Delhi Sultanate

A shekara ta 962 AZ, daular Hindu da na Buddha a kudancin Asiya sun fuskanci jerin hare-hare daga sojojin musulmi daga tsakiyar Asiya.Daga cikin su akwai Mahmud na Ghazni, dan wani bawan Turkic Mamluk, wanda ya kai hari tare da wawashe masarautu a arewacinIndiya tun daga gabashin kogin Indus zuwa yammacin kogin Yamuna sau goma sha bakwai tsakanin 997 zuwa 1030. Mahmud na Ghazni ya kai hari a baitul mali amma ya janye. kowane lokaci, kawai fadada mulkin Musulunci zuwa yammacin Punjab.An ci gaba da kai jerin hare-hare kan daular arewacin Indiya da yammacin Indiya da shugabannin yakin musulmi suka yi bayan Mahmud na Ghazni.Hare-haren ba su kafa ko tsawaita kan iyaka na dindindin na masarautun Musulunci ba.Sabanin haka, Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (wanda aka fi sani da Muhammad na Ghor) ya fara yaƙin faɗaɗawa zuwa arewacin Indiya a shekara ta 1173. Ya nemi ya zana wa kansa mulki da faɗaɗa duniyar Islama.Muhammad na Ghor ya kirkiro daular Musulunci ta Ahlus-Sunnah na kansa da ke gabas da kogin Indus, don haka ya kafa harsashin mulkin musulmi da ake kira Delhi Sultanate.Wasu masana tarihi sun ba da tarihin Sultanate na Delhi daga 1192 saboda kasancewar Muhammad Ghori da da'awar yanki a Kudancin Asiya a lokacin.An kashe Ghori a shekara ta 1206, da Ismā'īli 'yan Shi'a musulmi suka kashe a wasu asusun ko kuma Khokhars a wasu.Bayan kisan gillar, daya daga cikin bayin Ghori, Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, ya karbi mulki, ya zama Sultan na farko na Delhi.

Qutb al-Din Aibak, tsohon bawan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (wanda aka fi sani da Muhammad na Ghor), shi ne shugaban farko na masarautar Delhi.Aibak dan asalin Cuman-Kipchak (Turkiyya) ne, kuma saboda zuriyarsa, ana kiran daularsa daular Mamluk (asalin Bawa) (kada a rude shi da daular Mamluk na Iraki ko kuma daular Mamluk taMasar ).Aibak ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sultan na Delhi na tsawon shekaru hudu, daga 1206 zuwa 1210. Aibak ya shahara da karimci kuma mutane suna kiransa Lakhdata.

A shekara ta 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a Lahore a lokacin da yake buga wasan Polo, ba tare da bayyana magajinsa ba.Don hana rashin zaman lafiya a masarautar, sarakunan Turkawa (malik da amira) a Lahore sun nada Aram Shah a matsayin magajinsa a Lahore.Wasu manyan mutane, karkashin jagorancin mai shari'a na soja (Amir-i Dad) Ali-yi Ismail, sun gayyaci Iltutmish don ya hau kan karagar mulki.Iltutmish ya yi tattaki zuwa Delhi, inda ya karbe mulki, daga baya kuma ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Aram Shah a Bagh-i Jud.Babu tabbas ko an kashe shi a fagen fama, ko kuma an kashe shi a matsayin fursunan yaƙi.Ƙarfin Iltutmish ya kasance mai wuyar gaske, kuma da yawa daga cikin amirai (masu daraja) sun ƙalubalanci ikonsa kamar yadda suka kasance masu goyon bayan Qutb al-Din Aibak.Bayan jerin cin nasara da kisan gilla na adawa, Iltutmish ya ƙarfafa ikonsa.An yi ta kalubalantar mulkinsa sau da yawa, kamar Qubacha, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe.Iltutmish ya ci Multan da Bengal daga fafatawa da sarakunan musulmi, da Ranthambore da Siwalik daga sarakunan Hindu .Ya kuma kai hari, ya yi nasara, ya kuma kashe Taj al-Din Yildiz, wanda ya tabbatar da hakkinsa a matsayin magajin Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.Mulkin Iltutmish ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1236. Bayan mutuwarsa, masarautar Delhi Sultanate ta ga jerin shuwagabanni masu rauni, suna jayayya da manyan musulmi, kisan gilla, da kuma wa'adin mulki na gajeren lokaci.

An gina Qutb Minar a kan rugujewar Lal Kot, katangar Dhillika.An fara Qutub Minar bayan Masallacin Quwwat-ul-Islam, wanda Qutb-ud-din Aibak, shugaban farko na Delhi Sultanate ya fara a shekara ta 1192.

Daular Mongol ta kaddamar da mamayewa da dama a cikin yankin Indiya daga 1221 zuwa 1327, tare da yawancin hare-haren da Qaraunas na Mongol suka yi.Mongols sun mamaye sassan yankin na tsawon shekaru da dama.Yayin da Mongols suka ci gaba zuwa yankin Indiya kuma suka isa bayan Delhi, Delhi Sultanate ya jagoranci yakin da sojojin Mongol suka sha da kyar.

Bayan wani lokaci bayan shekara ta 1235 wata rundunar Mongol ta mamaye yankin Kashmir, inda suka kafa darughachi (gwamnan gudanarwa) a can na tsawon shekaru da dama, kuma Kashmir ya zama abin dogaro da Mongolian.A lokaci guda, wani malamin addinin Buddah na Kashmiri, Otochi, da ɗan'uwansa Namo sun isa kotun Ögedei.Wani Janar na Mongol mai suna Pakchak ya kai wa Peshawar hari tare da fatattakar sojojin kabilun da suka bar Jalal ad-Din amma har yanzu suna barazana ga Mongols.Waɗannan mutanen, galibinsu Khaljis, sun tsere zuwa Multan kuma an ɗauke su cikin sojojin masarautar Delhi Sultanate.A cikin hunturu 1241 sojojin Mongol sun mamaye kwarin Indus kuma suka kewaye Lahore.Koyaya, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1241, Mongols karkashin Munggetu sun yanka garin kafin su fice daga Delhi Sultanate.A lokaci guda kuma Babban Khan Ögedei ya mutu (1241).

