Tarihin Koriya

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8000 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Koriya



Tarihin Koriya ya samo asali ne tun lokacin ƙananan Paleolithic, tare da aikin ɗan adam na farko a yankin Koriya da Manchuria wanda ya faru kusan rabin miliyan da suka wuce.[1] Lokacin Neolithic ya fara bayan 6000 KZ, wanda aka haskaka ta hanyar zuwan tukwane a kusa da 8000 KZ.A shekara ta 2000 KZ, zamanin Bronze ya fara, sannan kuma Iron Age a kusa da 700 KZ.[2] Abin sha'awa, bisa ga Tarihin Koriya, mutanen Paleolithic ba su ne kakannin kakannin mutanen Koriya na yanzu ba, amma an kiyasta kakanninsu na kai tsaye su ne mutanen Neolithic na kimanin 2000 KZ.[3]Samguk Yusa mai tatsuniya ya ba da labarin kafa daular Gojoseon a Koriya ta Arewa da kudancin Manchuria.[4] Yayin da ainihin asalin Gojoseon ya kasance mai hasashe, shaidun archaeological sun tabbatar da wanzuwarsa a yankin Koriya da Manchuria aƙalla karni na 4 KZ.Jihar Jin a kudancin Koriya ta samo asali ne a karni na 3 KZ.A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, Wiman Joseon ya maye gurbin Gija Joseon kuma daga baya ya mika wuya ga daular Han ta kasar Sin.Wannan ya haifar da lokacin Proto-Uku Masarautu, zamanin tashin hankali da yaƙe-yaƙe.Masarautu uku na Koriya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Goguryeo , Baekje, da Silla, sun fara mamaye tsibirin da Manchuria tun daga ƙarni na 1 KZ.Haɗin kai da Silla ya yi a shekara ta 676 AZ ya nuna ƙarshen wannan ƙa'ida ta sassa uku.Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 698, King Go ya kafa Balhae a cikin tsoffin yankunan Goguryeo, wanda ya haifar da lokacin jihohin Arewa da Kudancin (698-926) inda Balhae da Silla suka kasance tare.Ƙarshen ƙarni na 9 ya ga rarrabuwar Silla cikin Sarautu uku na ƙarshe (892–936), waɗanda a ƙarshe suka haɗe ƙarƙashin daular Goryeo ta Wang Geon.A lokaci guda, Balhae ya fada hannun daular Liao karkashin jagorancin Khitan, tare da ragowar, ciki har da yarima mai jiran gado na ƙarshe, tare da haɗin gwiwar Goryeo.[5] An yiwa zamanin Goryeo alama ta hanyar tsara dokoki, ingantaccen tsarin sabis na jama'a, da haɓakar al'adun Buddha mai tasiri.Duk da haka, ya zuwa karni na 13, mamayewar Mongol ya sanya Goryeo karkashin ikon daular Mongol dadaular Yuan ta kasar Sin.[6]Janar Yi Seong-gye ya kafa daular Joseon a shekara ta 1392, bayan nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi wa daular Goryeo .[7] Zamanin Joseon ya shaida manyan ci gaba, musamman a ƙarƙashin Sarki Sejong Mai Girma (1418-1450), wanda ya gabatar da gyare-gyare da yawa kuma ya ƙirƙiri Hangul, haruffan Koriya.Duk da haka, a ƙarshen karni na 16 da farkon 17th an lalata su ta hanyar mamayewar kasashen waje da rashin jituwa na cikin gida, musamman mamayar Japan na Koriya .Duk da nasarar dakile wadannan hare-hare tare da taimakon Ming China, kasashen biyu sun yi barna mai yawa.Daga baya, daular Joseon ta zama mai son sani, wanda ya ƙare a cikin karni na 19 lokacin da Koriya, ba ta son sabunta, aka tilastawa shiga yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba tare da ikon Turai.Wannan lokaci na raguwa daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kafa daular Koriya (1897-1910), ɗan gajeren lokaci na haɓakawa cikin sauri da gyara zamantakewa.Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1910, Koriya ta zama mulkin mallaka na Japan, matsayin da za ta ci gaba har zuwa 1945.Juriya na Koriya da mulkin Jafananci ya kai kololuwa tare da yaɗuwar motsi na Maris 1st na 1919. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu , a 1945, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawancen sun raba Koriya zuwa wani yanki na arewa, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ke kula da shi, da kuma yankin kudanci karkashin kulawar Amurka .Wannan yanki ya ƙarfafa a cikin 1948 tare da kafa Koriya ta Arewa da ta Kudu.Yaƙin Koriya , wanda Kim Il Sung na Koriya ta Arewa ya fara a shekara ta 1950, ya nemi sake hade yankin karkashin mulkin gurguzu.Duk da kawo karshen yarjejeniyar tsagaita wutar da aka yi a shekarar 1953, yakin na ci gaba har wa yau.Koriya ta Kudu ta samu gagarumin dimokuradiyya da bunkasuwar tattalin arziki, inda ta samu matsayi mai kama da kasashen yammacin duniya da suka ci gaba.Sabanin haka, Koriya ta Arewa, a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na dangin Kim, ta ci gaba da fuskantar kalubalen tattalin arziki da kuma dogaro kan taimakon kasashen waje.
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Ziyarci Shago

Lokacin Paleolithic na Koriya
Fassarar fasaha na zamanin Paleolithic a cikin yankin Koriya. ©HistoryMaps
500000 BCE Jan 1 - 8000 BCE

Lokacin Paleolithic na Koriya

Korea
Zamanin Paleolithic na Koriya shine farkon sanannen zamanin da ya gabata na yankin Koriya, wanda ya kai kusan shekaru 500,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata.Wannan zamanin yana da alaƙa da fitowar da kuma amfani da kayan aikin dutse daga kakannin ɗan adam na farko.Shafuka a fadin Koriya ta Kudu sun samar da na'urori na farko, hannaye, da sauran kayan aikin dutse waɗanda ke ba da shaida na farkon mazaunin ɗan adam da daidaitarsu ga muhalli.A tsawon lokaci, kayan aiki da kayan tarihi daga wannan lokacin sun samo asali cikin sarƙaƙƙiya, suna nuna ci gaba a cikin dabarun yin kayan aiki.Rukunan Paleolithic na farko sukan bayyana kayan aikin da aka yi daga dutsen kogi, yayin da wuraren Paleolithic na baya suka nuna shaidar kayan aikin da aka ƙera daga manyan duwatsu ko kayan wuta.An yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin da farko don farauta, tarawa, da sauran ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun.Bugu da ƙari, lokacin Paleolithic a Koriya yana da mahimmanci don fahimtarsa ​​game da ƙaura da tsarin matsugunan mutane na farko.Bayanan burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa mutanen farko sun yi hijira zuwa yankin Koriya daga wasu sassan Asiya.Yayin da yanayin ya canza kuma ya zama mai karɓar baƙi, waɗannan jama'a sun zauna, kuma al'adun yanki daban-daban sun fara bayyana.Ƙarshen zamanin Paleolithic ya nuna sauyi zuwa zamanin Neolithic, inda tukwane da noma suka fara taka rawa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun.
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Yaren Neolithic
Lokacin Neolithic. ©HistoryMaps
8000 BCE Jan 1 - 1503 BCE

