis Royal na yau, Nova Scotia).Samuel de Champlain kuma ya sauka a Saint John Harbor a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1604 (bikin St. John the Baptist) kuma shine inda birnin Saint John, New Brunswick, da kogin Saint John ke samun suna.

A cikin 1608 Champlain ya kafa abin da ke yanzu Quebec City, ɗaya daga cikin matsugunan dindindin na farko, wanda zai zama babban birnin New Faransa.Ya dauki nauyin gudanar da mulki na gari da al'amuransa, ya kuma aika da balaguro don binciken cikin gida.Champlain ya zama sanannen Bature na farko da ya gamu da tafkin Champlain a shekara ta 1609. A shekara ta 1615, ya yi tafiya da kwale-kwale ya haye kogin Ottawa ta tafkin Nipissing da Georgian Bay zuwa tsakiyar kasar Huron kusa da tafkin Simcoe.A lokacin wadannan tafiye-tafiye, Champlain ya taimaka wa Wendat (aka "Hurons") a yakin da suka yi da Ƙungiyar Iroquois.A sakamakon haka, Iroquois zai zama abokan gaba na Faransanci kuma suna shiga cikin rikice-rikice masu yawa (wanda aka sani da Faransanci da Iroquois Wars) har sai da aka sanya hannu kan Babban Aminci na Montreal a 1701.

Yakin Beaver sun kasance jerin rikice-rikicen da aka gwabza akai-akai a cikin karni na 17 a Arewacin Amurka a ko'ina cikin kwarin kogin Saint Lawrence a Kanada da kuma yankin manyan tabkuna na ƙasa wanda ya haifar da Iroquois da Hurons, arewacin Algonquians da abokansu na Faransa.'Yan kabilar Iroquois sun nemi fadada yankinsu da kuma mamaye cinikin gashin adon da kasuwannin Turai.Kungiyar Iroquois karkashin jagorancin Mohawks ta yi gangami don yakar kabilun Algonquian da ke magana da harshen Iroquoian da kuma kabilun yankin Manyan Tafkuna.Abokan ciniki na Dutch da Ingilishi ne suka ba wa Iroquois makamai;Algonquians da Huron sun sami goyon bayan Faransawa , babban abokin kasuwancin su.Iroquois ya lalata manyan ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Mohicans, Huron (Wyandot), Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock (Conestoga), da kuma arewacin Algonquins, tare da matsanancin zalunci da yanayin kawar da yanayin yaƙin da Iroquois ke aikatawa yana haifar da wasu masana tarihi. sanya wadannan yake-yake a matsayin ayyukan kisan kare dangi da kungiyar Iroquois Confederacy ta yi.Sun zama masu rinjaye a yankin kuma sun faɗaɗa yankinsu, suna daidaita yanayin ƙabilanci na Amurka.Iroquois ya sami iko da iyakar New England da filayen kwarin Kogin Ohio a matsayin filin farauta daga kusan 1670 zuwa gaba.Yaƙe-yaƙe da tarko na kasuwanci da aka yi na beavers sun kasance mummunar barna ga mazauna yankin.Tarko ya ci gaba da yaduwa a cikin Arewacin Amurka, yana kawar da ko rage yawan jama'a a fadin nahiyar.Tsarin halittun da suka dogara da beavers don madatsun ruwa, ruwa da sauran muhimman bukatu su ma sun lalace wanda ya kai ga lalata muhalli, canjin yanayi, da fari a wasu wurare.Yawan mutanen Beaver a Arewacin Amurka zai ɗauki ƙarni don murmurewa a wasu yankuna, yayin da wasu ba za su taɓa murmurewa ba.

Bayan mutuwar Champlain a 1635, Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika da kafa Jesuit sun zama mafi rinjaye a cikin New Faransa kuma suna fatan kafa al'ummar Kiristanci na Turai da Aboriginal.A cikin 1642, Sulpicians sun dauki nauyin gungun mazauna karkashin jagorancin Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, wanda ya kafa Ville-Marie, wanda ya kasance farkon Montreal a yau.A cikin 1663 kambin Faransanci ya karɓi mulkin mallaka kai tsaye daga Kamfanin New Faransa.Ko da yake yawan ƙaura zuwa Sabuwar Faransa ya ragu sosai a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci kai tsaye, yawancin sabbin masu shigowa manoma ne, kuma adadin karuwar yawan mazaunan da kansu ya yi yawa sosai.Matan suna da kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari fiye da matan da suka rage a Faransa.Yves Landry ya ce, "'Yan Kanada suna da abinci na musamman don lokacinsu."Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan nama, kifi, da ruwa mai tsafta;kyakkyawan yanayin kiyaye abinci a lokacin hunturu;da wadataccen alkama a yawancin shekaru.

A farkon shekarun 1700, mazauna New Faransa sun kafu sosai a bakin kogin Saint Lawrence da sassan Nova Scotia, tare da yawan jama'a kusan 16,000.Koyaya, sabbin masu shigowa sun daina zuwa daga Faransa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ma'ana Ingilishi da Scotland mazauna Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, da Kudancin Mallaka goma sha uku sun fi yawan Faransawa kusan goma zuwa ɗaya cikin 1750s.Daga 1670, ta hanyar Kamfanin Hudson's Bay, Ingilishi kuma ya ba da da'awar Hudson Bay da magudanar ruwa, wanda aka sani da Rupert's Land, suna kafa sabbin wuraren kasuwanci da garu, yayin da suke ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi a Newfoundland.Fadada Faransanci tare da hanyoyin kwale-kwale na Kanada sun kalubalanci ikirarin Hudson's Bay Company, kuma a cikin 1686, Pierre Troyes ya jagoranci balaguron balaguro daga Montreal zuwa gaɓar teku, inda suka sami nasarar kama ɗimbin wuraren waje.Binciken La Salle ya ba Faransa da'awar ga kwarin kogin Mississippi, inda masu tarko da ƴan ƙalilan suka kafa sansani da ƙauyuka.

