Yakin Gamayyar Farko

Jirgin sarki zuwa Varennes a cikin daren 20-21 ga Yuni 1791 wani muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa inda sarki Louis XVI na Faransa, Sarauniya Marie Antoinette, da danginsu suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa dagaParis ba tare da yin nasara ba. -juyin juyin juya hali a shugaban sojoji masu aminci a karkashin jami'an sarauta ya maida hankali a Montmédy kusa da kan iyaka.Sun tsere ne kawai har zuwa wani karamin gari na Varennes-en-Argonne, inda aka kama su bayan an gane su a tasharsu ta Sainte-Menehould.

Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Haiti ya kasance nasara ta tawaye daga bayi masu 'yantar da kansu kan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Saint-Domingue, a yanzu mai mulkin Haiti.Tawayen dai ya fara ne a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1791, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 1804 tare da samun 'yancin kai na tsohon mulkin mallaka.Ya ƙunshi baƙi, mulattoes, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Birtaniya, da kuma Poland mahalarta - tare da tsohon bawa Toussaint Louverture wanda ya fito a matsayin jarumi mafi kyawun Haiti.Juyin juya hali shi ne kawai boren bayi da ya kai ga kafuwar kasa wadda dukkansu ba ta da ‘yanci daga bauta (ko da yake ba ta aikin tilas ba), kuma wadanda ba farare ba ne da kuma wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su ba.Yanzu ana kallonsa a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana a tarihin Duniyar Atlantika.

Sanarwar Pillnitz, wata sanarwa ce da aka bayar a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1791 a Pillnitz Castle kusa da Dresden (Saxony) ta Frederick William II na Prussia da Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II wanda ɗan'uwan Marie Antoinette ne.Ya ayyana goyon bayan hadin gwiwa na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki da na Prussia ga Sarkin Faransa Louis XVI a kan juyin juya halin Faransa.Tun lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789, Leopold ya ƙara damuwa game da lafiyar 'yar uwarsa, Marie-Antoinette, da danginta amma yana jin cewa duk wani shiga cikin al'amuran Faransanci zai ƙara haɗarin su.A lokaci guda kuma, da yawa daga cikin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suna tserewa daga Faransa suna zama a cikin ƙasashe maƙwabta, suna yada tsoron juyin juya hali da kuma tayar da goyon bayan waje ga Louis XVI.Bayan Louis da iyalinsa sun gudu dagaParis a cikin bege na tayar da juyin juya hali, wanda aka sani da Flight to Varennes a watan Yuni 1791, Louis an kama shi kuma aka mayar da shi zuwa Paris kuma an tsare shi a karkashin tsaro.A ranar 6 ga Yuli 1791, Leopold ya ba da da'awar Padua, yana kira ga sarakunan Turai da su shiga tare da shi don neman 'yancin Louis.

Hukumomin Faransa sun nuna damuwa game da tada jijiyar wuya na emigré a ƙasashen waje, musamman a ƙasar Ostiriya ta Netherlands da kuma a ƙananan jihohi na Jamus.A karshe dai Faransa ta fara kaddamar da yaki a kan Ostiriya, inda Majalisar ta kada kuri'a don yaki a ranar 20 ga Afrilun 1792. Sabon ministan harkokin wajen kasar da aka nada Charles François Dumouriez ya shirya wani farmaki kan kasar Ostiriya ta Netherlands, inda ya yi tsammanin al'ummar yankin za su tashi tsaye wajen nuna adawa da mulkin Austria.Duk da haka, juyin juya halin ya tarwatsa sojojin Faransa da yawa, wadanda ba su da isassun sojojin mamayewa.Sojojinta sun gudu a farkon alamar yaƙi (Battle of Marquain), sun gudu gaba ɗaya, a wani yanayin kashe Janar Théobald Dillon.

Manifesto na Brunswick wata shela ce ta Charles William Ferdinand, Duke na Brunswick, kwamandan Sojojin Allied Army (musamman Austrian da Prussian), a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1792 ga yawan jama'arParis , Faransa lokacin Yaƙin Haɗin Kan Farko.Sanarwar ta yi barazanar cewa idan aka cutar da gidan sarautar Faransa, to za a cutar da farar hula na Faransa.An ce wani mataki ne da aka yi niyya don tsoratar da birnin Paris, amma ya taimaka wajen kara zaburar da juyin juya halin Faransa wanda a karshe ya kai ga yakin da aka yi tsakanin Faransa mai juyi da masarautun masu adawa da juyin juya hali.