Yaren Neolithic

Korean Peninsula
Lokacin tukwane na Jeulmun, wanda ya tashi daga 8000-1500 KZ, ya ƙunshi duka matakan al'adu na Mesolithic da Neolithic a Koriya.[8] Wannan zamanin, wani lokaci ana kiransa "Korean Neolithic," sananne ne don kayan ado na tukwane, musamman daga 4000-2000 KZ.Kalmar "Jeulmun" tana fassara zuwa "Comb-patterned."Wannan lokacin yana nuna salon rayuwa wanda ya mamaye farauta, tarawa, da ƙananan tsire-tsire.[9] Sanannen shafuka daga wannan zamanin, kamar Gosan-ni a cikin Jeju-do Island, suna ba da shawarar asalin Jeulmun na iya komawa baya har zuwa 10,000 KZ.[10] Muhimmancin tukwane daga wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da yuwuwar sa na kasancewa cikin sanannun sifofin tukwane a duniya.Farkon Jeulmun, daga kusan 6000-3500 KZ, an siffanta shi da farauta, kamun kifi mai zurfi, da kafa ƙauyuka na ramuka na dindindin.[11] Maɓalli daga wannan lokacin, irin su Seopohang, Amsa-dong, da Osan-ri, suna ba da haske game da rayuwar yau da kullun da ayyukan rayuwa na mazauna.Abin sha'awa shine, shaida daga yankunan bakin teku kamar Ulsan Sejuk-ri da Dongsam-dong suna nuna mayar da hankali kan tattara kifin kifi, kodayake yawancin masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan wuraren harsashi sun fito daga baya a farkon Jeulmun.[12]Zaman Jeulmun na Tsakiya (kimanin 3500-2000 KZ) yana ba da shaidar ayyukan noma.[13] Musamman ma, shafin Dongsam-dong Shellmidden ya samar da AMS kai tsaye dangane da nau'in gero na gida zuwa wannan zamanin.[14] Duk da haka, duk da bullowar noma, kamun kifi a cikin teku, farauta, da tattara kifin harsashi sun kasance mahimman abubuwan rayuwa.Tukwane na wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da "Classic Jeulmun" ko kuma Bitsalmunui tukwane, an bambanta shi da ƙayatattun kayan adon sa na tsefe da igiya, waɗanda ke rufe dukkan saman jirgin ruwa.Zaman Late Jeulmun, daga kusan 2000-1500 KZ, ya ga canji a tsarin rayuwa, tare da rage fifiko kan amfani da kifi.[15] Matsugunan sun fara bayyana a cikin ƙasa, kamar Sangchon-ri da Imbul-ri, suna ba da shawarar tafiya zuwa ga dogaro da shuka.Wannan lokacin yana tafiya daidai daal'adun Xiajiadian na Lower Xijiya a Liaoning, kasar Sin.Yayin da zamanin Marigayi Jeulmun ke raguwa, mazauna garin sun fuskanci gasa daga masu shigowa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun noman yanka-da-ƙone da yin amfani da tukwane na Mumun da ba a ƙawata ba.Ci gaban ayyukan noma na wannan rukuni ya mamaye wuraren farautar gargajiya na mutanen Jeulmun, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin al'adu da rayuwa a yankin.
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Zamanin Bronze na Koriya
Wakilin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Zamanin Bronze na Koriya. ©HistoryMaps
1500 BCE Jan 1 - 303 BCE

Zamanin Bronze na Koriya

Korea
Lokacin tukwane na Mumun, wanda ya kai daga kusan 1500-300 KZ, wani muhimmin lokaci ne a tarihin zamanin Koriya.An gano wannan lokaci da farko ta hanyar da ba a yi ado ba ko na fili na dafa abinci da tasoshin ajiya waɗanda suka shahara musamman tsakanin 850-550 KZ.Zamanin Mumun ya nuna farkon aikin noma sosai da kuma juyin halittar al'ummomi masu sarkakiya a yankin Koriya da tsibiran Jafananci.Duk da cewa lokaci-lokaci ana yi masa lakabi da "Zamanin Bronze na Koriya", wannan rarrabuwar na iya zama yaudara tun lokacin da aka fara samar da tagulla a cikin gida da yawa daga baya, kusan ƙarshen karni na 8 KZ, kuma da kyar aka sami kayan tarihi na tagulla a wannan lokacin.Haɓaka binciken binciken kayan tarihi tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haɓaka fahimtarmu game da wannan muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Gabashin Asiya.[16]Wanda ya gabace shi da lokacin tukwane na Jeulmun (kimanin 8000-1500 KZ), wanda ke da alaƙa ta farauta, tarawa, da ƙarancin noma, asalin zamanin Mumun ɗan ban mamaki ne.Muhimmiyar binciken da aka samu daga Kogin Liao da Koriya ta Arewa daga kusan 1800-1500 KZ, kamar binne gawawwaki, tukwane na Mumun, da manyan ƙauyuka, mai yiyuwa nuni ga farkon lokacin Mumun a Koriya ta Kudu.A wannan lokacin, mutanen da suka yi aikin noman yanka-da-ƙonawa ta amfani da tukwane na Mumun da alama sun raba waɗanda ke bin tsarin rayuwa na lokacin Jeulmun.[17]Farkon Mumun (kimanin 1500-850 KZ) an yi masa alama ta hanyar canjin noma, kamun kifi, farauta, da bullowar ƙauyuka daban-daban tare da gidajen ramin ramin ƙasa mai kusurwa huɗu.Matsugunan na wannan zamanin galibi suna cikin kwarin kogin na Koriya ta Yamma ta Tsakiya.A karshen wannan karamin lokaci, manyan matsugunai sun fara bayyana, kuma al'adun da suka dade da suka shafi bikin Mumun da tsarin gawawwaki, kamar binne gawawwaki da jajayen tukwane, suka fara samun tsari.Tsakiyar Mumun (kimanin 850-550 KZ) ya ga haɓakar aikin noma mai ƙarfi, tare da busasshen filayen da aka gano a Daepyeong, wani muhimmin wurin zama.Wannan lokacin kuma ya shaida ci gaban rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da ci gaban sarakunan farko.[18]Marigayi Mumun (550-300 KZ) ya kasance da haɓakar rikice-rikice, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyuka na tuddai, da yawan jama'a a yankunan bakin teku na kudanci.An sami raguwar adadin matsugunan a wannan lokacin, mai yiyuwa ne saboda karuwar rikice-rikice ko sauyin yanayi da ke haifar da gazawar amfanin gona.A kusan shekara ta 300 KZ, zamanin Mumun ya zo ƙarshe, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar shigar da ƙarfe da bayyanar gidajen ramuka tare da tanda na murhu na ciki wanda ke tuno da lokacin tarihi.[19]Halayen al'adu na zamanin Mumun sun bambanta.Yayin da yanayin yare na wannan lokacin yana nuna tasiri daga harsunan Japon da na Koriya, tattalin arzikin ya dogara ne akan samar da gida tare da wasu lokuta na kera sana'a na musamman.Tsarin rayuwa na Mumun ya kasance mai faɗi, ya ƙunshi farauta, kamun kifi, da noma.Hanyoyin daidaitawa sun samo asali daga manyan gidaje masu yawa a farkon Mumun zuwa ƙananan rukunin dangin nukiliya a cikin gidajen ramin ramuka daban-daban ta Tsakiyar Mumun.Ayyukan gawarwaki sun bambanta, tare da binne megalithic, jana'izar dutse, da jana'izar tulu sun zama ruwan dare.[20]
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1100 BCE
Koriya ta daornament
Gojoseon
Dangun halitta labari. ©HistoryMaps
1100 BCE Jan 2 - 108 BCE

