Tarihin Cambodia Tsarin lokaci

appendices

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Cambodia
History of Cambodia ©HistoryMaps

2000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Cambodia



Tarihin Cambodia yana da wadata da sarkakiya, tun daga farkon tasirin wayewar Indiya.Yankin ya fara bayyana a cikin bayanan tarihi kamar Funan, al'adun Hindu na farko, a cikin ƙarni na 1 zuwa na 6.Daga baya Chenla ya maye gurbin Funan, wanda ya fi girma.Daular Khmer ta yi fice a karni na 9, wanda Jayavarman II ya kafa.Daular ta bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin imanin Hindu har sai da aka gabatar da addinin Buddha a ƙarni na 11, wanda ya haifar da raguwar addini da raguwa.A tsakiyar karni na 15, daular ta kasance a cikin wani lokaci na canji, inda ta canza yawan jama'arta zuwa gabas.A wannan lokacin, tasirin kasashen waje, kamar musulmi Malay , Kirista na Turai, da maƙwabta kamar Siamese/ Thailand da Annamese/ Vietnamese , sun fara tsoma baki cikin harkokin Cambodia.A karni na 19, turawan mulkin mallaka sun iso.Kambodiya ta shiga zamanin mulkin mallaka “hibernation,” yayin da take riƙe ainihin al'adunta.Bayan yakin duniya na biyu da mamayar kasarJapan na dan gajeren lokaci, Cambodia ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1953 amma ta shiga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen Indochine, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasa da kuma zamanin duhu na Khmer Rouge a 1975. Bayan mamayar Vietnam da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cambodia ta zamani ta yi nasara. yana cikin tsarin farfadowa tun 1993.
7000 BCE Jan 1

Tarihin Kambodiya

Laang Spean Pre-historic Arche
Radiocarbon da ke nuna wani kogo a Laang Spean a lardin Battambang, arewa maso yammacin Cambodia ya tabbatar da kasancewar kayan aikin dutse na Hoabinhian daga 6000-7000 KZ da tukwane daga 4200 KZ.[1] Ya gano tun 2012 ya kai ga fassarar gama gari, cewa kogon ya ƙunshi ragowar kayan tarihi na farkon farauta ta ƙungiyoyin mafarauta da masu tarawa, waɗanda mutanen Neolithic suka biyo baya tare da dabarun farauta da haɓaka kayan aikin dutse, da kuma tukwane mai fasaha sosai. yi da ƙira, kuma tare da ƙayyadaddun zamantakewa, al'adu, alamomi da ayyuka na musamman.[2] Cambodia ta shiga cikin Titin Maritime Jade, wanda ke cikin yankin har tsawon shekaru 3,000, farawa daga 2000 KZ zuwa 1000 CE.[3]Kwankwan kai da kasusuwan mutane da aka samu a Samrong Sen a lardin Kampong Chhnang tun daga shekara ta 1500 KZ.Heng Sophady (2007) ya zana kwatance tsakanin Samrong Sen da wuraren da'irar duniya na gabashin Cambodia.Wataƙila waɗannan mutane sun yi ƙaura daga Kudu-maso-gabashin China zuwa tsibirin Indochine.Masana sun gano noman shinkafa na farko da tagulla na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ga wadannan mutane.Zamanin Iron Age na kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya fara kusan 500 KZ kuma yana dawwama har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Funan - kusan 500 AZ yayin da yake ba da tabbataccen shaidar farko don dorewar cinikin teku da hulɗar zamantakewa da siyasa tare da Indiya da Kudancin Asiya.Ya zuwa karni na 1, mazauna sun ɓullo da hadaddun al'ummomi, tsararrun al'ummomi da kuma ilimin kimiyya iri-iri na addini, waɗanda ke buƙatar manyan harsunan magana da ke da alaƙa da na yau.Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi samun ci gaba suna zaune a bakin teku da kuma ƙananan kwarin kogin Mekong da yankunan delta a cikin gidaje a kan tudu inda suke noma shinkafa, kifi da kuma adana dabbobin gida.[4]
68 - 802
Tarihin Farkoornament
Masarautar Funan
Kingdom of Funan ©Maurice Fievet
68 Jan 1 - 550

Masarautar Funan

Mekong-delta, Vietnam
Funan shine sunan da masu zane-zanena kasar Sin , masu zane-zane da marubuta suka ba wa tsohuwar jihar Indiyanci-ko kuma, maimakon wata hanyar sadarwa ta jihohi (Mandala) [5] - wacce ke cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta tsakiya a kan yankin Mekong Delta wanda ya kasance daga farko zuwa shida. Ƙarni na AZ tarihin kasar Sin [6] ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin mulkin farko da aka sani, daular Funan, a kan yankin Cambodia da Vietnamese wanda ke da "yawan yawan jama'a da cibiyoyin birane, samar da rarar abinci ... zamantakewa da siyasa [da kuma ] akidun addinin Indiya halaltacce”.[7] Ya kasance a kusa da ƙananan kogin Mekong da Bassac tun daga ƙarni na farko zuwa na shida AZ tare da "birane masu katanga" [8] kamar Angkor Borei a Lardin Takeo da Óc Eo a Lardin Giang na zamani, Vietnam.Farkon Funan ya ƙunshi al'ummomi marasa galihu, kowannensu yana da mai mulkinsa, wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ada ɗaya da tattalin arziƙin masu noman shinkafa a cikin ƙasa da kuma 'yan kasuwa a garuruwan bakin teku, waɗanda ke dogaro da juna ta fuskar tattalin arziki, yayin da rarar noman shinkafa ta sami hanyarta ta zuwa. tashoshin jiragen ruwa.[9]A karni na biyu AZ Funan ya mallaki dabarun dabarun gabar tekun Indochina da hanyoyin kasuwancin teku.Ra'ayoyin al'adu da na addini sun isa Funan ta hanyar cinikin Tekun Indiya.Ciniki tare daIndiya ya fara da kyau kafin 500 KZ kamar yadda Sanskrit bai maye gurbin Pali ba tukuna.[10] An ƙaddara harshen Funan a matsayin farkon nau'in Khmer kuma rubutaccen sigar sa Sanskrit.[11]Funan ya kai kololuwar ikonsa a karkashin sarki Fan Shiman na ƙarni na 3.Fan Shiman ya fadada sojojin ruwa na daularsa kuma ya inganta tsarin mulkin Funanese, yana samar da tsarin da ya bar al'adun gargajiya da na gida sosai, musamman ma a cikin daular.Fan Shiman da magajinsa sun kuma aike da jakadu zuwa kasashen Sin da Indiya don daidaita cinikin teku.Wataƙila masarautar ta hanzarta aiwatar da Indiyawan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.Masarautu daga baya na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kamar Chenla na iya yin koyi da kotun Funanese.Funanese sun kafa wani tsari mai ƙarfi na mercantilism da mulkin mallaka na kasuwanci wanda zai zama abin koyi ga masarautu a yankin.[12]Ana ganin dogaron Funan akan cinikin teku a matsayin sanadin farkon faduwar Funan.Tashoshin ruwansu na bakin teku sun ba da damar kasuwanci da yankuna na waje waɗanda ke jigilar kayayyaki zuwa arewa da mazauna bakin teku.Ko da yake, sauye-sauyen cinikin teku zuwa Sumatra, da karuwar daular ciniki ta Srivijaya , da daukar hanyoyin ciniki a duk fadin kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kasar Sin ta yi, na haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a kudancin kasar, da kuma tilasta siyasa da tattalin arziki su koma arewa.[12]An maye gurbin Funan kuma a cikin karni na 6 ta mulkin Khmer na Masarautar Chenla (Zhenla).[13] "Sarki yana da babban birninsa a cikin birnin T'e-mu. Nan da nan Chenla ya mamaye birninsa, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa kudu zuwa birnin Nafuna".[14]
Masarautar Chenla
Kingdom of Chenla ©North Korean Artists
550 Jan 1 - 802

Masarautar Chenla

Champasak, Laos
Chenla shine sunan kasar Sin don maye gurbin mulkin masarautar Funan kafin daular Khmer wacce ta wanzu daga kusan karshen karni na shida zuwa farkon karni na tara a Indochina.Yawancin faifan bidiyo na kasar Sin kan Chenla, ciki har da na Chenla na cin Funan, an yi hamayya da su tun cikin shekarun 1970, saboda gaba daya sun dogara ne kan maganganu guda daya a tarihin kasar Sin.[15] Tarihindaular Sui na kasar Sin ya ƙunshi shigarwar jihar da ake kira Chenla, mai mulkin kasar Funan, wadda ta aika ofishin jakadanci zuwa kasar Sin a cikin 616 ko 617, [16] duk da haka a karkashin mai mulkinta, Citrasena Mahendravarman, ya ci nasara. Funan bayan Chenla ta sami 'yancin kai.[17]Kamar wanda ya gabace ta Funan, Chenla ta mamaye wani muhimmin matsayi inda hanyoyin kasuwancin teku na Indosphere da yankin al'adun gabashin Asiya suka hadu, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita tasiri na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu da kuma daukar tsarin al'ada na kudancinIndiya Pallava daular Chalukya. daular.[18] Adadin rubutun ya ragu sosai a ƙarni na takwas.Duk da haka, wasu masana masana da suka yi nazari kan rubuce-rubucen kasar Sin, sun yi iƙirarin cewa Chenla ya fara faɗuwa ne a cikin shekarun 700s, sakamakon rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin gida da kuma hare-hare na waje da daular Shailendra ta Java ta yi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya karɓi mulki tare da shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Angkor na Jayavarman II. .Kowannensu, masana tarihi sun yi watsi da yanayin raguwar al'ada, suna jayayya cewa babu Chenla da za a fara da shi, a maimakon haka yankin yanki ya kasance ƙarƙashin dogon lokaci na rigima, tare da rikice-rikice masu rikice-rikice da rashin iya kafa cibiyar nauyi mai ɗorewa.Tarihi ya kawo karshen wannan zamanin na tashin hankali ne kawai a cikin shekara ta 802, lokacin da Jayavarman II ya kafa daular Khmer da ta dace.
802 - 1431
Daular Khmerornament
Samuwar Daular Khmer
Sarki Jayavarman II [Sarkin Cambodia na ƙarni na 9] yana ba da hadayunsa ga Shiva kafin nadin sarautarsa. ©Anonymous
802 Jan 1 - 944