Rikicin 10 ga Agusta 1792 wani lamari ne mai ma'ana na juyin juya halin Faransa, lokacin da masu neman sauyi masu dauke da makamai abirnin Paris , wadanda ke kara samun rikici da masarautar Faransa, suka mamaye fadar Tuileries.Rikicin ya sa Faransa ta kawar da mulkin mallaka tare da kafa jamhuriya.Rikici tsakanin Sarki Louis na 16 na Faransa da sabuwar majalisar dokokin kasar ta karu a lokacin bazara da lokacin rani na shekara ta 1792 yayin da Louis ya ki amincewa da tsauraran matakan da Majalisar ta kada.Tashin hankali ya kara tsananta a ranar 1 ga Agusta lokacin da labari ya isa birnin Paris cewa kwamandan sojojin Prussian da Austriya sun ba da sanarwar Brunswick Manifesto, yana barazanar "ramuwar da ba za a manta ba" a kan Paris ya kamata a cutar da Masarautar Faransa.A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, National Guard of the Paris Commune da fédérés daga Marseille da Brittany sun mamaye gidan Sarki a Fadar Tuileries a Paris, wanda masu tsaron Swiss suka kare.An kashe ɗaruruwan masu gadi na Switzerland da masu neman sauyi 400 a yaƙin, kuma Louis da dangin sarki sun sami mafaka a Majalisar Dokoki.Ƙarshen mulkin daular ya zo ne makonni shida bayan haka a ranar 21 ga Satumba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na sabon taron kasa, wanda ya kafa jamhuriya a rana mai zuwa.

Yakin Valmy, wanda aka fi sani da Cannonade na Valmy, shi ne babban nasara ta farko da sojojin Faransa suka samu a lokacin yakin juyin juya hali da ya biyo bayan juyin juya halin Faransa.Yaƙin ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Satumbar 1792 yayin da sojojin Prussian da Duke na Brunswick suka ba da umarnin tafiya zuwa Paris.Janar François Kellermann da Charles Dumouriez sun dakatar da ci gaba a kusa da ƙauyen Valmy na arewacin Champagne-Ardenne.A cikin wannan sashe na farko na Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali - wanda aka sani da Yaƙin Haɗin Kan Farko - sabuwar gwamnatin Faransa ta kasance a kusan kowace hanya ba ta da tabbas, don haka ƙaramar nasarar da aka samu a Valmy ta zama babbar nasara ta tunani ga juyin juya halin Musulunci gabaɗaya.Sakamakon ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani daga masu sa ido na wannan zamani - kwatanci ga masu juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma rashin nasara mai ban mamaki ga sojojin Prussian.Nasarar ta ba da kwarin gwiwa ga sabuwar taron kasa da aka yi don ayyana kawo karshen mulkin mallaka a Faransa a hukumance da kuma kafa Jamhuriyar Faransa.Valmy ya ba da izinin bunƙasa juyin juya halin Musulunci da duk sakamakonsa, kuma saboda haka masana tarihi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a tarihi.