Gojoseon

Pyongyang, North Korea
Gojoseon, wanda kuma aka sani da Joseon, ita ce masarauta ta farko a yankin Koriya, wanda aka yi imani da cewa sarki Dangun ne ya kafa shi a 2333 KZ.A cewar Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, Dangun zuriyar yarima Hwanung ne na samaniya da kuma wata mace mai suna Ungnyeo.Yayin da har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wanzuwar Dangun ba, labarinsa yana da mahimmanci wajen tsara asalin Koriya, tare da Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu suna bikin kafuwar Gojoseon a matsayin Ranar Gidauniyar Kasa.Tarihin Gojoseon ya ga tasirin waje irin su Jizi, mai hikima dagadaular Shang , wanda aka ce ya yi hijira zuwa yankin Koriya ta Arewa a karni na 12 KZ, wanda ya kai ga kafa Gija Joseon.Koyaya, muhawara ta ci gaba game da sahihanci da fassarorin kasancewar Gija Joseon da rawar da ya taka a tarihin Gojoseon.[21] A shekara ta 194 KZ, Wi Man, ɗan gudun hijira daga Yan, ya hambarar da daular Gojoseon.A shekara ta 108 KZ, Wiman Joseon ya fuskanci cin nasara daga daular Han a karkashin sarki Wu, wanda ya kai ga kafa kwamandojin Sinawa guda hudu a kan tsoffin yankunan Gojoseon.Wannan mulkin kasar Sin ya ragu a karni na 3, kuma a shekara ta 313 AZ, Goguryeo ya mamaye yankin.Wanggeom, wanda yanzu Pyongyang ta zamani, ya kasance babban birnin Gojoseon tun daga karni na 2 KZ, yayin da jihar Jin ta bullo a kudancin yankin a karni na 3 KZ.[22]
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Jin Confederation
©Anonymous
300 BCE Jan 1 - 100 BCE

Jin Confederation

South Korea
Jihar Jin, wadda take tsakanin ƙarni na 4 zuwa na 2 KZ, wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati a kudancin yankin Koriya, mai makwabtaka da masarautar Gojoseon zuwa arewa.[23] Babban birninta yana wani wuri kudu da kogin Han.Yayin da ainihin tsarin tsari na Jin a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa ta yau da kullun ba ta kasance da tabbas ba, da alama ta kasance tarayya ta ƙananan jihohi, kama da ƙungiyoyin Samhan na baya.Duk da rashin tabbas, mu'amalar Jin da Wiman Joseon da yunƙurin sa na kulla alakar diflomasiyya da daularHan ta Yamma na nuni da wani matsayi na tabbatacciya ta tsakiya.Musamman ma, bayan Wiman ya kwace karagar mulki, an ce Sarki Jun na Gojoseon ya nemi mafaka a Jin.Bugu da ƙari, wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa nassoshin Sinanci game da Gaeguk ko Gaemaguk na iya shafi Jin.[24]Rushewar Jin wani batu ne da masana tarihi ke tafka muhawara a kai.[25] Wasu bayanan sun ba da shawarar cewa ta samo asali ne a cikin haɗin gwiwar Jinhan, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa ta samo asali ne don samar da Samhan mafi girma, wanda ya ƙunshi Mahan, Jinhan, da Byeonhan.Abubuwan binciken archaeological da ke da alaƙa da Jin an fi gano su a wuraren da daga baya suka zama wani yanki na Mahan.Rubutun tarihin kasar Sin, Records of the Three Kingdoms, ya tabbatar da cewa Jinhan shi ne magajin Jin kai tsaye.Akasin haka, Littafin Han na baya ya bayyana cewa Mahan, Jinhan, da Byeonhan, tare da wasu kabilu 78, duk sun samo asali ne daga kasar Jin.[26]Duk da wargajewarsa, gadon Jin ya dawwama a zamanin baya.Sunan "Jin" ya ci gaba da bayyana a cikin haɗin gwiwar Jinhan da kalmar "Byeonjin," madadin sunan Byeonhan.Ƙari ga haka, na ɗan lokaci, shugaban Mahan ya karɓi laƙabin “Sarkin Jin,” wanda ke nuna alamar fifiko a kan ƙabilu na Samhan.
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Kwamandoji hudu na Han
Kwamandoji hudu na Han ©Anonymous
108 BCE Jan 1 - 300

Kwamandoji hudu na Han

Liaotung Peninsula, Gaizhou, Y
Kwamandoji hudu na Han sun kasance kwamandojinkasar Sin da aka kafa a yankin Koriya ta Arewa da kuma wani bangare na yankin Liaodong daga karshen karni na biyu KZ zuwa farkon karni na 4 AD.Sarki Wu na daular Han ne ya kafa su a farkon karni na 2 KZ, bayan ya ci Wiman Joseon, kuma ana kallon su a matsayin mazaunan kasar Sin a tsohon yankin Gojoseon, har zuwa kudu da kogin Han.Lelang, Lintun, Zhenfan, da Xuantu sune kwamandojin da aka kirkira, Lelang ya kasance mafi dadewa kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar musayar al'adu da tattalin arziki tare da daulolin kasar Sin da suka biyo baya.A tsawon lokaci, uku daga cikin kwamandojin sun fadi ko kuma sun ja da baya, amma Lelang ya kasance na tsawon ƙarni hudu, yana tasiri ga al'ummar ƙasar da kuma lalata tsarin al'ummar Gojoseon.Goguryeo, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 37 KZ, ya fara shigar da waɗannan kwamandojin cikin yankinsa a farkon ƙarni na 5.Da farko, bayan da Gojoseon ya sha kashi a shekara ta 108 KZ, an kafa kwamandoji uku na Lelang, Lintun, da Zhenfan, inda aka kafa kwamandan Xuantu a shekara ta 107 KZ.A karni na 1 AZ, Lintun ya haɗu zuwa Xuantu, da Zhenfan zuwa Lelang.A cikin 75 KZ, Xuantu ta ƙaura babban birninta saboda juriya na gida.Kwamandojin, musamman Lelang, sun kulla huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Koriya makwafta kamar Jinhan da Byeonhan.Kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asali suka haɗu da al'adun Han, al'adar Lelang ta musamman ta fito a ƙarni na 1 da na 2 AZ.Gongsun Du, wani muhimmin jigo daga kwamandan Liaodong, ya fadada zuwa yankunan Goguryeo kuma ya yi tasiri a arewa maso gabas.Mulkinsa ya ga rigima da Goguryeo da faɗaɗa cikin ƙasashensa.Bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 204, magajinsa sun ci gaba da tabbatar da tasirinsu, tare da Gongsun Kang har ma ya hade sassan Goguryeo a farkon karni na 3.Koyaya, a ƙarshen karni na 3, Sima Yi ta Cao Wei ta mamaye kuma ta mamaye yankunansu.Bayan faduwar kwamandojin Han, Goguryeo ya kara karfi, daga karshe ya ci kwamandojin Lelang, Daifang, da Xuantu a farkon shekarun 300.
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Samhan Confederation
Samhan Confederation. ©HistoryMaps
108 BCE Jan 2 - 280

