Daular Tang

Canji daga Sui zuwa Tang (613-628) yana nufin lokacin da ke tsakanin ƙarshen daular Sui da farkon daular Tang.Jami'anta, janar-janar, da jagororin 'yan tawayen manoma sun sassaka yankunan daular Sui zuwa wasu tsirarun jahohi na gajeren lokaci.Wani tsari na kawar da kai da kuma hadewa ya biyo baya wanda daga karshe ya kai ga karfafa daular Tang ta tsohon janar na Sui Janar Li Yuan.Kusa da ƙarshen Sui, Li Yuan ya naɗa sarkin ɗan tsana Yang You.Daga baya Li ya kashe Yang kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarkin sabuwar daular Tang.

Bayan daular Sui ta ruguje, kasar ta fada cikin rudani.Li Yuan, wani basarake a kotun Sui, ya tara sojoji kuma ya shelanta kansa da kansa sarki Gaozu a shekara ta 618. Ya sauya sunan jiha zuwa Tang, ta haka ya kafa daular Tang, tare da rike birnin Chang'an a matsayin babban birnin kasar.Gaozu yana aiki don sake fasalin haraji da tsabar kuɗi.

Lamarin da ya faru a kofar Xuanwu wani juyin mulkin fada ne na sarautar daular Tang a ranar 2 ga Yulin 626, lokacin da yarima Li Shimin (Yariman Qin) da mabiyansa suka kashe yarima mai jiran gado Li Jiancheng da Yarima Li Yuanji (Yarima na Qi).Li Shimin, ɗan sarki Gaozu na biyu, ya kasance cikin hamayya mai tsanani tare da ƙanensa Li Jiancheng da ƙanensa Li Yuanji.Ya karbe iko, ya kuma yi kwanton bauna a kofar Xuanwu, kofar arewa da take kaiwa fadar fadar babban birnin kasar Chang'an.A can, Li Shimin da mutanensa suka kashe Li Jiancheng da Li Yuanji.A cikin kwanaki uku bayan juyin mulkin, an nada Li Shimin a matsayin yarima mai jiran gado.Sarkin sarakuna Gaozu ya sake yin murabus bayan kwanaki sittin kuma ya mika mulki ga Li Shimin, wanda za a san shi da Emperor Taizong.

Sarkin Taizong na Tang (r. 626-649), sarki na biyu na daular Tang ta kasar Sin, ya fuskanci wata babbar barazana daga makwabciyar Tang ta arewa, wato Turk Khaganate na Gabas.A farkon mulkin Emperor Taizong, ya sanya Illig Qaghan na Gabas na Turkic Khaganate (wanda ake kira Jieli Khan da Ashina Duobi), yayin da yake shirye-shiryen shekaru da yawa don kai hari ga Turkawa ta Gabas (ciki har da kulla kawance da vassal Xueyantuo na Gabashin Turkic Khaganate). , wanda ke shirye ya jefar da karkiyar Turkiya ta Gabas).Ya kaddamar da farmakin ne a lokacin sanyi na shekara ta 629, tare da babban kwamandan Janar Li Jing, kuma a shekara ta 630, bayan da Li Jing ya kama Ashina Duobi, an lalata Khaganate na Gabashin Turkic.Bayan haka, ikon mallakar yankin arewacin Tang (check mate ak.wm) ya fada hannun Xueyantuo, kuma da farko sarki Taizong ya yi kokarin daidaita al'ummar Turkawa da dama a cikin iyakokin Tang.Daga karshe, bayan wani lamari da wata ‘yar gidan sarautar Turkawa ta Gabas, Ashina Jiesheshuai ta kusa kashe shi, ya yi kokarin sake tsugunar da al’ummar Turkawa ta Gabas a arewacin babbar katangar da kudancin hamadar Gobi, don zama matsuguni tsakanin Tang. da Xueyantuo, ƙirƙirar yarima Ashina Simo mai aminci na Turkic Khaganate a matsayin Qilibi Khan, amma mulkin Ashina Simo ya rushe a cikin sabuwar shekara ta 645 saboda rashin amincewa a ciki da matsin lamba daga Xueyantuo ba tare da shi ba, kuma Tang ba zai yi ƙoƙari ya sake sake fasalin Turkic na Gabas ba. ko da yake ragowar kabilun sun tashi daga baya, kuma a lokacin mulkin dan sarki Taizong Sarkin Gaozong, Turkawa ta Gabas sun sake kafu a karkashin Ashina Gudulu, a matsayin ikon yaki da Tang).