Yaƙin Jemappes ya faru ne a kusa da garin Jemappes a Hainaut, ƙasar Austrian Netherlands (yanzu Belgium), kusa da Mons a lokacin yaƙin haɗin gwiwar farko, wani ɓangare na yaƙe-yaƙe na juyin juya halin Faransa.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na farko na yaƙin, nasara ce ga sojojin Jaririn Faransanci, kuma sun ga Faransa Armée du Nord, wanda ya haɗa da masu aikin sa kai da yawa da ba su da kwarewa, sun ci nasara da ƙananan sojojin Austrian na yau da kullum.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa sun sake bayyana kamar yadda 1793 ya fara.Sabbin iko sun shiga cikin kwanaki na farko na haɗin gwiwa bayan kisan da aka yiwa Sarki Louis XVI a ranar 21 ga Janairu.Spain da Portugal na cikin wadannan.Sannan a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu Faransa ta ayyana yaki a kan Burtaniya da Netherlands .Wasu masu iko guda uku sun yi kutsawa cikin yankuna masu magana da harshen Faransanci a cikin watanni masu zuwa wanda ya sa Faransa ta tara sojoji, a cikin gida, dakaru 1,200,000.Haɓaka Jacobins ya kashe dubban tabbatattu kuma waɗanda ake zargin ƴan adawa ne, a ƙarshe, lokaci na ƙarshe na Mulkin Ta'addanci.Dakarun masu adawa da juyin juya hali sun juya Toulon zuwa Biritaniya da Spain a ranar 29 ga Agusta, inda suka kame yawancin sojojin ruwan Faransa, tashar jiragen ruwa da Dugommier bai sake kwacewa ba (tare da taimakon matashi Napoleon Bonaparte) har zuwa 19 ga Disamba.A tsakanin wadannan watanni an gwabza fada a kan iyakar arewa, a watan Satumba, Faransa ta yi nasara, wanda ya sa aka dage harin da Birtaniya ta yi wa Dunkirk.Shekarar ta ƙare tare da gwamnatin Faransa, Babban Taron Kasa, wanda ya kafa harsashin ginin Jamhuriyar Faransa ta farko, ya kaddamar da shekara mai zuwa, bayan da ya yi watsi da hare-haren daga kudu da kudu maso gabas amma ya yi nasara a cikin Piedmont (zuwa Turin).

A cikin Kisan Kisan da aka yi a watan Satumba, an kashe fursunoni 1,100 zuwa 1,600 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Paris a takaice, wadanda akasarinsu masu aikata laifuka ne na gama-gari.A ranar 22 ga Satumba, Yarjejeniyar ta maye gurbin sarauta tare da Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Faransa kuma ta gabatar da sabon kalanda, tare da 1792 ta zama "Shekara Daya".An ɗauki 'yan watanni masu zuwa tare da shari'ar Citoyen Louis Capet, tsohon Louis XVI.Yayin da Yarjejeniyar ta rabu daidai kan tambayar laifinsa, membobin sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin kulab din Jacobin da Paris Commune.A ranar 16 ga Janairun 1793 aka yanke masa hukunci, kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe shi.

Yakin Vendée ya kasance juyin juya hali ne a yankin Vendée na Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.Vendée yanki ne na bakin teku, yana nan da nan kudu da Kogin Loire a Yammacin Faransa.Da farko, yakin ya yi kama da tawayen manoma na Jacquerie na karni na 14, amma cikin sauri ya sami jigogi da gwamnatin Jacobin a birnin Paris ta dauka a matsayin masu adawa da juyin juya hali da sarauta.Tashin hankalin da sabuwar kafa ta Katolika da Royal Army ya jagoranta ya yi kama da Chouannerie, wanda ya faru a yankin arewacin Loire.

A mayar da martani ga wannan matsananciyar halin da ake ciki, a yaki da kasashen Turai, da kuma tashin hankali, Paris roko da fédérés sun bukaci da cewa Yarjejeniyar kafa wani levée en taro.A martanin da ya mayar, memban taron Bertrand Barère ya nemi yarjejeniyar da ta "yanke sanarwar cewa al'ummar Faransa za su tashi gaba daya domin kare 'yancin kai".Yarjejeniyar ta cika bukatar Bare a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da suka bayyana cewa za a zartar da dokar ta-baci.Duk mazan da ba su yi aure ba tsakanin 18 zuwa 25 an buƙaci su shiga aikin soja nan take.Wannan ya ƙara yawan mazan da ke cikin sojojin, inda ya kai kololuwar kusan 1,500,000 a watan Satumba na 1794, ko da yake ainihin ƙarfin faɗa bai wuce 800,000 ba.Ga duk maganganun, levée a cikin masse bai shahara ba;gudun hijira da gujewa sun yi yawa.Duk da haka, yunƙurin ya isa ya juya yanayin yaƙin, kuma ba a buƙatar ƙarin shiga aikin soja har sai a shekara ta 1797, lokacin da aka kafa tsarin ci gaba na dindindin na shekara-shekara.Babban sakamakonsa, kare iyakokin Faransanci a kan duk abokan gaba, mamaki da gigice Turai.Har ila yau, levée a cikin jama'a ya yi tasiri a cikin cewa ta hanyar sanya maza da yawa, ko da ba a horar da su ba, ya bukaci abokan adawar Faransa su mallaki dukkan kagara, da kuma fadada nasu rundunonin soja, fiye da yadda za su iya biyan ƙwararrun sojoji.