Samhan Confederation

Korean Peninsula
Samhan, wanda kuma aka sani da Han Uku, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin Byeonhan, Jinhan, da Mahan waɗanda suka taso a ƙarni na farko KZ a lokacin Proto – Sarakunan Koriya uku.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suke a tsakiya da kudancin yankin Koriya, daga baya sun samo asali zuwa masarautun Baekje, Gaya, da Silla.Kalmar "Samhan" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Sino-Kore "Sam" ma'ana "uku" da kuma kalmar Koriya "Han" wanda ke nuna "mai girma" ko "babba."An kuma yi amfani da sunan "Samhan" wajen kwatanta masarautu uku na Koriya, kuma kalmar "Han" tana yaduwa a cikin kalmomin Koriya daban-daban a yau.Duk da haka, ya bambanta da na Han a Han na kasar Sin da masarautu da dauloli na kasar Sin da ake kira Han.An yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin Samhan sun samo asali ne bayan faduwar Gojoseon a shekara ta 108 KZ.Gabaɗaya ana ganin su azaman sako-sako da ƙungiyoyin jihohi masu garu.Mahan, mafi girma kuma farkon uku, yana kudu maso yamma kuma daga baya ya zama tushe ga Masarautar Baekje.Jinhan, wanda ya ƙunshi kadarori 12, ya haifar da mulkin Silla kuma ana tunanin yana gabashin kwarin Nakdong.Byeonhan, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi ƴan jaridu 12, ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar Gaya, wadda daga baya aka shigar da ita cikin Silla.Matsakaicin yankunan haɗin gwiwar Samhan wani lamari ne na muhawara, kuma iyakokinsu na iya canzawa akan lokaci.An gina matsugunai a cikin amintattun kwaruruka na tsaunuka, kuma ana samun sauƙin sufuri da kasuwanci ta hanyoyin kogi da na teku.Zamanin Samhan ya ga tsarin shigar da ƙarfe na ƙarfe a cikin zirin Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban aikin gona da kera da fitar da kayan ƙarfe, musamman daga jihohin Byeonhan.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya shaida bunkasuwar cinikayyar kasa da kasa, musamman tare da kwamandojin kasar Sin da aka kafa a yankunan Gojoseon na da.Ciniki tare da jahohin Japan masu tasowa sun haɗa da musayar kayan aikin tagulla na ado na Japan da ƙarfe na Koriya.A karni na 3, sauye-sauyen ciniki ya canza yayin da Tarayyar Yamatai a Kyūshū ta sami iko kan kasuwancin Japan tare da Byeonhan.
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Saya
Saya. ©Angus McBride
100 BCE Jan 1 - 494

Saya

Nong'an County, Changchun, Jil
Buyeo, [27] wanda kuma aka sani da Puyŏ ko Fuyu, [28] tsohuwar masarauta ce da ke arewacin Manchuria da arewa maso gabashin China na zamani tsakanin karni na 2 KZ zuwa 494 CE.Wani lokaci ana gane ta a matsayin masarautar Koriya saboda alakar ta da mutanen Yemaek, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mafari ga Koriya ta zamani.[29] Ana kallon Buyeo a matsayin babban magabata ga masarautun Koriya ta Goguryeo da Baekje.Da farko, a lokacin yammacin Han na baya (202 KZ - 9 CE), Buyeo yana ƙarƙashin ikon kwamandan Xuantu, ɗaya daga cikin Kwamandoji huɗu na Han.[30] Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 1 AZ, Buyeo ya fito a matsayin muhimmin abokin daular Han ta Gabas, yana aiki a matsayin mai kare barazanar Xianbei da Goguryeo.Duk da fuskantar mamayewa da kalubalen siyasa, Buyeo ya ci gaba da kulla kawance bisa manyan tsare-tsare tare da daulolin kasar Sin daban-daban, wanda ke nuna muhimmancinsa a yankin.[31]A tsawon kasancewar sa, Buyeo ya fuskanci barazanar waje da yawa.Mamaya da kabilar Xianbei ta yi a shekara ta 285 ya kai ga mayar da kotunta zuwa Okjeo.Daular Jin daga baya ta taimaka wajen maido da Buyeo, amma masarautar ta kara samun koma baya saboda hare-haren Goguryeo da wani hari da Xianbei suka kai a shekara ta 346. A shekara ta 494, karkashin matsin lamba daga kabilar Wuji (ko Mohe), ragowar Buyeo sun koma kuma daga karshe suka mika wuya. zuwa Goguryeo, alamar ƙarshensa.Musamman ma, rubutun tarihi kamar Rubutun Masarautun Uku suna nuna alaƙar harshe da al'adu tsakanin Buyeo da makwabtan kudanci, Goguryeo da Ye.Gadon Buyeo ya ci gaba a cikin masarautun Koriya na gaba.Dukansu Goguryeo da Baekje, biyu daga cikin Masarautu uku na Koriya, sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin magajin Buyeo.An yi imani da cewa sarki Onjo na Baekje zuriyar Sarki Dongmyeong ne, wanda ya kafa Goguryeo.Bugu da ƙari, Baekje a hukumance ya sake suna Nambuyeo (South Buyeo) a cikin 538. Daular Goryeo kuma ta yarda da dangantakar kakanni da Buyeo, Goguryeo, da Baekje, wanda ke nuna tasiri mai dorewa da gado na Buyeo wajen tsara ainihin Koriya da tarihin Koriya.
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Lafiya
Wakilin fasaha na jihar Okjeo. ©HistoryMaps
100 BCE Jan 1 - 400

Lafiya

Korean Peninsula
Okjeo, tsohuwar jihar kabilar Koriya, ta wanzu a yankin Koriya ta Arewa daga yuwuwar karni na 2 KZ zuwa karni na 5 AD.An raba shi zuwa manyan yankuna biyu: Dong-okjeo (Gabashin Okjeo), wanda ya mamaye yankin lardunan Hamgyŏng na Koriya ta Arewa a yau, da Buk-okjeo (Arewacin Okjeo), wanda ke kusa da yankin kogin Duman.Duk da yake Dong-okjeo sau da yawa ana kiransa Okjeo kawai, Buk-okjeo yana da wasu sunaye kamar Chiguru ko Guru, tare da na ƙarshen kuma shine sunan Goguryeo.[32] Okjeo yana makwabtaka da karamar jihar Dongye zuwa kudu kuma yana da tarihin hade tare da manyan makwabciyar makwafta kamar Gojoseon, Goguryeo , da kwamandojin kasar Sin daban-daban.[33]A duk tsawon kasancewarsa, Okjeo ya sami wasu lokuta daban-daban na iko daga kwamandojin Sinawa da Goguryeo.Daga karni na 3 KZ zuwa 108 KZ, tana ƙarƙashin ikon Gojoseon.A shekara ta 107 KZ, Kwamandan Xuantu ya yi tasiri a kan Okjeo.Daga baya, yayin da Goguryeo ya faɗaɗa, Okjeo ya zama wani ɓangare na kwamandan Lelang na gabas.Jihar, saboda kyakkyawan wurin da take, akai-akai ta kasance mafaka ga masarautun da ke makwabtaka da ita;alal misali, Sarkin Goguryeo Dongcheon da kotun Buyeo sun nemi mafaka a Okjeo yayin mamayewa a cikin 244 da 285, bi da bi.Koyaya, a farkon karni na 5, Gwanggaeto Babban Goguryeo ya ci Okjeo gaba daya.Bayanan al'adu game da Okjeo, kodayake ba su da yawa, suna nuna cewa mutanenta da ayyukanta sun yi kama da na Goguryeo.The "Samguk Sagi" ya bayyana Gabashin Okjeo a matsayin ƙasa mai albarka da ke tsakanin teku da tsaunuka, kuma mazauna cikinta a matsayin jarumawa da ƙwararrun sojojin ƙafa.Salon rayuwarsu, yarensu, da al'adunsu-da suka haɗa da shirya aure da tsarin binne su—sun yi kamanceceniya da Goguryeo.Mutanen Okjeo sun shiga cikin dangi a cikin akwatin gawa guda kuma sun sami yara-aure suna zaune tare da dangin ango har sai sun girma.
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57 BCE - 668
Sarakunan Koriya Ukuornament
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57 BCE Jan 1 - 668