Sa'adibnWaqqas, kawun Muhammad wajen uwa, ya jagoranci tawaga zuwa kasar Sin kuma ya gayyaci sarki Gaozong ya karbi Musulunci .Don nuna sha'awarsa ga addini, Sarkin ya ba da umarnin gina masallacin farko na kasar Sin a Canton.

An ɓullo da bugu na katako a farkon zamanin Tang tare da misalan ci gabansa tun daga shekara ta 650 AZ Ana samun ƙarin amfani da yawa a cikin ƙarni na tara, tare da kalanda, littattafan yara, jagororin gwaji, littattafan fara'a, ƙamus da almanacs.An fara buga littattafan kasuwanci a shekara ta 762 KZ A cikin 835 KZ, an hana buga littattafai na sirri da aka kawo saboda rarraba kalanda ba tare da izini ba.Takaddun bugu mafi tsufa daga zamanin Tang shine Diamond Sutra daga 868 AZ, gungura mai ƙafa 16 mai ɗauke da zane-zane da zane-zane.

Yakin kogin Irtysh ko yakin kogin Yexi yaki ne a shekara ta 657 tsakanin Daular Tang Janar Su Dingfang da Turkawa na Yamma Khaganate qaghan Ashina Helu a lokacin yakin Tang da Turawan Yamma.An yi yaƙin ne tare da Kogin Irtysh kusa da tsaunin Altai.Dakarun Helu da suka kunshi mayaƙan doki dubu 100, Su ne suka yi musu kwanton bauna yayin da Helu ya kori sojojin Tang na yaudara waɗanda Su ya tura.Helu ya sha kaye a harin ba-zata da Su, ya kuma rasa yawancin sojojinsa.Kabilun Turkawa masu biyayya ga Helu sun mika wuya, kuma washegari aka kama Helu da ke ja da baya.Kashin Helu ya kawo karshen Turkawa na Yamma, ya karfafa ikon Tang na Xinjiang, kuma ya kai ga Tang suzerainty a yammacin Turkawa.

A gabashin Asiya, kamfen ɗin sojan Tang na China bai yi nasara ba a wasu wurare fiye da daular daular China ta baya.Kamar sarakunan daular Sui a gabansa, Taizong ya kafa yakin soja a 644 a kan masarautarKoriya ta Goguryeo a cikin Goguryeo-Tang War ;duk da haka, hakan ya janyo janyewar ta a yakin neman zabe na farko domin sun kasa shawo kan nasarar tsaron da Janar Yeon Gaesomun ya jagoranta.Tare da haɗin gwiwar daular Silla ta Koriya, Sinawa sun yi yaƙi da Baekje da abokansu na Yamatona Japan a yakin Baekgang a watan Agustan 663, nasara ta Tang-Silla mai mahimmanci.Sojojin ruwa na daular Tang suna da nau'ikan jiragen ruwa daban-daban da dama don shiga yakin ruwa, wadannan jiragen ruwa da Li Quan ya bayyana a cikin Taipai Yinjing (Canon of the White and Gloomy Planet of War) na 759. Yakin Baekgang ya kasance maidowa. Tang-Silla ta hambarar da mulkinsu a shekara ta 660, karkashin jagorancin Janar Su Dingfang na kasar Sin da Janar Kim Yushin na Koriya ta Kudu (595-673).A wani farmakin na hadin gwiwa da Silla, sojojin Tang sun raunana masarautar Goguryeo da ke arewa sosai ta hanyar kakkabe sansanonin ta a shekara ta 645. Tare da hare-haren hadin gwiwa da sojojin Silla da Tang suka yi a karkashin kwamanda Li Shiji (594-669), Masarautar An lalata Goguryeo da 668.