Siege na Toulon (29 ga Agusta - 19 Disamba 1793) wani soja ne da ya faru a lokacin tawayen Tarayyar Turai na Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa.Dakarun Republican sun dauki matakin ne kan 'yan tawayen Royalist da ke samun goyon bayan sojojin Anglo-Spanish a birnin Toulon na kudancin Faransa.A lokacin wannan kewaye ne matashin Napoleon Bonaparte ya fara yin suna da kuma daukaka lokacin da shirinsa, wanda ya shafi kame katangar da ke sama da tashar jiragen ruwa, aka lasafta shi da tilastawa birnin ya mamaye kuma jirgin ruwan Anglo-Spanish ya janye.Sifen da Birtaniyya ta yi a 1793 alama ce ta farkon shigar sojojin ruwa na Royal tare da juyin juya halin Faransa.

A cikin hunturu na 1792 da bazara na 1793,Paris ta yi fama da tarzomar abinci da yawan yunwa.Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar ta yi kadan don magance matsalar har zuwa ƙarshen bazara na 1793, wanda aka shagaltar da shi maimakon batutuwan yaƙi.A ƙarshe, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1793, Yarjejeniyar ta ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Tsaro na Jama'a, kuma an ba shi babban aiki: "Don magance ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Enragés, ƙarancin abinci da tarzoma, tawaye a cikin Vendée da Brittany, cin nasarar baya-bayan nan. na rundunoninta, da kuma bijirewar babban kwamandansa”.Musamman ma, Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a ya gabatar da manufar ta'addanci, kuma guillotine ya fara fadawa kan abokan gaba na jamhuriya a wani matsayi mai girma, wanda ya fara lokacin da aka sani a yau da Mulkin Ta'addanci.An sami yanayi na gaggawa a tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa a Faransa a lokacin rani na 1793 tsakanin yakin basasa da juyin juya hali.Bertrand Barère ya yi kira a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1793 a cikin taron: "Bari mu sanya ta'addanci tsari na rana!"An yi ta fassara wannan magana akai-akai a matsayin farkon “tsarin ta’addanci”, fassarar da masana tarihi ba su ci gaba da riƙe su a yau ba.A lokacin, an raba hukunce-hukuncen kisa na hukuma 16,594 a duk fadin kasar Faransa tun daga watan Yunin 1793, wadanda 2,639 suka kasance a birnin Paris kadai;sannan karin 10,000 sun mutu a gidan yari, ba tare da shari’a ba, ko kuma a cikin wadannan yanayi guda biyu.Ta'addanci ya ceci rayuka 20,000.

A kan iyakar Alpine, an sami ɗan canji, tare da mamayewar Faransa na Piedmont.A kan iyakar Spain, Faransawa a ƙarƙashin Janar Dugommier sun haɗu daga wuraren tsaronsu a Bayonne da Perpignan, suna korar Mutanen Espanya daga Roussillon tare da mamaye Catalonia.An kashe Dugommier a yakin Black Mountain a watan Nuwamba.A gefen arewa a yakin Flanders, Austrians da Faransanci duka sun shirya hare-hare a Belgium, tare da Austrians sun kewaye Landrecies kuma suna ci gaba zuwa Mons da Maubeuge.Faransawa sun shirya wani hari a bangarori da yawa, tare da sojoji biyu a Flanders karkashin Pichegru da Moreau, da Jourdan suna kai hari daga kan iyakar Jamus.A tsakiyar Rhine gaba a watan Yuli Janar Michaud's Army na Rhine yayi ƙoƙari biyu a watan Yuli a cikin Vosges, na biyu wanda ya yi nasara, amma ba a biyo baya ba da izinin kai hari na Prussian a watan Satumba.In ba haka ba, wannan sashe na gaba ya kasance shiru a tsawon lokacin shekara.A cikin teku, Jirgin ruwan Atlantika na Faransa ya yi nasarar hana wani yunƙurin Birtaniyya na ƙulla wata muhimmiyar ayarin hatsi daga Amurka a farkon watan Yuni, ko da yake yana da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ƙarfinsa.A cikin Caribbean, jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya sun sauka a Martinique a watan Fabrairu, suna dauke da dukan tsibirin a ranar 24 ga Maris kuma suna riƙe da shi har zuwa Aminci na Amiens, kuma a Guadeloupe a watan Afrilu.A karshen shekara sojojin Faransa sun ci nasara a kowane bangare, kuma yayin da shekara ta rufe sai suka fara shiga cikin Netherlands.