Samuwar Daular Khmer

Roluos, Cambodia
Karni shida na daular Khmer suna da alaƙa da ci gaban fasaha da fasaha mara misaltuwa da nasarori, amincin siyasa da kwanciyar hankali na gudanarwa.Masarautar tana wakiltar al'adu da fasaha na wayewar Kambodiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya kafin masana'antu.[19] Daular Khmer ta kasance kafin Chenla, mulkin da ke da cibiyoyin iko, wanda aka raba zuwa Land Chenla da Water Chenla a farkon karni na 8.[20] A ƙarshen karni na 8 Ruwan Chenla ya mamaye Malay na Daular Srivijaya da Javanese na Daular Shailandra kuma a ƙarshe an haɗa su cikin Java da Srivijaya.[21]Jayavarman II, ana daukarsa a matsayin sarkin da ya kafa tushen zamanin Angkor.Masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa wannan lokacin na tarihin Cambodia ya fara ne a cikin 802, lokacin da Jayavarman II ya gudanar da babbar ibada ta tsarkakewa a Dutsen Mahendraparvata mai tsarki, wanda yanzu ake kira Phnom Kulen.[22] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya faɗaɗa ƙasarsa kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni, Hariharalaya, kusa da garin Roluos na zamani.[23] Ta haka ne ya aza harsashin ginin Angkor, wanda zai tashi kimanin kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) zuwa arewa maso yamma.Magada Jayavarman II sun ci gaba da fadada yankin Kambuja.Indravarman I (mai mulki 877-889) ya sami damar faɗaɗa mulkin ba tare da yaƙe-yaƙe ba kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan gine-gine masu yawa, waɗanda dukiyar da aka samu ta hanyar kasuwanci da noma suka sami damar yin hakan.Na farko shine haikalin Preah Ko da ayyukan ban ruwa.Cibiyar sarrafa ruwa ta dogara da ƙayyadaddun jeri na tashoshi, tafkuna, da tarkace da aka gina daga ɗimbin yashi na yumbu, kayan da ake samu a filin Angkor.Indravarman na ci gaba da haɓaka Hariharalaya ta hanyar gina Bakong kusan 881. Bakong musamman yana ɗaukar kamanceceniya da haikalin Borobudur a Java, wanda ke nuna cewa wataƙila ya kasance abin koyi ga Bakong.Wataƙila an yi musayar matafiya da mishan tsakanin Kambuja da Sailendras a Java, wanda zai kawo wa Cambodia ba kawai ra'ayoyi ba, har ma da cikakkun bayanai na fasaha da na gine-gine.[24]
Jayavarman V
Banteay Srei ©North Korean Artists
968 Jan 1 - 1001

Jayavarman V

Siem Reap, Cambodia
Dan Rajendravarman II, Jayavarman V, ya yi sarauta daga shekara ta 968 zuwa 1001, bayan ya kafa kansa a matsayin sabon sarki bisa sauran sarakuna.Mulkinsa lokaci ne mai cike da lumana, mai cike da wadata da furen al'adu.Ya kafa sabon babban birni dan yamma da mahaifinsa kuma ya sa masa suna Jayendranagari;Haikalin jiharsa, Ta Keo, yana kudu.A kotun Jayavarman V sun rayu masana falsafa, malamai, da masu fasaha.An kuma kafa sabbin haikali;Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne Banteay Srei, wanda ake ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau da fasaha na Angkor, da Ta Keo, haikalin farko na Angkor wanda aka gina gaba ɗaya da dutsen yashi.Ko da yake Jayavarman V dan Shaivite ne, ya kasance mai jure wa addinin Buddah sosai.Kuma a karkashin mulkinsa addinin Buddha ya bunkasa.Kirtipandita, wazirinsa na addinin Buddah, ya kawo tsoffin litattafai daga kasashen waje zuwa Cambodia, ko da yake babu wanda ya tsira.Har ma ya ba da shawarar cewa limamai su yi amfani da addu’o’in addinin Buddha da kuma na Hindu a lokacin ibada.
Suryavarman I
Suryavarman I ©Soun Vincent
1006 Jan 1 - 1050

Suryavarman I

Angkor Wat, Krong Siem Reap, C
Shekaru goma na rikici ya biyo bayan mutuwar Jayavarman V. Sarakuna uku sun yi mulki lokaci guda a matsayin masu adawa da juna har sai da Suryavarman I (mai mulki 1006-1050) ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar daukar babban birnin Angkor.[24 <>] Mulkinsa ya kasance alama ce ta ƙoƙarin hambarar da shi akai-akai da kuma rikicin soji da masarautun makwabta.[26] Suryavarman Na kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da daular Chola na kudancin Indiya a farkon mulkinsa.[27] A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 11, Kambuja ya shiga rikici da masarautar Tambralinga a cikin tsibirin Malay .[26] Bayan ya tsira da dama daga maqiyansa, Suryavarman ya nemi taimako daga sarkin Chola mai iko Rajendra I akan Tambralinga.[26] Bayan sanin dangantakar Suryavarman da Chola, Tambralinga ya nemi taimako daga sarkin Srivijaya Sangrama Vijayatungavarman.[26] Wannan a ƙarshe ya haifar da Chola ya shiga rikici da Srivijaya.Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasara ga Chola da Kambuja, da kuma babbar asara ga Srivijaya da Tambralinga.[26] Ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da bambancin addini, kamar yadda Chola da Kambuja sun kasance Hindu Shaivite, yayin da Tambralinga da Srivijaya sun kasance Mahayana Buddha.Akwai wasu alamu cewa, kafin ko bayan yaƙin, Suryavarman I ya ba da kyautar karusar ga Rajendra I don yiwuwar sauƙaƙe kasuwanci ko haɗin gwiwa.[24]
Mamaye Khmer na Arewacin Champa
Khmer Invasions of Northern Champa ©Maurice Fievet
1074 Jan 1 - 1080

Mamaye Khmer na Arewacin Champa

Canh Tien Cham tower, Nhơn Hậu
A 1074, Harivarman IV ya zama Sarkin Champa.Yana da dangantaka ta kut-da-kut daSong Sin , kuma ya yi sulhu da Dai Viet , amma ya haifar da yaki da daular Khmer.[28] A cikin 1080, sojojin Khmer sun kai hari Vijaya da wasu cibiyoyi a arewacin Champa.An kori gidajen ibada da gidajen ibada da kuma kwashe kayayyakin al'adu.Bayan hargitsi da yawa, sojojin Cham karkashin sarki Harivarman sun sami nasarar fatattakar maharan tare da mayar da babban birnin kasar da gidajen ibada.[29] Daga baya, sojojin da suka kai masa farmaki sun kutsa cikin Cambodia har zuwa Sambor da Mekong, inda suka lalata duk wuraren ibada.[30]
1113 - 1218
Zaman Zinareornament
Sarautar Suryavarman II da Angkor Wat
Mawakan Koriya ta Arewa ©Anonymous
1113 Jan 2

Sarautar Suryavarman II da Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat, Krong Siem Reap, C
Karni na 12 lokaci ne na rikici da gwagwarmayar mulki na zalunci.Karkashin Suryavarman II (mai sarauta 1113 – 1150) masarautar ta haɗe cikin gida [31] kuma daular ta kai matsayinta mafi girma kamar yadda take sarrafa Indochina kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, Gulf of Thailand da manyan yankuna na arewacin tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Suryavarman II ya ba da izini ga haikalin Angkor Wat, wanda aka gina a cikin shekaru 37, wanda aka keɓe ga allahn Vishnu.Hasumiyarsa guda biyar da ke wakiltar Dutsen Meru ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi kyawun bayanin gine-ginen Khmer na gargajiya.A gabas, yakin Suryavarman II akan Champa da Dai Viet bai yi nasara ba, [31] ko da yake ya kori Vijaya a 1145 kuma ya kori Jaya Indravarman III.[32] Khmers sun mamaye [Vijaya] har zuwa 1149, lokacin da Jaya Harivarman I. ya kore su.Ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na tashin hankali da kuma mamayewar Cham wanda ya ƙare a cikin buhun Angkor a cikin 1177.
Dai Viet-Khmer War
Đại Việt–Khmer War ©Anonymous
1123 Jan 1 - 1150