'Yar Mamluk Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia ta gudanar da Delhi a lokacin 1231-1232 lokacin da mahaifinta ya shagaltu da yakin Gwalior.A cewar wata almara mai yuwuwa, wanda ya burge ta a wannan lokacin, Iltutmish ya zaɓi Razia a matsayin magajinsa bayan ya koma Delhi.Ruknuddin Firuz dan uwan ​​Razia ne ya gaje shi Iltutmish, wanda mahaifiyarsa Shah Turkan ta yi niyyar kashe ta.A lokacin tawayen da aka yi wa Ruknuddin, Razia ta tunzura al’umma gabaki daya kan Shah Turkan, sannan ta hau karagar mulki bayan da aka tsige Ruknuddin a shekara ta 1236. Raziya ta fuskanci kalubalantar hawan Raziya da wani bangare na manyan mutane, wadanda daga karshe suka hade da ita, yayin da sauran suka sha kashi.Sarakunan Turkawa da suka goyi bayanta sun yi tsammanin za ta zama mai kima, amma ta ƙara tabbatar da ikonta.Hakan ya hada da nadin da ta yi wa wasu jami’an da ba ‘yan kasar Turkiyya ba a wasu muhimman mukamai, ya sa suka yi mata bacin rai.A watan Afrilun shekara ta 1240 ne wasu manyan mutane suka kore ta, bayan da ta yi mulki kasa da shekaru hudu.

Sojojin Mongol sun ci gaba kuma a shekara ta 1241, sojojin dawakai 30,000 sun mamaye tsohon birnin Lahore.Mongoliya sun yi galaba a kan gwamnan Lahore Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash, tare da kashe daukacin al'ummar kasar tare da karkatar da birnin a kasa.Babu gine-gine ko abubuwan tarihi a Lahore da suka riga sun halaka Mongol.

Ghiyas ud Din shine sarkin Shamsi na karshe Nasiruddin Mahmud.Ya rage karfin masu martaba, ya kuma daukaka martabar sultan.Asalin sunansa Baha Ud Din.Shi dan Ilbari ne.Lokacin yana karami Mongoliya suka kama shi, suka kai shi Ghazni suka sayar wa Khawaja Jamal ud-din na Basra, Sufi.Daga baya ya kawo shi Delhi a cikin 1232 tare da wasu bayi, kuma dukkanin su Iltutmish ya saya.Balban na cikin shahararrun rukunin bayi 40 Turkawa na Iltutmish.Ghiyas ya yi nasara da dama, wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin waziri.Ya fatattaki Mewats da suka addabi Delhi kuma ya sake cin nasara a Bengal, duk yayin da ya yi nasarar fuskantar barazanar Mongol, gwagwarmayar da ta yi hasarar dansa da kuma magada.Ko da yake Balban ya samu ƴan nasarorin soja kaɗan, ya sake fasalin tsarin mulkin farar hula da na soja wanda ya sa ya samu gwamnati mai ƙarfi da wadata ta ba shi wannan mukami, tare da Shams ud-din Iltutmish da kuma Alauddin Khalji daga baya, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Delhi. Sarkin Musulmi

Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau, wanda aka fi sani da Amīr Khusrau ɗanIndo ne - mawaƙin Sufi na Farisa , mawaƙi, mawaƙi kuma masani wanda ya rayu ƙarƙashin masarautar Delhi Sultanate.Shi mutum ne mai kima a tarihin al'adun yankin Indiya.Shi ɗan sufi ne kuma almajirin ruhaniya na Nizamuddin Auliya na Delhi, Indiya.Ya rubuta waƙa da farko a cikin Farisa, amma kuma cikin Hindavi.Kalmomi a cikin ayar, Ḳhāliq Bārī, mai ɗauke da kalmomin Larabci, Farisa da Hindawi galibi ana danganta shi da shi.Wani lokaci ana kiran Khusrau a matsayin "muryar Indiya" ko "Aku na Indiya" (Tuti-e-Hind), kuma an kira shi "uban littattafan Urdu."

Yakin Kogin Beas yaki ne da aka yi tsakanin Chagatai Khanate da Mamluk Sultanate a shekara ta 1285. Ghiyas ud din Balban ya shirya wani layin tsaro na soji a tsallaken kogin Beas a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sarkar kafuwar "jini da karfe" a Multan da Lahore a matsayin matakin tunkarar mamayar Chagatai Khanate.Balban ya yi nasarar dakile harin.Sai dai kuma an kashe dansa Muhammad Khan a yakin.

Bughra Khan ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban, don murkushe tawayen gwamnan Lakhnauti, Tughral Tughan Khan.Sannan aka nada Bughra a matsayin gwamnan Bengal.Bayan rasuwar babban yayansa, Yarima Muhammad, Sultan Ghiyasuddin ya nemi ya hau gadon sarautar Delhi.Amma Bughra ya shagaltu da kujerar gwamnan Bengal kuma ya ki amincewa da tayin.Sultan Ghiyasuddin maimakon ya zabi Kaikhasrau, dan Yarima Muhammad.Bayan mutuwar Ghiyasuddin a 1287, Bughra Khan ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Bengal.Nijamuddin, Firayim Minista, ya nada Nasiruddin Bughra Khan ɗan, Qaiqabad, a matsayin Sultan na Delhi.Amma rashin ingantaccen hukunci na Qaiqabad ya bazu cikin tashin hankali a Delhi.Qaiqabad ya zama yar tsana kawai a hannun waziri Nijamuddin.Bughra Khan ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen rashin zaman lafiya a Delhi kuma ya ci gaba da dakaru masu yawa zuwa Delhi.A lokaci guda kuma Nijamuddin ya tilastawa Qaiqabad gaba da wani katafaren runduna domin tunkarar mahaifinsa.Sojojin biyu sun hadu a bakin kogin Saryu.Amma uban da dansa sun cimma fahimtar juna maimakon su fuskanci yakin zubar da jini.Qaiqabad ya amince da 'yancin kai na Bughra Khan daga Delhi kuma ya cire Najimuddin a matsayin wazirinsa.Bughra Khan ya koma Lakhnauti.

