Daular Qin

A karni na 9 KZ, Feizi, wanda ake zaton zuriyar tsohon mashawarcin siyasa Gao Yao ne, an ba shi mulki a birnin Qin.Birnin Tianshui na zamani ya tsaya inda wannan birni yake.A zamanin sarki Xiao na Zhou, sarki na takwas na daular Zhou, an san wannan yanki da sunan kasar Qin.A cikin 897 KZ, a ƙarƙashin Gonghe Regency, yankin ya zama abin dogaro da aka ware don manufar kiwon da kiwo.Daya daga cikin zuriyar Feizi, Duke Zhuang, ya sami tagomashi daga Sarki Ping na Zhou, sarki na 13 a wannan layin.A matsayin lada, an tura dan Zhuang, Duke Xiang, zuwa gabas a matsayin jagoran yakin yaki, inda ya kafa Qin a hukumance.Jihar Qin ta fara wani balaguron soji zuwa tsakiyar kasar Sin a shekara ta 672 KZ, ko da yake ba ta shiga wani mummunan kutse ba saboda barazanar 'yan kabilar da ke makwabtaka da ita.A farkon karni na huɗu KZ, duk da haka, ƙabilun da ke makwabtaka da su sun kasance ko dai an ci su ne ko kuma an ci su, kuma an saita matakin haɓaka Qin.

An ba shi suna Zhao Zheng, (sunan sirri Ying Zheng).Sunan Zheng (正) ya fito ne daga watan haihuwarsa Zhengyue, watan farko na kalandar wata na kasar Sin;.Sunan dangin Zhao ya fito ne daga zuriyar mahaifinsa kuma baya da alaƙa da sunan mahaifiyarsa ko kuma wurin da aka haife shi.(Song Zhong ya ce, ranar haihuwarsa, ta kasance a ranar farko ta Zhengyue.

A shekara ta 246 K.Z., sa’ad da sarki Zhuangxiang ya mutu bayan ɗan gajeren sarauta na shekaru uku kacal, ɗansa ɗan shekara 13 ya gaje shi kan karaga.A lokacin, Zhao Zheng yana matashi, don haka Lü Buwei ya kasance a matsayin firaministan kasar Qin, wanda har yanzu yana yaki da sauran jihohi shida.Bayan shekaru tara, wato a shekara ta 235 KZ, Zhao Zheng ya samu cikakken iko bayan da aka kori Lü Buwei saboda hannu a wata badakala da Sarauniya Dowager Zhao.Zhao Chengjiao, Ubangiji Chang'an (长安君), shi ne halaltaccen dan'uwan Zhao Zheng, uba daya amma daga uwa daban.Bayan da Zhao Zheng ya gaji sarauta, Chengjiao ya yi tawaye a Tunliu ya mika wuya ga jihar Zhao.Zhao Zheng ya kashe sauran masu rike da iyalan Chengjiao.

A lokacin Jihohin Warring, Qin sannu a hankali yana samun iko ta hanyar kai hare-hare.Lokacin da aka fara yakin karshe na hada kan kasar Sin a shekara ta 230 KZ, Qin yana kula da kashi daya bisa uku na duk kasar da ake nomawa a kasar Sin da kashi daya bisa uku na yawan al'ummar kasar Sin.

Da yake kasuwanci ya kasance muhimmin tushen arziki ga kabilun Yue na gabar tekun kasar Sin, yankin da ke kudancin kogin Yangtze ya jawo hankalin sarki Qin Shi Huang, kuma ya yi jerin gwano na yaki don cin galaba a kansa.Da yanayin yanayi mai kyau, filayen albarkatu, hanyoyin kasuwanci na ruwa, tsaro na dangi daga ƙungiyoyin yaƙi zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma, da samun damar samun kayan alatu na wurare masu zafi daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sarkin ya aika da dakaru don cin nasara da masarautun Yue a shekara ta 221 KZ.An aika balaguron soji akan yankin tsakanin 221 da 214 KZ.Zai ɗauki balaguron soji sau biyar a jere kafin Qin ya ci Yue a shekara ta 214 KZ.

Zhao Zheng, Sarkin Qin, ya samu nasara daga zamanin da ake yaki a kasar Sin, ya kuma hada kan kasar.Ya fara daular Qin kuma ya shelanta kansa a matsayin "sarki na farko" (始皇帝, Shǐ Huángdì), ba sarki a da, kuma yanzu ya zarce nasarorin da tsoffin sarakunan daular Zhou suka samu.