Sarakunan Koriya Uku

Korean Peninsula
Masarautu uku na Koriya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Goguryeo , Baekje, da Silla, sun yi yunƙurin mamaye yankin Koriya a zamanin da.Waɗannan masarautu sun fito ne bayan faduwar Wiman Joseon, suna ɗaukar ƙananan jihohi da ƙungiyoyi.A ƙarshen zamanin Mulkin Uku, Goguryeo, Baekje, da Silla ne kawai suka rage, bayan sun haɗa jihohi kamar Buyeo a 494 da Gaya a 562. Tare, sun mamaye dukan tsibiran ƙasa da ɓangaren Manchuria, suna da al'adu da harshe iri ɗaya.addinin Buddah , wanda aka gabatar a karni na 3 AD, ya zama addinin kasa na dukkan masarautu guda uku, wanda ya fara da Goguryeo a cikin 372 AD.[34]Zamanin masarautu uku ya kare ne a karni na 7 lokacin da Silla, mai kawance da daular Tangta kasar Sin , ya hade yankin tekun.Wannan haɗin kai ya biyo bayan cin nasarar Gaya a shekara ta 562, Baekje a shekara ta 660, da Goguryeo a shekara ta 668. Duk da haka, bayan haɗewar an kafa gwamnatin soja ta daular Tang a sassa na Koriya.Silla, wanda masu goyon bayan Goguryeo da Baekje ke marawa baya, sun yi adawa da mulkin Tang, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga Ƙarshe Masarautu uku da mamaye Silla ta jihar Goryeo .A cikin wannan zamanin, kowace masarauta tana riƙe da tasirinta na musamman na al'adu: Goguryeo daga arewacin kasar Sin, Baekje daga kudancin kasar Sin, da Silla daga Eurasian steppe da al'adun gida.[35]Duk da tushen al'adu da yare da suke da juna, kowace masarauta tana da kamanni da tarihi.Kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Littafin Sui, "al'adu, dokoki, da tufafin Goguryeo, Baekje, da Silla gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne".[36] Da farko sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan shamaniyya, falsafar Sinawa kamar Confucianism da Taoism sun yi tasiri a kansu.A karni na 4, addinin Buddah ya yadu a ko'ina cikin tsibiri, a takaice ya zama babban addini na dukkan masarautu uku.A lokacin daular Goryeo ne kawai aka tattara tarihin gamayyar zirin Koriya.[37]
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57 BCE Jan 1 - 933

Masarautar Silla

Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, So
Silla, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Shilla, ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin masarautun Koriya waɗanda suka wanzu tun daga 57 KZ zuwa 935 AZ, da farko tana cikin kudanci da tsakiyar yankin Koriya.Tare da Baekje da Goguryeo, sun kafa masarautu uku na tarihi na Koriya.Daga cikin waɗannan, Silla yana da mafi ƙanƙanta yawan jama'a, kusan mutane 850,000, waɗanda suka yi ƙasa da na Baekje 3,800,000 da Goguryeo 3,500,000.[38] Wanda Hyeokgeose na Silla ya kafa daga dangin Park, masarautar ta ga mamayar dangin Gyeongju Kim tsawon shekaru 586, dangin Miryang Park na shekaru 232, da dangin Wolseong Seok na shekaru 172.Da farko Silla ya fara ne a matsayin wani bangare na kawancen Samhan, daga baya kuma ya yi kawance da daular Sui da Tang ta kasar Sin.Daga karshe ta hade yankin Koriya ta hanyar cin Baekje a shekara ta 660 da kuma Goguryeo a shekara ta 668. Bayan haka, Unified Silla ta mallaki mafi yawan yankin, yayin da arewa ta ga bullar Balhae, jihar Goguryeo da ta gaje shi.Bayan shekaru dubu, Silla ya rabu zuwa Sarautu uku na baya, wanda daga baya ya canza mulki zuwa Goryeo a cikin 935. [39]Tarihin farko na Silla ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Proto-Uku masarautu, lokacin da aka raba Koriya zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku masu suna Samhan.Silla ya samo asali ne a matsayin "Saro-guk", jiha a cikin ƙungiyar mambobi 12 da ake kira Jinhan.A tsawon lokaci, Saro-guk ya samo asali zuwa kabilu shida na Jinhan daga gadon Gojoseon.[40] Bayanan tarihin Koriya, musamman almara a kusa da kafa Silla, sun ba da labari game da Bak Hyeokgeose ya kafa mulkin a kusa da Gyeongju na yau a cikin 57 KZ.Wani labari mai ban sha'awa ya ba da labarin cewa Hyeokgeose an haife shi daga kwai da farin doki ya sa aka naɗa shi sarki yana ɗan shekara 13. Akwai rubuce-rubucen da ke nuna zuriyar sarautar Silla tana da alaƙa da Xiongnu ta hannun wani basarake mai suna Kim Il-je, ko Jin Midi a cikin kafofin Sinanci.[41 <] > Wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa watakila wannan ƙabila ta fito daga Koriya kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Xiongnu, daga baya kuma ta koma Koriya ta haɗe da dangin sarki Silla.Al'ummar Silla, musamman bayan da ta zama kasa ta tsakiya, ta kasance ta musamman aristocrat.Masarautar Silla ta yi aiki da tsarin darajar kashi, tana ƙayyade matsayin mutum, gata, har ma da mukamai na hukuma.Ajin farko biyu na sarauta sun kasance: "kashi mai tsarki" da "kashi na gaskiya".Wannan bifurcation ya ƙare tare da sarautar Sarauniya Jindeok, mai mulki na ƙarshe na "kashi mai tsarki", a cikin 654. [42] Yayin da sarki ko sarauniya ya kasance cikakken sarki, aristocrats suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci, tare da "Hwabaek" yana aiki a matsayin majalisar sarauta. yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, kamar zabar addinan jihohi.[43] Bayan hadewar, gwamnatin Silla ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga tsarin tsarin mulkin kasarSin .Wannan wani sauyi ne daga lokuttan farko lokacin da sarakunan Silla suka jaddada addinin Buddah da kuma bayyana kansu a matsayin "sarakunan Buddha".Tsarin soja na farko na Silla ya ta'allaka ne da masu gadin sarauta, wadanda ke kare sarakuna da masu fada aji.Saboda barazanar waje, musamman daga Baekje, Goguryeo, da Yamato Japan, Silla ya haɓaka garrison na gida a kowace gunduma.Bayan lokaci, waɗannan garrisons sun samo asali, wanda ya haifar da samuwar rukunin "banners na rantsuwa".Hwarang, kwatankwacin turawan yamma, ya fito a matsayin manyan jagororin soja kuma ya taka rawar gani a yakin Silla, musamman hadewar yankin Koriya.Fasahar soja ta Silla, gami da giciye na Cheonbono, sun shahara saboda inganci da dorewa.Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyoyin Tara, sojojin tsakiya na Silla, sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga Silla, Goguryeo, Baekje, da Mohe.[44] Har ila yau, iyawar Silla na teku ya kasance abin lura, tare da sojojin ruwa suna goyon bayan ginin jirgin ruwa mai karfi da kuma teku.Wani muhimmin yanki na al'adun Silla yana zaune a Gyeongju, tare da kaburburan Silla da yawa har yanzu suna nan.Abubuwan al'adu na Silla, musamman rawanin zinariya da kayan adon, suna ba da haske game da fasaha da fasahar masarautar.Babban abin al'ajabi na gine-gine shine Cheomseongdae, mafi dadewa mai lura da taurari a Gabashin Asiya.A duniya, Silla ya kafa dangantaka ta hanyar siliki, tare da bayanan Silla da aka samu a cikin waqoqin almara na Farisa kamar Kushnameh.'Yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa sun sauƙaƙe jigilar al'adu da kasuwanci tsakanin Silla da sauran sassan Asiya, musamman Farisa .[45] RubutunJafananci , Nihon Shoki da Kojiki, suma suna yin nuni ga Silla, suna ba da labarin almara da alakar tarihi tsakanin yankuna biyu.
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Goguryeo
Goguryeo Cataphract, Sojojin Dawakan Koriya. ©Jack Huang
37 BCE Jan 1 - 668