Daular Khalji ta kasance na gadon Turko-Afganistan.Asalinsu na Turkawa ne.Sun dade suna zama a Afghanistan ta yau kafin su wuce zuwa Delhi aIndiya .Sunan "Khalji" yana nufin wani garin Afganistan da aka sani da Qalati Khalji ("Fort of Ghilji").Wasu sun ɗauke su a matsayin Afganistan saboda ɗaukar wasu halaye da al'adun Afghanistan.Sarkin farko na daular Khalji shi ne Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.Ya hau kan karagar mulki ne bayan juyin juya halin Khalji wanda ya yi nuni da mika mulki daga hannun manya-manyan Turkawa zuwa ga manyan sarakunan Indo-Musulmi.Bangaren Khalji da Indo-Musulmi sun sami karfafuwa ta hanyar samun karuwar masu tuba, kuma sun karbi mulki ta hanyar kashe-kashe.Muiz ud-Din Kaiqabad an kashe shi kuma Jalal-addin ya karbi mulki a juyin mulkin soja.Yana da kusan shekaru 70 a lokacin hawansa, kuma an san shi da tawali'u, mai tawali'u da kuma kirki ga jama'a.A matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi, ya kori mamayar Mongol, kuma ya bar Mongols da yawa su zauna a Indiya bayan musulunta.Ya kwace Mandawar da Jhain daga hannun sarkin Chahamana Hammira, duk da cewa ya kasa kwace babban birnin Chahamana Ranthambore.

A watan Yulin 1296, Jalal-ud-din ya yi tattaki zuwa Kara tare da dakaru masu yawa don ganawa da Ali a cikin watan Ramadan.Ya umurci kwamandansa Ahmad Chap da ya dauki babban bangaren sojoji zuwa Kara ta kasa, yayin da shi da kansa ya bi ta kogin Ganges tare da sojoji 1,000.Lokacin da tawagar Jalal-ud-din suka zo kusa da Kara, Ali ya aika Almas Beg ya same shi.Almas Beg ya shawo kan Jalal-ud-din ya bar sojojinsa, yana mai cewa kasancewarsu zai firgita Ali ya kashe kansa.Jalal-ud-din ya shiga jirgin ruwa tare da wasu tsirarun sahabbansa, wadanda aka sanya su kwance daurin makamansu.Yayin da suke cikin jirgin, sai suka ga dakarun Ali dauke da makamai a bakin kogi.Almas ya shaida musu cewa an gayyaci wadannan dakarun ne domin yin liyafar da ta dace da Jalal-ud-din.Jalal-ud-din ya koka kan rashin ladabin Ali na rashin zuwan sa gaisawa a wannan lokacin.Duk da haka, Almas ya gamsar da shi kan amincin Ali ta hanyar cewa Ali ya shagaltu da shirya baje kolin ganima daga Devagiri da liyafa a gare shi.Jin gamsuwa da wannan bayanin, Jalal-ud-din ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Kara, yana karatun Al-Qur'ani a cikin jirgin ruwa.Da ya sauka a Kara, ‘yan barandan Ali suka gaishe shi, Ali cikin biki ya jefa kansa a kafafunsa.Jalal-uddin cikin kauna ya daga Ali, ya yi masa sumba a kumatu, sannan ya yi ma sa tsiwa don ya taba son kawun nasa.A nan ne Ali ya yi wa mabiyinsa Muhammad Salim alama, wanda ya bugi Jalal-uddin da takobinsa sau biyu.Jalal-ud-din ya tsallake rijiya da baya, ya ruga da gudu ya nufi kwale-kwalensa, amma bugu na biyu ya kashe shi.Ali ya ɗaga alfarwar sarki bisa kansa, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi.An dora kan Jalal-ud-din a mashi aka yi fareti a lardunan Ali na Kara-Manikpur da Awadh.An kuma kashe abokan tafiyarsa da ke cikin jirgin, kuma sojojin Ahmad Chap sun koma Delhi.

A cikin 1296, Alauddin ya kai hari Devagiri, kuma ya sami ganima don yin tawaye mai nasara ga Jalaluddin.Bayan kashe Jalaluddin, ya ƙarfafa ikonsa a Delhi, ya kuma yi wa 'ya'yan Jalaluddin sarauta a Multan.A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Alauddin ya yi nasarar kare mamayar Mongol daga Chagatai Khanate, a Jaran-Manjur (1297-1298), Sivistan (1298), Kili (1299), Delhi (1303), da Amroha (1305).A shekara ta 1306, dakarunsa sun samu gagarumar nasara a kan Mongols da ke kusa da gabar kogin Ravi, daga bisani kuma suka mamaye yankunan Mongol a Afghanistan ta yau.Kwamandojin sojan da suka yi nasarar jagorantar sojojinsa a yakin Mongols sun hada da Zafar Khan, Ulugh Khan, da kuma babban bawansa Malik Kafur.Alauddin ya ci masarautun Gujarat (wanda aka kai masa hari a shekara ta 1299 aka kuma haɗa shi a 1304), Ranthambore (1301), Chittor (1303), Malwa (1305), Siwana (1308), da Jalore (1311).

