Tarihin Mexico

Olmecs sune farkon sanannun manyan wayewar Mesoamerican.Bayan ci gaba da aka samu a Soconusco, sun mamaye wurare masu zafi na jihohin Veracruz da Tabasco na Mexico na zamani.An yi hasashe cewa Olmecs sun samo asali ne daga al'adun Mokaya maƙwabta ko Mixe-Zoque.Olmecs sun bunƙasa a lokacin zamanin Mesoamerica, tun daga farkon 1500 KZ zuwa kusan 400 KZ.Al'adun Pre-Olmec sun bunƙasa tun kimanin 2500 KZ, amma ta hanyar 1600-1500 KZ, al'adun Olmec na farko sun fito, sun kasance a kan shafin San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán kusa da bakin teku a kudu maso gabashin Veracruz.Su ne wayewar Mesoamerican ta farko, kuma sun kafa harsashi da yawa ga wayewar da ta biyo baya.Daga cikin wasu "na farko", Olmec ya bayyana yana yin aikin zubar da jini na al'ada kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Mesoamerican, alamun kusan dukkanin al'ummomin Mesoamerican na gaba.Babban abin da Olmecs suka fi sani a yanzu shine aikin zane-zanensu, musamman ma "kawuna masu girma".An fara bayyana wayewar Olmec ta hanyar kayan tarihi waɗanda masu tattarawa suka saya akan kasuwar fasahar kafin Columbia a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20.Ana ɗaukar ayyukan zane-zane na Olmec a cikin tsohuwar Amurka mafi ɗaukar hankali.

Teotihuacan tsohon birni ne na Mesoamerican da ke cikin wani yanki na kwarin Mexico, wanda ke cikin Jihar Mexico, mai tazarar kilomita 40 (mil 25) arewa maso gabashin birnin Mexico na zamani.An san Teotihuacan a yau a matsayin wurin da yawancin manyan dala na Mesoamerican da aka gina a cikin Amurka kafin Colombia, wato Pyramid of the Sun da Pyramid of the Moon.A zenith, watakila a farkon rabin karni na farko (1 CE zuwa 500 CE), Teotihuacan shine birni mafi girma a cikin Amurka, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wayewar farko a nahiyar Arewacin Amirka, tare da yawan jama'a 125,000 ko fiye. , wanda ya sanya shi aƙalla birni na shida mafi girma a duniya a zamaninsa.Birnin ya rufe murabba'in mil takwas (kilomita 21), kuma kashi 80 zuwa 90 na yawan mutanen kwarin suna zaune a Teotihuacan.Baya ga pyramids, Teotihuacan yana da mahimmanci a ilimin ɗabi'a don hadaddun mahalli na iyalai da yawa, Hanyar Matattu, da raye-raye, kyawawan zane-zane.Bugu da ƙari, Teotihuacan ya fitar da kyawawan kayan aikin obsidian da aka samu a cikin Mesoamerica.Ana tsammanin an kafa birnin a kusan 100 KZ, tare da manyan abubuwan tarihi da ake ci gaba da ginawa har zuwa kusan 250 CE.Wataƙila birnin ya daɗe har zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na 7 zuwa na 8 AZ, amma an kori manyan abubuwan tunawa da shi kuma an kona shi cikin tsari a kusan 550 CE.Rushewarta na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da matsanancin yanayi na 535-536.Teotihuacan ya fara ne a matsayin cibiyar addini a tsaunukan Mexico a kusan ƙarni na farko AZ.Ya zama cibiyar mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurkan kafin Columbia.Teotihuacan gida ne ga rukunin gidaje masu hawa da yawa da aka gina don ɗaukar yawan jama'a.Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar Teotihuacan (ko Teotihuacano) don nufin gabaɗayan wayewa da hadaddun al'adu masu alaƙa da rukunin yanar gizon.Kodayake batu ne na muhawara ko Teotihuacan shine cibiyar daular jaha, tasirinsa a duk Mesoamerica yana da kyau a rubuce.Ana samun shaidar kasancewar Teotihuacano a wurare da yawa a cikin Veracruz da yankin Maya.Aztecs na baya sun ga waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan rugujewa kuma sun yi iƙirarin zuriyarsu tare da Teotihuacanos, suna gyarawa da ɗaukar al'adunsu.Kabilar mazauna Teotihuacan ita ce batun muhawara.Ƙabilar Nahua, Otomi, ko Totonac masu yiwuwa ne.Wasu malaman sun ce Teotihuacan ya kasance mai yawan kabilu daban-daban, saboda gano al'adun gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da Maya da kuma mutanen Oto-Pamean.A bayyane yake cewa ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban sun rayu a Teotihuacan a lokacin ƙarfin ikonsa, tare da baƙi daga ko'ina, amma musamman daga Oaxaca da Tekun Fasha. Xochicalco da Tula.

An san wayewar Maya na mutanen Mesoamerican ta tsoffin haikali da glyphs.Rubutunta na Maya shine mafi ƙwaƙƙwaran tsarin rubutu da haɓaka sosai a cikin ƙasashen Amurka kafin Colombian.Hakanan ana lura da ita don fasaha, gine-gine, lissafi , kalanda, da tsarin taurari.Wayewar Maya ta samo asali ne a yankin Maya, yankin da a yau ya ƙunshi kudu maso gabashin Mexico, duk Guatemala da Belize, da kuma yammacin Honduras da El Salvador.Ya haɗa da tsaunukan arewa na Yucatán Peninsula da tsaunukan Saliyo Madre, jihar Chiapas ta Mexiko, kudancin Guatemala, El Salvador, da ƙananan wurare na kudancin tekun Pacific.A yau, zuriyarsu da aka fi sani da Maya, sun kai fiye da mutane miliyan 6, suna magana da harsuna sama da ashirin da takwas da suka tsira, kuma suna zama a kusan yanki ɗaya da kakanninsu.Zamanin Archaic, kafin 2000 KZ, ya ga ci gaban farko a aikin noma da ƙauyuka na farko.Lokacin Preclassic (kimanin 2000 KZ zuwa 250 AZ) ya ga kafa ƙungiyoyin farko masu rikitarwa a yankin Maya, da kuma noman kayan amfanin gona na abinci na Maya, ciki har da masara, wake, squashes, da barkono barkono.Biranen Maya na farko sun haɓaka kusan 750 KZ, kuma a shekara ta 500 KZ waɗannan biranen sun mallaki gine-ginen gine-gine, gami da manyan haikali tare da facade na stucco.Ana amfani da rubuce-rubucen hieroglyphic a yankin Maya a karni na 3 KZ.A cikin Late Preclassic da yawa manyan garuruwa sun haɓaka a cikin Peten Basin, kuma birnin Kaminaljuyu ya yi fice a tsaunukan Guatemala.Tun daga kusan shekara ta 250 AZ, an kwatanta lokacin da aka fi sani da lokacin da Maya ke haɓaka abubuwan da aka sassaka tare da Dogon Ƙidaya.Wannan lokacin ya ga wayewar Maya ta haɓaka yawancin jahohin birni waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hadaddun cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci.A cikin Maya Lowlands manyan abokan hamayya biyu, biranen Tikal da Calakmul, sun zama masu karfi.Har ila yau, zamanin Classic ya ga shiga tsakani na tsakiyar birnin Teotihuacan na Mexica a cikin siyasar daular Maya.A cikin karni na 9, an sami rugujewar siyasa a tsakiyar yankin Maya, wanda ya haifar da yakin tsakani, watsi da birane, da kuma canjin jama'a zuwa arewa.Zaman Postclassic ya ga hawan Chichen Itza a arewa, da kuma faɗaɗa masarautar Kʼicheʼ mai tsanani a tsaunukan Guatemala.A cikin karni na 16, daular Sipaniya ta mamaye yankin Mesoamerican, kuma jerin kamfen da suka daɗe sun ga faɗuwar Nojpeten, birni na ƙarshe na Maya, a cikin 1697.Garuruwan Maya sun kasance suna haɓaka a zahiri.Cibiyoyin birnin sun ƙunshi rukunin shagulgula da gudanarwa, kewaye da bazuwar gundumomi na zama marasa tsari.Sau da yawa an haɗa sassa daban-daban na birni ta hanyoyi.A tsarin gine-gine, gine-ginen birni sun haɗa da fadoji, dala-haikali, wuraren bukukuwan bukukuwa, da kuma gine-ginen da suka dace musamman don kallon sararin samaniya.Ɗaliban Maya sun kasance masu ilimi, kuma sun ɓullo da wani tsari mai sarƙaƙƙiya na rubuce-rubucen hiroglyphic.Nasu shine tsarin rubutu mafi ci gaba a cikin Amurkawa kafin Colombia.Mayakan sun rubuta tarihinsu da iliminsu na al'ada a cikin littattafan allo, waɗanda misalai uku ne kawai waɗanda ba a tantance su ba suka rage, sauran waɗanda Mutanen Espanya suka lalata su.Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun misalai da yawa na rubutun Maya akan stelae da yumbu.Mayakan sun haɓaka jerin kalandar al'ada masu rikitarwa sosai, kuma sun yi amfani da lissafin lissafi wanda ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin sanannun sanannun sifili a cikin tarihin ɗan adam.A matsayin wani ɓangare na addininsu, Mayakan sun yi hadaya ta ɗan adam.

Al'adar Toltec al'adar Mesoamerican ce ta farko ta Colombia wacce ta yi mulkin jihar da ke tsakiyar Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, a lokacin Epiclassic da farkon lokacin Post-Classic na tarihin Mesoamerican, wanda ya kai ga shahara daga 950 zuwa 1150 CE.Al'adun Aztec na baya sun ɗauki Toltec a matsayin magabatan ilimi da al'adu kuma sun bayyana al'adun Toltec da ke fitowa daga Tollān (Nahuatl don Tula) a matsayin abin koyi na wayewa.A cikin yaren Nahuatl kalmar Tōltēkatl (na ɗaya) ko Tōltēkah (jam'i) ta zo don ɗaukar ma'anar "masu sana'a".Har ila yau, al'adun baka da hotuna na Aztec sun bayyana tarihin Toltec Empire, suna ba da jerin sunayen sarakuna da abubuwan da suka yi.Masana na zamani suna muhawara ko ya kamata a ba da labarun Aztec na tarihin Toltec a matsayin bayanin ainihin abubuwan tarihi.Duk da yake duk masana sun yarda cewa akwai babban ɓangaren tatsuniyoyi na labarin, wasu suna kiyaye cewa, ta hanyar amfani da hanya mai mahimmanci, ana iya ceton wasu matakan tarihi daga tushe.Wasu kuma suna kula da cewa ci gaba da nazarin labaran kamar yadda tushen tarihin gaskiya ba shi da amfani kuma yana hana samun damar koyo game da al'adun Tula de Allende.Sauran rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Toltec sun hada da tambayar yadda za a iya fahimtar dalilan da ke tattare da kamanceceniya a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine da kuma zane-zane tsakanin wuraren archaeological na Tula da Maya na Chichén Itzá.Har yanzu masu binciken ba su cimma matsaya ba dangane da mataki ko alkiblar tasiri tsakanin wadannan shafuka biyu.