Akwai yaƙe-yaƙe guda huɗu na Faransanci da Indiya da ƙarin yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu a Acadia da Nova Scotia tsakanin Amurkawa Mallaka goma sha uku da Sabuwar Faransa daga 1688 zuwa 1763. A lokacin Yaƙin Sarki William (1688 zuwa 1697), rikice-rikice na soja a Acadia sun haɗa da Yaƙin Port Royal (Yaƙin Port Royal). 1690);yakin sojan ruwa a Bay of Fundy (Ayyukan Yuli 14, 1696);da Raid on Chignecto (1696).Yarjejeniyar Ryswick a shekara ta 1697 ta kawo karshen yakin da aka yi tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila da Faransa na wani dan lokaci kadan.A lokacin yakin Sarauniya Anne (1702 zuwa 1713), cin nasarar Birtaniya na Acadia ya faru a cikin 1710, wanda ya haifar da Nova Scotia (ban da Cape Breton) a hukumance ta ba da izini ga Birtaniya ta Yarjejeniyar Utrecht, ciki har da Rupert's Land, wanda Faransa ta ci nasara a ciki. ƙarshen karni na 17 (Battle of Hudson's Bay).Sakamakon wannan koma baya nan take, Faransa ta kafa katafaren sansanin Louisbourg a tsibirin Cape Breton.An yi nufin Louisbourg ya zama sansanin soja da na ruwa na tsawon shekara guda don ragowar daular Arewacin Amurka ta Faransa da kuma kare hanyar shiga kogin St. Lawrence.Uba Rale's War ya haifar da faduwar tasirin New Faransa a cikin Maine na yau da kuma fahimtar Birtaniya cewa dole ne a yi shawarwari tare da Mi'kmaq a Nova Scotia.A lokacin Yaƙin Sarki George (1744 zuwa 1748), rundunar 'yan New England karkashin jagorancin William Pepperrell sun haura jirgin ruwa 90 da mutane 4,000 a kan Louisbourg a shekara ta 1745. A cikin watanni uku kagara ya mika wuya.Komawar Louisbourg zuwa ikon Faransanci ta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ya sa Birtaniya ta sami Halifax a 1749 karkashin Edward Cornwallis.Duk da dakatarwar da aka yi a hukumance tsakanin daulolin Burtaniya da Faransa tare da yarjejeniyar Aix-la-Chapelle, rikici a Acadia da Nova Scotia ya ci gaba da zama yakin Uba Le Loutre.Birtaniya ta ba da umarnin korar Acadians daga ƙasashensu a cikin 1755 a lokacin Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya , wani taron da ake kira Expulsion of Acadians ko kuma Grand Derangement ."Korar" ya haifar da jigilar Acadians kusan 12,000 zuwa wurare a cikin Arewacin Amirka na Burtaniya da Faransa, Quebec da yankin Caribbean na Faransa na Saint-Domingue.Tashin farko na korar 'yan Acadians ya fara ne da yakin Bay of Fundy (1755) kuma igiyar ruwa ta biyu ta fara bayan Siege na Louisbourg na ƙarshe (1758).Yawancin Acadians sun zauna a kudancin Louisiana, suna ƙirƙirar al'adun Cajun a can.Wasu Acadians sun yi nasarar ɓoyewa wasu kuma sun koma Nova Scotia, amma sun kasance da yawa daga sabon ƙaura na New England Planters wanda ya zauna a kan tsoffin ƙasashen Acadians kuma ya canza Nova Scotia daga mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya zuwa wani zama. mulkin mallaka tare da dangantaka mai karfi da New England.Daga karshe Biritaniya ta sami iko da birnin Quebec bayan yakin filayen Ibrahim da yakin Fort Niagara a shekara ta 1759, daga karshe kuma ta kama Montreal a shekara ta 1760.

An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 10 ga Fabrairun 1763 da masarautun Burtaniya, Faransa da Spain, tare da Portugal a yarjejeniyar, bayan nasarar Burtaniya da Prussia a kan Faransa da Spain a lokacin yakin shekaru bakwai .Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ya kawo karshen rikici tsakanin Faransa da Burtaniya kan ikon Arewacin Amurka (Yakin Shekaru Bakwai, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya a Amurka ), kuma ya nuna farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a wajen Turai. .Birtaniya da Faransa sun mayar da yawancin yankunan da suka kama a lokacin yakin, amma Birtaniya ta sami yawancin dukiyar Faransa a Arewacin Amirka.Bugu da ƙari, Biritaniya ta amince ta kare Roman Katolika a Sabuwar Duniya.