Dai Viet-Khmer War

Central Vietnam, Vietnam
A cikin 1127, Suryavarman II ya bukaci Đại Việt sarki Lý Dương Hoán ya biya haraji ga daular Khmer, amma Đại Việt ya ƙi.Suryavarman ya yanke shawarar faɗaɗa yankinsa zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Đại Việt.[34] Harin farko shine a shekara ta 1128 lokacin da sarki Suryavarman ya jagoranci sojoji 20,000 daga Savannakhet zuwa Nghệ An, inda aka fatattake su da yaki.[35] A shekara mai zuwa Suryavarman ya ci gaba da gwabzawa a ƙasa kuma ya aika da jiragen ruwa 700 don yin ruwan bama-bamai a yankunan bakin teku na Đại Việt.A cikin 1132, ya rinjayi sarki Cham Jaya Indravarman III don hada karfi da karfe tare da shi don kai farmaki a Đại Việt, inda suka kama Nghệ An a takaice kuma suka kwace gundumomin Thanh Hoá na bakin teku.[36] A cikin 1136, wani Đại Việt da ke karkashin Đỗ Anh Vũ sun kai hari daular Khmer a fadin Laos na zamani tare da maza 30,000, amma daga baya suka ja da baya.[34] Daga nan Cham ya yi sulhu da Đại Việt, kuma lokacin da Suryavarman ya sabunta harin, Jaya Indravarman ya ƙi ba da haɗin kai da Khmers.[36]Bayan yunƙurin kwace tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Đại Việt, Suryavarman ya juya ya mamaye Champa a 1145 kuma ya kori Vijaya, ya kawo karshen mulkin Jaya Indravarman III da lalata haikalin a Mỹ Sơn.[37] A cikin 1147 lokacin da wani basarake Panduranga mai suna Sivänandana ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin Jaya Harivarman I na Champa, Suryavarman ya aika da sojoji da suka ƙunshi Khmers kuma suka sauya sheka zuwa Chams a ƙarƙashin umarnin senäpati (kwamandan soji) Sankara don kaiwa Harivarman hari, amma aka ci nasara a cikin yaƙin. Yaƙin Räjapura a shekara ta 1148. Wani mayaƙan sojojin Khmer kuma sun sha wahala iri ɗaya a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na Virapura (Nha Trang na yanzu) da Caklyaṅ.Ba zai iya shawo kan Cham ba, Suryavarman ya nada Yarima Harideva, dan gidan sarautar Cham na Cambodia, a matsayin sarkin tsana na Champa a Vijaya.A cikin 1149, Harivarman ya zarce sojojinsa zuwa arewa zuwa Vijaya, ya kewaye birnin, ya ci nasara da sojojin Harideva a yakin Mahisa, sannan ya kashe Harideva tare da dukan jami'an Cambodia-Cham da sojojinsa, don haka ya kawo karshen mamayar da Suryavarman ya yi a arewacin Champa.[37] Sai Harivarman ya sake hade daular.
Yaƙin Tonlé Sap
Battle of Tonlé Sap ©Maurice Fievet
1177 Jun 13

Yaƙin Tonlé Sap

Tonlé Sap, Cambodia
Bayan samun zaman lafiya tare da Đại Việt a cikin 1170, sojojin Cham karkashin Jaya Indravarman IV sun mamaye daular Khmer a kan ƙasa tare da sakamako mara kyau.[38] A wannan shekarar, wani jami'in kasar Sin daga Hainan ya shaida fadace-fadacen giwaye tsakanin sojojin Cham da Khmer, daga yanzu ya shawo kan sarkin Cham ya ba da sayan dokin yaki daga kasar Sin, amma kotun Song ta yi watsi da tayin sau da yawa.A cikin 1177, duk da haka, sojojinsa sun kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata a kan babban birnin Khmer na Yasodharapura daga jiragen ruwa na yaki da suka kulla da kogin Mekong zuwa babban tafkin Tonlé Sap kuma suka kashe Sarkin Khmer Tribhuvanadityavarman.[39] An gabatar da bakuna da yawa na baka a Champa dagadaular Song a cikin 1171, kuma daga baya an dora su a bayan giwayen Cham da Vietnamese.[40] Cham ne suka tura su a lokacin da aka yi wa Angkor hari, wanda katako na katako ya kare shi da sauƙi, wanda ya kai ga mamaye Cham na Cambodia na shekaru hudu masu zuwa.[40]
Babban Sarkin Angkor na ƙarshe
Sarki Jayavarman VII. ©North Korean Artists
1181 Jan 1 - 1218

Babban Sarkin Angkor na ƙarshe

Angkor Wat, Krong Siem Reap, C
Daular Khmer tana gab da rugujewa.Bayan Champa ya ci Angkor, Jayavarman VII ya tattara sojoji ya sake kwace babban birnin kasar.Sojojinsa sun yi nasara a jerin nasarorin da ba a taba gani ba a kan Cham, kuma a shekara ta 1181 bayan da suka ci nasara a yakin ruwa, Jayavarman ya ceci daular kuma ya kori Cham.Sakamakon haka ya hau kan karagar mulki ya ci gaba da yaki da Champa na tsawon shekaru 22, har zuwa lokacin da Khmer ya ci Chams a shekara ta 1203 ya kuma ci yankuna da dama na yankinsu.[41]Jayavarman VII ya tsaya a matsayin na karshe na manyan sarakunan Angkor, ba wai kawai saboda nasarar yakin da ya yi na yaki da Champa ba, har ma saboda shi ba azzalumi mai mulki ba ne irin na magabata na nan take.Ya hada kan daular tare da gudanar da ayyukan gine-gine na ban mamaki.An gina sabon babban birnin kasar, wanda yanzu ake kira Angkor Thom (lit. 'babban birni').A tsakiyar, sarki (shi kansa mai bin addinin Buddha na Mahayana) ya gina a matsayin haikalin jihar Bayon, [42] tare da hasumiyai masu ɗauke da fuskokin boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara, kowane tsayin mita da yawa, an sassaka shi da dutse.Sauran muhimman haikalin da aka gina a ƙarƙashin Jayavarman VII sune Ta Prohm ga mahaifiyarsa, Preah Khan don mahaifinsa, Banteay Kdei, da Neak Pean, da kuma tafki na Srah Srang.An shimfida hanyoyin sadarwa mai yawa da suka hada kowane gari na daular, tare da gidajen hutawa da aka gina don matafiya da kuma asibitoci 102 da aka kafa a fadin masarautarsa.[41]
Yakin Champa
Conquest of Champa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1190 Jan 1 - 1203

Yakin Champa

Canh Tien Cham tower, Nhơn Hậu
A cikin 1190, Sarkin Khmer Jayavarman VII ya nada wani basarake Cham mai suna Vidyandana, wanda ya koma Jayavarman a 1182 kuma ya sami ilimi a Angkor, don jagorantar sojojin Khmer.Vidyandana ya ci Chams, kuma ya ci gaba da mamaye Vijaya kuma ya kama Jaya Indravarman IV, wanda ya mayar da shi zuwa Angkor a matsayin fursuna.[43] Samun taken Shri Suryavarmadeva (ko Suryavarman), Vidyandana ya mai da kansa sarkin Panduranga, wanda ya zama vassal Khmer.Ya sanya Prince In, surukin Jayavarman VII, "Sarki Suryajayavarmadeva a cikin Nagara na Vijaya" (ko Suryajayavarman).A cikin 1191, tawaye a Vijaya ya kori Suryajayavarman zuwa Cambodia kuma ya hau gadon sarautar Jaya Indravarman V. Vidyandana, wanda Jayavarman VII ya taimaka, ya sake kama Vijaya, ya kashe Jaya Indravarman IV da Jaya Indravarman V, sannan "ya yi sarauta ba tare da hamayya ba bisa Mulkin Champa," [44] yana bayyana 'yancin kansa daga daular Khmer.Jayavarman VII ya amsa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da mamayewa da yawa na Champa a cikin 1192, 1195, 1198-1199, 1201-1203.Sojojin Khmer karkashin Jayavarman VII sun ci gaba da yakin Champa har sai da Chams suka ci nasara a karshe a cikin 1203. [45] A Cham renegade-Prince ong Dhanapatigräma, ya hambarar da dan uwansa mai mulki Vidyandana zuwa Dai Viet, ya kammala yakin Khmer na Champa.[46] Daga 1203 zuwa 1220, Champa a matsayin lardin Khmer ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin 'yar tsana wanda ko dai Ong Dhanapatigräma ya jagoranta sannan kuma yarima Angsaräja, ɗan Harivarman I. A cikin 1207, Angsaräja ya raka sojojin Khmer tare da sojojin Burma da Siamese don yaƙi. a kan sojojin Yvan (Dai Viet).[47] Bayan kasancewar sojojin Khmer da ke raguwa da fitar da Khmer na son rai daga Champa a cikin 1220, Angsaräja ya karbi ragamar mulki cikin lumana, yana shelar kansa Jaya Paramesvaravarman II, ya maido da 'yancin kai na Champa.[48]
Faruwar Hindu &amp; Mongols
Hindu Revival & Mongols ©Anonymous
1243 Jan 1 - 1295

Faruwar Hindu & Mongols

Angkor Wat, Krong Siem Reap, C
Bayan mutuwar Jayavarman VII, dansa Indravarman II (ya yi sarauta 1219-1243) ya hau kan karagar mulki.Jayavarman na VIII yana daya daga cikin fitattun sarakunan daular Khmer.Kamar mahaifinsa, shi ɗan Buddha ne, kuma ya kammala jerin haikali da aka fara a ƙarƙashin mulkin mahaifinsa.A matsayinsa na jarumi bai samu nasara ba.A cikin 1220, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Dai Viet da ke da ƙarfi da ƙawancensa Champa, Khmer ya janye daga yawancin lardunan da aka ci a baya daga Chams.Jayavarman na VIII ne ya gaje Indravarman II (mai sarauta 1243-1295).Ya bambanta da magabatansa, Jayavarman na VIII ya kasance mabiyin Hindu Shaivism kuma mai adawa da addinin Buddah , ya lalata mutum-mutumin Buddha da yawa a cikin daular tare da canza haikalin Buddha zuwa haikalin Hindu.[49] Kambuja ya fuskanci barazana daga waje a cikin 1283daular Yuan karkashin jagorancin Mongol.[] [50] Jayavarman VIII ya kauce wa yaki da Janar Sogetu, gwamnan Guangzhou na kasar Sin, ta hanyar ba da kyauta ga Mongols, tun daga shekara ta 1285. Srindravarman (ya yi sarauta 1295-1309).Sabon sarkin ya kasance mai bin addinin Buddah na Theravada, makarantar addinin Buddah da ta isa kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga Sri Lanka kuma daga baya ta yadu a yawancin yankin.A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1296, jami'in diflomasiyyar kasar Sin Zhou Daguan ya isa Angkor inda ya rubuta cewa, "A yakin da aka yi da Siamese na baya-bayan nan, kasar ta lalace matuka."[52]
Ragewa da Faɗuwar Daular Khmer
Decline and Fall of Khmer Empire ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1327 Jan 1 - 1431