Goguryeo

Liaoning, China
Goguryeo , wanda kuma aka sani da Goryeo, masarautar Koriya ce wacce ta wanzu daga 37 KZ zuwa 668 CE.Ta kasance a arewaci da tsakiyar yankin Koriya ta Arewa, ta fadada tasirinta zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin na zamani, da gabashin Mongoliya, da Mongoliya ta ciki, da kuma wasu sassan kasar Rasha.Goguryeo a matsayin daya daga cikin masarautun Koriya uku, tare da Baekje da Silla, Goguryeo ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin karfin ikon yankin Koriya, kuma ya yi mu'amala mai ma'ana da kasashe makwabta na Sin da Japan.Samguk sagi, tarihin tarihi daga karni na 12, ya bayyana cewa an kafa Goguryeo a cikin 37 KZ ta Jumong, basarake daga Buyeo.An karɓi sunan "Goryeo" a matsayin sunan hukuma a karni na 5 kuma shine asalin kalmar Ingilishi ta zamani "Korea".Mulkin Goguryeo na farko yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙabilu biyar, waɗanda suka rikide zuwa gundumomi tare da haɓaka yanki.Zuwa karni na 4, masarautar ta kafa tsarin gudanarwa na yanki wanda ke kewaye da sanduna.Kamar yadda Goguryeo ya faɗaɗa, ya haɓaka tsarin bindiga, wani nau'in gudanarwa na tushen gundumomi.Tsarin ya kara raba yankuna zuwa seong (sannukan ganduje) ko chon (kauye), tare da susa ko wasu jami'ai da ke kula da gundumar.A matsayin soja, Goguryeo wani ƙarfi ne da za a yi la'akari da shi a Gabashin Asiya.Jihar na da dakaru masu tsari sosai, wadanda za su iya hada dakaru har 300,000 a matakin farko.Tsarin soja ya samo asali akan lokaci, tare da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 4 wanda ya haifar da gagarumin rinjaye na yankuna.Ana buƙatar kowane ɗan ƙasa namiji ya yi aikin soja, tare da wasu hanyoyi kamar biyan ƙarin harajin hatsi.Ƙarfin sojan masarautar ya bayyana a cikin kaburbura da kayan tarihi masu yawa, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da zane-zane da ke nuna yaƙin Goguryeo, bukukuwa, da gine-gine.Mazaunan Goguryeo suna da salon rayuwa mai ɗorewa, tare da zane-zane da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke nuna su a cikin magabata na hanbok na zamani.Sun tsunduma cikin ayyuka kamar su sha, rera waka, rawa, da kokawa.Bikin Dongmaeng, wanda ake gudanarwa a kowane Oktoba, wani muhimmin al'amari ne inda aka yi wa kakanni da alloli.Har ila yau, farauta ya kasance sanannen abin shagala, musamman a tsakanin maza, yin hidima a matsayin nishaɗi da horar da sojoji.Gasar maharba ta zama ruwan dare, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin wannan fasaha a cikin al'ummar Goguryeo.A addini, Goguryeo ya bambanta.Mutanen sun bauta wa kakanninsu kuma suna girmama namomin tatsuniyoyi.An gabatar da addinin Buddha zuwa Goguryeo a cikin 372 kuma ya zama addini mai tasiri, tare da yawancin gidajen ibada da wuraren bauta a lokacin mulkin masarautar.Shamanism kuma wani bangare ne na al'adun Goguryeo.Abubuwan gadon al'adu na Goguryeo, gami da fasahar sa, raye-raye, da sabbin abubuwa na gine-gine kamar ondol (tsarin dumama bene), har yanzu ana iya gani a al'adun Koriya ta zamani.
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18 BCE Jan 1 - 660

Baekje

Incheon, South Korea
Baekje, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Paekche, fitacciyar masarauta ce a yankin kudu maso yammacin yankin Koriya, mai cike da tarihi da ya wuce daga 18 KZ zuwa 660 AD.Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin Masarautu uku na Koriya, tare da Goguryeo da Silla.Onjo, ɗan na uku na wanda ya kafa Goguryeo Jumong da abokinsa Soseono ne suka kafa masarautar a Wiryeseong, wanda a halin yanzu wani yanki ne na Kudancin Seoul.Ana ɗaukar Baekje a matsayin magaji ga Buyeo, jiha da ke cikin Manchuria a yau.Masarautar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin yankin, inda akai-akai shiga kawancen soja da na siyasa da rikici da masarautun da ke makwabtaka da ita, Goguryeo da Silla.A lokacin da yake kololuwar karfin ikonsa a karni na 4, Baekje ya fadada yankinsa sosai, yana sarrafa wani yanki mai yawa na yankin Koriya ta Yamma da mai yiwuwa ma wasu sassan kasar Sin, har ya kai arewa har zuwa Pyongyang.Masarautar ta kasance cikin dabara, wanda ya ba ta damar zama babbar tashar ruwa a Gabashin Asiya.Baekje ya kafa dangantakar siyasa da kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da masarautunChina daJapan .Ƙarfinta na teku ba kawai ya sauƙaƙe kasuwanci ba har ma ya taimaka wajen yada sababbin al'adu da fasaha a fadin yankin.An san Baekje don haɓakar al'adu da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa a cikin yada addinin Buddha a cikin Gabashin Asiya.Masarautar ta rungumi addinin Buddha a karni na 4, wanda ya haifar da bunƙasa al'adu da fasaha na Buddha.Baekje ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da addinin Buddah zuwa Japan, yana tasiri ga al'adu da addini na Jafan.An kuma san masarautar don ci gabanta a fasaha, fasaha, da gine-gine, tare da ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga al'adun Koriya.Duk da haka, wadatar Baekje ba ta daɗe ba.Masarautar dai na fuskantar barazanar soji akai-akai daga masarautun dake makwabtaka da ita da kuma dakarun waje.A tsakiyar karni na 7, Baekje ya sami kansa a karkashin hari daga kawancen daular Tang da Silla.Duk da tsananin tsayin daka, an ci Baekje a ƙarshe a shekara ta 660 AZ, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen kasancewarsa mai zaman kansa.Faduwar Baekje wani muhimmin lamari ne a tarihin Masarautun Koriya uku, wanda ya kai ga wani lokaci na sake fasalin siyasa a yankin.Gadon Baekje ya wanzu har wala yau, inda ake tunawa da masarautar saboda nasarorin da ta samu a al'adu, da rawar da ta taka wajen yaduwar addinin Buddha, da matsayi na musamman a tarihin gabashin Asiya.Wuraren tarihi da ke da alaƙa da Baekje, waɗanda suka haɗa da fadojinsa, kaburbura, da kagara, suna ci gaba da ba da sha'awa sosai ga masana tarihi, masu bincike, da masu yawon buɗe ido, suna ba da haske kan ɗimbin tarihi da al'adun wannan tsohuwar masarauta.
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42 Jan 1 - 532