Mamaya na Quebec shi ne babban shirin soja na farko na sabuwar rundunar Sojan Nahiyar da aka kafa a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka .Manufar kamfen dai ita ce kwace lardin Quebec daga kasar Burtaniya, da kuma jawo hankalin Kanadiyawa masu magana da harshen Faransanci su shiga juyin juya hali a bangaren Turawan Mulki goma sha uku.Wani balaguro ya bar Fort Ticonderoga a ƙarƙashin Richard Montgomery, ya kewaye shi kuma ya kama Fort St.Sauran balaguron, karkashin Benedict Arnold, ya bar Cambridge, Massachusetts kuma ya yi tafiya da wahala sosai ta cikin jejin Maine zuwa birnin Quebec.Sojojin biyu sun shiga can, amma an ci su a yakin Quebec a watan Disamba na 1775.Ziyarar Montgomery ta tashi daga Fort Ticonderoga a ƙarshen watan Agusta, kuma a tsakiyar watan Satumba ta fara kewaye Fort St. Johns, babban wurin tsaro a kudancin Montreal.Bayan da aka kama sansanin a watan Nuwamba, Carleton ya watsar da Montreal, ya gudu zuwa birnin Quebec, kuma Montgomery ya mallaki Montreal kafin ya tafi Quebec tare da sojojin da suka rage girman su ta hanyar ƙarewa.A can ya shiga Arnold, wanda ya bar Cambridge a farkon Satumba a kan tafiya mai wahala ta cikin jeji wanda ya bar sojojinsa da suka tsira suna fama da yunwa da rashin wadata da kayan aiki da yawa.Wadannan sojojin sun shiga gaban birnin Quebec a watan Disamba, kuma sun afkawa birnin a cikin guguwar dusar kankara a ranar karshe ta shekara.Yakin ya kasance mummunan shan kashi ga Sojojin Nahiyar;An kashe Montgomery kuma Arnold ya ji rauni, yayin da masu kare birnin suka samu raunuka kadan.Daga nan sai Arnold ya gudanar da wani hari da ba shi da tasiri a kan birnin, inda yakin farfaganda na nasara ya karfafa ra'ayin masu kishin addini, kuma gwamnatin Janar David Wooster na Montreal ta yi aiki don bata wa magoya baya da masu cin mutuncin Amurkawa.Birtaniya ta aika da dakaru dubu da dama karkashin Janar John Burgoyne, ciki har da sojojin haya na Hessian, don karfafa lardin a watan Mayun 1776. Janar Carleton daga nan ya kaddamar da farmakin yaki, inda daga karshe ya kori dakaru masu rauni na Nahiyar Turai zuwa Fort Ticonderoga.Sojojin Nahiyar, karkashin umarnin Arnold, sun hana Birtaniyya ci gaba sosai da cewa ba za a iya kai hari a Fort Ticonderoga ba a cikin 1776. Ƙarshen yaƙin ya saita matakin yaƙin Burgoyne na 1777 a cikin kwarin Hudson River.

Yarjejeniyar Paris, wadda wakilan Sarki George III na Birtaniya da wakilan Amurka suka rattaba hannu a birnin Paris a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1783, a hukumance ta kawo karshen yakin juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma yanayin rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu.Yarjejeniyar ta sanya iyakoki tsakanin Kanada (Daular Burtaniya a Arewacin Amurka) da Amurka ta Amurka , akan layi "mafi girman karimci" zuwa na karshen.Cikakkun bayanai sun haɗa da haƙƙin kamun kifi da maido da dukiyoyi da fursunonin yaƙi.

Lokacin da Birtaniya suka fice daga birnin New York a shekara ta 1783, sun dauki 'yan gudun hijira masu aminci da yawa zuwa Nova Scotia, yayin da sauran masu biyayya suka tafi kudu maso yammacin Quebec.Masu aminci da yawa sun isa gaɓar kogin St.biye a cikin 1791 ta hanyar rarraba Quebec zuwa ƙananan Kanada masu magana da Faransanci (Faransa Kanada) tare da St. Lawrence River da Gaspé Peninsula da Anglophone Loyalist Upper Canada, tare da babban birninsa ya zauna a 1796 a York ( Toronto a yau. ).Bayan 1790 yawancin sabbin mazaunan manoman Amurka ne da ke neman sabbin ƙasashe;ko da yake gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa ga jamhuriya, sun kasance ba 'yan siyasa ba kuma sun kasance tsaka tsaki a yakin 1812 .A cikin 1785, Saint John, New Brunswick ya zama birni na farko da aka haɗa a cikin abin da zai zama Kanada.

An gwabza yakin 1812 tsakanin Amurka da Birtaniya, inda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka suka shiga hannu sosai.Sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya sun yi nasara sosai, shirin yakin Amurka ya mayar da hankali kan mamaye Kanada (musamman abin da yake a yau gabas da yammacin Ontario).Kasashen Amurka da ke kan iyaka sun kada kuri'a don yaki don murkushe hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya kawo cikas ga daidaita iyakokin.Yakin da aka yi a kan iyaka da Amurka ya kasance da jerin hare-haren wuce gona da iri da ba a yi nasara ba a bangarorin biyu.Sojojin Amurka sun mamaye tafkin Erie a shekara ta 1813, inda suka kori Birtaniya daga yammacin Ontario, suka kashe shugaban Shawnee Tecumseh, da karya ikon soja na haɗin gwiwarsa.Jami'an sojojin Birtaniya irinsu Isaac Brock da Charles de Salaberry ne suka kula da yakin tare da taimakon al'ummar farko da masu ba da labari masu aminci, musamman Laura Secord.Yaƙin ya ƙare ba tare da wani canje-canjen iyaka ba godiya ga Yarjejeniyar Ghent na 1814, da Rush–Bagot Yarjejeniyar 1817. Sakamakon alƙaluman jama'a shine ƙaura na makomar ƙaura na Amurka daga Upper Canada zuwa Ohio, Indiana da Michigan, ba tare da tsoro ba. Hare-haren 'yan asalin kasar.Bayan yakin, magoya bayan Biritaniya sun yi kokarin murkushe jamhuriyar da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin bakin haure Amurkawa zuwa Canada.Tunanin yaƙe-yaƙe da mamayar Amurkawa sun shiga cikin hayyacin mutanen Kanada a matsayin rashin amincewa da manufar Amurka ga kasancewar Birtaniyya a Arewacin Amurka.

Tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1850, wasu bakin haure 800,000 ne suka zo yankunan Biritaniya ta Arewacin Amurka, galibi daga tsibiran Biritaniya, a matsayin wani bangare na babban ƙaura na Kanada.Waɗannan sun haɗa da Highland Scots masu magana da Gaelic da Highland Clearances ya raba zuwa Nova Scotia da Scotland da mazaunan Ingilishi zuwa Kanada, musamman Upper Canada.Yunwar Irish na 1840s ta ƙara haɓaka gudun hijirar Katolika na Irish zuwa Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka, tare da damuwa sama da 35,000 na Irish saukowa a Toronto kadai a cikin 1847 da 1848.