Ragewa da Faɗuwar Daular Khmer

Angkor Wat, Krong Siem Reap, C
A karni na 14, daular Khmer ko Kambuja ta sha wahala mai tsawo, mai wahala, da ci gaba da raguwa.Masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar dalilai daban-daban don raguwa: juyin addini daga addinin Hindu na Vishnuite-Shivaite zuwa addinin Buddah na Theravada wanda ya shafi tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, gwagwarmayar iko na cikin gida tsakanin sarakuna Khmer, tawaye na vassal, mamayewa na kasashen waje, annoba, da rushewar muhalli.Dangane da zamantakewa da addini, bangarori da dama sun taimaka wajen durkushewar Kambuja.Dangantaka tsakanin masu mulki da jiga-jigan su ba ta daidaita ba – a tsakanin sarakunan Kambuja 27, goma sha daya ba su da hakki na mulki, kuma an yi ta fama da tashin hankali.Kambuja ya fi mayar da hankali kan tattalin arzikinta na cikin gida kuma bai yi amfani da hanyar sadarwar kasuwancin teku ta duniya ba.Shigar da ra'ayoyin addinin Buddah kuma ya ci karo da da dagula tsarin jihar da aka gina a karkashin addinin Hindu.[53]Masarautar Ayutthaya ta taso ne daga haɗin gwiwar jihohi uku na birni a kan ƙananan Chao Phraya Basin (Ayutthaya-Suphanburi-Lopburi).[54] Daga karni na sha hudu zuwa gaba, Ayutthaya ya zama kishiyar Kambuja.[55] Angkor ya yi wa Ayutthaya kawanya a shekara ta 1352, kuma bayan kama shi a shekara ta gaba, an maye gurbin sarkin Khmer da sarakunan Siamese.Sannan a shekara ta 1357, Sarkin Khmer Suryavamsa Rajadiraja ya sake karbar sarauta.[56 <] > A cikin 1393, Sarkin Ayutthaya Ramesuan ya sake kewaye Angkor, ya kama shi a shekara mai zuwa.Dan Ramesuan ya mulki Kambuja na wani dan lokaci kafin a kashe shi.A ƙarshe, a cikin 1431, Sarkin Khmer Ponhea Yat ya watsar da Angkor a matsayin wanda ba zai iya karewa ba, kuma ya koma yankin Phnom Penh.[57]Phnom Penh ya fara zama babban birnin Cambodia bayan Ponhea Yat, sarkin daular Khmer, ya mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Angkor Thom bayan da Siam ya kwace shi kuma ya lalata shi a shekarun baya.Phnom Penh ya kasance babban birnin sarauta na tsawon shekaru 73, daga 1432 zuwa 1505. A Phnom Penh, sarki ya ba da umarnin gina ƙasar don kare ta daga ambaliya, kuma a gina fadar.Don haka, ta sarrafa kasuwancin kogin Khmer, Siam na sama da masarautun Laotian tare da shiga, ta hanyar Mekong Delta, zuwa hanyoyin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa da suka hade gabar tekun kasar Sin, tekun Kudancin China, da Tekun Indiya.Ba kamar wadda ta gabace ta ba, wannan al'umma ta fi bude kofa ga waje kuma ta dogara ne kan kasuwanci a matsayin tushen arziki.Amincewa da cinikin teku tare dakasar Sin a lokacin daular Ming (1368-1644) ya ba da damammaki mai riba ga membobin jiga-jigan Cambodia waɗanda ke sarrafa ikon mallakar kasuwanci na sarauta.
1431 - 1860
Lokacin Bayan Angkorornament
Zaman Longvek
Duban idon Tsuntsaye na Longvek, Cambodia. ©Maurice Fievet
1516 Jan 1 - 1566

Zaman Longvek

Longvek, Cambodia
Sarki Ang Chan I (1516-1566) ya koma babban birnin kasar daga Phnom Penh zuwa arewa zuwa Longvek a gabar kogin Tonle Sap.Ciniki ya kasance muhimmiyar alama kuma "... ko da yake sun bayyana cewa suna da matsayi na biyu a fannin kasuwancin Asiya a cikin karni na 16, tashar jiragen ruwa na Cambodia sun yi girma."Kayayyakin da aka yi ciniki a wurin sun hada da duwatsu masu daraja, karafa, siliki, auduga, turare, hauren giwa, lacquer, dabbobi (ciki har da giwa), da kahon karkanda.
Siamese Encroachment
Sarki Naresuan karni na 16. ©Ano
1591 Jan 1 - 1594 Jan 3

Siamese Encroachment

Longvek, Cambodia
Masarautar Ayutthaya karkashin jagorancin Yariman Thailand kuma sarkin yaki Naresuan sun kai wa Cambodia hari a shekara ta 1583. [59] Yakin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1591 lokacin da Ayutthaya ya mamaye Cambodia a matsayin martani ga hare-haren Khmer na ci gaba da kai wa yankinsu.Masarautar Cambodia kuma tana fuskantar sabani na addini a cikin kasar.Wannan ya baiwa Siamese cikakkiyar dama ta mamayewa.An kama Longvek a shekara ta 1594 wanda ya zama farkon kafa gwamnan sojan Siamese a birnin.A karon farko an kafa wani mataki na kula da harkokin siyasa na kasashen waje a kan masarautar yayin da aka rage kujerar mulki zuwa na vassal.[60] Bayan kama Siam a babban birnin kasar a Longvek, an yi garkuwa da 'yan gidan sarautar Cambodia kuma aka koma da su a kotun Ayutthaya, an kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin tasirin Thai na dindindin kuma an bar su don sasantawa da yin gasa da juna a ƙarƙashin binciken mai mulki.[61]
Kambodiya-Yaƙin Spain
Cambodian–Spanish War ©Anonymous
1593 Jan 1 - 1597

Kambodiya-Yaƙin Spain

Phnom Penh, Cambodia
A cikin Fabrairu 1593, mai mulkin Thai Naresuan ya kai hari Cambodia.[62] Daga baya, a watan Mayu 1593, sojojin Thai (Siamese) 100,000 suka mamaye Cambodia.[63] Yawan fadada Siamese, wanda daga baya ya sami amincewarkasar Sin , ya kori Sarkin Cambodia Satha I don neman abokansa a ketare, a karshe ya gano shi a cikin dan wasan Portuguese Diogo Veloso da abokansa na Spain Blas Ruiz de Hernán Gonzáles da Gregorio Vargas Machuca.[64] Yaƙin Kambodiya–Spanish yunƙuri ne na cin Kambodiya a madadin Sarki Satha I da Kiristanci al'ummar Cambodia ta DaularSipaniya da Fotigal .[65] Tare da Mutanen Espanya, Sifen Filipinos, ƴan ƙasar Filipinos , ƴan ma'aikata na Mexico , da sojojin hayana Japan sun shiga cikin mamayewar Cambodia.[66 <>] Saboda cin kashin da aka yi mata, shirin kiristanci na Spain na Kambodiya ya gaza.[67] Daga baya Laksamana an kashe Barom Reachea II.Cambodia ta zama mamayar Thai a cikin Yuli 1599. [68]
Zaman Oudong
Oudong Era ©Anonymous
1618 Jan 1 - 1866

Zaman Oudong

Saigon, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet
Masarautar Cambodia tana tsakiya ne a Mekong, tana samun ci gaba a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na cibiyar kasuwanci ta tekun Asiya, [69] ta hanyar da aka fara tuntuɓar masu binciken Turai da masu fafutuka.[70 <>] A karni na 17 Siam da Vietnam sun ƙara fafatawa a kan kula da rafin Mekong mai albarka, suna ƙara matsa lamba kan raunanar Cambodia.Wannan shine farkon dangantakar kai tsaye tsakanin Angkor Cambodia da Vietnam.Vietnamese akan "Maris ta Kudu" sun isa Prei Nokor/Saigon a Mekong Delta a karni na 17.Wannan taron ya fara tafiyar hawainiya da Cambodia ke rasa damar shiga teku da kasuwancin ruwa mai zaman kansa.[71]
Dominance Siam-Vietnamese
Siam-Vietnamese Dominance ©Anonymous
1700 Jan 1 - 1800