Gaya Confederacy

Nakdong River
Gaya, haɗin gwiwar Koriya da ke cikin CE 42-532, yana cikin kwarin kogin Nakdong na Kudancin Koriya, yana fitowa daga ƙungiyar Byeonhan na zamanin Samhan.Wannan ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙananan jihohi, kuma masarautar Silla, ɗaya daga cikin Masarautu uku na Koriya ta mamaye ta.Shaidun archaeological daga ƙarni na uku da na huɗu suna nuna sauyi daga ƙungiyar Byeonhan zuwa ƙungiyar Gaya, tare da manyan canje-canje a ayyukan soji da al'adun jana'iza.Muhimman wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun haɗa da makabartar Daeseong-dong da Bokcheon-dong da aka jifan, waɗanda aka fassara a matsayin wuraren binne sarakunan Gaya.[46]Tatsuniya, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin karni na 13 Samguk Yusa, ya ba da labarin kafuwar Gaya.Ya faɗi game da ƙwai shida da suka sauko daga sama a shekara ta 42, daga cikinsu ne aka haifi ’ya’ya maza shida kuma suka girma cikin sauri.Daya daga cikinsu, Suro, ya zama sarkin Geumgwan Gaya, yayin da sauran suka kafa sauran Gaya biyar.Matsalolin Gaya sun samo asali ne daga kabilu goma sha biyu na Byeonhan confederacy, suna rikidewa zuwa kyakkyawar akidar soji a karshen karni na 3, da wasu abubuwa daga masarautar Buyeo suka rinjayi.[47]Gaya ya fuskanci matsin lamba na waje da canje-canje na ciki a lokacin wanzuwarsa.Bayan Yaƙin Masarautun Tashar Tashar Takwas (209-212) tsakanin Silla da Gaya, Gaya Confederacy ta sami nasarar ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai duk da girman tasirin Silla, ta hanyar diflomasiyya da tasirin tasirin Japan da Baekje.Duk da haka, 'yancin Gaya ya fara raguwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Goguryeo (391-412), kuma Silla ya mamaye shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 562 bayan ya taimaka wa Baekje a yakin da Silla.Abin lura shi ne kokarin da Ara Gaya ke yi na diflomasiyya, gami da karbar bakuncin taron Anra, a wani yunkuri na wanzar da ‘yancin kai da kuma daukaka matsayinta a duniya.[48]Tattalin arzikin Gaya ya kasance iri-iri, ya dogara ga aikin noma, kamun kifi, simintin ƙarfe, da kasuwanci mai nisa, wanda ya shahara wajen aikin ƙarfe.Wannan ƙwarewa wajen samar da baƙin ƙarfe ya sauƙaƙe dangantakar kasuwanci da Baekje da Masarautar Wa, waɗanda Gaya ke fitar da baƙin ƙarfe, sulke, da makamai zuwa waje.Ba kamar Byeonhan ba, Gaya ya nemi ci gaba da kulla alaka mai karfi ta siyasa da wadannan masarautu.A siyasance, Gaya Confederacy na da kyakkyawar alaka da Japan da Baekje, inda sukan kulla kawance da abokan gaba, Silla da Goguryeo.Ƙungiyoyin siyasar Gaya sun kafa ƙungiyar gamayya da ke kewaye da Geumgwan Gaya a ƙarni na 2 da na 3, wadda daga baya aka sake farfado da ita a kewayen Daegaya a ƙarni na 5 da na 6, kodayake daga ƙarshe ta faɗi ga faɗaɗa Silla.[49]Bayan haɗawa, manyan Gaya an haɗa su cikin tsarin al'umma na Silla, gami da tsarin girmansa.Wannan haɗin kai yana misalta shi da Sillan Janar Kim Yu-sin, ɗan zuriyar sarautar Gaya, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗewar Masarautun Koriya uku.Matsayin da Kim ke da shi a cikin manyan mukamai na Silla yana jaddada haɗin kai da tasirin manyan sarakunan Gaya a cikin masarautar Silla, ko da bayan faduwar Gaya Confederacy.[50]
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Hanji: An gabatar da takardar Koriya
Hanji, takardar Koriya ta gabatar. ©HistoryMaps
300 Jan 1

Hanji: An gabatar da takardar Koriya

Korean Peninsula
A Koriya, an fara yin takarda ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarsa aChina tsakanin 3rd zuwa ƙarshen karni na 6, da farko ana amfani da ɗanyen kayan kamar su hemp da ramie.Zamanin masarautu uku (57 KZ-668 CE) ya ga kowace masarauta tana yin rikodin tarihinsu a kan takarda, tare da ci gaba mai mahimmanci da aka samu ta hanyar samar da takarda da tawada.Buga toshewar itace mafi dadewa a duniya, Hasken Haske Dharani Sutra, wanda aka buga akan hanji kusan shekaru 704, ya tsaya a matsayin shaida ga nagartaccen rubutun Koriya a wannan zamanin.Sana'o'in takarda sun bunƙasa, kuma Masarautar Silla, musamman, ta haɗa kai sosai da yin takarda cikin al'adun Koriya, tana nufin Gyerimji.Zamanin Goryeo (918-1392) ya nuna shekarun zinari na hanji, tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin inganci da amfani da hanji, musamman wajen yin bugu.An yi amfani da Hanji don dalilai daban-daban da suka haɗa da kuɗi, rubutun Buddha , littattafan likitanci, da bayanan tarihi.Tallafin da gwamnati ta ba noman dak ya kai ga yaɗuwar shuke-shuken, wanda hakan ya sa hanji ya yi suna wajen ƙarfi da haske a faɗin Asiya.Nasarorin da suka shahara a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da sassaƙa na Tripitaka Koreana da kuma buga Jikji a shekara ta 1377, littafin da ya fi dadewa a duniya da aka buga ta amfani da nau'in motsi na ƙarfe.Zaman Joseon (1392-1910) ya ga ci gaba da yaɗuwar hanji a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, tare da amfani da shi zuwa littattafai, kayan gida, magoya baya, da jakunkunan taba.Sabbin abubuwa sun haɗa da takarda mai launi da takarda da aka yi daga zaruruwa iri-iri.Gwamnati ta kafa hukumar gudanarwa don samar da takarda har ma ta yi amfani da sulke na takarda ga sojoji.Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da hanyoyin samar da takarda na yammacin Turai a 1884 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi, yana haifar da kalubale ga masana'antar hanji na gargajiya.
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addinin Buddah na Koriya
addinin Buddah na Koriya ya kafa. ©HistoryMaps
372 Jan 1

addinin Buddah na Koriya

Korean Peninsula
Tafiya ta addinin Buddah zuwa Koriya ta fara ƙarni bayan asalinta aIndiya .Ta hanyar hanyar siliki, addinin Buddha na Mahayana ya isakasar Sin a karni na 1 AZ, daga baya kuma ya shiga kasar Koriya a karni na 4 a lokacin daular Uku, daga karshe aka yada zuwakasar Japan .A Koriya, an karɓi addinin Buddha a matsayin addinin ƙasa ta Masarautu uku: Goguryeo a 372 AZ, Silla a 528 CE, da Baekje a 552 CE.[51] Shamanism , addinin ƴan asalin ƙasar Koriya, ya kasance cikin jituwa tare da addinin Buddha, yana ba da damar shigar da koyarwarsa.Manyan sufaye guda uku da suka taimaka wajen gabatar da addinin Buddha ga Koriya su ne Malananta, wanda ya kawo ta Baekje a shekara ta 384 AZ;Sundo, wanda ya gabatar da shi ga Goguryeo a cikin 372 CE;da Ado wanda ya kawo shi Silla.[52]A lokacin farkon shekarunsa a Koriya, addinin Buddha ya sami karbuwa sosai har ma ya zama akidar jiha a lokacin Goryeo (918-1392 CE).Koyaya, tasirinsa ya ragu a lokacin Joseon (1392-1897 CE), wanda ya kwashe sama da ƙarni biyar, yayin da Neo-Confucianism ya fito a matsayin babban falsafar.Sai dai lokacin da 'yan addinin Buddah suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tunkude mamayar da Japanawa suka yi wa Koriya tsakanin 1592-98 ne aka daina tsananta musu.Duk da haka, addinin Buddha ya kasance mai ƙanƙantar da kai har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Joseon .Bayan zamanin Joseon, aikin addinin Buddha a Koriya ya sake farfadowa, musamman a lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1910 zuwa 1945. Sufaye na Buddha ba kawai sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙarshen mulkin Jafananci a 1945 ba amma kuma sun fara gyare-gyaren al'adu da ayyukansu. jaddada ainihin addini na musamman.Wannan lokaci ya ga tasowar akidar Mingung Pulgyo, ko "Buddhism for the people", wanda ya ta'allaka ne da magance al'amuran yau da kullum na talakawa.[53] Bayan yakin duniya na biyu , makarantar Seon na addinin Buddah na Koriya ta sake samun daukaka da karbuwa a cikin al'ummar Koriya.
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Tsarin darajar kashi
Tsarin darajar kashi a cikin Masarautar Silla. ©HistoryMaps
520 Jan 1