A cikin hunturu na 1297, Kadar, wani noyan na Mongol Chagatai Khanate ya mamaye masarautar Delhi Sultanate wanda Alauddin Khalji ke mulki.Mongols sun mamaye yankin Punjab, inda suka yi gaba har zuwa Kasur.Alauddin ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa Ulugh Khan (kuma mai yiwuwa Zafar Khan) don duba ci gabansu.Wannan runduna ta fatattaki maharan a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1298, inda suka kashe kusan 20,000 daga cikinsu, tare da tilasta wa Mongols ja da baya.

A cikin 1298-99, sojojin Mongol (watakila 'yan gudun hijirar Neguderi) sun mamaye yankin Sindh na Delhi Sultanate, kuma suka mamaye katangar Sivistan a Pakistan ta yau.Sarkin Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aike da janar din sa Zafar Khan ya kori Mongols.Zafar Khan ya sake kwace sansanin, ya kuma daure shugaban Mongol Saldi da abokansa.

Bayan zama Sultan na Delhi a shekara ta 1296, Alauddin Khalji ya shafe wasu shekaru yana ƙarfafa ikonsa.Da ya ƙarfafa ikonsa a kan filayen Indo-Gangetic, ya yanke shawarar mamaye Gujarat.Gujarat na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi arziki a Indiya, saboda ƙasa mai albarka da kasuwancin tekun Indiya.Bugu da ƙari, ɗimbin ƴan kasuwa musulmi sun zauna a biranen Gujarat mai tashar jiragen ruwa.Yakin da Alauddin ya yi a Gujarat zai sa 'yan kasuwa musulmi na arewacin Indiya su samu damar shiga harkokin kasuwancin duniya.A shekara ta 1299, sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aika da sojoji domin su abkawa yankin Gujarat na Indiya, wanda sarkin Vaghela Karna ke mulki.Sojojin Delhi sun yi awon gaba da wasu manyan biranen Gujarat da suka hada da Anahilavada (Patan), Khambhat, Surat da Somnath.Karna ya sami damar sake samun iko da aƙalla wani ɓangare na mulkinsa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Koyaya, a cikin 1304, mamayewa na biyu da sojojin Alauddin suka kawo ƙarshen daular Vaghela har abada, kuma ya haifar da haɗa Gujarat zuwa masarautar Delhi.

A lokacin mulkin Alauddin, Mongol noyan Kadar sun kai hari Punjab a cikin hunturu na 1297-98.Janar Ulugh Khan na Alauddin ne ya sha kaye ya tilasta masa ja da baya.Wani hari na biyu na Mongol da Saldi ya jagoranta, Janar Zafar Khan na Alauddin ya dakile.Bayan wannan shan kashi na wulakanci, Mongols sun kaddamar da mamayewa na uku, tare da cikakken shirye-shirye, da nufin cinye Indiya .A ƙarshen 1299, Duwa, mai mulkin Mongol Chagatai Khanate, ya aika da dansa Qutlugh Khwaja don ya ci Delhi.Mongols sun yi niyya don cin nasara da mulkin Delhi Sultanate, ba wai kawai su kai hari ba.Don haka a tsawon watanni 6 da suka yi tattakin zuwa Indiya, ba su yi amfani da wawashe garuruwa da ruguza garu ba.Lokacin da suka yi sansani a Kili kusa da Delhi, Sarkin Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji ya jagoranci sojoji don duba ci gabansu.Janar Zafar Khan na Alauddin ya kai hari a wata tawagar Mongol karkashin jagorancin Hijlak ba tare da izinin Alauddin ba.Mongoliya sun yaudari Zafar Khan ya bi su nesa da sansanin Alauddin, sannan suka yi wa tawagarsa kwanton bauna.Kafin rasuwarsa, Zafar Khan ya yi nasarar yi wa sojojin Mongol mummunan rauni.Mongols sun yanke shawarar ja da baya bayan kwanaki biyu.Ainihin dalilin komawar Mongol ya bayyana shi ne cewa Qutlugh Khwaja ya ji rauni sosai: ya mutu yayin tafiya ta dawowa.

A cikin 1301 Alauddin Khalji, mai mulkin Delhi Sultanate a Indiya, ya ci maƙwabtan masarautar Ranastambhapura (Ranthambore na zamani).Hammira, Sarkin Chahamana (Chauhan) na Ranthambore, ya ba da mafaka ga wasu 'yan tawayen Mongol daga Delhi a shekara ta 1299. Ya ki amincewa da bukatar ko dai ya kashe wadannan 'yan tawayen ko kuma mika su ga Alauddin, wanda ya haifar da mamayewa daga Delhi.Daga nan sai Alauddin da kansa ya karbe ikon gudanar da ayyuka a Ranthambore.Ya ba da umarnin a gina wani tudu da za a yi ma'aunin bangonta.Bayan dogon kawaye, masu tsaron gida sun sha fama da yunwa da tarwatsewa.Da yake fuskantar wani yanayi mai tsanani, a cikin Yuli 1301, Hammira da abokansa masu aminci suka fito daga sansanin, suka yi yaƙi har ya mutu.Matansa da ’ya’yansa mata da sauran ‘yan uwansa mata sun yi wa Jauhar (kona kan jama’a).Alauddin ya kame katangar, kuma ya nada Ulugh Khan a matsayin gwamna.