Tawayen da aka yi a 1837 ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun faru a duka Upper da Lower Canada.A Upper Canada, ƙungiyar masu kawo sauyi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin William Lyon Mackenzie sun ɗauki makamai a cikin rashin tsari da kuma rashin nasara na jerin ƙanana a kusa da Toronto, London, da Hamilton.A Ƙasar Kanada, an sami gagarumin tawaye a kan mulkin Birtaniya.Duka 'yan tawayen Ingilishi- da Faransanci-Kanada, wani lokaci suna amfani da sansanonin a cikin Amurka mai tsaka-tsaki, sun yi artabu da hukumomi da dama.Garuruwan Chambly da Sorel ne 'yan tawaye suka kwace, kuma birnin Quebec ya kebe daga sauran yankunan.Jagoran 'yan tawayen Montreal Robert Nelson ya karanta "Sanarwar 'Yancin Ƙasar Kanada" ga taron jama'a da suka taru a garin Napierville a shekara ta 1838. An yi galaba a kan tawaye na ƙungiyar Patriote bayan yaƙe-yaƙe a fadin Quebec.An kama daruruwa, kuma an kona kauyuka da dama saboda ramuwar gayya.Daga nan sai gwamnatin Biritaniya ta aika da Lord Durham domin ya duba lamarin;Ya zauna a Kanada na tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya koma Biritaniya, tare da kawo rahotonsa na Durham, wanda ya ba da shawarar gwamnatin da ta dace.Shawarar da ba ta samu karbuwa ba ita ce hadewar Sama da Kananan Kanada don hadewar jama'ar Faransanci da gangan.An haɗa Kanada zuwa cikin yanki guda ɗaya, Lardin Ƙasar Kanada, ta Dokar Ƙungiyar ta 1840, kuma an sami gwamnati mai alhakin a cikin 1848, 'yan watanni bayan an cika shi a Nova Scotia.A shekara ta 1849 ne wasu gungun 'yan kabilar Tories suka cinnawa majalisar dokokin kasar Canada wuta bayan da aka zartar da kudirin biyan diyya ga mutanen da suka yi asara a lokacin tawaye a Lower Canada.

Masu binciken Mutanen Espanya sun yi jagoranci a gabar tekun Pacific Northwest, tare da tafiye-tafiye na Juan José Pérez Hernández a 1774 da 1775. A lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka ƙudiri aniyar gina katanga a tsibirin Vancouver, jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya James Cook ya ziyarci Nootka Sound kuma ya zayyana. bakin tekun har zuwa Alaska, yayin da 'yan kasuwan fata na Biritaniya da Amurka suka fara zaman matsi na kasuwanci tare da al'ummomin bakin teku don gamsar da kasuwar kiwo akasar Sin , ta haka aka kaddamar da abin da aka fi sani da cinikin Sinawa.A cikin 1789 yaƙi ya yi barazana tsakanin Biritaniya da Spain kan haƙƙoƙinsu;An warware rikicin Nootka cikin lumana cikin lumana don goyon bayan Biritaniya, mafi karfi na sojojin ruwa a lokacin.A cikin 1793 Alexander MacKenzie, dan Scotland, wanda ke aiki da Kamfanin North West, ya ketare nahiyar kuma tare da jagororinsa na Aboriginal da ma'aikatan Faransanci-Kanada, sun isa bakin kogin Bella Coola, ya kammala tsallakawa na farko a arewacin Mexico, ya rasa tsarin George Vancouver. balaguro zuwa yankin da 'yan makonni kawai.A cikin 1821, Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma da Kamfanin Hudson's Bay sun haɗu, tare da haɗin gwiwar ciniki wanda aka ba da izini ta hanyar lasisi zuwa yankunan Arewa maso Yamma da Columbia da New Caledonia Jawo gundumomi, wanda ya isa Tekun Arctic a arewa da Pacific. Tekun a yamma.An yi hayar Colony na Tsibirin Vancouver a cikin 1849, tare da tashar kasuwanci a Fort Victoria a matsayin babban birni.Wannan ya biyo bayan mulkin mallaka na tsibirin Sarauniya Charlotte a 1853, da kuma ƙirƙirar Colony of British Columbia a 1858 da Stikine Territory a 1861, tare da na ƙarshe uku an kafa su a fili don kiyaye waɗannan yankuna daga mamayewa da mamaye su. Masu hakar zinare na Amurka.Mallakar Tsibirin Sarauniya Charlotte da galibin yankin Stikine an hade su zuwa cikin Colony of British Columbia a cikin 1863 (sauran, arewa na daidaici na 60, ya zama wani yanki na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma).

Yin amfani da hanyar dogo na Kanada Pacific Railway, layin dogo na nahiyoyi wanda zai hada kan al'umma, Ottawa ta ja hankalin goyon baya a cikin Maritimes da a British Columbia.A cikin 1866, Mulkin mallaka na British Columbia da Colony na Tsibirin Vancouver sun haɗu zuwa Mallaka ɗaya na British Columbia.Bayan da Burtaniya ta mayar da Rupert's Land zuwa Kanada a 1870, wanda ya haɗu da lardunan gabas, British Columbia ta shiga Kanada a 1871. A 1873, Prince Edward Island ya shiga.Newfoundland - wacce ba ta da amfani ga hanyar jirgin kasa mai wucewa - ba ta kada kuri'a a cikin 1869, kuma ba ta shiga Kanada ba har zuwa 1949.A cikin 1873, John A. Macdonald (Firayim Minista na farko na Kanada) ya ƙirƙiri ’yan sandan Arewa-West Mounted (yanzu Royal Canadian Mounted Police) don taimaka wa ‘yan sanda yankin Arewa maso Yamma.Musamman Mounties sun tabbatar da ikon Kanada don hana yuwuwar mamayewar Amurkawa a yankin.Babban manufa ta farko ta Mounties ita ce ta murkushe yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na biyu na Manitoba's Métis, jama'a gauraye na jini na hadin gwiwa na kasashen farko da zuriyar Turai, wadanda suka samo asali a tsakiyar karni na 17.Sha'awar samun 'yancin kai ya kunno kai a cikin Tawayen Kogin Red River a 1869 da Tawayen Arewa maso Yamma daga baya a 1885 karkashin jagorancin Louis Riel.