Dominance Siam-Vietnamese

Mekong-delta, Vietnam
Mallakar Siamese da Vietnamese ya tsananta a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga kujerar mulki akai-akai yayin da ikon sarautar Khmer ya ragu zuwa yanayin vassal.Siam, wanda watakila an yi masa shari'a a matsayin abokin adawa da kutsawar Vietnam a karni na 18, ita kanta ta shiga cikin rikice-rikice da aka dade da Burma kuma a cikin 1767 babban birnin Siamese na Ayutthaya ya lalace gaba daya.Koyaya, Siam ya murmure kuma nan da nan ya sake tabbatar da ikonsa a kan Cambodia.An nada matashin sarki Khmer Ang Eng (1779-96) a matsayin sarki a Oudong yayin da Siam ya mamaye lardunan Battambang na Cambodia da Siem Reap.Sarakunan yankin sun zama ’yan boko a karkashin mulkin Siamese kai tsaye.[72]Siam da Vietnam suna da halaye daban-daban game da dangantakarsu da Cambodia.Siamese sun yi tarayya da Khmer addini, tatsuniyoyi, adabi, da al'adu guda ɗaya, bayan sun ɗauki ayyukan addini da al'adu da yawa.[73] Sarakunan Chakri na Thai sun bi tsarin Chakravatin na kyakkyawan shugaba na duniya, bisa ɗabi'a da kyautatawa suna mulkin dukan talakawansa.'Yan Vietnamese sun kafa wata manufa ta wayewa, yayin da suke kallon mutanen Khmer a matsayin marasa al'ada kuma suna ɗaukar ƙasar Khmer a matsayin halaltacciyar wurin mamaya daga Vietnam.[74]Wani sabon gwagwarmaya tsakanin Siam da Vietnam don iko da Cambodia da mashigin Mekong a farkon karni na 19 ya haifar da mamayar Vietnam a kan wani sarkin Kambodiya.Ƙoƙarin tilasta wa 'yan Cambodia yin amfani da al'adun Vietnamese ya haifar da tawaye da yawa ga mulkin Vietnam.Mafi shahara ya faru daga 1840 zuwa 1841, yana yaduwa a yawancin ƙasar.Yankin Mekong Delta ya zama rikici na yanki tsakanin Cambodia da Vietnamese.A hankali Cambodia ta rasa iko da yankin Mekong Delta.
Mamayewar Vietnamese na Kambodiya
Wasu sojoji a cikin sojojin Lord Nguyen Phuc Anh. ©Am Che
1813 Jan 1 - 1845

Mamayewar Vietnamese na Kambodiya

Cambodia
Mamayewar Vietnam na Cambodia yana nufin lokacin tarihin Cambodia, tsakanin 1813 zuwa 1845, lokacin da daular Nguyễn ta Vietnam ta mamaye Masarautar Cambodia sau uku, da ɗan gajeren lokaci daga 1834 zuwa 1841 lokacin da Cambodia ta kasance wani yanki na lardin Tāy Thành a ciki. Vietnam, wanda sarakunan Vietnam Gia Long (r. 1802-1819) da Minh Mạng (r. 1820-1841) suka yi.Mamaya na farko da ya faru a cikin 1811-1813 ya sanya Cambodia a matsayin mulkin abokin ciniki na Vietnam.Mamaye na biyu a 1833-1834 ya sanya Cambodia ta zama lardin Vietnam.Tsananin mulkin Minh Mạng na Cambodia a ƙarshe ya ƙare bayan ya mutu a farkon 1841, lamarin da ya zo daidai da tawayen Cambodia, kuma dukansu sun haifar da tsoma bakin Siamese a 1842. Mamaye na uku na 1845 wanda bai yi nasara ba ya haifar da 'yancin kai na Cambodia.Siam da Vietnam sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a 1847, wanda ya ba Cambodia damar sake tabbatar da 'yancin kai a 1848.
Tawayen Kambodiya
Cambodian Rebellion ©Anonymous
1840 Jan 1 - 1841

Tawayen Kambodiya

Cambodia
A cikin 1840, Sarauniyar Cambodia Ang Mey ta kori daga Vietnam ;an kama ta kuma aka tura ta zuwa Vietnam tare da danginta da kuma kayan sarauta.Lamarin da ya jawo shi, da yawa daga cikin sarakunan Cambodia da mabiyansu sun yi tawaye ga mulkin Vietnam.[75 '] Yan tawayen sun yi kira ga Siam wanda ya goyi bayan wani mai da'awar sarautar Cambodia, Prince Ang Duong.Rama III ya amsa kuma ya aika Ang Duong daga gudun hijira a Bangkok tare da sojojin Siamese don dora shi kan karaga.[76]'Yan Vietnamese sun sha fama da hari daga sojojin Siamese da 'yan tawayen Cambodia.Abin da ya fi muni, a Cochinchina, an yi tawaye da yawa.Babban ƙarfin Vietnamese ya yi tafiya zuwa Cochinchina don kawar da waɗannan tawaye.Thiệu Trị, sabon sarkin Vietnam mai sarauta, ya yanke shawarar neman ƙudiri na lumana.[77] Trương Minh Giảng, Gwamna-Janar na Trấn Tây (Cambodia), an sake kiransa.An kama Giảng kuma daga baya ya kashe kansa a kurkuku.[78]Ang Duong ya amince ya sanya Cambodia karkashin haɗin gwiwar Siamese-Vietnamese kariya a 1846. Vietnamese sun saki sarautar Cambodia kuma sun mayar da kayan sarauta.A lokaci guda kuma sojojin Vietnam sun janye daga Cambodia.A ƙarshe, Vietnamese sun rasa ikon wannan ƙasa, Cambodia ta sami 'yancin kai daga Vietnam.Ko da yake akwai wasu 'yan sojojin Siamese da suka zauna a Cambodia, sarkin Cambodia yana da 'yancin kai fiye da da.[79]
1863 - 1953
Zaman Mulkiornament
Kariyar Faransa ta Cambodia
Sarki Norodom, sarki wanda ya fara kai farmaki zuwa Faransa don mayar da Cambodia ta zama mai tsaro a 1863 don tserewa matsin lamba na Siamese. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1863 Jan 1 - 1945

Kariyar Faransa ta Cambodia

Cambodia
A farkon karni na 19 tare da dauloli a Vietnam da Siam sun kafu, Cambodia ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon haɗin gwiwa, bayan da ta rasa ikonta na ƙasa.Wakilin Birtaniya John Crawfurd ya ce: "...Sarkin wannan tsohuwar Mulkin a shirye yake ya jefa kansa a karkashin kariyar kowace al'ummar Turai..." Don ceton Cambodia daga shigar cikin Vietnam da Siam, Cambodiyawa sun roki taimakon Luzones/ Lucoes ( Filibiyawa daga Luzon-Philippines) waɗanda a baya suka shiga yaƙe-yaƙe na Burmese-Siamese a matsayin ƴan haya.Lokacin da ofishin jakadanci ya isa Luzon, sarakunan yanzuMutanen Espanya ne, don haka suka nemi taimako su ma, tare da sojojinsu na Latin Amurka da aka shigo da su daga Mexico , don mayar da Sarkin Kirista na lokacin, Satha II, a matsayin sarkin Cambodia, wannan. bayan an dakile wani hari na Thai/Siamese.Sai dai hakan na ɗan lokaci ne kawai.Duk da haka, Sarki na gaba, Ang Duong, shi ma ya nemi taimakon Faransawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Espanya (Kamar yadda daular Faransa ta Bourbons ke mulkin Spain).Sarkin Kambodiya ya amince da ba da kariya ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa don dawo da wanzuwar masarautar Cambodia, wanda ya fara aiki bayan da sarki Norodom Prohmbarirak ya rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da kariyar Faransa a hukumance a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1863. A cikin 1860s Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun mamaye Mekong. Delta da kafa mulkin mallaka na Cochinchina na Faransa.
1885 Jan 1 - 1887

Tawaye na 1885-1887

Cambodia
Shekarun farko na mulkin Faransa a Cambodia sun haɗa da gyare-gyare masu yawa a cikin siyasar Cambodia, kamar rage ikon sarki da kuma kawar da bautar.A cikin 1884, gwamnan Cochinchina, Charles Antoine François Thomson, ya yi ƙoƙari ya hambarar da sarki tare da kafa cikakken ikon Faransanci akan Cambodia ta hanyar aika wani ƙaramin ƙarfi zuwa fadar sarki a Phnom Penh.Yunkurin ya ɗan yi nasara ne kawai yayin da gwamnan-janar na Indochina na Faransa ya hana cikakken mulkin mallaka saboda yuwuwar rigingimu da ƴan ƙasar Cambodia kuma ikon sarkin ya ragu zuwa na wani adadi.[80]A cikin 18880, Si Votha, ɗan'uwan Norodom kuma mai neman kujerar sarauta, ya jagoranci tawaye don kawar da Norodom na Faransa bayan ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Siam.Da yake tattara goyon baya daga masu adawa da Norodom da Faransa, Si Votha ya jagoranci tawayen da ya fi mayar da hankali a cikin gandun daji na Cambodia da kuma birnin Kampot inda Oknha Kralahom "Kong" ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar.Daga baya sojojin Faransa sun taimaka wa Norodom don kayar da Si Votha a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin cewa za a kwance wa al'ummar Cambodia makamai tare da amincewa da babban birnin kasar a matsayin mafi girman iko a yankin.[80] An sake kiran Oknha Kralahom "Kong" zuwa Phnom Penh don tattaunawa game da zaman lafiya da sarki Norodom da jami'an Faransa, amma sojojin Faransa sun kama su kuma suka kashe shi, wanda ya kawo karshen tawayen a hukumance.
Ƙasar Faransa ta Kambodiya
French Subjugation of Cambodia ©Anonymous
1898 Jan 1

Ƙasar Faransa ta Kambodiya

Cambodia
A cikin 1896, Faransa da Daular Biritaniya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa da tasirin juna akan Indochina, musamman akan Siam .A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Siam dole ne ya mayar da lardin Battambang zuwa Cambodia karkashin ikon Faransa.Yarjejeniyar ta amince da ikon Faransanci akan Vietnam (ciki har da mulkin mallaka na Cochinchina da masu kare Annam da Tonkin), Cambodia, da kuma Laos , wanda aka kara a 1893 bayan nasarar Faransa a yakin Franco-Siamese da kuma tasirin Faransa a gabashin Siam.Gwamnatin Faransa kuma daga baya ta sanya sabbin mukamai na gudanarwa a cikin mulkin mallaka kuma ta fara bunkasa shi ta fuskar tattalin arziki yayin gabatar da al'adun Faransanci da yare ga mazauna yankin a matsayin wani bangare na shirin hadewa.[81]A shekara ta 1897, babban mai mulki ya koka da Paris cewa sarkin Cambodia na yanzu, King Norodom bai cancanci yin mulki ba kuma ya nemi izini ya ɗauki ikon sarki na karɓar haraji, ba da doka, har ma da nada jami'an sarauta da zabar rawani. sarakuna.Tun daga wannan lokacin, Norodom da sarakunan Cambodia na gaba sun kasance manyan mutane kuma kawai masu bin addinin Buddha ne a Cambodia, ko da yake har yanzu mazauna karkara suna kallon su a matsayin sarakunan allah.Duk sauran iko sun kasance a hannun Babban Shugaban Kasa da na mulkin mallaka.An kafa wannan tsarin mulki galibi na jami'an Faransa ne, kuma Asiyawa kawai da aka ba da izinin shiga cikin gwamnati su ne 'yan kabilar Vietnam, waɗanda ake kallon su a matsayin manyan Asiyawa a cikin Tarayyar Indochinese.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Cambodia
Sojojin Japan akan kekuna sun shiga Saigon ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1940 Jan 1 - 1945