Cin nasara da Mutanen Espanya na Daular Aztec , wanda kuma aka sani da Cin Nasara na Mexico, na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na farko a cikin mulkin mallaka na Spain na Amurka.Akwai labaru masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 na abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar masu cin nasara na Spain, abokansu na asali, da Aztec da aka ci nasara.Ba wai kawai gasa ba ne tsakanin ƙananan 'yan Spaniards da ke cin nasara akan Daular Aztec amma ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar mahara Mutanen Espanya tare da masu ba da izini ga Aztecs, kuma musamman ma' yan asalin Aztec da abokan gaba.Sun haɗu da sojoji don fatattakar Mexica na Tenochtitlan a cikin shekaru biyu.Ga Mutanen Espanya, balaguron zuwa Mexico wani ɓangare ne na aikin mulkin mallaka na Spain na Sabuwar Duniya bayan shekaru ashirin da biyar na matsugunin Mutanen Espanya na dindindin da ƙarin bincike a cikin Caribbean.Kame Tenochtitlan ya zama farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na shekaru 300, lokacin da aka fi sani da Mexico da "New Spain" wanda mataimakinsa ya mulki da sunan sarkin Spain.Mulkin mallaka na Mexico yana da mahimman abubuwa don jawo hankalin baƙi Mutanen Espanya: (1) 'yan asalin ƙasar masu yawa da siyasa masu rikitarwa (musamman a tsakiya) waɗanda za a iya tilasta su yin aiki, da (2) dukiya mai yawa na ma'adinai, musamman ma manyan ajiyar azurfa a yankunan arewacin Zacatecas. da Guanajuato.Mataimakiyar sarautar Peru ita ma tana da waɗannan muhimman abubuwa guda biyu, ta yadda New Spain da Peru su ne kujerun ikon Spain da tushen arzikinta, har sai da aka ƙirƙiri wasu mataimakan sarauta a Kudancin Amurka ta Spain a ƙarshen karni na 18.Wannan dukiya ta sanyaSpain ta zama babbar iko a Turai, tana hamayya da Ingila , Faransa , da (bayan 'yancin kai daga Spain) Netherlands .

An samo babbar jijiya ta farko ta azurfa a shekara ta 1548 a wata ma'adinai da ake kira San Bernabé.Hakan ya biyo bayan irin wannan binciken da aka samu a ma'adanai da ake kira Albarrada de San Benito, Vetagrande, Pánuco da sauransu.Wannan ya kawo babban adadin mutane zuwa Zacatecas, ciki har da masu sana'a, 'yan kasuwa, malamai da masu kasada.Matsakaicin ya girma cikin ƴan shekaru zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen New Spain kuma mafi yawan jama'a bayan birnin Mexico.Nasarar da ma’adinan suka samu ya kai ga shigowar ‘yan asalin kasar tare da shigo da bakaken bayi domin yin aiki a cikin su.Sansanin hakar ma'adinai ya bazu zuwa kudu tare da hanyar Arroyo de la Plata, wanda a yanzu ke karkashin titin Hidalgo, babbar hanyar garin.Zacatecas na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi mafi arziki a Mexico.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ma'adanai daga lokacin mulkin mallaka shine ma'adinan El Edén.Ya fara aiki a cikin 1586 a cikin Cerro de la Bufa.Ya kasance yana samar da zinari da azurfa tare da yawancin samar da shi yana faruwa a cikin ƙarni na 17th da 18th.Haƙar ma'adinan azurfa da kambi na Spain sun ƙirƙira tsabar kuɗi masu inganci, kudin Amurkan Sipaniya, peso na azurfa ko dalar Sipaniya waɗanda suka zama kuɗin duniya.

Yaƙin Chichimeca (1550–90) rikicin soji ne tsakanin Daular Sipaniya da Ƙungiyar Chichimeca da aka kafa a cikin yankuna a yau da ake kira Plateau ta Tsakiyar Mexico, wanda Conquistadores La Gran Chichimeca ke kira.Tushen rikicin shine yankin da ake kira Bajío a yanzu.An yi rikodin Yaƙin Chichimeca a matsayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja mafi tsayi kuma mafi tsada wanda ke fuskantar daular Sipaniya da ƴan asalin ƙasar Mesoamerica.An sasanta rikicin na shekaru arba'in ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da dama da 'yan Spaniards suka jagoranta wanda ya haifar da sulhu da kuma, a ƙarshe, daidaitawar jama'ar 'yan asalin cikin al'ummar New Spain.Yaƙin Chichimeca (1550-1590) ya fara shekaru takwas bayan Yaƙin Mixtón na shekaru biyu.Ana iya la'akari da ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya kasancewar fadan bai tsaya tsayin daka ba a cikin shekarun da suka shige.Ba kamar a cikin tawayen Mixtón ba, Caxcanes yanzu suna da alaƙa da Mutanen Espanya.An yi yaƙin ne a jihohin Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Queretaro, da San Luis Potosí na Mexiko.

Nasarar da Mutanen Espanya suka yi na Yucatán shi ne yaƙin neman zaɓen da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Sipaniya suka yi a kan jihohin Late Postclassic Maya da kuma siyasa a cikin Yucatán Peninsula, wani babban dutse mai tsayi wanda ya rufe kudu maso gabashin Mexico, arewacin Guatemala, da dukan Belize.Yaƙin Sipaniya na Yucatán Peninsula ya sami cikas saboda rarrabuwar kawuna ta siyasa.Mutanen Espanya sun tsunduma cikin dabarun tattara ƴan ƙasa a cikin sabbin garuruwan da suka kafa mulkin mallaka.Juriya na asali ga sababbin matsugunan da aka lalata sun ɗauki nau'in jirgin zuwa yankunan da ba za a iya isa ba kamar gandun daji ko maƙwabtan ƙungiyoyin Maya waɗanda ba su riga sun mika wuya ga Mutanen Espanya ba.A cikin Maya, kwanton bauna wata dabara ce da aka fi so.Makamin Mutanen Espanya sun haɗa da faɗaɗa kalmomi, ƴan fashi, lances, pikes, halberds, crossbows, maƙallan ashana, da bindigogi masu haske.Mayaƙan Mayaƙa sun yi yaƙi da mashi masu tsini da baka da kibau da duwatsu, kuma suna sanye da sulke na auduga don kare kansu.Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da wasu cututtukan da ba a san su ba a cikin Amurkawa da yawa a baya, waɗanda suka haifar da annoba masu lalacewa waɗanda suka mamaye al'ummomin ƙasar.Matsalolin Petén a kudanci sun kasance masu zaman kansu kuma sun karɓi 'yan gudun hijira da yawa da suka tsere daga ikon Spain.A cikin 1618 da kuma a cikin 1619 manufa biyu na Franciscan da ba su yi nasara ba sun yi ƙoƙari su tuba cikin lumana na Itza arna.A cikin 1622 Itza ta kashe wasu jam'iyyun Spain guda biyu a kokarin isa babban birninsu Nojpeten.Waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙare duk ƙoƙarin Mutanen Espanya don tuntuɓar Itza har zuwa 1695. A cikin 1695 da 1696 da yawa balaguron Sipaniya sun yi ƙoƙarin isa Nojpethen daga ƙasashen Spain masu cin gashin kansu a Yucatán da Guatemala.A farkon 1695 Mutanen Espanya sun fara gina hanya daga Campeche kudu zuwa Petén kuma ayyukan ya karu, wani lokaci tare da hasara mai yawa daga bangaren Mutanen Espanya.Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, gwamnan Yucatán, ya kai hari a Nojpetén a cikin Maris 1697;birnin ya fadi bayan wani dan takaitaccen yaki.Tare da shan kashi na Itza, mulkin mallaka na ƙarshe da ba a ci nasara ba a cikin Amurka ya fada hannun Mutanen Espanya.

Galleons na Manila jiragen ruwa ne na kasuwanci na Sipaniya waɗanda tsawon ƙarni biyu da rabi suka haɗu da Mataimakin Sarkin Spain na New Spain, wanda ke zaune a Mexico City, tare da yankunanta na Asiya, waɗanda aka fi sani da Indies Gabas ta Spain, a cikin Tekun Pacific.Jiragen sun yi balaguron zagayawa ɗaya ko biyu a kowace shekara tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Acapulco da Manila.Sunan galleon ya canza ya nuna birnin da jirgin ya tashi.Kalmar Manila galleon kuma na iya komawa kan hanyar kasuwanci da kanta tsakanin Acapulco da Manila, wacce ta dade daga 1565 zuwa 1815.Galleons na Manila sun yi tafiya cikin tekun Pasifik tsawon shekaru 250, suna kawo wa Amurka kayayyaki na kayan alatu kamar kayan yaji da ain don musanya sabon azurfar duniya.Har ila yau, hanyar ta haifar da mu'amalar al'adu da suka tsara kamanni da al'adun kasashen da abin ya shafa.An kuma san magudanar ruwa na Manila a New Spain a matsayin La Nao de la China ("ShirginChina ") a kan balaguron balaguron da suke yi daga Philippines saboda suna ɗaukar kayayyaki na China galibi daga Manila.Mutanen Espanya sun buɗe hanyar kasuwanci ta Manila a shekara ta 1565 bayan jirgin ruwa na Augustinian Andrés de Urdaneta ya yi hidimar majagaba na tornaviaje ko kuma hanyar dawowa daga Philippines zuwa Meziko.Urdaneta da Alonso de Arellano sun yi tafiye-tafiyen zagaye na farko cikin nasara a waccan shekarar.Ciniki ta hanyar amfani da "Hanya ta Urdaneta" ta kasance har zuwa 1815, lokacin da yakin 'yancin kai na Mexican ya barke.

Spain ta yi ikirarin mallakar yankin Texas a shekarar 1519, wanda ya kunshi wani bangare na jihar Texas ta Amurka a yau, ciki har da yankin arewacin kogin Medina da Nueces, amma ba ta yi yunkurin mamaye yankin ba sai bayan gano shaidar gazawar. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Fort Saint Louis a shekara ta 1689. A 1690 Alonso de León ya raka masu mishan Katolika da yawa zuwa gabashin Texas, inda suka kafa manufa ta farko a Texas.Sa’ad da ƙabilun ƙabilu suka yi tsayayya da mamayar da Mutanen Espanya suka yi wa ƙasarsu, masu wa’azin mishan sun koma Meziko, suka yi watsi da Texas na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.Mutanen Espanya sun koma kudu maso gabashin Texas a cikin 1716, suna kafa manufa da yawa da shugaban kasa don kula da shinge tsakanin yankin Sipaniya da yankin Louisiana na mulkin mallaka na Faransa na New Faransa.Shekaru biyu bayan haka a cikin 1718, zama na farko na farar hula a Texas, San Antonio, ya samo asali ne a matsayin tashar hanya tsakanin manufa da matsuguni na gaba mafi kusa.Ba da daɗewa ba sabon garin ya zama hari na hare-haren Lipan Apache.An ci gaba da kai hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci na kusan shekaru talatin, har sai da mazauna Spain da mutanen Lipan Apache suka yi zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1749. Amma yarjejeniyar ta fusata maƙiyan Apache, kuma ya haifar da farmaki a ƙabilun Comanche, Tonkawa, da Hasinai a ƙauyukan Spain.Tsoron hare-haren Indiyawa da kuma nesantar yankin daga sauran ma'aikatan gidan sarauta sun hana mazauna Turai ƙaura zuwa Texas.Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lardunan da baƙi suka fi yawan jama'a.Barazanar hare-hare ba ta ragu ba sai a shekara ta 1785, lokacin da Spain da Comanche suka kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Kabilar Comanche daga baya sun taimaka wajen fatattakar kabilun Lipan Apache da Karankawa, wadanda suka ci gaba da haifar da matsala ga mazauna.Ƙara yawan ayyuka a lardin ya ba da damar tubar Kirista cikin lumana na wasu kabilu.A 1762 Faransa ta yi watsi da da'awarta ga yankinta na Texas a cikin 1762, lokacin da ta ba da Faransanci Louisiana ga Daular Spain.Haɗin Mutanen Espanya Louisiana zuwa New Spain yana nufin cewa Tejas ya rasa mahimmancinsa a matsayin ainihin lardin buffer.An wargaza matsugunan gabashin Texas, tare da ƙaura zuwa San Antonio.Duk da haka, a cikin 1799 Spain ta ba Louisiana baya ga Faransa, kuma a cikin 1803 Napoléon Bonaparte (Consul na Farko na Jamhuriyar Faransa) ya sayar da yankin ga Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Siyan Louisiana, Shugaban Amurka Thomas Jefferson (a ofishin: 1801 zuwa 1809). nace cewa siyan ya haɗa da duk ƙasar da ke gabas na Dutsen Rocky da kuma arewacin Rio Grande, kodayake babban faffadan kudu maso yamma yana cikin New Spain.Ba a warware shubuhawar yankin ba har sai da yarjejeniyar Adams-Onís ta yi sulhu a cikin 1819, lokacin da Spain ta ba da Florida ta Spain ga Amurka don amincewa da kogin Sabine a matsayin iyakar gabas na Texas Texas da yammacin iyakar Missouri.{Asar Amirka ta yi watsi da ikirari na ta a kan }asashen Spain da ke yammacin kogin Sabine, kuma suka shiga lardin Santa Fe de Nuevo México (New Mexico).A lokacin Yaƙin Meziko na Independence na 1810 zuwa 1821 Texas ta sami tashin hankali sosai.Shekaru uku bayan haka sojojin Republican na Arewa, wadanda suka hada da Indiyawa da na Amurka, sun hambarar da gwamnatin Spain a Tejas kuma suka kashe Salcedo.Mutanen Espanya sun amsa da rashin tausayi, kuma a shekara ta 1820 kasa da 'yan Hispanic 2000 sun kasance a Texas.Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Mexico sun tilasta Spain ta bar ikonta na New Spain a 1821, tare da Texas ta zama a cikin 1824 wani ɓangare na jihar Coahuila y Tejas a cikin sabuwar Mexico da aka kafa a cikin tarihin Texas da aka sani da Mexican Texas (1821-1836).Mutanen Espanya sun bar alama mai zurfi a Texas.Dabbobin su na Turai sun haifar da bazuwar a cikin ƙasa, yayin da manoma suke noma da ban ruwa, suna canza yanayin har abada.Mutanen Espanya sun ba da sunaye ga yawancin koguna, garuruwa, da larduna waɗanda suke a halin yanzu, kuma har yanzu ra'ayoyin gine-ginen Mutanen Espanya suna bunƙasa.Ko da yake Texas a ƙarshe ta karɓi yawancin tsarin shari'a na Anglo-Amurka, yawancin ayyukan shari'a na Spain sun tsira, gami da ra'ayoyin keɓancewar gida da dukiyar al'umma.