Larduna uku na Arewacin Amirka na Biritaniya, Lardin Kanada, Nova Scotia, da New Brunswick, sun haɗu zuwa tarayya guda ɗaya da ake kira Dominion of Canada, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1867. An zaɓi kalmar mulki don nuna matsayin Kanada a matsayin tsarin mulkin kai. na Daular Burtaniya, a karon farko da aka yi amfani da shi game da wata ƙasa.Lokacin da aka fara aiki da Dokar Arewacin Amurka ta Biritaniya, 1867 (Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar), Kanada ta zama ƙasa mai tarayya a cikin hakkinta.Tarayyar ta fito ne daga sha'awa da yawa: Birtaniya na son Kanada ta kare kanta;Maritimes suna buƙatar haɗin layin dogo, waɗanda aka yi alkawari a cikin 1867;Kishin kasa na Ingilishi-Kanada ya nemi haɗe ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ɗaya, wanda harshen Ingilishi da al'adun aminci suka mamaye;Faransawa-Kanada da yawa sun ga damar yin amfani da ikon siyasa a cikin sabuwar Quebec mai magana da Faransanci da kuma karin gishiri game da yiwuwar fadada Amurka zuwa arewa.A matakin siyasa, akwai sha'awar faɗaɗa gwamnati mai alhakin da kuma kawar da ƙulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Upper da Lower Canada, da maye gurbinsu da majalisun larduna a cikin tarayya.Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Upper Canada da Faransanci-Kanada Parti rouge a Lower Canada waɗanda suka nuna goyon baya ga ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya idan aka kwatanta da Upper Canadian Conservative jam'iyyar da kuma zuwa wani mataki na Faransa-Kanada Parti bleu, wanda ya fifita a tsakiya. ƙungiya.

Tawayen kogin Red River shine jerin abubuwan da suka haifar har zuwa 1869 na kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta shugaban Métis Louis Riel da mabiyansa a Red River Colony, a farkon matakin kafa lardin Manitoba na Kanada a yau.Tun da farko yanki ne mai suna Rupert's Land kuma yana ƙarƙashin ikon Kamfanin Hudson's Bay kafin a sayar da shi.Abubuwan da suka faru sune rikicin farko da sabuwar gwamnatin tarayya ta fuskanta bayan Tarayyar Kanada a 1867. Gwamnatin Kanada ta sayi Landan Rupert daga Kamfanin Hudson's Bay a 1869 kuma ta nada wani gwamna mai magana da Ingilishi, William McDougall.Mazaunan matsugunin da ke magana da Faransanci galibi-Métis sun yi adawa da shi.Kafin a koma ƙasar Kanada a hukumance, McDougall ya aike da masu bincike don tsara ƙasar bisa ga tsarin murabba'in garin da aka yi amfani da shi a Tsarin Binciken Filayen Jama'a.Métis, karkashin jagorancin Riel, sun hana McDougall shiga yankin.McDougall ya bayyana cewa Kamfanin Hudson's Bay ba shi da iko a yankin kuma Kanada ta nemi a jinkirta mika mulki.Métis ta ƙirƙiri gwamnati ta wucin gadi wacce suka gayyaci daidai da adadin wakilan Anglophone.Riel ya yi shawarwari kai tsaye da gwamnatin Kanada don kafa Manitoba a matsayin lardin Kanada.A halin da ake ciki, mutanen Riel sun kame mambobin wata ƙungiya mai goyon bayan Kanada waɗanda suka bijirewa gwamnatin wucin gadi.Sun haɗa da Orangeman, Thomas Scott.Gwamnatin Riel ta gwada Scott kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda rashin biyayya.Kanada da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Assiniboia sun yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniya ba da daɗewa ba.A cikin 1870, majalisar dokokin Kanada ta zartar da Dokar Manitoba, ta ba da damar Red River Colony shiga Confederation a matsayin lardin Manitoba.Dokar ta kuma ƙunshi wasu buƙatun Riel, kamar samar da makarantun Faransa dabam dabam ga yaran Métis da kuma kare addinin Katolika.Bayan cimma yarjejeniya, Kanada ta aika da balaguron soji zuwa Manitoba don tilasta ikon tarayya.Yanzu da aka fi sani da Balaguron Wolseley, ko Balaguron Kogin Red River, ya ƙunshi 'yan tawayen Kanada da sojoji na yau da kullun na Burtaniya, wanda Kanar Garnet Wolseley ke jagoranta.Haushin ya karu a Ontario kan kisan Scott, kuma da yawa a wurin suna son balaguron Wolseley don kama Riel don kisan kai da kuma murkushe abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin tawaye.Riel ya fice daga Fort Garry cikin lumana kafin sojojin su isa a watan Agustan 1870. Mutane da yawa sun gargaɗe shi cewa sojojin za su cutar da shi kuma sun ƙi yin afuwa ga shugabancinsa na tawaye na siyasa, Riel ya gudu zuwa Amurka.Zuwan sojojin ya kawo karshen lamarin.

Yayin da Kanada ta faɗaɗa, gwamnatin Kanada maimakon Birtaniyya Crown sun yi shawarwari tare da mazaunan al'ummomin farko na farko, wanda ya fara da yarjejeniya ta 1 a 1871. Yarjejeniyar ta kashe lakabi na asali a kan yankunan gargajiya, sun samar da tanadi don amfanin 'yan asalin na musamman, kuma sun buɗe. har zuwa sauran yankin don daidaitawa.An jawo ƴan asalin ƙasar ƙaura zuwa waɗannan sabbin wuraren ajiyar, wani lokacin da karfi.Gwamnati ta kafa dokar Indiya a cikin 1876 don gudanar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da 'yan asali da kuma gudanar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin sababbin mazauna da 'yan asalin.A karkashin dokar Indiya, gwamnati ta fara Tsarin Makarantun Gidaje don haɗa 'yan asalin 'yan asalin da kuma "waye" su.