Wang Wei mawaƙi ne, mawaƙi, mai zane, kuma ɗan siyasa na kasar Sin a zamanin daular Tang.Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun mutane masu fasaha da wasiku a zamaninsa.Yawancin wakokinsa an adana su, kuma ashirin da tara sun kasance cikin jerin wakoki na karni na 18 masu tasiri sosai.

Li Bai mawaƙi ne na kasar Sin da aka yabawa tun daga zamaninsa har zuwa yau a matsayin haziƙi kuma ɗan soyayya wanda ya ɗauki salon waƙoƙin gargajiya na gargajiya zuwa wani matsayi.Shi da abokinsa Du Fu (712-770) sun kasance manyan mutane biyu da suka yi fice wajen bunkasar wakokin kasar Sin a daular Tang, wadda ake kira da "Golden Age of China Poetry".Kalmomin "Al'ajibai uku" suna nuna waƙar Li Bai, wasan takobi na Pei Min, da kuma zane-zane na Zhang Xu.

Emperor Xuanzong, shi ne sarki na hudu na daular Tang ta kasar Sin, inda ya yi mulki na dan lokaci a shekara ta 684 da kuma daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 710. A zamanin farko, bai yi mulki ba, kuma gwamnatin gaba daya tana hannun mahaifiyarsa, uwargida Wu Zetian. kuma ikonta na masarauta ya hambarar da shi sosai bayan ya saba wa mahaifiyarsa.A cikin mulkin na biyu, yawancin gwamnati na hannun matarsa ​​mai ƙaunataccen Empress Wei.Ya yi suna saboda girman al'adu da aka kai a lokacin mulkinsa daga 712 zuwa 756 AD.Ya yi maraba da limaman Buddha da Taoist zuwa kotunsa, ciki har da malaman addinin Buddah na Tantric, wani nau'i na addini na baya-bayan nan.Xuanzong yana da sha'awar kiɗa da dawakai.Don haka ya mallaki rukunin dawakai na rawa kuma ya gayyaci fitaccen mai zanen doki Han Gan zuwa cikin kotunsa.Ya kuma halitta makarantar sadarwar music.Faduwar Xuanzong ta zama labarin soyayya mai dorewa a kasar Sin.Xuanzong ya ƙaunaci ƙwarƙwara Yang Guifei sosai, har ya fara yin watsi da ayyukansa na sarauta, ya kuma ƙara ɗaukaka danginta zuwa manyan mukamai na gwamnati.

Yakin Talas wani karo ne na soji da cudanya tsakanin wayewar Musulunci da wayewar kasar Sin a karni na 8, musamman tsakanin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa tare da kawayenta, daular Tibet, da daular Tang ta kasar Sin.A cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 751 AZ, dakarun Tang da Abbasid sun hadu a kwarin kogin Talas don neman iko a yankin Syr Darya na tsakiyar Asiya.Majiyoyin kasar Sin sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe kwanaki da dama ana takun saka, Turkawan Karluk wadanda asalinsu suke da alaka da daular Tang, sun bijirewa sojojin Abbasiyawa tare da yin la'akari da daidaiton karfin iko, lamarin da ya haifar da dambarwar Tang.Wannan shan kashi ya kawo ƙarshen faɗaɗa Tang zuwa yamma kuma ya haifar da musulmi iko da Transoxiana na shekaru 400 masu zuwa.Gudanar da yankin yana da fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ga Abbasiyawa saboda yana kan hanyar siliki.Fursunonin China da aka kama bayan yakin an ce sun kawo fasahar yin takarda zuwa yammacin Asiya.

Tawayen An Lushan tawaye ne ga daular Tang ta kasar Sin (618 zuwa 907) zuwa tsakiyar daular, inda ta yi kokarin maye gurbinta da wata daula mai suna Yan.An Lushan, babban jami'in tsarin sojan Tang ne ya jagoranci wannan tawaye.Wannan taron ya ƙunshi ainihin aikin soja da mutuwar kai tsaye daga yaƙi;amma, har ila yau, ya haɗa da babban hasarar yawan jama'a da ke da alaƙa daga yunwa, tarwatsa jama'a, da sauransu.