Independence na Mexico ba wani sakamako ne da ba makawa, amma abubuwan da suka faru aSpain sun yi tasiri kai tsaye game da barkewar tawayen masu dauke da makamai a cikin 1810 da kuma hanyarta har zuwa 1821. Yakin Napoleon Bonaparte na Spain a 1808 ya shafi rikicin halascin mulkin kambi, tunda ya sanya kansa. ɗan'uwa Yusufu a kan karagar Spain bayan tilastawa sarkin Spain Charles IV murabus.A Spain da yawancin dukiyarta na ketare, martanin gida shine kafa juntas da ke mulki da sunan masarautar Bourbon.Wakilai a Spain da yankunan ketare sun taru a Cádiz, Spain, har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ikon Mutanen Espanya, a matsayin Cortes na Cádiz, kuma suka tsara Tsarin Mulki na Spain na 1812. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya nemi ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin mulki idan babu halaltaccen sarkin Spain.Ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita buri na Mutanen Espanya haifaffen Amurka (criollos) don ƙarin iko na gida da daidaito daidai tare da Sipaniya-haifaffen Peninsular, waɗanda aka sani a cikin gida azaman yanki.Wannan tsari na siyasa yana da tasiri mai yawa a cikin New Spain a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai da kuma bayan haka.Bambance-bambancen al'adu, addini, da launin fata da aka rigaya a Mexico sun taka rawa ba kawai don ci gaban gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ba har ma da ci gaban rikice-rikice yayin da yake ci gaba.A cikin Satumba 1808, Mutanen Espanya haifaffen asar New Spain sun hambarar da Viceroy José de Iturrigaray (1803-1808), wanda aka nada kafin mamayewar Faransa.A shekara ta 1810, Mutanen Espanya haifaffen Amurka da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai sun fara shirya zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin Spain.Ya faru ne lokacin da firist na ƙauyen Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, ya ba da kukan Dolores a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1810. Tawayen Hidalgo ya fara tayar da makamai don samun 'yancin kai, yana dawwama har zuwa 1821. Mulkin mulkin mallaka bai yi tsammanin girman ba kuma Tsawon lokacin rikicin, wanda ya bazu daga yankin Bajío da ke arewacin birnin Mexico zuwa gabar tekun Pacific da Gulf.Bayan da Napoleon ya sha kashi, Ferdinand VII ya ci sarautar Masarautar Mutanen Espanya a shekara ta 1814 kuma nan da nan ya yi watsi da kundin tsarin mulki, ya koma mulkin kama karya.Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Spain suka hambarar da mulkin Ferdinand VII a 1820, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a New Spain sun ga 'yancin kai na siyasa a matsayin hanyar da za su ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsu.Tsofaffin sarakuna da tsofaffin masu tayar da kayar baya sun hada kai a karkashin shirin Iguala kuma suka kirkiro Sojoji na Garanti uku.A cikin watanni shida, sabuwar rundunar ta kasance mai iko da duka amma tashar jiragen ruwa na Veracruz da Acapulco.Ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1821, Iturbide da mataimakinsa na ƙarshe, Juan O'Donojú sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Cordoba inda Spain ta ba da buƙatun.O'Donojú ya kasance yana aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin da aka bayar watanni kafin sabon aukuwar al'amura.Spain ta ki amincewa da 'yancin kai na Mexico kuma lamarin ya fi rikitarwa da mutuwar O'Donojú a watan Oktobar 1821.

Yakin Comanche-Mexico shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mexican na Comanche Wars, jerin rikice-rikice daga 1821 zuwa 1870. Comanche da Kiowa da Kiowa Apache sun kai hare-hare mai zurfi na daruruwan mil zuwa Mexico inda suka kashe dubban mutane tare da yin sata. dubban daruruwan shanu da dawakai.Hare-haren na Comanche ya samo asali ne sakamakon raguwar karfin soja na Mexico a cikin shekaru masu cike da tashin hankali bayan da ta sami 'yancin kai a 1821, da kuma babbar kasuwa mai girma a Amurka don sace dawakai da shanu na Mexico.Lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka mamaye arewacin Mexico a cikin 1846 lokacin yakin Mexico da Amurka , yankin ya lalace.Babban hare-haren Comanche a cikin Mexico ya faru ne daga 1840 zuwa tsakiyar 1850s, bayan haka sun ƙi girma da ƙarfi.Sojojin Amurka sun ci Comanche a ƙarshe a cikin 1875 kuma sun tilasta su zuwa wurin ajiya.

Masarautar Mexico ta kasance daular tsarin mulki, gwamnati ta farko mai cin gashin kanta ta Mexico kuma ita kaɗai ce tsohuwar mulkin mallaka naDaular Sipaniya don kafa daular bayan samun yancin kai.Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan zamani na zamani, masarautu masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka wanzu a cikin Amurka, tare da daular Brazil .Yawanci ana kiransa daular Mexiko ta Farko don bambanta ta da Daular Mexiko ta biyu.Agustín de Iturbide, shi kaɗai ne sarkin daular, asalinsa kwamandan sojan Mexiko ne wanda aka sami yancin kai daga Spain a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1821. Shahararsa ta ƙare a zanga-zangar da aka yi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1822, don neman naɗa shi sarkin sabuwar ƙasa. , kuma washegari majalisa ta yi gaggawar amincewa da lamarin.An gudanar da bikin nadin sarauta a watan Yuli.Masarautar ta fuskanci matsaloli a tsawon rayuwarta ta hanyar tambayoyi game da halaccinta, rikice-rikice tsakanin majalisa da sarki, da baitul mali.Iturbide ya rusa majalisar ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1822, inda ya maye gurbinsa da wasu gungun magoya bayansa, kuma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar ya fara rasa goyon bayan sojojin, wadanda suka yi tawaye don dawo da majalisar.Bayan da ya kasa yin tawaye, Iturbide ya sake zama majalisa a watan Maris na 1823, kuma ya ba da izini, wanda ikon ya wuce zuwa ga gwamnatin wucin gadi wanda ya kawar da mulkin mallaka.

Jamhuriyar Mexico ta farko jamhuriya ce ta tarayya, wacce Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1824 ya kafa, tsarin mulkin farko na Mexico mai cin gashin kansa.An yi shelar jamhuriyar ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1823 ta Babban ikon Zartarwa, watanni bayan faduwar daular Mexiko ta yi sarautar sarki Agustin I, tsohon hafsan sojan sarauta-mai tayar da kayar baya don samun 'yancin kai.An kafa tarayya bisa doka kuma bisa doka a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1824, lokacin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya fara aiki.Jumhuriya ta farko ta yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rashin zaman lafiya na kuɗi da na siyasa.Rigingimun siyasa, tun daga lokacin da aka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya ta'allaka ne kan ko ya kamata Meziko ta kasance ƙasa ta tarayya ko ta tsakiya, tare da fa'ida masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke danganta kansu ga kowane bangare bi da bi.A karshe jamhuriya ta farko za ta ruguje bayan hambarar da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Valentin Gómez Farías, ta hanyar tawaye karkashin jagorancin tsohon mataimakinsa, Janar Antonio López de Santa Anna wanda ya sauya sheka.Da zarar sun hau kan karagar mulki, ‘yan mazan jiya, wadanda suka dade suna sukar tsarin tarayya da kuma dora laifin rashin zaman lafiyar al’ummar kasar, sun soke kundin tsarin mulki na 1824 a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1835, kuma Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta zama kasa mai hade-hade, Jamhuriya ta Tsakiya.An kafa tsarin mulkin gama gari ne a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1836, tare da zartar da dokokin tsarin mulki guda bakwai.

A yawancin Amurkawa na Sifen jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yancin kai, ƙwararrun sojoji ko caudillos sun mamaye siyasa, kuma ana kiran wannan lokacin "Zamanin Caudillismo".A Mexico, daga ƙarshen 1820s zuwa tsakiyar 1850s ana kiran lokacin da ake kira "Age of Santa Anna", mai suna ga janar da ɗan siyasa, Antonio López de Santa Anna.Masu sassaucin ra'ayi ('yan majalisar tarayya) sun nemi Santa Anna don hambarar da shugaban masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Anastasio Bustamante.Bayan ya yi haka, ya ayyana Janar Manuel Gómez Pedraza (wanda ya lashe zaben 1828) shugaban kasa.An gudanar da zaɓe bayan haka, kuma Santa Anna ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1832. Ya zama shugaban ƙasa sau 11.Yana canza imaninsa na siyasa akai-akai, a cikin 1834 Santa Anna ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya, wanda ya haifar da tada kayar baya a jihar Yucatán da ke kudu maso gabashin kasar da kuma yankin arewacin jihar Coahuila y Tejas.Dukansu yankunan sun nemi 'yancin kai daga gwamnatin tsakiya.Tattaunawa da kasancewar sojojin Santa Anna sun sa Yucatán ya amince da ikon mallakar Mexico.Sa'an nan sojojin Santa Anna sun juya zuwa tawayen arewa.Mazaunan Tejas sun ayyana Jamhuriyar Texas mai cin gashin kanta daga Mexico a ranar 2 ga Maris 1836 a Washington-on-the-Brazos.Sun kira kansu Texans kuma mafi yawan 'yan Anglo-Amurka sun jagorance su.A yakin San Jacinto a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1836, 'yan bindigar Texan sun ci nasara da sojojin Mexico kuma suka kama Janar Santa Anna.Gwamnatin Mexico ta ki amincewa da 'yancin kai na Texas.