A shekara ta 1303, sojojin Mongol na Chagatai Khanate sun kaddamar da farmaki a kan Delhi Sultanate, lokacin da manyan runduna biyu na sojojin Delhi ba su da birnin.Sarkin Delhi Alauddin Khalji, wanda baya can Chittor lokacin da Mongols suka fara tattaki, ya koma Delhi cikin gaggawa.Duk da haka, ya kasa yin isassun shirye-shiryen yaki, kuma ya yanke shawarar samun mafaka a wani sansani mai tsaro a sansanin Siri da aka gina.Mongols, karkashin jagorancin Taraghai, sun yi wa Delhi kawanya sama da watanni biyu, kuma sun yi awon gaba da yankunanta.Daga karshe dai sun yanke shawarar ja da baya, bayan da suka kasa kutsawa sansanin Alauddin.Wannan mamayar dai na daya daga cikin hare-haren da Mongol din suka yi a Indiya, kuma ya sa Alauddin ya dauki matakai da dama don hana sake aukuwar lamarin.Ya karfafa kasancewar sojoji tare da hanyoyin Mongol zuwaIndiya , kuma ya aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki don tabbatar da isassun hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga don kiyaye dakaru mai karfi.

A shekara ta 1303, sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya kwace sansanin Chittor daga hannun sarkin Guhila Ratnasimha, bayan da aka shafe watanni takwas ana killace.An bayyana wannan rikici a cikin labaran almara da dama, ciki har da waka mai tarihi mai suna Padmavat, wadda ke da'awar cewa dalilin Alauddin shine ya sami kyakkyawar matar Ratnasimha Padmavati;Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar wannan tatsuniya a cikin tarihin kuskure.

A cikin 1305, sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aika da sojoji don su kame masarautar Paramara na Malwa a tsakiyar Indiya.Sojojin Delhi sun ci nasara tare da kashe babban ministan Paramara Goga, yayin da Sarkin Paramara Mahalakadeva ya fake a sansanin Mandu.Alauddin ya nada Ayn al-Mulk Multani a matsayin gwamnan Malwa.Bayan ƙarfafa ikonsa a Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk ya kewaye Mandu ya kashe Mahalakadeva.

Duk da irin matakan da Alauddin ya dauka, dakarun Mongol karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg sun mamaye masarautar Delhi a shekara ta 1305. Alauddin ya aike da dakaru 30,000 karkashin jagorancin Malik Nayak don fatattakar 'yan Mongols.Mongols sun kai hari daya ko biyu marasa rauni kan sojojin Delhi.Sojojin Delhi sun yi wa maharan mummunan fata.An yi yakin Amroha a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1305 tsakanin sojojin Delhi Sultanate na Indiya da Mongol Chagatai Khanate na tsakiyar Asiya.Dakarun Delhi karkashin jagorancin Malik Nayak sun fatattaki sojojin Mongol karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg da Tartaq kusa da Amroha a Uttar Pradesh a yau.Alauddin ya bayar da umarnin kashe wasu daga cikin wadanda aka kama, wasu kuma a daure su.Sai dai Barani ya ce Alauddin ya ba da umarnin kashe duk wadanda aka kama ta hanyar tattake su a karkashin kafafun giwaye.

A cikin 1306, mai mulkin Chagatai Khanate Duwa ya aika da wani balaguro zuwa Indiya, don ramuwar gayya ga Mongoliya a 1305. Sojojin da suka mamaye sun hada da runduna uku karkashin jagorancin Kopek, Iqbalmand, da Tai-Bu.Don duba ci gaban maharan, sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Malik Kafur, tare da goyon bayan wasu janar-janar kamar Malik Tughluq.Sojojin Delhi sun samu gagarumar nasara, inda suka kashe dubun-dubatar maharan.An kawo mutanen Mongol da aka kama zuwa Delhi, inda ko dai aka kashe su ko kuma aka sayar da su zuwa bauta.Bayan wannan shan kashi, Mongols ba su mamaye masarautar Delhi Sultanate a lokacin mulkin Alauddin ba.Nasarar ta kara kwarin gwiwa matuka ga Janar Tughluq na Alauddin, wanda ya kaddamar da hare-haren azabtarwa a yankunan Mongol na Afghanistan a yau.

A farkon karni na 13, yankin Deccan na kudancin Indiya yanki ne mai matukar arziki, wanda aka ba shi kariya daga sojojin kasashen waje da suka mamaye arewacinIndiya .Daular Kakatiya ta mallaki yankin gabashin Deccan, babban birninsu a Warangal.A cikin 1296, kafin Alauddin ya hau gadon sarautar Delhi, ya kai hari Devagiri, babban birnin makwabta na Kakatiyas Yadavas.Kwace ganimar da aka samu daga Devagiri ya sa shi shirya wani mamayewar Warangal.Bayan da ya ci Ranthambore a shekara ta 1301, Alauddin ya umurci Janar Ulugh Khan da ya shirya tattaki zuwa Warangal, amma mutuwar Ulugh Khan ta kawo karshen wannan shiri.A ƙarshen 1309, Sarkin Delhi Sultanate Alauddin Khalji ya aika da Janar Malik Kafur zuwa wani balaguro zuwa babban birnin Kakatiya Warangal.Malik Kafur ya isa Warangal a watan Janairun 1310, bayan ya ci wani katanga da ke kan iyakar Kakatiya tare da mamaye yankinsu.Bayan da aka shafe tsawon wata guda ana yi wa kawanya, mai mulkin Kakatiya Prataparudra ya yanke shawarar yin shawarwarin sasantawa, kuma ya mika wa maharan dukiya mai tarin yawa, baya ga yin alkawarin aika harajin shekara zuwa Delhi.

A wajajen shekara ta 1308, Sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aika da wata babbar runduna karkashin jagorancin Janar Malik Kafur zuwa Devagiri, babban birnin Sarkin Yadava Ramachandra.Wani sashe na sojojin Delhi, karkashin jagorancin Alp Khan, sun mamaye masarautar Karna a masarautar Yadava, suka kama gimbiya Vaghela Devaladevi, wacce daga baya ta auri dan Alauddin Khizr Khan.Wani sashe kuma wanda Malik Kafur ya jagoranta ya kama Devagiri bayan raunin da masu tsaron baya suka yi.Ramachandra ya amince ya zama bawan Alauddin, daga baya kuma, ya taimaki Malik Kafur a hare-haren da Sarkin Musulmi ya yi wa masarautun kudu.