Tawayen Arewa-Yamma juriya ne daga mutanen Métis a ƙarƙashin Louis Riel da kuma haɗe-haɗe na ƙungiyoyin farko na Cree da Assiniboine na Gundumar Saskatchewan akan gwamnatin Kanada.Yawancin Métis suna jin cewa Kanada ba ta kare haƙƙinsu, ƙasarsu, da kuma rayuwarsu a matsayinsu na mutane daban-daban.An gayyaci Riel don ya jagoranci zanga-zangar;ya mayar da shi aikin soja tare da tsantsar addini.Wannan ya raba limaman Katolika, farar fata, yawancin kabilun asali, da wasu Métis, amma yana da goyon bayan Métis 200 masu dauke da makamai, ƙaramin adadin sauran mayaƙan 'yan asalin, da kuma aƙalla wani bature a Batoche a watan Mayu 1885, wanda ya fuskanci 'yan tawayen Kanada 900. da wasu mazauna yankin dauke da makamai.Kimanin mutane 91 ne za su mutu a fadan da ya faru a lokacin bazara kafin rugujewar ‘yan adawa.Duk da wasu nasarorin farko da aka samu a tafkin Duck, Fish Creek, da Cut Knife, an yi watsi da juriya a lokacin da sojojin gwamnati suka mamaye da kuma karancin kayayyaki suka haifar da shan kashi na Métis a yakin kwanaki hudu na Batoche.Sauran abokan Aborigin sun watse.An kama shugabanni da dama, kuma wasu sun yi zaman gidan yari.An rataye maza takwas a rataye mafi girma a Kanada, saboda kisan kai da aka yi a wajen rikicin soji.An kama Riel, an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kuma an same shi da laifin cin amanar kasa.Duk da yawan roƙon da ake yi a ƙasar Kanada na neman afuwa, an rataye shi.Riel ya zama jarumtakar shahidi ga Francophone Canada.Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa rikicin kabilanci ya taso zuwa wani yanki mai zurfi, wanda ake ci gaba da ganin illar sa.Murkushe rikice-rikicen ya ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar halin da ake ciki na Lardunan Prairie da masu magana da Ingilishi ke sarrafa su, waɗanda suka ba da izinin kasancewar ƙarancin francophone kawai, kuma ya taimaka wajen kawar da Faransawan Kanada, waɗanda suka ji haushi saboda zaluncin ƴan ƙasarsu.Muhimmin rawar da layin dogo na yankin Pacific na Kanada ya taka wajen jigilar sojoji ya sa goyon bayan gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya karu, kuma majalisar ta ba da izini ga kudade don kammala layin dogo na farko da ya ketare nahiyoyi a kasar.

Klondike Gold Rush wani ƙaura ne da masu sa ido kusan 100,000 suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin Klondike na Yukon, a arewa maso yammacin Kanada, tsakanin 1896 da 1899. Masu hakar ma'adinai na gida sun gano zinare a wurin a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1896;lokacin da labarai suka isa Seattle da San Francisco a shekara mai zuwa, ya haifar da tarzoma na masu sa ido.Wasu sun yi arziki, amma yawancin sun tafi a banza.An dawwama a cikin fina-finai, adabi, da hotuna.Don isa filayen zinare, yawancin masu sa ido sun bi hanyar ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Dyea da Skagway, a kudu maso gabashin Alaska.Anan, "Klondikers" na iya bin ko dai Chilkoot ko White Pass hanyoyin zuwa Kogin Yukon, kuma su gangara zuwa Klondike.Hukumomin Kanada sun bukaci kowannen su ya kawo kayan abinci na shekara guda, domin hana yunwa.Gabaɗaya, kayan aikin Klondikers sun auna kusan tan ɗaya, wanda galibi suna ɗaukar kansu, cikin matakai.Yin wannan aikin, da kuma yin gwagwarmaya da tuddai da yanayin sanyi, yana nufin waɗanda suka dage ba su zo ba sai lokacin rani na 1898. Da can, sun sami 'yan damammaki, kuma da yawa sun bar cizon yatsa.Don saukar da masu sa ido, garuruwan bunƙasa sun taso tare da hanyoyin.A ƙarshen su, an kafa Dawson City a mahaɗin kogin Klondike da Yukon.Daga yawan jama'a 500 a 1896, garin ya girma ya zama kusan mutane 30,000 a lokacin rani na 1898. An gina itace, keɓe, da rashin tsabta, Dawson ya sha fama da gobara, farashi mai yawa, da annoba.Duk da wannan, masu neman arziƙin sun kashe kuɗi da yawa, caca da sha a cikin salon.Shi kuwa ’yan asalin ƙasar Hän, sun sha fama da gaggawa;An tura su da karfi a cikin ajiyar don ba da hanya ga Klondikers, kuma da yawa sun mutu.Tun daga shekara ta 1898, jaridun da suka ƙarfafa mutane da yawa su yi tafiya zuwa Klondike sun rasa sha’awarsu.A lokacin rani na 1899, an gano zinare a kusa da Nome a yammacin Alaska, kuma masu sa ido da yawa sun bar Klondike don sabbin filayen zinare, alamar ƙarshen Klondike Rush.Garuruwan bunƙasa sun ragu, kuma yawan jama'ar birnin Dawson ya ragu.Aikin hakar gwal a cikin Klondike ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1903 bayan da aka shigo da kayan aiki masu nauyi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Klondike ake hakowa da kashewa, kuma a yau gadon ya jawo masu yawon bude ido zuwa yankin kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta.

A cikin 1905, an shigar da Saskatchewan da Alberta a matsayin larduna.Suna girma cikin sauri saboda yawan amfanin gona na alkama wanda ya jawo ƙaura zuwa filayen da 'yan Ukrainian da Arewacin Turai da Tsakiyar Turai da mazauna daga Amurka, Burtaniya da gabashin Kanada suka yi.