Yangzhou, dake mahadar kogin Yangtze da babban mashigin ruwa, ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, hada-hadar kudi da masana'antu, kuma daya daga cikin manyan biranen Tang na kasar Sin, dake da yawan 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje.A shekara ta 760 AZ, wakilin Jiedu na Huainan, Liu Zhan, ya fara kisan kai tare da ɗan'uwansa Liu Yin.Da farko sojojinsu sun fatattaki sojojin gwamna Deng Jingshan a gundumar Xucheng (yanzu Sihong, Jiangsu), kafin su tsallaka kogin Yangtze suka fatattaki Li Yao, wanda ya gudu zuwa Xuancheng.Bisa shawarar fitaccen Janar Guo Ziyi, Deng ya dauki wani janar daga Pinglu, Tian Shengong, don murkushe tawaye.Tian da sojojinsa sun sauka a Jinshan da ke gabar tekun Hangzhou, kuma duk da hasarar da aka yi a farko, ya fatattaki sojojin Liu mai manyan sojoji 8000 a Guangling.Shi kansa Liu Zhan an harbe shi da kibiya ta ido, aka fille kansa.Tun da a baya Tian ya yi yaƙi don tawayen An Shi, yana da sha'awar sake gwada kansa da Sarkin Tang.Ya zaɓi Yangzhou a matsayin manufa mafi dacewa daga inda za a wawashe kyaututtuka ga Sarkin sarakuna.Lokacin da sojojin Tian suka isa, sun yi wa mazauna garin fashi, inda suka kashe dubban 'yan kasuwa Larabawa da Farisa .Daga nan sai Tian ya je babban birnin Tang Chang'an, inda ya mika wa sarki zinariya da azurfa da aka wawashe.A kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Yangzhou, sojojin kasar Sin karkashin Tian Shengong sun kashe dubban 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje a birnin Yangzhou a shekara ta 760 a zamanin daular Tang.

Ko da yake waɗannan bala'o'i da tawaye sun ƙazantar da suna tare da kawo cikas ga aikin gwamnatin tsakiya, duk da haka ana kallon farkon karni na 9 a matsayin lokacin farfadowa ga daular Tang.Janyewar da gwamnati ta yi daga rawar da take takawa wajen tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kasar ya haifar da illar da ba a yi niyya ba na karfafa kasuwanci, yayin da aka bude wasu kasuwanni masu karancin takunkumin doka.A shekara ta 780, tsohon harajin hatsi da sabis na aiki na ƙarni na 7 ya maye gurbinsu da haraji na shekara-shekara da aka biya a cikin tsabar kuɗi, wanda ke nuna ƙaura zuwa tattalin arziƙin kuɗi da 'yan kasuwa suka haɓaka.Biranen yankin Jiangnan da ke kudu, kamar Yangzhou, Suzhou, da Hangzhou sun sami ci gaba a fannin tattalin arziki a lokacin marigayi Tang.An sanya wa gwamnati keɓantaccen ikon samar da gishiri, wanda ya raunana bayan tawayen An Lushan, an sanya shi ƙarƙashin Hukumar Gishiri, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin jihohi, waɗanda ƙwararrun ministocin da aka zaɓa a matsayin ƙwararru.Hukumar ta fara sayar da ‘yan kasuwa ‘yancin sayen gishirin da za su yi amfani da su, inda za su rika jigilar su su sayar a kasuwannin cikin gida.A cikin 799 gishiri ya kai fiye da rabin kudaden shiga na gwamnati.