Sarkin sarakuna Shi Huangdi ya ɓullo da tsare-tsare na ƙarfafa iyakar arewacin ƙasarsa, don kare kai daga hare-haren makiyaya.Sakamakon haka shi ne farkon gina abin da daga baya ya zama babbar ganuwa ta kasar Sin, wadda aka gina ta ta hanyar hadewa da karfafa ganuwar da sarakunan fada suka yi, wanda za a fadada shi da sake gina shi sau da dama daga dauloli na baya, shi ma a matsayin martani ga barazanar da aka yi masa. arewa.

A shekara ta 215 KZ, Qin Shi Huangdi ya umarci Janar Meng Tian da ya tashi yakar kabilar Xiongnu a yankin Ordos, ya kafa yankin iyaka a madauki na kogin Yellow.Da yake ganin cewa, Xiongnu na iya zama wata barazana, sarkin ya kaddamar da wani hari na riga-kafi a kan Xiongnu da nufin fadada daularsa.

A lokacin yakin neman zabensa zuwa kudanci, Shi Huangdi ya fara aikin gina mashigin ruwa na Lingqu, wanda ake amfani da shi sosai wajen samarwa da karfafa sojoji yayin yakin neman zabe na sakandare.Shi Lu shi ne sarki Shi Huangdi ya ba shi aikin gina magudanar ruwa don safarar hatsi.An kammala aikin a shekara ta 214 KZ, wanda ake kira Canal Lingqu a yau.Kai tsaye ta tabbatar da Kudancin China da muhimmancin soja.Canal ta kasance tana aiki sama da shekaru 2000 a matsayin babbar hanyar jigilar ruwa tsakanin Lingnan (Guangdong na yau da Guangxi) da tsakiyar kasar Sin har zuwa lokacin da aka kammala aikin layin dogo na Yuehan da layin dogo na Xianggui a zamanin yau.Mutane da yawa sun kuskure wannan don Grand Canal.

A shekara ta 214 KZ, Shi Huangdi ya tsare iyakokinsa zuwa arewa tare da wani gungu (maza 100,000) na manyan sojojinsa, kuma ya aika da rinjaye (maza 500,000) na sojojinsa zuwa kudu don cin nasara a yankin kabilun kudu.Kafin al'amuran da suka sa Qin ya mamaye kasar Sin, sun mallaki mafi yawan lardin Sichuan a kudu maso yammacin kasar.Sojojin Qin ba su da masaniya game da yankin dazuzzukan, kuma sun yi galaba a kansu da dabarun yaki na kabilanci na kudancin kasar inda aka yi hasarar mutane sama da 100,000.Duk da haka, a shan kashi Qin ya sami nasarar gina magudanar ruwa zuwa kudu, wanda suka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen samarwa da kuma karfafa sojojinsu a lokacin da suka kai hari na biyu a kudu.Gina kan wadannan nasarorin da sojojin Qin suka samu sun mamaye yankunan gabar tekun da ke kewaye da Guangzhou, suka kuma kwace lardunan Fuzhou da Guilin.Suka buge har zuwa Hanoi.Bayan wadannan nasarorin da aka samu a kudancin kasar, Qin Shi Huang ya kwashe fursunoni sama da 100,000 da suka yi hijira zuwa yankin da aka mamaye.Dangane da tsawaita iyakokin daularsa, Sarki na farko ya yi nasara matuka a kudu.

Bayan yunƙurin kisa da yawa, Shi Huangdi ya ƙara damuwa da mutuwa da tunanin rai na har abada.Shaidu sun nuna mai yiwuwa ya fara neman elixir na rashin mutuwa.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na aƙidar siyasarsa ta Doka, Shi Huangdi yana buƙatar a lalata duk littattafan da ba su goyan bayan Shari'a ba.Ya ba da umarnin a ƙone waɗannan littattafan, kuma kawai an adana rubutun kan noma, magani, da tsinkaya.Bisa shawarar babban mashawarcinsa Li Siu, Shi Huangdi ya ba da umarnin a kashe malamai 420 ta hanyar binne rai, tun da masana da yawa sun yi adawa da kona littafinsa.A cikin 2010, Li Kaiyuan, wani mai bincike a fannin tarihin daular Qin da daular Han , ya buga labarin mai suna Gaskiya ko Fiction na Kona Littattafai da aiwatar da Malaman Ru: Tarihin Half-Faked, wanda ya haifar da shakku guda hudu game da shi. " zartar da malaman ru" kuma ta yi jayayya cewa Sima Qian ta yi amfani da kayan tarihi ba daidai ba.Li ya yi imanin cewa kona littattafan da kuma kashe malaman ru, wani tarihi ne na bogi wanda aka haɗe shi da wayo tare da "ƙona litattafai" da "hukunce-hukuncen zartar da malaman ru".