Sojojin Kanada da shiga cikin farar hula a yakin duniya na farko sun taimaka wajen haɓaka fahimtar al'ummar Biritaniya-Kanada.Mafi girman nasarorin sojojin Kanada a lokacin yakin duniya na farko ya zo a lokacin yakin Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele da abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da "Kwanaki Dari na Kanada".Sunan da sojojin Kanada suka samu, tare da nasarar ƴan wasan tashi sama na Kanada da suka haɗa da William George Barker da Billy Bishop, sun taimaka wajen bai wa al'ummar sabuwar fahimta ta ainihi.Ofishin Yaƙi a cikin 1922 ya ba da rahoton kusan mutane 67,000 da aka kashe yayin da 173,000 suka ji rauni yayin yaƙin.Wannan ya kebance mutuwar fararen hula a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaƙi kamar Fashewar Halifax.Taimakawa ga Burtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko ya haifar da babban rikicin siyasa game da shiga aikin soja, tare da masu amfani da wayoyin hannu na Faransa, galibi daga Quebec, sun ƙi manufofin ƙasa.A lokacin rikicin, an sanya ɗimbin baƙin abokan gaba (musamman 'yan Ukraine da Jamusawa) ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.Jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi dai ta samu rarrabuwar kawuna, inda akasarin shugabanninta na harshen Ingilishi suka shiga cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Fira Minista Robert Borden, shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative.Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun sake samun tasirinsu bayan yakin karkashin jagorancin William Lyon Mackenzie King, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista tare da wa'adi uku daban-daban tsakanin 1921 zuwa 1949.

Lokacin da aka kafa Kanada, mata ba za su iya jefa ƙuri'a a zaɓen tarayya ba.Mata suna da kuri'a na gida a wasu larduna, kamar yadda a Kanada ta Yamma daga 1850, inda mata masu mallakar filaye za su iya zabar wakilan makaranta.A shekara ta 1900 wasu lardunan sun karɓi irin wannan tanadi, kuma a cikin 1916 Manitoba ya jagoranci faɗaɗa cikakken zaɓen mata.A lokaci guda masu fafutuka sun ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga haramcin, musamman a cikin Ontario da lardunan Yamma.Dokar masu jefa kuri'a na soja na 1917 ta ba da kuri'a ga matan Birtaniya da suka kasance gwauraye na yaki ko kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza ko maza da suke hidima a kasashen waje.Firayim Minista Borden ya yi alkawari a lokacin yakin 1917 don daidaitawa ga mata.Bayan nasarar da ya samu a zabtarewar kasa, ya gabatar da wani kudiri a shekarar 1918 don kara wa mata lasisin amfani.Wannan ya wuce ba tare da rarrabuwa ba amma bai shafi zaɓen lardin Quebec da na gundumomi ba.Matan Quebec sun sami cikakken zaɓe a shekara ta 1940. Mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar ita ce Agnes Macphail ta Ontario a 1921.

Babban Bala'in Duniya na farkon shekarun 1930 ya kasance girgizar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda ya bar miliyoyin mutanen Kanada rashin aikin yi, yunwa da rashin matsuguni.Kasashe kadan ne abin ya shafa kamar Kanada a lokacin abin da aka fi sani da "Dirty Thirties," saboda tsananin dogaro da Kanada kan albarkatun kasa da fitar da gonaki, hade da gurguntaccen fari na Prairies da aka fi sani da Dust Bowl.Yaɗuwar asarar ayyukan yi da tanadi ya haifar da sauye-sauye a ƙasar ta hanyar haifar da jin daɗin rayuwar jama'a, ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu yawan jama'a iri-iri, da rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin tattalin arziki.A cikin 1930-1931 gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ga Babban Bacin rai ta hanyar amfani da ƙuntatawa mai tsanani don shiga Kanada.Sabbin dokoki sun iyakance ƙaura zuwa batutuwan Biritaniya da Amurka ko masana aikin gona da kuɗi, wasu nau'ikan ma'aikata, da dangin mazaunan Kanada.

Bayan sanarwar Balfour na 1926, Majalisar Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Westminster a cikin 1931 wacce ta amince da Kanada a matsayin daidai da Burtaniya da sauran masarautun Commonwealth.Wani muhimmin mataki ne na ci gaban Kanada a matsayin kasa ta daban ta yadda ta samar da kusan cikakkiyar 'yancin cin gashin kai daga majalisar dokokin Burtaniya .Dokar Westminster ta baiwa Kanada 'yancin kai na siyasa daga Biritaniya, gami da 'yancin yin manufofin ketare mai zaman kansa.

Shiga Kanada a yakin duniya na biyu ya fara ne lokacin da Kanada ta ayyana yaki a kan Jamus na Nazi a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1939, ta jinkirta shi mako guda bayan Birtaniyya ta nuna alamar 'yancin kai.Kanada ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci, albarkatun kasa, alburusai da kudi ga tattalin arzikin Birtaniyya mai wahala, horar da jiragen sama ga kungiyar Commonwealth, da kare rabin yammacin Tekun Atlantika daga jiragen ruwa na Jamus, da kuma samar da sojojin yaki ga mamayewa na Italiya, Faransa da Jamus a 1943-45.Daga cikin kusan miliyan 11.5, 'yan Kanada miliyan 1.1 sun yi aikin soja a yakin duniya na biyu.Dubbai da yawa sun yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Kanada.A cikin duka, fiye da 45,000 sun mutu, kuma wasu 55,000 sun ji rauni.Gina Rundunar Sojan Sama na Royal Canadian Air Force ya kasance babban fifiko;an kebe shi da rundunar sojojin sama ta Biritaniya.Yarjejeniyar Shirin Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Biritaniya, da aka rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniyar a watan Disamba na 1939, ta ɗaure Kanada, Birtaniya, New Zealand, da Ostiraliya zuwa wani shiri wanda a ƙarshe ya horar da rabin sojojin sama daga waɗannan ƙasashe huɗu a yakin duniya na biyu.An fara yakin Tekun Atlantika nan da nan, kuma daga 1943 zuwa 1945 Leonard W. Murray, daga Nova Scotia ne ya jagoranta.Jiragen ruwa na Jamus sun yi aiki a cikin ruwan Kanada da Newfoundland a duk lokacin yakin, inda suka nutse da jiragen ruwa da na 'yan kasuwa da yawa.Sojojin Kanada sun shiga cikin rashin nasarar tsaron Hong Kong, Dieppe Raid da bai yi nasara ba a watan Agustan 1942, mamayewar Italiya, da mamayewar Faransa da Netherlands sosai a 1944-45.A bangaren siyasa, Mackenzie King ya ki amincewa da duk wani ra'ayi na gwamnatin hadin kan kasa.An gudanar da zaɓen tarayya na 1940 kamar yadda aka saba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rinjaye ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi.Rikicin shiga aikin soja na 1944 ya shafi haɗin kai sosai tsakanin Faransawa da ’yan Kanada masu magana da Ingilishi, kodayake bai kasance mai kutse ta siyasa ba kamar na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko .A lokacin yakin, Kanada ta kasance da alaƙa da Amurka Amurkawa sun ɗauki ikon mallakar Yukon don gina babbar hanyar Alaska, kuma sun kasance babban wurin zama a yankin Newfoundland na Birtaniya tare da manyan jiragen sama.Bayan fara yaƙi daJapan a watan Disamba na 1941, gwamnati, tare da haɗin gwiwar Amurka, sun fara shiga tsakani na Japan-Kanada, wanda ya aika 22,000 British Columbia mazauna Jafananci zuwa sansanin ƙaura daga bakin teku.Dalili kuwa shi ne tsananin bukatar jama'a na a cire su da kuma fargabar zagon kasa ko zagon kasa.Gwamnati ta yi watsi da rahotanni daga RCMP da sojojin Kanada cewa yawancin Jafanan suna bin doka kuma ba barazana ba ne.