A cikin 1311 Sarkin Sultan na Delhi Alauddin Khalji ya aika da sojoji don su kama sansanin Jalore a Rajasthan,Indiya a yau.Sarkin Chahamana Kanhadadeva ne ke mulkin Jalore, wanda a baya sojojinsa sun yi artabu da sojojin Delhi da dama, musamman tun bayan da Alauddin ya mamaye sansanin Siwana da ke makwabtaka da shi.Sojojin Kanhadadeva sun samu wasu nasarori na farko a kan maharan, amma a karshe sansanin Jalore ya fada hannun sojojin da ke karkashin jagorancin Janar Malik Kamal al-Din na Alauddin.An kashe Kanhadadeva da ɗansa Viramadeva, don haka ya kawo ƙarshen daular Chahamana na Jalore.

Bayan da ya karbi ragamar mulki, Ghazi Malik ya canza sunan kansa zuwa Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq - don haka ya fara da kuma sanyawa daular Tughlak suna.Ya kasance ɗan asalin Turko-Indiya gauraye;Mahaifiyarsa yar Jatt ce kuma mai yiwuwa mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga bayin Turkawa Indiyawa.Ya rage yawan harajin da aka yi wa musulmi da ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin daular Khalji, amma ya kara haraji kan Hindu .Ya gina wani birni mai nisan kilomita shida gabas da Delhi, tare da wani katafaren gida da ake ganin ya fi karewa daga hare-haren Mongol, kuma ya kira shi Tughlakabad.A cikin 1321, ya aika da babban dansa Ulugh Khan, wanda daga baya aka sani da Muhammad bin Tughlaq, zuwa Deogir don ya wawashe masarautun Hindu na Arangal da Tilang (yanzu yanki na Telangana).Yunkurinsa na farko bai yi nasara ba.Watanni hudu bayan haka, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ya aika da manya-manyan sojojin karfafawa dansa yana rokonsa da ya sake yunkurin kwace Arangal da Tilang.A wannan karon Ulugh Khan ya yi nasara.Arangal ya fadi, an sake masa suna zuwa Sultanpur, kuma duk dukiyar da aka wawashe, baitul malin gwamnati da fursunonin an tura su daga masarautar da aka kama zuwa Delhi Sultanate.An yanke mulkinsa bayan shekaru biyar lokacin da ya mutu a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a 1325.

Muhammad bn Tughlaq haziki ne, mai ilmin alqur'ani, fiqhu, waqoqi da sauran fagage.Ya kuma kasance mai tsananin shakku ga ’yan uwansa da wazirinsa (wazirinsa) da masu adawa da shi, ya kuma dauki matakin da ya kawo tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Misali, ya ba da umarnin a fitar da sulalla daga karafa masu darajar tsabar azurfa - shawarar da ta ci tura domin talakawa suna hako jabun tsabar kudi daga karfen da suke da su a gidajensu kuma suna amfani da su wajen biyan haraji da jiziya.

A cikin 1327, Tughluq ya ba da umarnin ƙaura babban birninsa daga Delhi zuwa Daulatabad (a Maharashtra na yanzu) a yankin Deccan na Indiya.Manufar mayar da daukacin manyan musulmin kasar zuwa Daulatabad shi ne ya sanya su a cikin aikin da ya yi na yakar duniya.Ya ga matsayinsu na farfaganda wanda zai daidaita alamar addinin Musulunci daidai da maganganun daular, da kuma cewa Sufaye za su iya ta hanyar lallashewa da yawa daga cikin mazauna Deccan su zama musulmi.A cikin 1334 an yi tawaye a Mabar.Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta murkushe tawaye, an sami bullar annoba a Bidar, wanda a dalilinsa Tughluq ya yi rashin lafiya, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojinsa sun mutu.Yayin da ya koma Daulatabad, Mabar da Dwarsamudra sun rabu da ikon Tughluq.Hakan ya biyo bayan tawaye a Bengal.A cikin 1335, ya yanke shawarar mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Delhi, yana barin 'yan kasar su koma garinsu na baya.

A cikin 1330, bayan da ya gaza balaguron balaguron zuwa Deogiri, ya ba da kudin token;wato tsabar tagulla da tagulla da aka haƙa waɗanda darajarsu ta kai na tsabar zinariya da azurfa.Barani ya rubuta cewa baitul malin sarkin ya gaji saboda aikin da ya yi na bada tukuicin da zinare.A sakamakon haka, darajar tsabar kudi ta ragu, kuma, a cikin kalmomin Satish Chandra, tsabar kudi sun zama "marasa amfani kamar duwatsu".Wannan kuma ya kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci da kasuwanci.Kuɗin alamar yana da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Farisa da Larabci da ke nuna yadda ake amfani da sababbin tsabar kudi maimakon hatimin sarauta don haka 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya bambanta tsakanin jami'in da kuɗin da aka yi ba.