Yakin Fleurus, a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 1794, ya kasance wani shiri ne tsakanin sojojin Jamhuriyar Faransa ta farko, karkashin Janar Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, da rundunar hadin gwiwa (Birtaniya, Hanover, Jamhuriyar Holland, da Masarautar Habsburg), wanda Yarima Josias ya umarta. na Coburg, a cikin mafi mahimmancin yaƙin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Flanders a cikin Ƙasashen Ƙasashe a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa.Bangarorin biyu dai na da sojoji a yankin da yawansu ya kai 80,000 amma Faransawa sun samu damar tattara sojojinsu tare da fatattakar kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farko.Rashin nasarar da aka yi ya haifar da asarar dindindin na Austrian Netherlands da kuma lalata Jamhuriyar Holland .Yakin dai ya kawo sauyi ga sojojin Faransa, wadanda suka ci gaba da tafiya har zuwa karshen yakin kawancen farko.Amfani da Faransanci na balloon leken asiri l'Entreprenant shine farkon amfani da soja na jirgin sama wanda ya yi tasiri a sakamakon yaƙi.

Faɗuwar Maximilien Robespierre yana nufin jerin abubuwan da suka fara da adireshin Maximilien Robespierre zuwa taron kasa a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1794, kama shi washegari, da kuma kisa a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1794. Robespierre ya yi magana game da kasancewar maƙiyan cikin gida, maƙarƙashiya, da masu ƙira, a cikin Yarjejeniyar da kwamitocin gudanarwa.Ya ki bayyana sunayensu, wanda ya firgita wakilan da suka ji tsoron Robespierre yana shirin sake wanke Yarjejeniyar.A rana ta gaba, wannan tashin hankali a cikin Yarjejeniyar ya ba wa Jean-Lambert Tallien, ɗaya daga cikin maƙarƙashiyar da Robespierre ya yi tunani a cikin ƙin jininsa, ya juya Yarjejeniya ta kan Robespierre kuma ya ba da umarnin kama shi.A ƙarshen washegari, an kashe Robespierre a cikin Place de la Revolution, inda aka kashe Sarki Louis XVI shekara guda da ta gabata.An kashe shi ta hanyar guillotine, kamar sauran.

Yakin tsaunukan bakar fata tsakanin sojojin jamhuriyar Faransa ta farko da sojojin kawancenmasarautar Spain da na Portugal .Faransanci, karkashin jagorancin Jacques François Dugommier ya ci nasara da Allies, wanda Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión ya umarta.Nasarar Faransa ta kai ga kama Figueres da Siege na Roses (Rosas), tashar jiragen ruwa a Catalonia.

Shekarar ta bude tare da sojojin Faransa a cikin shirin kai hari kan Jamhuriyar Holland a tsakiyar hunturu.Mutanen Holland sun yi gangamin kiran Faransanci kuma suka fara juyin juya halin Batavia.Tare da faɗuwar Netherlands, Prussia kuma ta yanke shawarar barin haɗin gwiwar, ta sanya hannu kan Amincin Basel a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, ta ba da bankin yamma na Rhine zuwa Faransa.Wannan ya 'yantar da Prussia don gama mamaye Poland .Sojojin Faransa a Spain sun ci gaba, suna ci gaba a Catalonia yayin da suka dauki Bilbao da Vitoria suka nufi Castile.A ranar 10 ga Yuli, Spain ma ta yanke shawarar yin zaman lafiya, tare da amincewa da gwamnatin juyin juya hali tare da ba da yankin Santo Domingo, amma ta koma kan iyakokin kafin yakin a Turai.Wannan ya bar sojojin da ke kan Pyrenees 'yanci su yi tafiya zuwa gabas kuma su karfafa sojojin da ke kan Alps, kuma sojojin da aka hade sun mamaye Piedmont.A halin yanzu, ƙoƙari na Birtaniya na ƙarfafa 'yan tawaye a cikin Vendée ta hanyar saukar da sojoji a Quiberon ya kasa, kuma wani makirci na hambarar da gwamnatin jamhuriyar daga ciki ya ƙare lokacin da sojojin Napoleon Bonaparte ya yi amfani da bindiga don yin harbin inabi a cikin 'yan zanga-zangar (wanda ya haifar da kafa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar). Directory).A arewacin Italiya nasara a yakin Loano a watan Nuwamba ya ba Faransa damar shiga yankin Italiya.