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Cambodia

Cambodia
Bayan faduwar Faransa a 1940, Cambodia da sauran Indochina na Faransa sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Axis-yar tsana Vichy Faransa kuma duk da mamayar Faransa Indochina,Japan ta ƙyale jami'an mulkin mallaka na Faransa su ci gaba da zama a yankunansu karkashin kulawar Japan.A cikin Disamba 1940, Faransa-Thai War ya barke kuma duk da tsayin daka na Faransanci ga sojojin Japan da ke goyon bayan Japan , Japan ta tilasta hukumomin Faransa su ba da Battambang, Sisophon, Siem Reap (ban da garin Siem Reap) da Preah Vihear zuwa Thailand.[82]Batun mulkin mallaka na Turai a Asiya na daga cikin wadanda shugabannin kawancen manyan kasashen uku, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Stalin, da Churchill suka tattauna a lokacin yakin a taron koli guda uku - taron Alkahira, taron Tehran da taron Yalta.Dangane da yankunan Asiya da ba na Birtaniyya ba, Roosevelt da Stalin sun yanke shawara a Tehran cewa Faransa da Holland ba za su koma Asiya ba bayan yakin.Mutuwar Roosevelt kafin ƙarshen yaƙin, ya biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban da abin da Roosevelt ya yi hasashe.Birtaniya ta goyi bayan dawo da mulkin Faransa da Holland a Asiya tare da shirya aika sojojin Indiya karkashin umurnin Birtaniya don wannan dalili.[83]A kokarin neman goyon bayan gida a watannin karshe na yakin, Jafanawa sun narkar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a ranar 9 ga Maris 1945, kuma sun bukaci Cambodia da ta ayyana 'yancin kai a cikin Babban Gabas ta Gabas ta Co-Prosperity Sphere.Bayan kwana hudu, Sarki Sihanouk ya zartar da Kampuchea mai zaman kansa (lafazin Khmer na asali na Cambodia).A ranar 15 ga Agustan 1945, ranar da Japan ta mika wuya, an kafa sabuwar gwamnati inda Son Ngoc Thanh ke rike da mukamin Firayim Minista.Lokacin da sojojin ƙawance suka mamaye Phnom Penh a watan Oktoba, an kama Thanh don haɗin gwiwar Japan kuma an tura shi gudun hijira a Faransa don ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare.
1953
Zamanin Bayan 'Yancin Kaiornament
Zaman Sangkum
Bikin maraba da Sihanouk a kasar Sin, 1956. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1953 Jan 2 - 1970

Zaman Sangkum

Cambodia
Masarautar Cambodia, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Kambodiya ta Farko, wacce aka fi sani da zamanin Sangkum, tana nufin gwamnatin Norodom Sihanouk ta farko ta Cambodia daga 1953 zuwa 1970, wani lokaci mai matukar muhimmanci a tarihin kasar.Sihanouk ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a kudu maso gabashin Asiya mai cike da rudani kuma galibi mai ban tausayi bayan yakin.Daga 1955 har zuwa 1970, Sihanouk's Sangkum ita ce kawai jam'iyyar doka a Cambodia.[84]Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu , Faransa ta maido da mulkin mallaka na Indochina amma ta fuskanci turjiya a cikin gida wajen adawa da mulkinsu, musamman daga sojojin gurguzu.A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1953 za ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a karkashin Norodom Sihanouk amma har yanzu tana fuskantar turjiya daga kungiyoyin gurguzu kamar United Issarak Front.Yayin da yakin Vietnam ya karu, Cambodia ta nemi ta kasance tsaka-tsaki amma a cikin 1965, an ba da damar sojojin Arewacin Vietnam su kafa sansani kuma a cikin 1969, Amurka ta fara yakin bam a kan sojojin Arewacin Vietnam a Cambodia.Za a soke daular Cambodia a juyin mulkin da Amurka ta yi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1970 karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Lon Nol wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Khmer wanda ya dade har zuwa faduwar Phnom Penh a 1975. [85.]
Yakin Basasa Kambodiya
2D Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry, ya shiga Snuol, Cambodia. ©US Department of Defense
1967 Mar 11 - 1975 Apr 17

Yakin Basasa Kambodiya

Cambodia
Yaƙin basasa na Cambodia yaƙin basasa ne a Cambodia wanda aka gwabza tsakanin dakarun Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kampuchea (wanda aka fi sani da Khmer Rouge, wanda Arewacin Vietnam da Viet Cong ke goyon bayan) akan sojojin gwamnatin Masarautar Cambodia kuma, bayan Oktoba 1970 , Jamhuriyar Khmer, wadda ta gaji mulkin (dukkan su suna goyon bayan Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam).Gwagwarmayar dai ta kasance mai sarkakiya sakamakon tasiri da ayyukan abokan kawancen bangarorin biyu masu fada da juna.Rundunar Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam (PAVN) an tsara shi ne don kare Tushenta da wuraren tsafi a gabashin Cambodia, idan ba tare da hakan ba zai yi wahala a ci gaba da kokarin soja a Kudancin Vietnam.Da farko Yarima Sihanouk, shugaban kasar Cambodia ya amince da kasancewarsu, amma adawar cikin gida hade da China da Arewacin Vietnam na ci gaba da ba da taimako ga Khmer Rouge mai adawa da gwamnati ya firgita Sihanouk kuma ya sa ya tafi Moscow don neman mulkin Soviets. a cikin halin Arewacin Vietnam.[86] Tsokatar da Sihanouk da Majalisar Kambodiya ta yi a cikin Maris 1970, biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a babban birnin kasar don nuna adawa da kasancewar sojojin PAVN a cikin kasar, ya sanya gwamnatin Amurka mai goyon bayan Amurka (daga baya ta ayyana Jamhuriyar Khmer) wacce ta bukaci cewa PAVN ta bar Cambodia.PAVN ta ƙi kuma, bisa buƙatar Khmer Rouge, da sauri suka mamaye Cambodia da ƙarfi.Tsakanin Maris da Yuni 1970, Arewacin Vietnamese sun kama mafi yawan arewa maso gabas na uku na ƙasar tare da sojojin Cambodia.Arewacin Vietnam ya juya wasu daga cikin mamayar da suka yi tare da ba da wasu taimako ga Khmer Rouge, ta haka ya ba da ikon abin da yake a lokacin wani karamin yunkuri.[87] Gwamnatin Cambodia ta yi gaggawar faɗaɗa sojojinta don yaƙar Arewacin Vietnam da ƙarfin girma na Khmer Rouge.[88]Sha'awar Amurka ce ta sa ta ba da lokaci don ficewa daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, don kare ƙawarta a Kudancin Vietnam, da kuma hana yaduwar gurguzu zuwa Cambodia.Sojojin Amurka da na Kudu da Arewacin Vietnam sun shiga kai tsaye (a wani lokaci ko wani) a cikin fadan.{Asar Amirka ta taimaka wa gwamnatin tsakiya da gagarumin yakin bama-bamai na jiragen sama na Amurka, da taimakon kayan aiki da na kudi kai tsaye, yayin da Arewacin Vietnamese ke ajiye sojoji a yankunan da suka mamaye a baya, kuma a wasu lokuta suna shiga sojojin Jamhuriyar Khmer a yakin kasa.Bayan shekaru biyar na gwabza kazamin fada, gwamnatin Republican ta sha kashi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1975 lokacin da Khmer Rouge mai nasara ya yi shelar kafa Democratic Kampuchea.Yakin ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira a Cambodia tare da mutane miliyan biyu - fiye da kashi 25 na al'ummar - sun kaura daga yankunan karkara zuwa cikin birane, musamman Phnom Penh wanda ya karu daga kimanin 600,000 a 1970 zuwa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 a 1975.
Zamanin Khmer Rouge
Sojojin Khmer Rouge. ©Documentary Educational Resources
1975 Jan 1 - 1979