Xu Fu ya dawo daga tafiyarsa don nemo elixir na rayuwa kuma ya dora laifin gazawarsa a kan dodanni na teku don haka sarki ya tafi kamun kifi.Lokacin da Qin Shi Huang ya tambaye shi, Xu Fu ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai wani katon dabbar teku da ke tare hanya, kuma ya nemi maharba su kashe wannan halitta.Qin Shi Huang ya yarda, kuma ya aika maharba su kashe wani katon kifi.Xu sai ya sake tashi, amma bai dawo daga wannan tafiyar ba.

Firayim Minista Li Siu ya yi niyyar sanya Hu Hai (mai suna Qin Er Shi), ɗan Shi Huangdi mai rauni na biyu a kan karaga.Qin Er Shi ya kasance, ba daidai ba ne kuma mai jujjuyawa.Ya kashe ministoci da hakimai da yawa, ya ci gaba da ayyukan gine-gine masu yawa (ɗayan ayyukan da ya yi na almubazzaranci shi ne lalata ganuwar birnin), ya ƙara wa sojoji girma, ya ƙara haraji, ya kama manzanni da suka kawo masa mummunan labari.A sakamakon haka, maza daga ko'ina cikin kasar Sin sun yi tawaye, suna kai wa jami'ai hari, suna tara sojoji, da kuma ayyana kansu a matsayin sarakunan yankunan da aka kwace.

Ya mutu a shekara ta 210 KZ, yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabas mai nisa na daularsa a yunƙurin samo elixir na dawwama daga masu sihiri na Tao, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa elixir ya makale a tsibirin da wani dodo na teku ke gadinsa.Babban eunuch, Zhao Gao, da firaministan kasar, Li Si, sun boye labarin mutuwarsa da dawowarsu har sai da suka sami damar sauya wasiyyarsa ta dorawa dan sarki mai hakuri, Huhai, wanda ya dauki sunan. Qin Er Shi

Qin Er Shi ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru uku kacal, kuma a ƙarshe wani amintaccen ministansa Zhao Gao ya tilasta masa kashe kansa, yana ɗan shekara 24. Shugaban gwamnatin Eunuch Zhao Gao ya yi Allah wadai da Qin Er Shi bayan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a binne shi ba.An binne shi a Xi'an na yau, kusa da Pagoda Goose.Idan aka kwatanta da mahaifinsa, kabarinsa ba shi da fa'ida sosai kuma ba shi da rundunar terracotta.Qin Er Shi bashi da sunan haikali.

Bayan mutuwar Shi Huangdi, gwamnatin Qin ba za ta iya ci gaba da kasancewar kasar Sin daya ba.Dakarun 'yan tawaye, kowannensu na da'awar Umurnin Sama, suna kafa a fadin kasar.Daga karshe an hambarar da gwamnatin Qin a babban birnin Xianyang a shekara ta 206 KZ, kuma an fara jerin gwano na manyan hukumomi.

Qin ya nemi samar da kasa dunkule ta hanyar tsarin mulki na siyasa da kuma wani babban soja da ke samun goyan bayan ingantaccen tattalin arziki.Gwamnatin tsakiya ta matsa kaimi ga masu fada aji da masu mallakar filaye don samun ikon gudanarwa kai tsaye kan manoma, wadanda suka kunshi mafi yawan al'umma da ma'aikata.Wannan ya ba da damar ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da suka shafi manoma da masu laifi dubu dari uku, kamar hada katanga a kan iyakar arewa, daga karshe sun bunkasa zuwa babbar ganuwa ta kasar Sin, da wani babban sabon tsarin hanyoyin kasa, da kuma babban dakin tarihi na Qin na farko. Sarkin sarakuna da sojojin Terracotta masu girman rai ke kiyaye shi.Qin ya gabatar da gyare-gyare iri-iri kamar daidaitattun kudade, ma'auni, ma'auni da tsarin rubutu iri ɗaya, wanda ke da nufin haɗa kan jihar da haɓaka kasuwanci.Bugu da ƙari, sojojinta sun yi amfani da makamai na baya-bayan nan, sufuri da dabaru, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kasance mai bin tsarin mulki.