Daular Vijayanagara, wacce kuma ake kira daular Karnata, ta kasance a yankin Deccan Plateau a KudancinIndiya .An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1336 da ’yan’uwan Harihara I da Bukka Raya I na daular Sangama, ’yan wata al’ummar makiyaya makiyaya da ke da’awar zuriyar Yadava.Daular dai ta yi fice ne a matsayin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na yunƙurin da sojojin kudancin ƙasar suka yi na kawar da mamayar Musulunci a ƙarshen karni na 13.A kololuwar sa, ta mamaye kusan dukkanin iyalan da ke mulkin Kudancin Indiya kuma ta tura sarakunan Deccan zuwa yankin kogin Tungabhadra-Krishna na doab, baya ga hade Odisha (tsohon Kalinga) na zamani daga Masarautar Gajapati don haka ya zama babban iko.Ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1646, ko da yake ikonsa ya ragu bayan wani babban nasara da sojoji suka yi a yakin Talikota a shekara ta 1565 ta hadaddiyar runduna ta sultan Deccan.An ba wa masarautar sunan babban birninta na Vijayanagara, wanda rusassunsa ke kewaye da Hampi na yanzu, wanda yanzu ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a Karnataka, Indiya.Arziki da shaharar daular ta haifar da ziyarce-ziyarce da kuma rubuce-rubucen matafiya na Turai na zamanin da kamar Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, da Niccolò de' Conti.Wadannan tafiye-tafiye, wallafe-wallafen zamani da tarihin tarihi a cikin harsunan gida da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na zamani a Vijayanagara sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tarihi da ikon daular.Gadon daular ya haɗa da abubuwan tunawa da aka bazu a Kudancin Indiya, wanda aka fi sani da su shine ƙungiyar a Hampi.Al'adun ginin haikali daban-daban a Kudu da Tsakiyar Indiya an haɗa su cikin salon gine-ginen Vijayanagara.

A lokacin gwamnan Izz al-Din Yahya a Satgaon, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah ya yi hidima a karkashinsa.Bayan mutuwar Yahaya a 1338, Ilyas Shah ya mallaki Satgaon kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sultan, mai zaman kansa daga Delhi.Daga nan sai ya yi kamfen, inda ya kayar da Sultans Alauddin Ali Shah da Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah na Lakhnauti da Sonargaon bi da bi a shekara ta 1342. Wannan ya kai ga kafuwar Bengal a matsayin ƙungiya guda ta siyasa da farkon daular Bengal Sultanate da daularsa ta farko, Ilyas. Shahi.

Ya gaji dan uwansa Muhammad bin Tughlaq bayan mutuwar marigayin a Thatta a Sindh, inda Muhammad bin Tughlaq ya tafi neman Taghi sarkin Gujarat.Saboda tarzomar da ta yaɗu, daularsa ta yi ƙanƙanta da ta Muhammadu.Ya fuskanci tawaye da yawa, ciki har da Bengal, Gujarat da Warangal.Duk da haka ya yi aiki don inganta ayyukan gine-ginen daular, wuraren hutawa da asibitoci, samar da gyara da gyara tafki da hakar rijiyoyi.Ya kafa birane da yawa a kusa da Delhi, ciki har da Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.Ya kafa Shari'a a fadin mulkinsa.

Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq ya fara mamayewa na biyu na Bengal a shekara ta 1359. Tughlaqs sun ayyana Zafar Khan Fars, wani basarake mai martaba kuma surukin Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah, a matsayin halastaccen sarkin Bengal.Firuz Shah Tughluq ya jagoranci dakaru mai dauke da dawakai dubu 80, da manya-manyan sojoji da kuma giwaye 470 zuwa Bengal.Sikandar Shah ya fake a kagaran Ekdala, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya yi a baya.Sojojin Delhi sun yiwa katangar kawanya.Sojojin Bengal sun yi kakkausan kare sansaninsu har zuwa farkon damina.A ƙarshe, Sikandar Shah da Firuz Shah sun cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, inda Delhi ta amince da 'yancin kai na Bengal kuma ta janye sojojinta.

Yakin basasa na farko ya barke ne a shekara ta 1384 bayan shekaru hudu kafin mutuwar Firoz Shah Tughlaq, yayin da yakin basasa na biyu ya fara a shekara ta 1394 bayan shekaru shida bayan mutuwar Firoz Shah.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙen basasa sun kasance da farko tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mabiya addinin Islama na Sunni, kowannensu yana neman mulki da ƙasa don biyan harajin dhimmis da kuma fitar da kuɗin shiga daga manoma mazauna.Yayin da ake ci gaba da yakin basasa, yawancin mabiya addinin Hindu mazauna yankin Himalaya na arewacinIndiya sun yi tawaye, sun daina biyan harajin Jizya da Kharaj ga jami'an Sultan.'Yan Hindu na kudancin Doab yankin Indiya (yanzu Etawah) sun shiga tawaye a cikin 1390 AD.Tartar Khan ya dora Sultan na biyu, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah a Ferozabad, mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kujerar Sultan na farko a karshen shekara ta 1394. Sarakunan biyu sun yi iƙirarin cewa su ne masu mulkin Kudancin Asiya, kowannensu yana da ƙaramin sojoji, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa. al'ummar musulmin kasa baki daya.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun faru a kowane wata, ɓarna da sauye-sauye ta hanyar amirs ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma yakin basasa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Sultan guda biyu ya ci gaba har zuwa 1398, har zuwa mamayewar Timur .

A cikin 1398, Timur ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwayankin Indiya (Hindustan).A wancan lokacin babban ikon yanki shine daular Tughlaq na Delhi Sultanate amma an riga an raunana ta ta hanyar samar da sarakunan yanki da gwagwarmayar maye a cikin dangin sarki.Timur ya fara tafiya daga Samarkand.Ya mamaye yankin arewacin Indiya (a halin yanzu Pakistan da Arewacin Indiya ) ta hanyar ketare kogin Indus a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1398. Ahirs, Gujjars da Jats sun yi adawa da shi amma Delhi Sultanate bai hana shi ba.Yaƙi tsakanin Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Tughlaq da ke da alaƙa da Mallu Iqbal da Timur ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1398. Sojojin Indiya suna da giwaye na yaƙi sanye da sarƙoƙi da guba a kan hasumiyansu wanda ya ba da wahala ga sojojin Timurid yayin da Tatars suka fuskanci wannan karo na farko. .Amma a cikin wani lokaci Timur ya fahimci cewa giwaye suna cikin firgita cikin sauƙi.Ya yi amfani da tarzomar da ta biyo baya a cikin sojojin Nasir-ud-Din Tughluq, inda ya samu nasara cikin sauki.Sultan na Delhi ya gudu tare da ragowar sojojinsa.An kori Delhi kuma an bar shi cikin kufai.Bayan yakin, Timur ya nada Khizr Khan, Gwamnan Multan a matsayin sabon Sultan na Delhi Sultanate a karkashin mulkinsa.Nasarar da Delhi ta yi na daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Timur ya samu, wanda za a iya cewa ya zarce Darius Great, Alexander the Great da Genghis Khan saboda tsananin yanayin tafiyar da kuma nasarar da aka samu na kwace birnin mafi arziki a duniya a lokacin.Delhi ya yi babban rashi saboda wannan kuma ya dauki karni daya kafin ya farfado.