Juyin juya halin Texas ya fara ne a cikin Oktoba 1835, bayan shekaru goma na rikice-rikicen siyasa da al'adu tsakanin gwamnatin Mexico da karuwar yawan mazauna Anglo-Amurka a Texas.Gwamnatin Mexiko ta ƙara zama mai zaman kanta kuma haƙƙin ƴan ƙasar sun ƙara tauyewa, musamman game da ƙaura daga Amurka .Mexico ta soke bautar da aka yi a Texas a 1829 a hukumance, kuma sha'awar Anglo Texans na kula da cibiyar bautar chattel a Texas kuma shine babban dalilin ballewa.Masu mulkin mallaka da Tejanos sun yi rashin jituwa a kan ko babbar manufar ita ce 'yancin kai ko kuma komawa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexico na 1824. Yayin da wakilai a shawarwarin (gwamnatin wucin gadi) suka yi muhawara game da dalilan yakin, Texians da kuma ambaliyar masu sa kai daga Amurka sun ci nasara da kananan garrisons na Amurka. Sojojin Mexico a tsakiyar Disamba 1835. Shawarar ta ƙi shelanta 'yancin kai kuma ta kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, wanda rikice-rikicen ya haifar da gurguncewar siyasa da kuma rashin ingantaccen shugabanci a Texas.Shawara mara kyau don mamaye Matamoros ta ba da gudummawar masu sa kai da ake buƙata da kuma tanadi daga ƙuruciyar Sojojin Texian.A cikin Maris 1836, taron siyasa na biyu ya ayyana 'yancin kai kuma ya nada jagoranci ga sabuwar Jamhuriyar Texas.Da yake ƙudirin ramawa mutuncin Mexico, Santa Anna ya yi alƙawarin sake kwato Texas da kansa.Sojojinsa na Ayyuka sun shiga Texas a tsakiyar Fabrairu 1836 kuma sun sami Texians gaba daya ba shiri.Janar José de Urrea na Mexico ya jagoranci tawagar sojoji a yakin Goliad da ke gabar tekun Texas, inda ya ci nasara da dukan sojojin Texian a hanyarsa kuma ya kashe mafi yawan wadanda suka mika wuya.Santa Anna ya jagoranci babban karfi zuwa San Antonio de Béxar (ko Béxar), inda sojojinsa suka ci nasara da sojojin Texian a yakin Alamo, sun kashe kusan dukkanin masu kare.Sabbin sojojin Texian da aka kirkira a karkashin jagorancin Sam Houston suna ci gaba da tafiya, yayin da fararen hula masu firgita suka gudu tare da sojoji, a cikin wani rikici da ake kira Runaway Scrape.A ranar 31 ga Maris, Houston ya dakatar da mutanensa a Groce's Landing a kan kogin Brazos, kuma a cikin makonni biyu masu zuwa, Texians sun sami horo na soja.Kasancewa mai gamsuwa da rashin la'akari da ƙarfin abokan gabansa, Santa Anna ya ƙara rarraba sojojinsa.A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, sojojin Houston sun kai wani hari mai ban mamaki a kan Santa Anna da dakarunsa a yakin San Jacinto.An fatattaki sojojin Mexico da sauri, kuma 'yan Texians masu ramuwar gayya sun kashe da yawa waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin mika wuya.An yi garkuwa da Santa Anna;don musanya rayuwarsa, ya umarci sojojin Mexico su koma kudancin Rio Grande.Mexico ta ki amincewa da Jamhuriyar Texas, kuma rikice-rikice tsakanin kasashen biyu ya ci gaba har zuwa 1840s.Haɗewar Texas a matsayin jiha ta 28 na Amurka, a cikin 1845, ta kai ga yaƙin Mexico-Amurka kai tsaye.

Yakin Mexico da Amurka rikici ne tsakanin Amurka da Mexico wanda ya fara a watan Afrilu 1846 kuma ya ƙare tare da rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo a watan Fabrairun 1848. An yi yaƙin ne musamman a yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka da Mexico. kuma ya haifar da nasara ga Amurka.A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Mexico ta ba da kusan rabin yankinta, ciki har da California ta yau, New Mexico, Arizona, da sassan Colorado, Nevada, da Utah, ga Amurka.

Yaƙin sake fasalin ya kasance yakin basasa a Mexico wanda ya kasance daga Janairu 11, 1858 zuwa Janairu 11, 1861, wanda aka yi yaƙi tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kan ƙaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1857, wanda aka tsara kuma aka buga a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Ignacio Comonfort.Kundin tsarin mulki ya tsara wani shiri na sassaucin ra'ayi da aka yi niyya don iyakance ikon siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu na Cocin Katolika;ware coci da jiha;rage ikon Sojojin Mexico ta hanyar kawar da fuero;karfafa daula ta hanyar ilimin jama'a;da habaka tattalin arzikin kasa.Shekara ta farko na yakin an sha samun nasarori masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ci gaba da zama a yankunan gabar tekun kasar, ciki har da babban birninsu na Veracruz yana ba su damar samun muhimman kudaden shiga na kwastam.Dukkan gwamnatocin biyu sun sami karbuwa a duniya, masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Amurka , da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Faransa , Burtaniya , daSpain .Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar McLane-Ocampo tare da Amurka a cikin 1859. Idan aka amince da yarjejeniyar za ta ba wa gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi kudi amma kuma za ta bai wa Amurka hakkin soja da na tattalin arziki na dindindin a yankin Mexico.Yarjejeniyar ta kasa wucewa a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, amma duk da haka sojojin ruwan Amurka sun taimaka wajen kare gwamnatin Juárez a Veracruz.Bayan haka, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tara nasarori a fagen fama har sai da dakarun Conservative suka mika wuya a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1860. Juárez ya koma birnin Mexico a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1861 kuma ya gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a watan Maris.Kodayake sojojin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi rashin nasara a yakin, 'yan tawaye sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin karkara kuma za su shiga shiga tsakani na Faransa don taimakawa wajen kafa Daular Mexica ta biyu.

Shishigin Faransa na biyu a Meziko, mamayewa ne na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Mexico ta biyu, wanda Daular Faransa ta biyu ta kaddamar a ƙarshen 1862, bisa gayyatar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Mexico.Ya taimaka wajen maye gurbin jamhuriyar da sarauta, wanda aka fi sani da Daular Mexiko ta biyu, wanda Sarkin Mexico Maximilian I na Mexiko ya mulki, memba na gidan Habsburg-Lorraine wanda ya mulki Mexico mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na 16.Masarautar Mexico sun fito da shirin farko na mayar da Mexico ga tsarin mulkin sarauta, kamar yadda ta kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai kuma a farkonta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, a matsayin Daular Mexica ta Farko.Sun gayyaci Napoleon III don taimakawa a cikin manufarsu kuma ya taimaka wajen haifar da mulkin mallaka, wanda, a cikin kiyasinsa, zai kai ga kasar da ta fi dacewa da bukatun Faransanci, amma wanda ba koyaushe haka yake ba.Bayan da gwamnatin shugaban kasar Mexico Benito Juárez ya sanya dokar hana biyan basussukan kasashen waje a shekara ta 1861, Faransa , Ingila , daSpain sun amince da Yarjejeniyar London, wani yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da cewa biyan bashi daga Mexico zai kasance mai zuwa.A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1861, sojojin ruwa uku sun sauke sojojinsu a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa na Veracruz, a kan Tekun Mexico.Duk da haka, lokacin da Burtaniya ta gano cewa Faransa na da wata manufa ta bakar fata, kuma ba tare da wani bangare na shirin kwace kasar Mexico ba, Burtaniya ta yi shawarwari daban-daban da Mexico don daidaita batutuwan basussuka sannan ta fice daga kasar;Daga baya Spain ma ta bar.Sakamakon mamayewar Faransanci ya kafa Daular Mexiko ta biyu (1864-1867).Yawancin kasashen Turai sun amince da halaccin siyasar sabuwar masarautan, yayin da Amurka ta ki amincewa da shi.Shisshigin ya zo ne a matsayin yakin basasa, yakin neman sauyi, ya ƙare, kuma shiga tsakani ya ba da damar 'yan adawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a kan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Shugaba Juárez don sake daukar nauyinsu.Cocin Katolika na Mexico, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Mexico, da yawa daga cikin manya-manyan manyan jami'a da masu martaba na Mexico, da kuma wasu al'ummomin 'yan asalin Mexico da aka gayyata, sun yi maraba da haɗin gwiwa tare da taimakon daular Faransa don shigar da Maximilian na Habsburg a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na Mexico.Sarkin da kansa, duk da haka ya tabbatar da kasancewa mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ya ci gaba da wasu manyan matakan sassaucin ra'ayi na gwamnatin Juárez.Wasu janar-janar masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun koma Masarautar, ciki har da mai iko, gwamnan arewa Santiago Vidaurri, wanda ya yi yaki a gefen Juárez a lokacin yakin kawo canji.Sojojin Faransa da na Mexico sun kama yawancin yankunan Mexico da sauri, ciki har da manyan biranen, amma yakin basasa ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare, kuma shiga tsakani yana ƙara yin amfani da sojoji da kudi a lokacin da nasarar Prussian ta kwanan nan a kan Ostiriya ya sa Faransa ta ba da babbar soja. fifiko ga harkokin Turai.Har ila yau, masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba su taba rasa amincewar kungiyar Tarayyar Amurka a hukumance ba, kuma kasar da ta sake hadewa ta fara ba da tallafin kayan aiki bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Amurka a shekara ta 1865. Da take kiran ka'idar Monroe, gwamnatin Amurka ta ce ba za ta amince da ita ba. kasancewar Faransa mai ɗorewa a nahiyar.Da yake fuskantar shan kashi da matsin lamba a gida da waje, Faransawa a ƙarshe sun fara barin ƙasar a cikin 1866. Daular za ta yi wasu 'yan watanni kawai;Sojojin da ke biyayya ga Juárez sun kama Maximilian kuma suka kashe shi a watan Yuni 1867, suna maido da Jamhuriyar.

Yaƙin Puebla ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Mayu, Cinco de Mayo, 1862, kusa da Puebla de Zaragoza a lokacin shiga tsakani na Faransa na biyu a Mexico.Dakarun Faransa karkashin jagorancin Charles de Lorencez sun sha kasa kai farmaki kan garu na Loreto da Guadalupe da ke saman tsaunukan da ke kallon birnin Puebla, daga karshe kuma suka koma Orizaba domin jiran karfafawa.An kori Lorencez daga umurninsa, kuma sojojin Faransa a karkashin Élie Frédéric Forey za su dauki birnin, amma nasarar da Mexico ta samu a Puebla a kan mafi kyawun kayan aiki ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga 'yan Mexico.

Jamhuriyar Maidowa ita ce zamanin tarihin Mexica tsakanin 1867 zuwa 1876, wanda ya fara da nasara mai sassaucin ra'ayi akan tsoma bakin Faransa na biyu a Mexico da faduwar Daular Mexiko ta biyu kuma ta ƙare tare da hawan Porfirio Diaz zuwa shugaban ƙasa.Ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka shawo kan tsoma bakin Faransa sun wargaje bayan 1867, har ta kai ga haifar da rikici.Maza uku ne suka mamaye siyasa a wannan zamanin, biyu daga Oaxaca, Benito Juárez da Porfirio Díaz, da Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada.Mawallafin tarihin rayuwar Lerdo ya taƙaita mutane uku masu burin: "Juárez ya yi imanin cewa ba shi da mahimmanci; yayin da Lerdo ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin ma'asumi kuma Díaz a matsayin makawa."Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun rabu tsakanin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.Hakanan an sami rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin tsofaffi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na farar hula kamar Juárez da Lerdo, da ƙarami, shugabannin soja, kamar Díaz.Magoya bayansa suna kallon Juárez a matsayin wani sinadari na gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da kasa, amma ci gaban da ya yi a kan karagar mulki bayan shekara ta 1865, lokacin da wa’adinsa na shugaban kasa ya kare, ya kai ga tuhume-tuhume na mulkin kama karya, ya kuma bude kofa ga ‘yan adawa masu sassaucin ra’ayi suna kalubalantar ikonsa.Tare da ficewa daga Faransa a cikin 1867, Juárez ya gina injin siyasa don kiyaye kansa da magoya bayansa a cikin iko.Lokaci ne na siyasa, tare da tawaye da yawa a cikin 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, da 1871 A cikin 1871, Janar Porfirio Díaz ya kalubalanci Juárez a karkashin shirin de la Noria, wanda ya ki amincewa da Juárez a kan mulki.Juárez ya murkushe tawayen.Bayan ciwon zuciya na Juárez na 1872, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa.Lerdo ya kuma gina wata na'ura mai karfi ta siyasa da nufin ci gaba da rike bangarensa.Lokacin da Lerdo ya yi takara na karo na biyu, Díaz ya sake yin tawaye a 1876, a karkashin shirin de Tuxtepec.Yakin basasa na tsawon shekara daya ya barke, inda sojojin gwamnatin Lerdo suka kaddamar da yaki da dabarun yakin Díaz da magoya bayansa.'Yan adawar siyasa ga Juárez da Lerdo sun girma a cikin lokacin kuma sun sami goyon bayan Porfirio Díaz.Díaz ya sami nasara a yakin basasa na 1876 da Lerdo kuma ya fara lokacin siyasa na gaba, Porfiriato.