Bayan kwace Kasashe masu karamin karfi a wani harin sanyi na ban mamaki, Faransa ta kafa jamhuriyar Batavia a matsayin kasar ‘yar tsana.A farkon shekara ta 1795, shiga tsakani da Jamhuriyar Faransa ta yi ya haifar da faduwar tsohuwar jamhuriyar Holland.Sabuwar jamhuriyar ta sami tallafi da yawa daga al'ummar Holland kuma ta kasance sakamakon juyin juya hali na gaske.Duk da haka, a fili an kafa ta ne tare da taimakon makamai na sojojin juyin juya hali na Faransa.Jamhuriyar Batavia ta zama ƙasa abokin ciniki, na farko na "'yar'uwa-jamhuriya", kuma daga baya wani ɓangare na Daular Faransa Napoleon.Siyasarta ta yi tasiri sosai daga Faransawa, waɗanda suka goyi bayan juyin mulkin ƙasa da ƙasa uku don kawo ƙungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban waɗanda Faransa ta fi so a lokuta daban-daban a cikin ci gaban siyasarta.Duk da haka, tsarin samar da rubutaccen kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Holland ya kasance ne ta hanyar siyasa na cikin gida, ba tasirin Faransa ba, har sai da Napoleon ya tilasta wa gwamnatin Holland amincewa da dan uwansa, Louis Bonaparte, a matsayin sarki.

Tun kafin karshen 1794 Sarkin Prussia ya yi ritaya daga duk wani bangare mai aiki a yakin, kuma a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1795 ya kammala tare da Faransa Amincin Basel, wanda ya amince da mamayar Faransa na hannun hagu na Rhine. Sabon Faransanci-mamaye. Gwamnatin Holland ta sayi zaman lafiya ta hanyar mika yankin Dutch zuwa kudancin wannan kogin.A watan Yuli ne aka cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Faransa daSpain .An shigar da babban Duke na Tuscany a watan Fabrairu.Ta haka kawancen ya fada cikin rugujewa kuma Faransa ta dace za ta sami 'yanci daga mamayewa na shekaru da yawa.Tare da babbar dabara ta diflomasiyya, yarjejeniyoyin sun baiwa Faransa damar sanyawa tare da rarraba abokan gabanta na kawancen farko, daya bayan daya.Bayan haka, Faransa mai juyi ta fito a matsayin babbar ikon Turai.

Comte d'Artois ya sauka a Île d'Yeu tare da masu hijira 1,000 da sojojin Burtaniya 2,000.Ƙarfafa da wannan ƙarfi, sojojin Royalist suka fara tafiya zuwa Paris a farkon Oktoba 1795. Wannan lambar za ta yi balloon yayin da ta ke kusa da babban birnin kasar.An bai wa Janar Menou kwamandan tsaron babban birnin kasar, amma ya fi shi yawa da dakaru 5,000 kawai da ke hannunsu don kalubalantar Sojojin Royalist na mutum 30,000.Matashi Janar Napoléon Bonaparte ya san hayaniyar, kuma ya isa taron a wannan lokacin don jin abin da ke faruwa.Bonaparte ya yarda, amma da sharadin cewa an ba shi cikakken 'yancin motsi.Bonaparte ya ba da umarnin a duk tsawon sa'o'i biyu da aka yi, kuma ya tsira ba tare da wata matsala ba duk da harbin dokinsa daga karkashinsa.Sakamakon harbin inabi da wasan volleys daga sojojin 'yan kishin kasa ya sa harin na 'yan sarki ya karkata.Bonaparte ya ba da umarnin kai hari karkashin jagorancin tawagar Murat na Chasseurs.Nasarar tada kayar bayan Royalist ya kashe barazanar Yarjejeniyar.Bonaparte ya zama gwarzo na kasa, kuma an kara masa girma da sauri zuwa Général de Division.A cikin watanni biyar, an ba shi kwamandan sojojin Faransa da ke gudanar da ayyuka a Italiya.