Zamanin Khmer Rouge

Cambodia
Nan da nan bayan nasarar da ta samu, CPK ta ba da umarnin kaura daga dukkan garuruwa da garuruwa, inda ta tura daukacin jama'ar biranen zuwa karkara domin yin aikin noma, yayin da CPK ke kokarin sake fasalin al'umma zuwa wani tsari da Pol Pot ya dauka.Sabuwar gwamnati ta nemi sake fasalin al'ummar Cambodia gaba daya.Ragowar tsohuwar al'umma aka kawar da addini.An tattara aikin noma, kuma an watsar da sashin da ya rage na masana'antar ko kuma aka sanya shi ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.Kambodiya ba ta da kuɗin kuɗi ko tsarin banki.Dangantakar Demokradiyar Kampuchea da Vietnam da Tailandia ta kara tabarbarewa cikin sauri sakamakon rikicin kan iyaka da bambance-bambancen akida.Yayin da 'yan gurguzu, CPK ta kasance mai tsananin kishin ƙasa, kuma yawancin membobinta da suka zauna a Vietnam an wanke su.Demokradiyar Kampuchea ta kulla dangantaka ta kud da kut da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin , kuma rikicin Cambodia da Vietnam ya zama wani bangare na fafatawa tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet, tare da Moscow ta goyi bayan Vietnam.Rikicin kan iyaka ya tsananta lokacin da sojojin Demokrat Kampuchea suka kai hari a kauyukan Vietnam.Gwamnatin ta yanke hulda da Hanoi a watan Disambar 1977, inda ta nuna rashin amincewa da yunkurin da Vietnam ta yi na samar da Tarayyar Indochina.A tsakiyar 1978, sojojin Vietnam sun mamaye Cambodia, suna tafiya kusan mil 30 (kilomita 48) kafin zuwan lokacin damina.Dalilan goyon bayan da kasar Sin ke baiwa kungiyar CPK shi ne hana wani yunkuri na Pan-Indochina, da kuma kiyaye martabar sojojin kasar Sin a yankin.Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi bayan Vietnam mai karfi don ci gaba da yin gaba na biyu a kan kasar Sin idan ana rikici da kuma hana ci gaba da fadada kasar Sin.Tun bayan mutuwar Stalin, dangantakar dake tsakanin kasar Sin mai mulkin Mao da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali.A watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris 1979, Sin da Vietnam za su yi yaƙi da taƙaitaccen yakin Sino-Bietnam kan batun.A cikin CPK, jagorancin ilimi na Paris-Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, Nuon Chea, da Son Sen - sun kasance masu iko.Wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin Janairu 1976 ya kafa Democratic Kampuchea a matsayin Jamhuriyyar Kwaminisanci, kuma an zaɓi Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Kampuchea (PRA) mai wakilai 250 a watan Maris don zaɓar shugabancin gama-gari na fadar shugaban ƙasa, wanda shugabanta. ya zama shugaban kasa.Yarima Sihanouk ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 2 ga Afrilu kuma an kama shi a gidan kama-karya.
Kisan Kambodiya
Wannan hoton yana nuna wurin da yara 'yan gudun hijirar Cambodia da yawa ke jira a kan layi a tashar abinci don karɓar abinci. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1975 Apr 17 - 1979 Jan 7

Kisan Kambodiya

Killing Fields, ផ្លូវជើងឯក, Ph
Kisan kare dangi na Cambodia shine tsangwama da kashe 'yan kasar Cambodia da Khmer Rouge ke yi a karkashin jagorancin babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kampuchea Pol Pot.Ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2 daga 1975 zuwa 1979, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar Cambodia a 1975 (kimanin miliyan 7.8).[89 <>] Kisan kiyashin ya ƙare lokacin da sojojin Vietnam suka mamaye a 1978 suka hambarar da gwamnatin Khmer Rouge.Ya zuwa Janairu 1979, mutane miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2 sun mutu saboda manufofin Khmer Rouge, ciki har da 200,000-300,000 na China Cambodia, 90,000-500,000 Cambodia Cham (waɗanda galibi musulmi ne), [90] da 20,000 na Kambodiyawan Vietnam.[91] Mutane 20,000 sun wuce ta gidan yarin Tsaro 21, daya daga cikin gidajen yari 196 da Khmer Rouge ke gudanarwa, [92] kuma manya bakwai ne kawai suka tsira.[93 <>] An kai fursunonin zuwa Filin Kisa, inda aka kashe su (sau da yawa da tsinke, don ajiye harsasai) [94] kuma an binne su a cikin kaburbura.Sace da koyar da yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma da yawa an lallashi ko tilasta musu aikata ta’asa.[95] Tun daga 2009, Cibiyar Takaddun shaida ta Cambodia ta tsara kaburbura 23,745 da ke dauke da kusan mutane miliyan 1.3 da ake zargin wadanda aka kashe.An yi imanin aiwatar da kisa kai tsaye ya kai kashi 60% na adadin wadanda suka mutu na kisan kare dangi, [96] tare da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa suka mutu ga yunwa, gajiya, ko cuta.Kisan gillar ya haifar da kwararowar 'yan gudun hijira na biyu, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsere zuwa makwabciyarta Thailand da kuma, a takaice, Vietnam.[97]A cikin 2001, gwamnatin Cambodia ta kafa Kotun Khmer Rouge don gwada membobin Khmer Rouge da ke da alhakin kisan kiyashin Cambodia.An fara shari'a a shekara ta 2009, kuma a cikin 2014, an yanke wa Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan hukunci tare da samun hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da aka aikata a lokacin kisan kare dangi.
Sana&#39;ar Vietnamese &amp; PRK
Yaƙin Kambodiya-Vietnamese ©Anonymous
1979 Jan 1 - 1993

Sana'ar Vietnamese & PRK

Cambodia
A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1979, bayan sojojin Vietnam da KUFNS (Kampuchean United Front for National Ceto) suka mamaye Cambodia tare da hambarar da Khmer Rouge, an kafa sabuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea (PRK) tare da Heng Samrin a matsayin shugaban kasa.Dakarun Khmer Rouge na Pol Pot sun ja da baya cikin sauri zuwa cikin dazuzzukan da ke kusa da kan iyakar Thailand.Khmer Rouge da PRK sun fara gwagwarmaya mai tsada wanda ya shiga hannun manyan kasasheChina , Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet .Mulkin Khmer People's Revolutionary Party ya haifar da wani yunkuri na gungun manyan kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya guda uku - FUNCINPEC (Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Indépendant, Neutre, Pacifique, et Coopératif), KPLNF (Khmer People's National Liberation Front) da PDK ( Jam'iyyar Democratic Kampuchea, Khmer Rouge karkashin shugabancin Khieu Samphan na maraice).[98] "Dukkan ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba game da dalilai da yanayin makomar Cambodia".Yakin basasa ya raba 'yan kasar Cambodia 600,000, wadanda suka yi gudun hijira zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke kan iyaka zuwa Thailand kuma an kashe dubunnan mutane a fadin kasar.[99] An fara ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya a birnin Paris a cikin 1989 a ƙarƙashin Ƙasar Cambodia, wanda ya ƙare bayan shekaru biyu a cikin Oktoba 1991 a cikin cikakkiyar sulhu.An bai wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wa'adin aiwatar da tsagaita bude wuta tare da tunkarar 'yan gudun hijira da kwance damarar makamai da aka fi sani da Hukumar Rikon kwarya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cambodia (UNTAC).[100]
Kambodiya ta zamani
Sihanouk (dama) tare da dansa, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, a ziyarar duba lafiyar ANS a shekarun 1980. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1993 Jan 1

Kambodiya ta zamani

Cambodia
Bayan faduwar mulkin Pol Pot na Democratic Kampuchea, Cambodia ta kasance ƙarƙashin mamaya na Vietnam kuma an kafa gwamnatin Hanoi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea.Yakin basasa ya barke a cikin shekarun 1980 yana adawa da gwamnatin Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces da gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta Democratic Kampuchea, gwamnati a gudun hijira da ta kunshi bangarori uku na siyasa Cambodia: Prince Norodom Sihanouk's FUNCINPEC jam'iyyar, Party of Democratic Kampuchea (sau da yawa ake magana a kai). Khmer Rouge) da Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF).Ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya ya tsananta a 1989 da 1991 tare da tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa guda biyu a birnin Paris, kuma tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen tsagaita wuta.A matsayin wani bangare na yunkurin zaman lafiya, an gudanar da zabukan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa a shekarar 1993, kuma sun taimaka wajen dawo da wani kamanceceniya, kamar yadda saurin raguwar Khmer Rouge ya yi a tsakiyar shekarun 1990.An maido da Norodom Sihanouk a matsayin Sarki.Gwamnatin hadin gwiwa, wacce aka kafa bayan zabukan kasa a shekarar 1998, ta kawo sabuntar zaman lafiyar siyasa da mika wuya na sauran dakarun Khmer Rouge a 1998.
1997 juyin mulkin Cambodia
Firayim Minista na biyu Hun Sen. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1997 Jul 5 - Jul 7

1997 juyin mulkin Cambodia

Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Hun Sen da gwamnatinsa sun ga cece-kuce da yawa.Hun Sen ya kasance tsohon kwamandan Khmer Rouge wanda asalin Vietnamese ne ya kafa shi kuma, bayan Vietnamese ya bar ƙasar, yana riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan matsayinsa ta hanyar tashin hankali da zalunci idan aka ga ya cancanta.[101 <] > A cikin 1997, saboda tsoron ƙara ƙarfin ikon abokin aikinsa, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun ya kaddamar da juyin mulki, inda ya yi amfani da sojoji wajen wanke Ranariddh da magoya bayansa.An kori Ranariddh ya tsere zuwa birnin Paris yayin da aka kama wasu masu adawa da Hun Sen, an azabtar da su wasu kuma aka kashe su.[101]
Cambodia tun daga 2000
Kasuwa a Phnom Penh, 2007. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2000 Jan 1

Cambodia tun daga 2000

Cambodia
Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Kasa ta Cambodia ta ruguje gabanin babban zaben kasar Cambodia na 2018 kuma jam'iyyar Jama'ar Cambodia mai mulki ta kuma sanya dokar hana zirga-zirga a kafafen yada labarai.[102 <>] Jam’iyyar CPP ta lashe kowace kujera a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ba tare da wata babbar hamayya ba, ta yadda za ta tabbatar da mulkin jam’iyya ɗaya a ƙasar.[103]Firaministan Cambodia wanda ya dade yana mulki Hun Sen, daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi dadewa kan karagar mulki, yana da kwakkwaran rikon mulki.Ana zarginsa da murkushe 'yan adawa da masu suka.Jam'iyyarsa ta Cambodia People's Party (CPP) ce ke kan karagar mulki tun 1979. A watan Disambar 2021, Firayim Minista Hun Sen ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga dansa Hun Manet ya gaje shi bayan zabe mai zuwa, wanda ake sa ran za a yi a shekarar 2023. [104.]