Kanada ta kasance memba ce ta kungiyar NATO ta Arewa a 1949, Rundunar Tsaron Tsaro ta Arewacin Amurka (NORAD) a 1958, kuma ta taka rawar gani a ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya-daga yakin Koriya har zuwa samar da dindindin na dindindin. Dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin rikicin Suez a 1956. Taimakon wanzar da zaman lafiya na baya ya faru a Kongo (1960), Cyprus (1964), Sinai (1973), Vietnam (tare da Hukumar Kula da Kasa da Kasa), Golan Heights, Lebanon (1978), da kuma Namibiya (1989-1990).Kanada ba ta bi ja-gorancin Amurka ba a duk ayyukan yakin cacar baka , wani lokaci ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin kasashen biyu.Alal misali, Kanada ta ƙi shiga yakin Vietnam;a cikin 1984, an cire makaman nukiliya na ƙarshe da ke Kanada;dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance tare da Cuba;kuma gwamnatin Kanada ta amince da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a gaban Amurka.Sojojin Kanada sun ci gaba da kasancewa a yammacin Turai a matsayin wani ɓangare na tura NATO a sansanonin da yawa a Jamus - ciki har da dogon lokaci a CFB Baden-Soellingen da CFB Lahr, a yankin Black Forest na Yammacin Jamus.Hakanan, an kula da wuraren sojan Kanada a Bermuda, Faransa, da Burtaniya.Tun daga farkon 1960s har zuwa 1980s, Kanada tana kiyaye dandamalin makami da ke dauke da makaman nukiliya - gami da makaman nukiliya da suka hada da rokoki daga iska zuwa iska, makamai masu linzami na sama-da-iska, da bama-bamai masu nauyi masu yawan gaske wadanda aka tura a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai. haka kuma a Kanada.

Juyin Juyin Juyin Halittu wani lokaci ne na gagarumin sauyi na zamantakewa da siyasa da zamantakewar al'adu a Faransanci Kanada wanda ya fara a Quebec bayan zaɓen 1960, wanda ke da tasiri mai tasiri na ba da izini ga gwamnati, da samar da wata ƙasa mai jindadin jama'a, haka kuma. daidaita siyasa zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƴan tarayya da masu mulkin mallaka (ko masu fafutuka) da kuma zaɓen gwamnatin lardi mai fafutuka a zaben 1976.Canji na farko shi ne kokarin da gwamnatin lardin ta yi na daukar karin iko kai tsaye a kan fannonin kiwon lafiya da ilimi, wanda a baya ya kasance a hannun tsohuwar kafa wacce ke kewaye da Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika kuma ya haifar da zamanantar da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. .Ya samar da ma'aikatun lafiya da ilimi, da fadada ayyukan jama'a, da sanya jari mai yawa a tsarin ilimin jama'a da kayayyakin more rayuwa na larduna.Gwamnati ta kara ba da izinin hada kan ma'aikatan gwamnati.Ya ɗauki matakai don haɓaka ikon Quebec akan tattalin arzikin lardin da samar da wutar lantarki da rarraba ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki don kafa Tsarin Fansho na Kanada/Québec.An kuma ƙirƙiri Hydro-Québec a ƙoƙarin mayar da kamfanonin lantarki na Quebec zuwa ƙasa.Faransawa-Kanada a Québec suma sun karɓi sabon suna 'Québécois', suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar keɓaɓɓen asali daga sauran ƙasashen Kanada da Faransa tare da kafa kansu a matsayin lardin da aka gyara.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin natsuwa lokaci ne na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara iyaka a cikin Quebec, Faransanci Kanada da Kanada;ya yi daidai da irin abubuwan da suka faru a yammacin gaba ɗaya.Samfurin ya kasance sakamakon faɗaɗawar shekaru 20 na Kanada bayan yaƙi da matsayin Quebec a matsayin lardin da ke kan gaba fiye da ƙarni guda kafin da bayan Tarayyar.Ya ga canje-canje na musamman ga ginin muhalli da tsarin zamantakewa na Montreal, babban birni na Quebec.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin ya kuma zarce iyakar Quebec ta hanyar tasirinsa a siyasar Kanada ta zamani.A daidai wannan zamanin na sabunta kishin kasa na Quebecois, Faransawan Kanada sun shiga cikin tsari da alkiblar gwamnatin tarayya da manufofin kasa.