Porfiriato wani lokaci ne da aka ba wa lokacin da Janar Porfirio Díaz ya mulki Mexico a matsayin shugaban kasa a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, wanda masanin tarihin Mexico Daniel Cosío Villegas ya tsara.Da yake kwace mulki a cikin juyin mulki a shekara ta 1876, Díaz ya bi manufar "tsari da ci gaba," yana kiran zuba jari na kasashen waje a Mexico da kuma kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, da karfi idan ya cancanta.Díaz ƙwararren shugaban soji ne kuma ɗan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya gina tushen magoya baya na ƙasa.Ya ci gaba da daidaita dangantaka da Cocin Katolika ta wajen guje wa aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi tsarin mulki.An inganta ababen more rayuwa na ƙasar ta hanyar ƙara saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje daga Biritaniya da Amurka , da kuma gwamnatin tsakiya mai ƙarfi, mai haɗin kai.Ƙara yawan kudaden haraji da ingantaccen gudanarwa ya inganta lafiyar jama'a, lafiyar jama'a, layin dogo, ma'adinai, masana'antu, kasuwancin waje, da ƙasa. kudi.Díaz ya sabunta sojoji kuma ya murkushe wasu 'yan fashi.Bayan kusan rabin karni na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, inda kudin shiga na kowane dan kasa ya kasance kashi goma na kasashe masu ci gaba kamar Burtaniya da Amurka, tattalin arzikin Mexico ya tashi kuma ya karu da kashi 2.3% na shekara (1877 zuwa 1910), wanda ya yi yawa. bisa ga ma'aunin duniya.Yayin da Díaz ya kusan cika shekaru 80 a shekara ta 1910, wanda aka ci gaba da zaɓe shi tun 1884, har yanzu bai tsara wani shiri don maye gurbinsa ba.Zaɓen 1910 na yaudara yawanci ana kallonsa azaman ƙarshen Porfiriato.Tashin hankali ya barke, an tilasta Díaz yin murabus kuma ya tafi gudun hijira, kuma Mexico ta sami shekaru goma na yakin basasa na yanki, juyin juya halin Mexico.

Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Mexiko wani jerin rikice-rikicen yanki ne masu dauke da makamai a Mexico daga kusan 1910 zuwa 1920. An kira shi "ma'anar tarihin Mexico na zamani".Ya haifar da rugujewar Sojojin Tarayya tare da maye gurbinsu da sojojin juyin juya hali, da kuma sauya al'adu da gwamnatin Mexico.Bangaren masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki na arewa sun yi galaba a fagen fama kuma suka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico na yau, wanda ke da nufin samar da gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi.Janar-janar na juyin juya hali sun rike madafun iko daga 1920 zuwa 1940. Rikicin juyin juya hali na farko yakin basasa ne, amma kasashen waje, wadanda suke da muhimman muradun tattalin arziki da dabaru a Mexico, sun nuna sakamakon gwagwarmayar ikon Mexico;shigar Amurka ya yi yawa musamman.Rikicin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan miliyan uku, akasarinsu mayakan.Ko da yake mulkin shekaru da dama na Shugaba Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911) ya kasance da rashin jin daɗi, babu wani abin da ya faru a cikin 1910 cewa juyin juya hali na gab da tashi.Díaz da ya tsufa ya kasa samo hanyar da za a iya sarrafa shi don maye gurbin shugaban kasa, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar iko a tsakanin masu fafutuka da masu matsakaicin matsayi, wanda ya faru a lokacin tashin hankalin ma'aikata, wanda Cananea da Río Blanco suka nuna.Lokacin da attajirin mai mallakar arewacin ƙasar Francisco I. Madero ya ƙalubalanci Díaz a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1910 kuma Díaz ya ɗaure shi, Madero ya yi kira da a yi tawaye da Díaz a cikin shirin San Luis Potosí.An fara tayar da kayar baya a Morelos, sannan kuma a arewacin Mexico.Rundunar Sojin Tarayya ta kasa murkushe tashe-tashen hankula da ake ta fama da su, wanda hakan ke nuna raunin sojoji da kuma karfafa gwiwar ‘yan tawayen.Díaz ya yi murabus a watan Mayun 1911 kuma ya tafi gudun hijira, an kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi har sai an gudanar da zabe, an ci gaba da rike Sojojin Tarayya, kuma sojojin juyin juya hali sun rushe.Kashi na farko na juyin juya halin Musulunci ba shi da jini kuma bai dade ba.An zabi Madero a matsayin shugaban kasa, inda ya karbi mulki a watan Nuwamba 1911. Nan da nan ya fuskanci tawaye da makami na Emiliano Zapata a Morelos, inda manoma suka bukaci a dauki matakin gaggawa kan sake fasalin noma.Ba shi da masaniyar siyasa, gwamnatin Madero ta kasance mai rauni, kuma tashe-tashen hankula sun sake barkewa a yankin.A watan Fabrairun 1913, manyan hafsoshin soja daga gwamnatin Díaz sun yi juyin mulki a birnin Mexico, inda suka tilasta Madero da mataimakin shugaban kasa Pino Suárez yin murabus.Kwanaki bayan haka, an kashe mutanen biyu bisa umarnin sabon shugaban kasa, Victoriano Huerta.Wannan ya haifar da wani sabon yanayi mai zubar da jini na juyin juya halin Musulunci, yayin da hadin gwiwar 'yan Arewa masu adawa da gwamnatin Huerta mai adawa da juyin juya hali, Sojojin Tsarin Mulki karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Coahuila Venustiano Carranza, suka shiga cikin rikici.Sojojin Zapata sun ci gaba da tawayensu da makamai a Morelos.Mulkin Huerta ya kasance daga Fabrairu 1913 zuwa Yuli 1914, kuma ya ga Sojojin Tarayya sun ci nasara a hannun sojojin juyin juya hali.Sojojin juyin juya hali sun yi yaƙi da juna, tare da ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Carranza sun ci nasara da sojojin tsohon abokin tarayya Francisco "Pancho" Villa a lokacin rani na 1915.Carranza ya ƙarfafa iko, kuma an ƙaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin Fabrairu 1917. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexico na 1917 ya kafa tsarin zaɓe na maza na duniya, ya inganta tsarin addini, 'yancin ma'aikata, kishin kasa na tattalin arziki, da sake fasalin ƙasa, kuma ya inganta ikon gwamnatin tarayya.Carranza ya zama shugaban kasar Mexico a shekara ta 1917, inda ya yi wa'adin da ya kare a shekara ta 1920. Ya yi yunƙurin naɗa magajin farar hula, abin da ya sa manyan hafsoshin juyin juya halin arewa suka yi tawaye.Carranza ya gudu daga birnin Mexico kuma an kashe shi.Daga shekarar 1920 zuwa 1940, janar-janar na juyin juya hali sun rike mukamai, lokacin da ikon gwamnati ya zama mai zaman kansa, aka aiwatar da sauye-sauye na juyin juya hali, wanda ya mayar da sojoji karkashin ikon gwamnatin farar hula.Juyin juya halin Musulunci ya kasance yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru goma, tare da sabbin shugabannin siyasa da suka sami iko da halayya ta hanyar shiga cikin rikice-rikicen juyin juya hali.Jam'iyyar siyasar da suka kafa, wadda za ta zama Jam'iyyar Revolutionary Party, ta mulki Mexico har zuwa zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2000. Ko da wanda ya yi nasara a zaben, Vicente Fox, ya ce zaben shi ne magaji ga zaben demokradiyya na 1910 na Francisco Madero, don haka ya yi iƙirari. gado da halaccin juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Obregón, Calles, da de la Huerta sun yi tawaye ga Carranza a cikin Shirin Agua Prieta a cikin 1920. Bayan shugabancin wucin gadi na Adolfo de la Huerta, an gudanar da zabe kuma an zabi Obregón na tsawon shekaru hudu.Kazalika kasancewarsa ƙwararren janar na masu kundin tsarin mulki, Obregón ɗan siyasa ne mai wayo kuma ɗan kasuwa mai nasara, noma kajin.Gwamnatinsa ta yi nasarar ɗaukar abubuwa da yawa na al'ummar Mexiko in ban da limamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu arzikin ƙasa.Shi ba mai akida ba ne, amma dan kishin kasa ne mai neman sauyi, yana rike da ra'ayoyi masu kama da sabani a matsayin dan gurguzu, dan jari hujja, Jacobin, mai ruhi, da kuma dan Amurka.Ya sami nasarar aiwatar da manufofin da suka fito daga gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali;musamman ma, manufofin da suka yi nasara sun hada da: hadewar birane, tsarin aiki a cikin harkokin siyasa ta hanyar CROM, inganta ilimi da al'adun Mexico a karkashin José Vasconcelos, yunkurin sake fasalin kasa, da kuma matakan da aka dauka wajen kafa 'yancin mata.Ya fuskanci manyan ayyuka da dama a fadar shugaban kasa, musamman ta fuskar siyasa.Na farko shine karfafa ikon jiha a cikin gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma dakile masu karfi na yanki (caudillos);na biyu shine samun amincewar diflomasiyya daga Amurka;na uku kuma shi ne ke gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a shekarar 1924 lokacin da wa'adinsa ya kare.Gwamnatinsa ta fara gina abin da wani masani ya kira "hasken son rai, hukuncin yanke hukuncin cewa jihar ta san abin da ya kamata a yi kuma tana buƙatar cikakken iko don cika aikinta."Bayan tashin hankali na kusan shekaru goma na juyin juya halin Mexico, sake ginawa a hannun gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi ya ba da kwanciyar hankali da kuma hanyar sabunta zamani.Obregón ya san cewa ya zama dole ga gwamnatinsa ta tabbatar da amincewar Amurka.Tare da ƙaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexica na 1917, an baiwa gwamnatin Mexico ikon kwashe albarkatun ƙasa.Amurka tana da manyan muradun kasuwanci a Mexico, musamman man fetur, da kuma barazanar kishin kasa ga tattalin arzikin Mexico ga manyan kamfanonin mai na nufin amincewar diflomasiyya na iya dogara ga daidaiton Mexico wajen aiwatar da kundin tsarin mulki.A cikin 1923 lokacin da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Mexiko ke kan gaba, Obregón ya fara tattaunawa da gwamnatin Amurka da gaske, tare da gwamnatocin biyu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bucareli.Yarjejeniyar dai ta warware tambayoyi game da muradun mai na ketare a kasar Mexico, musamman domin cimma muradun Amurka, amma gwamnatin Obregón ta samu amincewar diflomasiyyar Amurka.Da wannan makamai da harsasai suka fara kwarara zuwa ga sojojin juyin juya hali masu biyayya ga Obregón.

Zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 1924 ba nuni ne na zabuka masu 'yanci da adalci ba, amma Obregón mai ci ba zai iya tsayawa takara ba, don haka ya amince da wannan ka'idar juyin juya hali.Ya kammala wa'adin shugabancinsa har yanzu yana raye, na farko tun bayan Porfirio Díaz.Dan takarar Plutarco Elías Calles ya fara daya daga cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na farko a tarihin kasar, yana kira da a sake fasalin kasa kuma ya yi alkawarin daidaita daidaito, karin ilimi, karin hakkokin ma'aikata, da mulkin dimokradiyya.Calles yayi ƙoƙari ya cika alkawuransa a lokacin mulkin sa na jama'a (1924-26), da kuma wani lokaci na adawa da addini (1926-28).Matsayin Obregón game da Ikilisiya ya bayyana da gaske, tun da akwai wasu batutuwa da yawa don magance shi, amma magajinsa Calles, mai tsaurin ra'ayi, ya ɗauki cocin a matsayin ma'aikata da Katolika na addini lokacin da ya ci nasara ga shugabancin, ya kawo tashin hankali. Rikici na jini, da dadewa da aka sani da Yaƙin Cristero.

Yaƙin Cristero ya kasance gwagwarmayar da ta yaɗu a tsakiya da yammacin Mexico daga 1 ga Agusta 1926 zuwa 21 ga Yuni 1929 don mayar da martani ga aiwatar da abubuwan da ba sa bin addini da kabilanci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1917.An tayar da tawayen ne a matsayin martani ga hukuncin zartarwa da shugaban kasar Mexico Plutarco Elías Calles ya yi na tilasta aiwatar da Mataki na 130 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shawarar da aka fi sani da Calles Law.Kiraye-kirayen sun nemi kawar da ikon Cocin Katolika a Mexico, ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kuma murkushe sanannen addini.Rikicin ƙauye a arewa ta tsakiyar Mexiko ya sami goyan bayan manyan jami'an cocin, kuma magoya bayan Katolika na birni sun taimaka masa.Sojojin Mexico sun sami tallafi daga Amurka .Jakadan Amurka Dwight Morrow ya kulla shawarwari tsakanin gwamnatin Calles da Coci.Gwamnati ta yi wasu rangwame, Coci ta janye goyon bayanta ga mayakan Cristero, kuma rikicin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1929. An fassara tawayen a matsayin babban abin da ya faru a fafatawar da aka yi tsakanin coci da jihar da aka yi tun ƙarni na 19 da yaƙi. na kawo sauyi, a matsayin babban boren manoma na karshe a Mexico bayan kawo karshen zangon soja na juyin juya halin Mexico a shekarar 1920, kuma a matsayin yunkurin juyin juya hali na manoma masu wadata da masu fada a ji a birane kan sauye-sauyen yankunan karkara da noma na juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Maximato wani lokaci ne na wucin gadi a cikin ci gaban tarihi da siyasa na Mexico daga 1928 zuwa 1934. An yi masa suna bayan tsohon shugaban kasar Plutarco Elías Calles's sobriquet el Jefe Máximo (mafi girman shugaba), Maximato shine lokacin da Calles ya ci gaba da yin amfani da iko da kuma yin tasiri. ba tare da rike shugabancin kasar ba.Tsawon shekaru shida shine wa'adin da zababben shugaban kasa Alvaro Obregón zai yi aiki idan ba a kashe shi nan da nan bayan zaben Yuli na 1928 ba.Akwai bukatar a samar da wani nau'i na siyasa don warware rikicin maye gurbin shugaban kasa.Kiraye-kirayen ba zai iya sake rike shugabancin kasar ba saboda takunkumin sake tsayawa takara ba tare da wani tazara daga mulki ba, amma ya kasance mai rinjaye a Mexico.Akwai hanyoyin magance rikicin.Da farko dai, za a nada shugaban rikon kwarya, sannan a yi sabon zabe.Na biyu, Calles ya kirkiro wata cibiya ta siyasa mai dorewa, Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), wacce ke rike da ikon shugaban kasa daga 1929 zuwa 2000. Shugaban rikon kwarya na Emilio Portes Gil ya dade daga 1 Disamba 1928 zuwa 4 ga Fabrairu 1930. An mika shi a matsayin dan takara don takara. Sabuwar PNR da aka kafa don goyon bayan wani ba a san siyasa ba, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, wanda ya yi murabus a watan Satumba na 1932 don nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da kiran Calles na ikon gaske.Magaji shine Abelardo L. Rodríguez, wanda ya cika sauran wa'adin da ya ƙare a 1934. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, Rodríguez ya ba da 'yancin kai daga Calles fiye da Ortiz Rubio.Zaben na waccan shekarar ya samu nasara ne a hannun tsohon janar na juyin juya hali Lázaro Cárdenas, wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar PNR.Bayan zaben, Calles ya yi ƙoƙarin yin iko a kan Cárdenas, amma tare da abokan gaba Cárdenas sun mamaye Calles a siyasance kuma suka kore shi da manyan abokansa daga ƙasar a 1936.

Calles ne ya zaɓi Lázaro Cárdenas da hannu a matsayin magajin shugaban ƙasa a shekara ta 1934. Cárdenas ya yi nasarar haɗa runduna daban-daban a cikin PRI tare da kafa ƙa'idojin da suka ba jam'iyyarsa damar yin mulki ba tare da kalubalantar shekaru da yawa masu zuwa ba tare da faɗar cikin gida ba.Ya mayar da masana'antar man fetur kasa (a ranar 18 ga Maris 1938), masana'antar wutar lantarki, ya kirkiro Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya aiwatar da babban fasalin kasa da rarraba litattafai kyauta ga yara.A cikin 1936 ya kori Calles, Janar na ƙarshe da ke da burin kama-karya, ta haka ya kawar da sojoji daga mulki.A jajibirin yakin duniya na biyu , gwamnatin Cárdenas (1934-1940) ta kasance tana daidaitawa ne kawai, da kuma karfafa ikonta, al'ummar Mexica wacce, shekaru da yawa, ta kasance cikin juyin juya hali, kuma Mexicans sun fara fassara yakin Turai tsakanin 'yan gurguzu da 'yan farkisanci, musamman yakin basasar Spain, ta hanyar tabarau na juyin juya hali na musamman.Ba a san ko Mexico za ta goyi bayan Amurka ba a lokacin mulkin Lázaro Cárdenas, saboda ya kasance tsaka tsaki."'Yan jari-hujja, 'yan kasuwa, Katolika, da kuma 'yan Mexico masu matsakaicin matsayi wadanda suka yi adawa da yawancin sauye-sauyen da gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta aiwatar sun goyi bayan Falange na Spain".Masanin farfagandar Nazi Arthur Dietrich da tawagarsa a Mexico sun yi nasarar sarrafa editoci da ɗaukar hoto na Turai ta hanyar biyan tallafi mai tsoka ga jaridun Mexico, gami da jaridun Excélsior da El Universal da ake karantawa.Lamarin ya kara dagula ma kasashen kawancen a lokacin da manyan kamfanonin mai suka kauracewa mai na Mexico biyo bayan kasar Lazaro Cárdenas na masana'antar mai da kuma kwace dukkan kadarorin mai na kamfanoni a shekarar 1938, wanda ya katse hanyoyin da Mexico ta samu zuwa kasuwanninta na gargajiya kuma ta sa Mexico ta sayar da mai. zuwa Jamus daItaliya .

A cikin shekaru arba'in masu zuwa, Mexico ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ban sha'awa, nasarorin da masana tarihi suka kira "El Milagro Mexicano", Mu'ujiza ta Mexican.Wani muhimmin al'amari na wannan al'amari shi ne cimma daidaiton siyasa, wanda tun kafuwar jam'iyyar da ke da rinjaye, ya ba da tabbacin samun kwanciyar hankali na shugaban kasa da kuma kula da bangaren da ke iya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin ma'aikata da manoma ta hanyar shiga cikin tsarin jam'iyyar.A cikin 1938, Lázaro Cárdenas ya yi amfani da Mataki na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1917, wanda ya ba da haƙƙin ƙasa ga gwamnatin Mexico, don kwace kamfanonin mai na waje.Wani yunkuri ne da ya shahara, amma bai haifar da wasu manyan kwace ba.Tare da magajin Cárdenas da hannu, Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexico ta matsa kusa da Amurka, a matsayin abokiyar yakin duniya na biyu.Wannan ƙawancen ya kawo gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga Mexico.Ta hanyar ba da kayan yaƙi da aka gama ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin, Mexico ta gina manyan kadarori waɗanda a cikin lokacin yakin basasa za a iya fassara su zuwa ci gaba da ci gaba da masana'antu.Bayan shekara ta 1946, gwamnati ta ɗauki matakin dama a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Miguel Alemán, wanda ya ƙi manufofin shugabannin da suka gabata.Mexico ta bi ci gaban masana'antu, ta hanyar shigo da masana'antu musanya da kuma haraji kan shigo da kayayyaki na waje.Masu masana'antu na Mexico, gami da rukuni a Monterrey, Nuevo León da kuma attajiran 'yan kasuwa a birnin Mexico sun shiga kawancen Alemán.Alemán ya horar da ƙungiyar ƙwadago don goyon bayan manufofin tallafawa masana'antu.Samar da kuɗaɗen masana'antu ya fito ne daga ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu, kamar ƙungiyar Monterrey, amma gwamnati ta ba da kuɗi mai yawa ta bankin ci gabanta, Nacional Financiera.Babban jarin waje ta hanyar saka hannun jari kai tsaye wata hanyar samar da kudade don haɓaka masana'antu, yawancinsu daga Amurka.Manufofin gwamnati sun mayar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki daga karkara zuwa birni ta hanyar rage farashin noma ta hanyar wucin gadi, wanda ya sanya abinci arha ga ma'aikatan masana'antu mazauna birni da sauran masu amfani da birane.Noma na kasuwanci ya faɗaɗa tare da haɓakar kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari masu ƙima, tare da lamuni na karkara zuwa ga manyan masu noma, ba noman manoma ba.

Manuel Ávila Camacho, magajin Cárdenas, ya jagoranci wata "gada" tsakanin zamanin juyin juya hali da kuma zamanin siyasar inji karkashin PRI wanda ya dade har zuwa 2000. Ávila Camacho, ya kaurace wa mulkin mallaka na kasa, ya ba da shawarar samar da yanayi mai kyau don zuba jari na kasa da kasa, wanda ya dace da zuba jari a duniya. ya kasance manufar da Madero ya fi so kusan ƙarni biyu a baya.Gwamnatin Ávila ta dakatar da albashi, yajin aiki, da kuma tsananta wa 'yan adawa tare da wata doka da ta haramta "laifi na rushe al'umma."A wannan lokacin, PRI ta koma dama kuma ta yi watsi da yawancin tsattsauran ra'ayin kishin kasa na zamanin Cárdenas.Miguel Alemán Valdés, magajin Ávila Camacho, ya gyara Mataki na 27 don iyakance sake fasalin ƙasa, da kare manyan masu mallakar filaye.

Mexico ta taka rawar soja sosai a yakin duniya na biyu , amma akwai wasu damammaki ga Mexico don ba da gudummawa sosai.Dangantaka tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ta yi zafi a cikin shekarun 1930, musamman bayan shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya aiwatar da manufar Makwabci mai kyau ga kasashen Latin Amurka.Tun kafin barkewar tashin hankali tsakanin Axis da Allied iko, Mexico ta hada kai da Amurka sosai, tun da farko a matsayin mai goyon bayan "tasancewar tashin hankali" wanda Amurka ta biyo baya kafin harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor a watan Disamba 1941. Mexico ta sanya takunkumi ga kasuwanci da kasuwanci. mutanen da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana a matsayin masu goyon bayan ikon Axis;a watan Agustan 1941, Mexico ta yanke huldar tattalin arziki da Jamus, sannan ta kira jami'an diflomasiyyarta daga Jamus, sannan ta rufe ofishin jakadancin Jamus a Mexico.Nan da nan bayan harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, Mexico ta ci gaba da yakin.Babban gudummawar da Mexico ta bayar ga ƙoƙarin yaƙi shine cikin mahimman kayan yaƙi da aiki, musamman shirin Bracero, shirin ma'aikacin baƙi a Amurka yana 'yantar da maza a can don yin yaƙi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai da Pacific.Akwai bukatu mai yawa na fitar da ita zuwa kasashen waje, wanda ya haifar da wani mataki na wadata.Wani masanin kimiyyar atomic dan kasar Mexico, José Rafael Bejarano, ya yi aiki a sirrin aikin Manhattan wanda ya kirkiro bam din atomic.