Babban mai mulki na ƙarshe na daular Tang shi ne Sarkin sarakuna Xianzong (r. 805-820), wanda aka taimaka wa mulkinsa ta hanyar gyare-gyaren kasafin kuɗi na shekarun 780, ciki har da ikon mallakar gwamnati kan masana'antar gishiri.Ya kuma sami ingantacciyar rundunar sojan sarki da aka girke a babban birnin kasar karkashin jagorancin fādawansa;Wannan shi ne rundunar Dabarun Ubangiji, wanda adadinsa ya kai 240,000 kamar yadda aka rubuta a shekara ta 798. A tsakanin shekarun 806 da 819, sarki Xianzong ya gudanar da manyan yakin soji guda bakwai don murkushe lardunan 'yan tawaye da suka yi iƙirarin cin gashin kansu daga babban birnin kasar, inda suka yi nasarar cin galaba a kansu sai biyu. daga cikinsu.A karkashin mulkinsa an kawo karshen jiedushi na gado, yayin da Xianzong ya nada nasa hafsoshin soja, ya kuma sake yin aiki da ofisoshin shiyya tare da jami'an farar hula.

Duk da haka, magadan Xianzong sun nuna rashin iyawa da kuma sha'awar nishaɗin farauta, liyafa, da wasannin motsa jiki na waje, wanda hakan ya baiwa eunuch damar samun ƙarin iko kamar yadda ƙwararrun jami'ai na masana suka haifar da rikici a cikin tsarin mulki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu ban sha'awa.Ƙarfin eunuchs ya zama ba a ƙalubalanci ba bayan da Sarkin sarakuna Wenzong (r. 826-840) ya gaza yin shiri don a hambarar da su;a maimakon haka an kashe abokanan sarki Wenzong a bainar jama'a a Kasuwar Yamma ta Chang'an, bisa umarnin eunuchs.

Duk da haka, Tang ta yi nasarar maido da aƙalla ikon sarrafa tsoffin yankunan Tang har zuwa yammacin Hexi Corridor da Dunhuang a Gansu.A shekara ta 848, Janar na kabilar Han na kasar Sin Zhang Yichao (799-872) ya yi nasarar kokawa da ikon yankin daga Daular Tibet a lokacin yakin basasa.Ba da daɗewa ba Sarkin Tang Xuānzong na Tang (r. 846-859) ya amince da Zhang a matsayin mai tsaro (防禦使, Fangyushi) na lardin Sha da kuma jiedushi gwamnan soja na sabon gundumar Guiyi.Daular Tang ta dawo da karfinta shekaru da dama bayan tawayen An Lushan kuma har yanzu tana iya kaddamar da munanan yaki da kamfe kamar yadda ta lalata Uyghur Khaganate a Mongolia a cikin 840-847.

Wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa da ta mamaye kogin Grand Canal da kuma yankin arewacin kasar Sin ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubun-dubatar mutane.Rashin yadda gwamnati ta kasa daukar matakin shawo kan ambaliyar na haifar da karuwar bacin rai a tsakanin manoma da kuma kafa tushen tawaye.

Tawayen Huang Chao ya kai ga gwagwarmayar neman mulki a kasar Sin, kuma shugaban soja Zhu Wen ya samu nasara.A shekara ta 907 ya tilasta wa sarki ya yi murabus tare da ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki na farko na daular Hou Liang, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen daular Tang.

Baya ga bala'o'in halitta da kuma jiedushi da ke tattare da ikon cin gashin kai, Tawayen Huang Chao (874-884) ya haifar da korar Chang'an da Luoyang, kuma an dauki tsawon shekaru goma ana murƙushe su.Tang bai taba farfadowa daga wannan tawaye ba, wanda ya raunana shi don karfin soja na gaba don maye gurbinsa.Manyan gungun 'yan bindiga masu girman kananan sojoji sun lalata yankunan karkara a cikin shekarun karshe na Tang.;A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce na daular Tang, sannu a hankali durkushewar daular tsakiya ta haifar da hawan manyan sojoji biyu masu adawa da juna a arewacin kasar Sin: Li Keyong da Zhu Wen.Kudancin kasar Sin zai kasance ya rabu zuwa kananan masarautu daban-daban har sai an sake hade yawancin kasar Sin karkashin daular Song (960-1279).Har ila yau, ikon daular Liao ta al'ummar Khitan ya samo asali ne daga wannan lokaci;