Bayan Timur's 1398 Sack na Delhi, ya nada Khizr Khan a matsayin mataimakin Multan (Punjab).Khizr Khan ya kwace birnin Delhi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1414 ta haka ya kafa daular Sayyid.Khizr Khan bai dauki lakabin Sultan ba kuma a matsayin mai suna, ya ci gaba da zama Rayat-i-Ala (vassal) na Timurids - farkon Timur, kuma daga baya jikansa Shah Rukh.Khizr Khan dansa Sayyid Mubarak Shah ne ya gaje shi bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1421. Shugaban Sayyid na karshe, Ala-ud-Din, da radin kansa ya sauka daga karagar mulkin Delhi Sultanate, inda ya goyi bayan Bahlul Khan Lodi a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1451. Ya tafi Badau, inda ya rasu a shekara ta 1478.

Daular Lodi ta kabilar Pashtun Lodi ce.Bahlul Khan Lodi ya fara daular Lodi kuma shine Pashtun na farko, wanda ya fara mulkin Delhi Sultanate.Babban abin da ya faru a mulkinsa shi ne cin nasarar Jaunpur.Bahlul ya shafe mafi yawan lokutansa wajen yakar daular Sharqi daga karshe ya mayar da ita.Bayan haka, yankin daga Delhi zuwa Varanasi (sa'an nan a kan iyakar lardin Bengal), ya dawo karkashin ikon Delhi Sultanate.Bahlul ya yi yawa wajen hana tawaye da tada kayar baya a yankunansa, ya kuma mika wa Gwalior, Jaunpur da Uttar Pradesh na sama.Kamar dai yadda sarakunan Delhi na baya, ya rike Delhi babban birnin masarautarsa.

Sikandar Lodi (an haife shi Nizam Khan), ɗan Bahlul na biyu, ya gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1489 kuma ya ɗauki taken Sikandar Shah.Ya kafa Agra a 1504 kuma ya gina masallatai.Ya canza babban birni daga Delhi zuwa Agra.Ya soke harajin masara, ya ba da tallafi ga kasuwanci da kasuwanci.Mawaki ne mai suna, yana yin waƙa da sunan alƙalami na Gulruk.Ya kuma kasance majibincin koyo kuma ya ba da umarnin a fassara aikin Sanskrit a fannin likitanci zuwa Farisa .Ya dakile dabi'un mutum-mutumin sarakunansa na Pashtun kuma ya tilasta musu su gabatar da asusunsu don tantancewar gwamnati.Don haka, ya iya ba da himma da da'a a cikin gudanarwa.Babban nasararsa ita ce mamayewa da mamaye Bihar.A cikin 1501, ya kama Dholpur, wanda ke dogara ga Gwalior, wanda sarkinsa Vinayaka-deva ya gudu zuwa Gwalior.A cikin 1504, Sikandar Lodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi da Tomaras.Da farko, ya kwace sansanin Mandrayal, wanda ke gabas da Gwalior.Ya mamaye yankin da ke kusa da Mandrayal, amma da yawa daga cikin sojojinsa sun rasa rayukansu sakamakon barkewar annobar da ta biyo baya, lamarin da ya tilasta masa komawa Delhi.Ƙoƙarin Sikandar Lodi na cin nasarar Gwalior Fort har sau biyar ya kasance bai cika ba saboda duk lokacin da Raja Man Singh I ya ci shi.

Sikandar Lodi ya mutu ne a shekara ta 1517, kuma dansa na biyu Ibrahim Lodi ya karbi mulki.Ibrahim bai samu goyon bayan sarakunan Afganistan da Farisa ko sarakunan yankin ba.Gwamnan Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodi, kawun Ibrahim, ya kai ga Mughal Babur, ya gayyace shi ya kai hari kan masarautar Delhi.Ibrahim Lodi yana da halaye na gwarzon jarumi, amma ya kasance cikin gaggawa da rashin kunya a cikin yanke shawara da ayyukansa.Kokarin da ya yi na tabbatar da mulkin sarauta bai kai ga gaci ba, kuma manufarsa ta danniya ba tare da rakiyar matakan karfafa gwamnati da kara yawan kayan aikin soja ba, tabbas ya gaza.Ibrahim ya fuskanci tawaye da yawa kuma ya hana 'yan adawa kusan shekaru goma.Daular Lodi ta fadi ne bayan yakin Panipat na farko a shekara ta 1526 inda Babur ya ci nasara a kan manyan sojojin Lodi kuma ya kashe Ibrahim Lodi.Babur ya kafa daular Mughal , wanda zai mulki Indiya har sai daBritish Raj ya kawo ta a 1857.

Mahimman Bincike: - Watakila babbar gudummawar da Masarautar Sultanate ta bayar ita ce nasarar da ta samu na wucin gadi na kare yankin daga barnar da mamayar Mongol ta yi daga tsakiyar Asiya a karni na goma sha uku.- Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ta kawo wani lokaci na farfado da al'adun Indiya.Sakamakon hadewar "Indo-Musulmi" ya bar abubuwan tarihi masu ɗorewa a cikin gine-gine, kiɗa, adabi, da addini.- Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ta samar da harsashin daular Moghul, wacce ta ci gaba da fadada yankinta.