Shirin Bracero (yana nufin "mai aiki da hannu" ko "wanda ke yin amfani da makamai") ​​jerin dokoki ne da yarjejeniyoyin diflomasiyya, wanda aka qaddamar a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1942, lokacin da Amurka ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta Mexico tare da Mexico.Ga waɗannan ma’aikatan gona, yarjejeniyar ta ba da tabbacin yanayin rayuwa mai kyau (tsaftar muhalli, isassun matsuguni, da abinci) da mafi ƙarancin albashin centi 30 a sa’a, da kuma kariya daga aikin soja na tilas, tare da ba da tabbacin cewa za a saka wani ɓangare na albashi. asusun ajiyar kuɗi mai zaman kansa a Mexico;ta kuma ba da damar shigo da ma'aikatan kwangila daga Guam a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi yayin farkon yakin duniya na biyu.An tsawaita yarjejeniyar tare da Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta Migrant na 1951 (Pub. L. 82-78), wanda aka kafa a matsayin gyara ga Dokar Aikin Noma ta 1949 ta Majalisar Majalissar Amurka, wacce ta kafa ma'auni na hukuma don Shirin Bracero har sai an ƙare a cikin 1964.

Ƙungiyar Mexican ta 1968, wanda aka sani da Movimiento Estudiantil (ɗalibai) ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da ta faru a Mexico a cikin 1968. Babban haɗin gwiwar dalibai daga manyan jami'o'in Mexico sun sami goyon bayan jama'a don sauyin siyasa a Mexico, musamman tun lokacin da gwamnati ta yi. An kashe makudan kudade na jama'a don gina wuraren wasannin Olympics na Olympics na 1968 a birnin Mexico.Kungiyar ta bukaci karin ‘yancin siyasa da kuma kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya na gwamnatin PRI, wadda ke kan karagar mulki tun shekarar 1929.Ƙaddamar da ɗalibi a harabar Jami'ar Mai zaman kanta ta Mexico, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, El Colegio de México, Jami'ar Chapingo mai cin gashin kanta, Jami'ar Ibero-American, Universidad La Salle da Jami'ar Mai cin gashin kanta ta Puebla, da sauransu sun haifar da Majalisar Yajin Kasa.Ƙoƙarinsa na tara jama'ar Mexiko don ɗimbin canje-canje a rayuwar ƙasa yana samun goyon bayan sassa na ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Mexiko, waɗanda suka haɗa da ma'aikata, manoma, matan gida, 'yan kasuwa, masana, masu fasaha, da malamai.Motsin yana da jerin buƙatun ga shugaban Mexico Gustavo Díaz Ordaz da gwamnatin Mexico don takamaiman batutuwan ɗalibai da kuma manyan batutuwa, musamman ragewa ko kawar da mulkin kama karya.A bayan fage, zanga-zangar da aka yi a duniya a shekara ta 1968 ne ta sa wannan yunkuri ya yi ta gwagwarmayar samar da sauyi na dimokuradiyya a kasar, karin 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin jama'a, rage rashin daidaito da murabus din gwamnatin jam'iyyar Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) mai mulki da ta yi murabus. sun dauki masu mulki kuma a lokacin sun yi mulkin Mexico kusan shekaru 40.Gwamnati ta murkushe yunkurin siyasa tare da mummunan harin gwamnati a kan zanga-zangar lumana a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, wanda aka sani da Kisan Tlatelolco.Akwai canje-canje masu ɗorewa a rayuwar siyasa da al'adun Mexiko saboda haɗakar 1968.

Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1968 taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar daga 12 zuwa 27 ga Oktoba 1968 a Mexico City, Mexico.Waɗannan su ne wasannin Olympics na farko da aka shirya a Latin Amurka kuma na farko da aka fara gudanarwa a cikin ƙasar masu magana da Spanish.An murƙushe Ƙungiyar Studentan ɗaliban Mexico na 1968 kwanakin baya, don haka wasannin suna da alaƙa da zaluncin gwamnati.

Girgizar kasa ta Mexico City ta 1985 ta afku a safiyar ranar 19 ga Satumba a 07:17:50 (CST) tare da girman 8.0 na ɗan lokaci da maxim ɗin Mercalli na IX (Tashin hankali).Lamarin ya haifar da mummunar barna a yankin Greater Mexico da kuma mutuwar mutane akalla 5,000.Jerin abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da girgizar ƙasa mai girman 5.2 wanda ya faru a farkon watan Mayu, babban girgiza a ranar 19 ga Satumba, da manyan girgizar ƙasa guda biyu.Na farko daga cikin wadannan ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Satumba tare da girman 7.5 kuma na biyu ya faru bayan watanni bakwai a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1986 tare da girman 7.0.Sun kasance a bakin tekun tare da mashigin Amurka ta tsakiya, fiye da kilomita 350 (220 mi) daga nesa, amma birnin ya sami babbar barna saboda girmansa da tsohon gadon tafkin da birnin Mexico ke zaune a kai.Lamarin ya janyo asarar dalar Amurka biliyan uku zuwa biyar yayin da gine-gine 412 suka ruguje yayin da wasu 3,124 suka lalace sosai a birnin.Shugaban na wancan lokacin Miguel de la Madrid da jam'iyyar Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) da ke mulki sun sha suka sosai saboda abin da aka dauka a matsayin martani mara inganci ga gaggawa, gami da kin amincewa da taimakon kasashen waje na farko.

Carlos Salinas de Gortari ya zama shugaban kasar Mexico daga 1988-1994.An fi tunawa da shi saboda sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da ya yi da kuma tattaunawar da ya yi na yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta Arewacin Amirka (NAFTA).Ana kuma tunawa da shugabancinsa da wasu batutuwan da suka janyo cece-kuce da kuma raba kan siyasa, kamar zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 1988, inda ake zarginsa da magudin zabe da kuma tursasa masu zabe.Salinas ya ci gaba da manufofin tattalin arziki na neoliberal na magabata Miguel de la Madrid kuma ya mayar da Mexico a matsayin mai mulki.A wa’adinsa na shugaban kasa, ya yi kaurin suna wajen karkatar da daruruwan kamfanonin gwamnati da suka hada da sadarwa, karafa, da ma’adinai.An mayar da tsarin banki (wanda José López Portillo ya ba da shi) na zaman kansa.Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar saka hannun jari a Mexico a farkon shekarun 1990.Gwamnatin Salinas ta kuma aiwatar da wasu sauye-sauye na zamantakewa, ciki har da shirin hadin kai na kasa (PRONASOL), shirin jin dadin jama'a, a matsayin hanyar da za ta taimaka wa talakawa Mexicans kai tsaye, amma kuma ya haifar da hanyar sadarwa na goyon baya ga Salinas.A cikin gida, Salinas ya fuskanci kalubale da dama a lokacin shugabancinsa.Waɗannan sun haɗa da tawayen Zapatista a Chiapas a 1994 da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa magabacinsa, Luis Donaldo Colosio.Shugabancin Salinas ya sami babban nasara da babban cece-kuce.Sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinsa ya taimaka wajen zamani da bude tattalin arzikin Mexico, yayin da gyare-gyaren zamantakewa ya taimaka wajen rage talauci da inganta yanayin rayuwa.Sai dai kuma gwamnatinsa tana fama da zarge-zargen magudin zabe da kuma tsoratar da masu kada kuri’a, kuma ya fuskanci kalubale da dama a cikin gida a lokacin da yake shugabancin kasar.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1994, Mexico ta zama cikakken memba na Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA), ta shiga Amurka da Kanada.Mexico tana da tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai 'yanci wanda ya shiga kulob din tiriliyan a 2010. Ya ƙunshi cakuda masana'antu na zamani da na zamani da noma, waɗanda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke mamaye su.Gwamnatoci na baya-bayan nan sun fadada gasar a tashoshin jiragen ruwa, hanyoyin jirgin kasa, sadarwa, samar da wutar lantarki, rarraba iskar gas, da filayen jiragen sama.

Zapatista Army of National Liberation kungiya ce mai nisa ta siyasa da kuma 'yan gwagwarmaya da ke iko da wani yanki mai yawa a Chiapas, jihar kudancin Mexico.Tun daga 1994, ƙungiyar ta kasance cikin yaƙi tare da ƙasar Mexico (ko da yake ana iya kwatanta shi a wannan lokacin a matsayin rikici mai sanyi).EZLN ta yi amfani da dabarun juriyar jama'a.Babban rukunin Zapatistas ya ƙunshi galibin ƴan asalin karkara, amma ya haɗa da wasu magoya bayansa a cikin birane da na duniya.Babban mai magana da yawun EZLN shine Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano, wanda aka fi sani da Subcomandante Marcos.Ba kamar sauran masu magana da yawun Zapatista ba, Marcos ba Maya ba ne.Kungiyar ta samu sunan ta ne daga Emiliano Zapata, mai fafutukar neman sauyi kuma kwamandan rundunar 'yantar da yankin kudu a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico, kuma tana kallon kanta a matsayin magajinsa na akida.Akidun EZLN an siffanta su a matsayin 'yan gurguzu mai sassaucin ra'ayi, anarchist, Marxist, kuma suna da tushen tauhidin 'yanci duk da cewa Zapatistas sun yi watsi da rabe-raben siyasa.EZLN ta daidaita kanta tare da faɗuwar canjin duniya, ƙungiyoyin anti-neoliberal, neman ikon 'yan asalin ƙasar kan albarkatun gida, musamman ƙasa.Tun lokacin da sojojin Mexico suka yi tir da boren su na 1994, EZLN ta kaurace wa hare-haren soji tare da daukar wani sabon salo da ke kokarin samun goyon bayan Mexico da kasashen duniya.

A lokacin shugabancinsa, ya fuskanci daya daga cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki mafi muni a tarihin Mexico, wanda ya faro makonni kadan bayan hawansa mulki.Yayin da ya nisanta kansa da magajinsa Carlos Salinas de Gortari, yana mai zargin gwamnatinsa da haddasa rikicin, da kuma sa ido kan kamun da aka yi wa dan uwansa Raúl Salinas de Gortari, ya ci gaba da manufofin sa kai na magabatansa biyu.Har ila yau gwamnatinsa ta sami sabon rikici da EZLN da Sojojin Juyin Juya Hali;aiwatar da rikice-rikice na Fobaproa don ceto tsarin banki na kasa;gyare-gyaren siyasa wanda ya ba wa mazauna gundumar Tarayya (Mexico City) damar zabar nasu magajin gari;mayar da kamfanonin jiragen kasa mallakar kasa da kuma dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa daga baya;da kisan kiyashin Aguas Blancas da Acteal da sojojin Jiha suka yi.Kodayake manufofin Zedillo a ƙarshe sun haifar da farfadowar tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam, rashin gamsuwar jama'a tare da shekaru saba'in na mulkin PRI ya sa jam'iyyar ta yi rashin nasara, a karon farko, rinjayen 'yan majalisa a zaɓen tsakiyar wa'adi na 1997, da kuma a babban zaɓe na 2000 'yan adawa na dama. Dan takarar jam'iyyar National Action Party Vicente Fox ya lashe zaben shugabancin jamhuriyar, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin PRI na tsawon shekaru 71 ba tare da katsewa ba.Amincewar Zedillo na shan kaye da PRI ya yi da kuma mika mulki ga magajinsa cikin lumana ya kyautata masa kimarsa a watannin karshe na gwamnatinsa, kuma ya bar ofis tare da amincewar kashi 60%.