Faransawa sun shirya babban ci gaba a fagage uku, tare da Jourdan da Jean Victor Marie Moreau a kan Rhine da sabon Napoleon Bonaparte a Italiya.Sojojin uku za su haɗu a Tyrol kuma su yi tafiya a Vienna.A cikin yakin Rhine na 1796 , Jourdan da Moreau sun haye kogin Rhine kuma suka ci gaba zuwa Jamus.Jourdan ya ci gaba har zuwa Amberg a ƙarshen Agusta yayin da Moreau ya isa Bavaria da gefen Tyrol a watan Satumba.Duk da haka Jourdan ya sha kashi a hannun Archduke Charles, Duke na Teschen da sojojin biyu sun tilasta musu ja da baya a fadin Rhine.Napoleon, a gefe guda, ya yi nasara a wani mummunan hari na Italiya .A cikin Kamfen na Montenotte , ya raba sojojin Sardinia da Ostiriya, ya ci kowannensu bi da bi, sannan ya tilasta wa Sardiniya zaman lafiya.Bayan haka, sojojinsa suka kama Milan suka fara Siege na Mantua.Bonaparte ya yi nasara kan sojojin Austrian da suka aika masa a karkashin Johann Peter Beaulieu, Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser da József Alvinczi yayin da suke ci gaba da kawanya.

A yakin Rhine na 1796 (Yuni 1796 zuwa Fabrairu 1797), dakaru biyu na farko na hadin gwiwa a karkashin jagorancin Archduke Charles sun yi nasara tare da cin nasara akan sojojin Faransa biyu na Republican.Wannan shi ne yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Farko, wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa.Dabarar sojan Faransa a kan Ostiriya ta yi kira da a kai hari ta bangarori uku don kewaye Vienna, da nufin kwace birnin tare da tilasta wa Sarkin Roma mai tsarki ya mika wuya tare da karbar mutuncin yankin juyin juya halin Faransa.Faransawa sun tara Sojojin Sambre da Meuse da Jean-Baptiste Jourdan ya jagoranta a kan Sojojin Austriya na Lower Rhine a arewa.Sojojin Rhine da Moselle, karkashin jagorancin Jean Victor Marie Moreau, sun yi adawa da Sojojin Austriya na Upper Rhine a kudu.Sojoji na uku, Sojojin Italiya, wanda Napoleon Bonaparte ke jagoranta, sun tunkari Vienna ta arewacin Italiya.

Balaguron Faransa zuwa Ireland, wanda aka fi sani da Faransanci a matsayin Expédition d'Irlande ("Fitowa zuwa Ireland"), wani yunƙuri ne da Jamhuriyar Faransa ta yi bai yi nasara ba don taimakawa haramtacciyar Society of United Irishmen, wata fitacciyar ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Ireland, a cikin shirinsu. tawaye ga mulkin Birtaniya a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa.Faransawa sun yi niyya don saukar da babban sojojin balaguro a Ireland a lokacin hunturu na 1796-1797 wanda zai shiga tare da United Irishmen kuma ya kori Burtaniya daga Ireland.Faransawa sun yi tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama babban rauni ga ɗabi'ar Birtaniyya, martaba da ingancin aikin soja, kuma an yi niyyar zama matakin farko na mamayewa da ita kanta Biritaniya.Don wannan karshen, Littafin ya tattara sojoji kusan 15,000 a Brest karkashin Janar Lazare Hoche a ƙarshen 1796, a shirye don babban saukowa a Bantry Bay a watan Disamba.An kaddamar da aikin ne a lokacin lokacin sanyi mafi tsanani a karni na 18, tare da jiragen ruwan Faransa ba su shirya don irin wannan mummunan yanayi ba.Masu sintiri na jiragen ruwa na Birtaniyya sun lura da tashin jiragen kuma sun sanar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya, yawancinsu suna mafaka a Spithead don lokacin sanyi.A cikin mako guda rundunar ya watse, ƙananan runduna da jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya waɗanda ke kan hanyarsu ta komawa Brest ta guguwa, hazo da sintiri na Birtaniyya.Gabaɗaya, Faransawa sun yi asarar jiragen ruwa 12 da aka kama ko kuma suka tarwatsa kuma dubban sojoji da ma'aikatan ruwa sun nutse, ba tare da wani mutum ɗaya da ya isa Ireland ba sai fursunonin yaƙi.