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Physical Geography Map of Cambodia


Physical Geography Map of Cambodia
Physical Geography Map of Cambodia ©freeworldmaps.net




APPENDIX 2

Angkor Wat


Play button




APPENDIX 3

Story of Angkor Wat After the Angkorian Empire


Play button

Footnotes



  1. Joachim Schliesinger (2015). Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 1: Introduction and Overview. Booksmango. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-63323-232-7.
  2. "Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia – The case of Phnom Teak Treang and Laang Spean cave, Cambodia: The potential for World Heritage site nomination; the significance of the site for human evolution in Asia, and the need for international cooperation" (PDF). World Heritage. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  3. Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751.
  4. Stark, Miriam T. (2006). "Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 26: 98–109. doi:10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11998. hdl:10524/1535.
  5. Martin Stuart-Fox (2003). A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence. Allen & Unwin. p. 29. ISBN 9781864489545.
  6. "THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF KHMER ART - History of Funan - The Liang Shu account from Chinese Empirical Records". Wintermeier collection.
  7. Stark, Miriam T. (2003). "Chapter III: Angkor Borei and the Archaeology of Cambodia's Mekong Delta" (PDF). In Khoo, James C. M. (ed.). Art and Archaeology of Fu Nan. Bangkok: Orchid Press. p. 89.
  8. "Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia by Miriam T. Stark - Chinese documentary evidence described walled and moated cities..." (PDF).
  9. "Southeast Asian Riverine and Island Empires by Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton - Early Funan was composed of a number of communities..." (PDF).
  10. Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, P. Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999). "Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. University of Hawai'i-Manoa.
  11. "Khmer Ceramics by Dawn Rooney – The language of Funan was..." (PDF). Oxford University Press 1984.
  12. Stark, M. T. (2006). From Funan to Angkor: Collapse and regeneration in ancient Cambodia. After collapse: The regeneration of complex societies, 144–167.
  13. Nick Ray (2009). Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos & the Greater Mekong. Lonely Planet. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-74179-174-7.
  14. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  15. Vickery, Michael (1994), What and Where was Chenla?, École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris, p. 3.
  16. Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6, p. 112.
  17. Higham, Charles (2015). "At the dawn of history: From Iron Age aggrandisers to Zhenla kings". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 437 (3): 418–437. doi:10.1017/S0022463416000266. S2CID 163462810 – via Cambridge University Press.
  18. Thakur, Upendra. Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by p.2
  19. Jacques Dumarçay; Pascal Royère (2001). Cambodian Architecture: Eighth to Thirteenth Centuries. BRILL. p. 109. ISBN 978-90-04-11346-6.
  20. "THE JOURNAL OF THE SIAM SOCIETY - AN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THAILAND Vol. LII Part 1-2 1964 - The Australian National University Canberra" (PDF). The Australian National University.
  21. "Chenla – 550–800". Global Security. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  22. Albanese, Marilia (2006). The Treasures of Angkor. Italy: White Star. p. 24. ISBN 88-544-0117-X.
  23. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  24. David G. Marr; Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 244. ISBN 9971-988-39-9. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  25. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  26. Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975). Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18(3):318–336.
  27. A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development by Kenneth R. Hall p. 182
  28. Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 9789747534993, p. 72.
  29. Ngô, Văn Doanh (2005). Mỹ Sơn relics. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. OCLC 646634414, p. 188.
  30. Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan Education, Limited. ISBN 978-1349165216, p. 205.
  31. Higham, C. (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-1842125847
  32. Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
  33. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  34. Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195160765., pp. 162–163.
  35. Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-595494-9, p. 524.
  36. Hall 1981, p. 205
  37. Coedès 1968, p. 160.
  38. Hall 1981, p. 206.
  39. Maspero 2002, p. 78.
  40. Turnbull 2001, p. 44.
  41. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  42. Higham, C. (2014). Early Mainland Southeast Asia. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 978-6167339443.
  43. Coedès 1968, p. 170.
  44. Maspero 2002, p. 79.
  45. Ngô, Văn Doanh (2005). Mỹ Sơn relics. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. OCLC 646634414, p. 189.
  46. Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-317-27903-4, p. 436.
  47. Coedès 1968, p. 171.
  48. Maspero 2002, p. 81.
  49. Higham, C. (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-1842125847, p.133.
  50. Cœdès, George (1966), p. 127.
  51. Coedès, George (1968), p.192.
  52. Coedès, George (1968), p.211.
  53. Welch, David (1998). "Archaeology of Northeast Thailand in Relation to the Pre-Khmer and Khmer Historical Records". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (3): 205–233. doi:10.1023/A:1027320309113. S2CID 141979595.
  54. Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-19076-4.
  55. Coedès, George (1968), p.  222–223 .
  56. Coedès, George (1968), p.  236 .
  57. Coedès, George (1968), p. 236–237.
  58. "Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia". nstitute of Historical Research (IHR). Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  59. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  60. "Cambodia Lovek, the principal city of Cambodia after the sacking of Angkor by the Siamese king Boromoraja II in 1431". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  61. "Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - At the time of the invasion one group of the royal family, the reigning king and two or more princes, escaped and eventually found refuge in Laos, while another group, the king's brother and his sons, were taken as hostages to Ayutthaya". Michael Vickery’s Publications.
  62. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  63. George Childs Kohn (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. pp. 445–. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
  64. Rodao, Florentino (1997). Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939: una aportación al estudio de la presencia hispana en Asia. Editorial CSIC. pp. 11-. ISBN 978-8-400-07634-4.
  65. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981), p. 281.
  66. "The Spanish Plan to Conquer China - Conquistadors in the Philippines, Hideyoshi, the Ming Empire and more".
  67. Milton Osborne (4 September 2008). Phnom Penh: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-19-971173-4.
  68. Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). A Century of Advance. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1147–. ISBN 978-0-226-46768-9.
  69. "Giovanni Filippo de MARINI, Delle Missioni… CHAPTER VII – MISSION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA by Cesare Polenghi – It is considered one of the most renowned for trading opportunities: there is abundance..." (PDF). The Siam Society.
  70. "Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period" (PDF). University of Oxford.
  71. Peter Church (2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
  72. "War and trade: Siamese interventions in Cambodia 1767-1851 by Puangthong Rungswasdisab". University of Wollongong. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  73. "Full text of "Siamese State Ceremonies" Chapter XV – The Oath of Allegiance 197...as compared with the early Khmer Oath..."
  74. "March to the South (Nam Tiến)". Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation.
  75. Chandler, David P. (2008). A history of Cambodia (4th ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813343631, pp. 159.
  76. Chandler 2008, pp. 161.
  77. Chandler 2008, pp. 160.
  78. Chandler 2008, pp. 162.
  79. Chandler 2008, pp. 164–165.
  80. Claude Gilles, Le Cambodge: Témoignages d'hier à aujourd'hui, L'Harmattan, 2006, pages 97–98
  81. Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, page 114.
  82. Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, page 164.
  83. "Roosevelt and Stalin, The Failed Courtship" by Robert Nisbet, pub: Regnery Gateway, 1988.
  84. "Cambodia under Sihanouk (1954-70)".
  85. "Cambodia profile - Timeline". BBC News. 7 April 2011.
  86. Isaacs, Arnold; Hardy, Gordon (1988). Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939526-24-7, p. 90.
  87. "Cambodia: U.S. Invasion, 1970s". Global Security. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  88. Dmitry Mosyakov, "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives," in Susan E. Cook, ed., Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004), p.54.
  89. Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–105. ISBN 978-0-309-07334-9.
  90. "Cambodia: Holocaust and Genocide Studies". College of Liberal Arts. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  91. Philip Spencer (2012). Genocide Since 1945. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-60634-9.
  92. "Mapping the Killing Fields". Documentation Center of Cambodia.Through interviews and physical exploration, DC-Cam identified 19,733 mass burial pits, 196 prisons that operated during the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) period, and 81 memorials constructed by survivors of the DK regime.
  93. Kiernan, Ben (2014). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. Yale University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-300-14299-0.
  94. Landsiedel, Peter, "The Killing Fields: Genocide in Cambodia" Archived 21 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, ‘'P&E World Tour'’, 27 March 2017.
  95. Southerland, D (20 July 2006). "Cambodia Diary 6: Child Soldiers – Driven by Fear and Hate". Archived from the original on 20 March 2018.
  96. Seybolt, Aronson & Fischoff 2013, p. 238.
  97. State of the World's Refugees, 2000. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, p. 92.
  98. "Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia and the PRK's rule constituted a challenge on both the national and international political level. On the national level, the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party's rule gave rise...". Max-Planck-Institut.
  99. David P. Chandler, A history of Cambodia, Westview Press; Allen & Unwin, Boulder, Sydney, 1992.
  100. US Department of State. Country Profile of Cambodia.. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
  101. Brad Adams (31 May 2012). "Adams, Brad, 10,000 Days of Hun Sen, International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org". Hrw.org.
  102. "Cambodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets". Human Rights Watch. 2020-11-02.
  103. "Cambodia: Hun Sen re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown". the Guardian. 2018-07-29.
  104. "Hun Sen, Cambodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him". www.aljazeera.com.

References



  • Chanda, Nayan. "China and Cambodia: In the mirror of history." Asia Pacific Review 9.2 (2002): 1-11.
  • Chandler, David. A history of Cambodia (4th ed. 2009) online.
  • Corfield, Justin. The history of Cambodia (ABC-CLIO, 2009).
  • Herz, Martin F. Short History of Cambodia (1958) online
  • Slocomb, Margaret. An economic history of Cambodia in the twentieth century (National University of Singapore Press, 2010).
  • Strangio, Sebastian. Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond (2020)