Rikicin peso na Mexiko ya kasance rikicin kuɗi da ya haifar da faɗuwar darajar Peso kwatsam da gwamnatin Mexico ta yi akan dalar Amurka a watan Disambar 1994, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin rikicin kuɗi na duniya na farko da jirgin babban birnin ya kunna.A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 1994, gwamnatin da ke kan gado ta fara aiwatar da manufofin fadada kasafin kudi da kudi.Baitul malin Mexico ta fara fitar da kayayyakin bashi na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda aka ƙididdige su a cikin kuɗin cikin gida tare da tabbatar da biyan bashin dalar Amurka, wanda ke jawo hankalin masu zuba jari na waje.Mexico ta ji daɗin amincewar masu saka hannun jari da sabuwar hanyar shiga babban birnin ƙasa bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA).Duk da haka, tashin hankali a jihar Chiapas, da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa dan takarar shugaban kasa Luis Donaldo Colosio, ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, wanda ya sa masu zuba jari su sanya ƙarin haɗari ga kadarorin Mexico.Dangane da mayar da martani, babban bankin Mexico ya shiga cikin kasuwannin musayar kudaden waje don kula da peso na Mexico zuwa dalar Amurka ta hanyar ba da bashin jama'a na dala don siyan pesos.Ƙarfin peso ya sa buƙatun shigo da kayayyaki ya ƙaru a Mexico, wanda ya haifar da gibin ciniki.Masu hasashe sun gane peso mai kima da kima kuma babban birnin ya fara kwararowa daga Mexico zuwa Amurka, yana kara matsin tattalin arziki a kasuwa.Karkashin matsin lamba na zabe, Mekziko ta sayi asusun ajiyar kanta don kula da samar da kudadenta da kuma kaucewa hauhawar kudin ruwa, inda ta zana dalar bankin.Tallafawa samar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi ta hanyar siyan ƙarin bashin da aka ƙima dala yayin da ake girmama irin wannan bashi a lokaci guda ya rage ajiyar bankin a ƙarshen 1994.Babban bankin ya rage darajar peso a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1994, kuma fargabar masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje ya haifar da ƙarin ƙimar haɗari.Don hana sakamakon tashin babban birnin kasar, bankin ya kara yawan kudin ruwa, amma yawan kudaden da ake kashewa wajen karbar bashi ya yi illa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.Rashin iya siyar da sabbin batutuwa na basussukan jama'a ko siyan daloli da kyau tare da fastoci masu fa'ida, Mexico ta fuskanci tabo.Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, bankin ya ba da izinin peso ya sha ruwa cikin walwala, bayan haka ya ci gaba da raguwa.Tattalin arzikin Mexiko ya sami hauhawar farashin kusan kashi 52% kuma kuɗaɗen juna sun fara karkatar da kadarorin Mexiko da kuma kaddarorin kasuwa masu tasowa gabaɗaya.Tasirin ya bazu zuwa tattalin arziki a Asiya da sauran Latin Amurka.{Asar Amirka ta shirya bayar da agajin dala biliyan 50 ga Mexico a watan Janairun 1995, wanda Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ke gudanar da shi tare da goyon bayan G7 da Bankin Matsugunan Duniya.Bayan rikicin, bankunan Mexico da dama sun durkushe a cikin rashin samun lamuni mai yawa.Tattalin arzikin Mexico ya fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki mai tsanani da talauci da rashin aikin yi ya karu.

Yayin da yake jaddada bukatar inganta ababen more rayuwa, sabunta tsarin haraji da dokokin aiki, hadewa da tattalin arzikin Amurka, da ba da damar zuba jari masu zaman kansu a bangaren makamashi, Vicente Fox Quesada, 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Action Party (PAN), an zabe shi a matsayin shugaba na 69. na Mexico a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2000, wanda ya kawo karshen tsawon shekaru 71 na PRI na ofishin.A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Fox ya ci gaba da manufofin tattalin arziki na sabon tsarin da magabata na PRI suka dauka tun a shekarun 1980.Rabin farko na gwamnatinsa ya ga ƙarin canjin gwamnatin tarayya zuwa dama, dangantaka mai karfi da Amurka da George W. Bush, ƙoƙari na ƙaddamar da ƙarin haraji ga magunguna da gina tashar jirgin sama a Texcoco, da kuma rashin nasara. Rikicin diflomasiyya da shugaban Cuba Fidel Castro.Kisan lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam Digna Ochoa a shekara ta 2001 ya sanya ayar tambaya game da kudurin gwamnatin Fox na sabawa mulkin kama karya na zamanin PRI.Gwamnatin Fox ta kuma shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya da Venezuela da Bolivia bayan da ta goyi bayan kafa yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Amurka, wanda kasashen biyu ke adawa da shi.Shekarar da ya yi a kan karagar mulki ya jagoranci zabukan 2006 mai cike da cece-kuce, inda aka ayyana dan takarar PAN Felipe Calderon da ‘yar tazara a kan López Obrador, wanda ya yi ikirarin an tafka magudi a zaben kuma ya ki amincewa da sakamakon zaben, inda ya yi kira da a gudanar da zanga-zanga a fadin kasar.A cikin wannan shekarar ne aka yi tashe-tashen hankula a birnin Oaxaca, inda yajin aikin malamai ya kai ga zanga-zanga da tashe-tashen hankula na neman gwamna Ulises Ruiz Ortiz da ya yi murabus, da kuma jihar Mexico a lokacin tarzomar San Salvador Atenco, inda gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya suka kasance. Daga baya kotun Inter-American Court of Human Rights ta same shi da laifin take hakkin dan Adam a lokacin da ake tauye hakkin dan adam.A gefe guda kuma, an yaba wa Fox da ci gaban tattalin arziki a lokacin gwamnatinsa, da kuma rage yawan talauci daga kashi 43.7% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 35.6% a shekarar 2006.

Shugaban Calderon dai ya sha bayyana yakin da ya yi da kungiyoyin sa-kai na kasar kwanaki goma kacal da hawansa mulki;Yawancin masu lura da al'amuran yau da kullun sun dauki wannan a matsayin dabarar samun sahalewar jama'a bayan kammala zaben.Calderón ya sanyawa Operation Michoacán takunkumi, babban jibge na farko na tura sojojin tarayya a kan masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi.Ya zuwa karshen gwamnatinsa, adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance da ke da alaka da yakin miyagun kwayoyi ya kai akalla 60,000.Adadin kisan gilla ya yi tashin gwauron zabi a lokacin shugabancinsa daidai da farkon yakin miyagun kwayoyi, wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2010 kuma ya ragu a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe na mulki.Babban mai tsara yakin miyagun kwayoyi, Genaro García Luna, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tsaron Jama'a a lokacin shugabancin Calderón, an kama shi a Amurka a cikin 2019 saboda zargin alaka da Sinaloa Cartel.Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki kuma an yiwa wa'adin Calderón alama.Sakamakon wani kunshin da aka amince da shi a cikin 2009, bashin kasa ya karu daga 22.2% zuwa 35% na GDP a watan Disamba 2012. Adadin talauci ya karu daga 43 zuwa 46%.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin shugabancin Calderón sun hada da kafa 2007 na ProMéxico, asusun amincewa da jama'a wanda ke inganta bukatun Mexico a cikin cinikayyar kasa da kasa da zuba jari, da 2008 da aka wuce na gyare-gyaren shari'ar laifuka (wanda aka aiwatar da shi a cikin 2016), annobar cutar alade ta 2009, kafa 2010. na Agencia Espacial Mexicana, da 2011 kafa na Pacific Alliance da kuma samun nasarar kiwon lafiya na duniya ta hanyar Seguro Popular (wanda aka wuce a karkashin gwamnatin Fox) a 2012. A karkashin gwamnatin Calderón goma sha shida sabon Kare Natural Areas aka halitta.

A karkashin Shugaba Calderón (2006-2012), gwamnati ta fara yaƙi da mafias miyagun ƙwayoyi na yanki.Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan rikici ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubun-dubatar 'yan Mexico kuma mafia na ci gaba da samun karfin iko.Meksiko ta kasance babbar hanyar wucewa da samar da magunguna: kimanin kashi 90% na hodar iblis da ake shigowa da su Amurka kowace shekara suna tafiya ta Mexico.Sakamakon karuwar bukatar magunguna a Amurka, kasar ta zama babbar mai samar da maganin tabar heroin, mai samarwa da rarraba MDMA, kuma mafi girma daga kasashen waje da ke samar da cannabis da methamphetamine zuwa kasuwannin Amurka.Manyan kungiyoyin sa kai na miyagun kwayoyi ne ke kula da yawancin safarar muggan kwayoyi a kasar, kuma Mexico babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudade ce.Bayan da dokar hana kai hari ta kasa ta kare a Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2004, masu safarar muggan kwayoyi na Mexico sun fara samun makamai a Amurka.Sakamakon haka shi ne, masu sayar da muggan kwayoyi a yanzu sun fi karfin bindiga, da kuma karin ma'aikata saboda yawan rashin aikin yi a Mexico.Bayan da ya hau kan karagar mulki a cikin 2018, Shugaba Andrés Manuel López Obrador ya bi wata hanyar da za ta bi don magance mafias na miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana mai kira ga manufar "runguma, ba harbin bindiga" (Abrazos, ba balazos).Wannan manufar ba ta da tasiri, kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu bai ragu ba.

A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Enrique Peña Nieto ya ba da sanarwar yerjejeniyar da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu na Mexico, wanda ya kwantar da fadace-fadacen jam'iyyun kuma ya haifar da karuwar doka a duk fadin siyasa.A cikin shekarunsa hudu na farko, Peña Nieto ya jagoranci fasa-kwaurin mulkin mallaka, ya baiwa bangaren makamashi na Mexico sassauci, ya gyara ilimin jama'a, da kuma sabunta ka'idojin kudi na kasar.Koyaya, rikicin siyasa da zarge-zargen nuna son kai a kafofin watsa labarai sannu a hankali ya kara tsananta cin hanci da rashawa, aikata laifuka, da cinikin muggan kwayoyi a Mexico.Faduwar farashin mai a duniya ya iyakance nasarar sake fasalin tattalin arzikinsa, wanda ya rage goyon bayan siyasa ga Peña Nieto.Yadda ya yi garkuwa da jama'ar Iguala a shekarar 2014 da kuma tserewar mai kwaya Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán daga gidan yarin Altiplano a shekarar 2015 ya janyo suka a duniya.Guzmán da kansa ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba Peña Nieto cin hanci a lokacin shari'arsa.Tun daga shekarar 2022, shi ma yana cikin takaddamar Odebrecht, inda tsohon shugaban Pemex Emilio Lozoya Austin ya bayyana cewa yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Peña Nieto ya amfana da kudaden yakin neman zabe ba bisa ka'ida ba da Odebrecht ya bayar domin samun tagomashi a nan gaba.Ƙimar tarihi da ƙimar amincewar shugabancinsa ba su da kyau.Masu cin zarafi suna haskaka jerin manufofin da suka gaza da kuma tabarbarewar kasancewar jama'a yayin da masu goyon bayan suka lura da karuwar gasa ta tattalin arziki da sassauta matsalar.Ya fara wa'adinsa ne da kashi 50% na amincewa, ya kai kusan kashi 35 cikin dari a tsawon shekarun da ya shafe shi kuma a karshe ya kasa samun kashi 12% a watan Janairun 2017. Ya bar ofis tare da amincewar kashi 18% da kashi 77% na rashin amincewa.Ana ganin Peña Nieto a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi samun cece-kuce kuma mafi karancin shahara a tarihin Mexico.