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, Napoleon ya kama Mantua , tare da mutanen Austriya sun mika wuya ga maza 18,000.Archduke Charles na Ostiriya ya kasa hana Napoleon mamaye yankin Tyrol, kuma gwamnatin Ostiriya ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya a watan Afrilu.A lokaci guda kuma an sami sabon mamayewar Faransa a Jamus karkashin Moreau da Hoche.

Bayan sanya hannu kan yerjejeniyar San Ildefonso a shekara ta 1796 da ke kawance da sojojin Spain da na Faransa a kan kasar Burtaniya, sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun tare kasar Spain a shekara ta 1797, lamarin da ya lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da daular Spain.Sanarwar da Spain ta yi na yaƙi da Biritaniya da Portugal a watan Oktoban 1796 ya sa matsayin Birtaniyya a Tekun Bahar Rum ya yi kasa a gwiwa.Hadin gwiwar rundunar Franco-Spanish na jiragen ruwa 38 na layin sun zarce yawan jiragen ruwa na tekun Bahar Rum na Burtaniya na jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar, lamarin da ya tilastawa Birtaniya ficewa daga matsayinsu a Corsica ta farko da kuma Elba.Ya kasance babban nasara da maraba ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa - jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya goma sha biyar sun ci nasara da jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya na 27, kuma jiragen ruwa na Spain suna da yawan bindigogi da maza.Amma, Admiral Jervis ya horar da rundunonin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sojojin ruwan Spain waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Don José Cordoba.Mutanen Mutanen Espanya sun yi yaƙi sosai amma ba tare da jagora ba.Bayan da aka kama San José an gano cewa har yanzu wasu daga cikin bindigoginta na da tampion a cikin muzzles.Rikicin da ke tsakanin rundunar sojojin Spain ya yi yawa har ba za su iya yin amfani da bindigogi ba tare da yin lahani ga jiragen nasu fiye da na Birtaniya ba.Jervis ya ci gaba da katange jiragen ruwan Spain a Cadiz.Ci gaba da katange na mafi yawan shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya rage yawan ayyukan jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya har zuwa Aminci na Amiens a 1802. Ƙaddamar da barazanar Mutanen Espanya, da ƙarin ƙarfafa umarninsa, ya sa Jervis ya aika da squadron. karkashin Nelson koma cikin Bahar Rum a shekara mai zuwa.

Napoleon Bonaparte da Count Philipp von Cobenzl sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Campo Formio a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1797 a matsayin wakilan Jamhuriyar Faransa da Masarautar Austriya.Yarjejeniyar ta biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Leoben (18 Afrilu 1797), wanda yakin nasara Napoleon ya tilasta wa Habsburgs a Italiya.Ya kawo karshen yakin hadin gwiwa na farko kuma ya bar Burtaniya tana yaki ita kadai da Faransa mai juyi .Mahimmin Bincike:An tabbatar da juyin juya halin Faransa daga barazanar kasashen waje - ribar yankin Faransa: Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), yankunan da suka bar Rhine, Savoy, Nice, Haiti, Ionian IslandsFadada tasirin Faransanci: Jamhuriyar Batavian a cikin Netherlands , Jamhuriyar 'ya'ya a Italiya & Switzerland, karfin sojan ruwa a cikin Mediterranean -Spain ta zama abokiyar FaransaAn raba yankuna na Jamhuriyar Venice tsakanin Austria da Faransa.Bugu da kari, jahohinMasarautar Italiya a bisa ka'ida sun daina ba da rance ga Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, a ƙarshe ya kawo ƙarshen wanzuwar wannan Masarautar (Mulkin Italiya), wanda, a matsayinsa na mallakar Sarki, ya kasance de jure. amma ba de facto tun aƙalla karni na 14.