Tsarin darajar kashi

Korean Peninsula
Tsarin Matsayin Kashi a tsohuwar daular Koriya ta Silla wani tsari ne na gado na gado da aka yi amfani da shi don ware al'umma, musamman sarakuna, bisa kusancinsu da kursiyin da matakin iko.Wataƙila dokokin gudanarwa dagakasar Sin sun yi tasiri ga wannan tsarin, wanda Sarki Beopheung ya kafa a shekara ta 520. Samguk Sagi, rubutun tarihin Koriya na karni na 12, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan tsarin, ciki har da tasirinsa a kan al'amuran rayuwa kamar matsayi na hukuma. 'yancin aure, tufafi, da yanayin rayuwa, duk da cewa an soki hoton al'ummar Silla saboda kasancewarsa a tsaye.[54]Matsayi mafi girma a cikin Tsarin Matsayin Kashi shine "kashi mai tsarki" (Seonggol), sannan "kashi na gaskiya" (Jingol), tare da sarki bayan Muyeol na Silla na cikin rukuni na ƙarshe, wanda ke nuna canji a cikin zuriyar sarauta. sama da shekaru 281 har zuwa rasuwar Silla.[55] Ƙarƙashin "kashi na gaskiya" akwai matsayi na kai, tare da matsayi na 6, 5th, da 4th kawai an tabbatar da su, kuma asali da ma'anar waɗannan ƙananan darajoji sun kasance wani batu na muhawarar masana.Membobin shugaban kasa na shida na iya samun manyan mukamai a cikin tsarin gudanarwa, yayin da wadanda ke matsayi na hudu da na biyar aka iyakance ga kananan mukamai.Tsage-tsare na Tsarin Matsayin Kashi, da iyakokin da ya sanya wa daidaikun mutane, musamman na shugabanni masu aji shida, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar marigayi Silla, tare da neman damammaki a cikin Confucianism ko Buddhism a matsayin madadin.Tsare-tsare na Tsarin Kashi-Rank ya ba da gudummawa ga raunin Silla zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Haɗin Silla, duk da wasu abubuwan kuma suna kan wasa.Bayan faduwar Silla, an kawar da tsarin gaba daya, kodayake tsarin kabilanci daban-daban sun dawwama a Koriya har zuwa karshen karni na 19.Burin takaici na shugaban ya kai aji shida da kuma neman damammaki da suka biyo baya a wajen tsarin gudanarwa na al'ada yana nuna takurawar tsarin da tasirinsa ga al'ummar Koriya a wannan lokacin.
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Goguryeo-Sui War
Goguryeo-Sui War ©Angus McBride
598 Jan 1 - 614

Goguryeo-Sui War

Liaoning, China
Yakin Goguryeo-Sui, wanda ya tashi daga CE 598 - 614, wani jerin hare-haren soji ne daDaular Sui ta kasar Sin ta fara kai wa Goguryeo, daya daga cikin masarautun Koriya uku.Karkashin jagorancin sarki Wen kuma daga baya magajinsa, Emperor Yang, daular Sui ta yi nufin murkushe Goguryeo tare da tabbatar da ikonta a yankin.Goguryeo, wanda Sarki Pyeongwon ke jagoranta, Sarki Yeongyang ya biyo baya, ya yi tir da wannan yunƙurin, yana mai dagewa kan ci gaba da daidaita dangantaka da Daular Sui.Ƙoƙarin farko na cin galaba a kan Goguryeo ya gamu da juriya mai ƙarfi, gami da koma baya a farkon 598 saboda yanayin yanayi mara kyau da kariyar Goguryeo mai tsanani, wanda ya haifar da asarar Sui mai nauyi.Yaƙin da ya fi muhimmanci ya faru a cikin 612, tare da Sarkin sarakuna Yang ya tattara sojoji masu yawa, wanda aka ruwaito sama da miliyan daya, don cin nasara da Goguryeo.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙunshi tsawaita yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe, tare da Goguryeo yana amfani da dabarun ja da baya da dabarun yaƙi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Janar Eulji Mundeok.Duk da nasarar da aka samu a farko na tsallakawa kogin Liao tare da tunkari yankin Goguryeo, amma daga karshe sojojin Sui sun yi nasara, musamman a yakin kogin Salsu, inda dakarun Goguryeo suka yi kwanton bauna tare da yi wa sojojin Sui mummunan rauni.Mamayewar da suka biyo baya a cikin 613 da 614 sun ga irin wannan tsarin na Sui ta'addanci sun gamu da tsayayyen tsaro na Goguryeo, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin gazawar Sui.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Goguryeo-Sui sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raunana Daular Sui, ta fannin soja da tattalin arziki, suna ba da gudummawa ga rugujewarta a 618 da haɓaka daular Tang .Babban hasarar rayuka, tauye albarkatu, da kuma asarar amincewa da mulkin Sui ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da tawaye a duk faɗin kasar Sin.Duk da girman girman mamayar da karfin farko na sojojin Sui, juriyar Goguryeo da dabarun dabarun karkashin shugabanni irin su Sarki Yeongyang da Janar Eulji Mundeok ya ba su damar jure farmakin da kuma kare ikonsu, tare da nuna yakin a matsayin wani muhimmin babi a Koriya ta Kudu. tarihi.
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Goguryeo-Tang War
Goguryeo-Tang War ©Anonymous
645 Jan 1 - 668

Goguryeo-Tang War

Korean Peninsula
Yaƙin Goguryeo-Tang (645-668) rikici ne tsakanin masarautar Goguryeo da daular Tang , wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙawancen jihohi da dabarun soja.Matakin farko na yakin (645-648) ya ga Goguryeo ya samu nasarar korar sojojin Tang.Duk da haka, bayan da Tang da Silla suka yi nasara a Baekje a shekara ta 660, sun kaddamar da mamayewar hadin gwiwa na Goguryeo a shekara ta 661, amma aka tilasta musu ja da baya a shekara ta 662. Mutuwar shugaban mulkin soja na Goguryeo, Yeon Gaesomun, a 666 ya haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida, masu sauya sheka. , da kuma lalata, wanda ya taka rawa a hannun kawancen Tang-Silla.Sun kaddamar da wani sabon mamayewa a cikin 667, kuma a ƙarshen 668, Goguryeo ya mika wuya ga manyan sojojin daular Tang da Silla, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen lokacin Sarautun Koriya uku da kafa matakin yaƙin Silla-Tang na gaba.[56]Bukatun Silla na taimakon Tang na soja a kan Goguryeo da rikicin da suka yi da Baekje ya rinjayi farkon yakin.A cikin 641 da 642, masarautun Goguryeo da Baekje sun ga canjin mulki tare da hawan Yeon Gaesomun da Sarki Uija, bi da bi, wanda ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankali da kawancen juna a kan Tang da Silla.Sarkin Taizong na Tang ya fara rikici na farko a shekara ta 645, inda ya tura dakaru masu yawa da jiragen ruwa, inda suka kwace garuruwan Goguryeo da dama, amma daga karshe ya kasa daukar sansanin Ansi, wanda ya haifar da koma baya ga Tang.[57]A cikin matakai na gaba na yakin (654-668), karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Gaozong, daular Tang ta kulla kawancen soji da Silla.Duk da koma baya da aka samu na farko da kuma mamayewar da aka samu a shekara ta 658, kawancen Tang-Silla ya yi nasarar cin nasara a kan Baekje a shekara ta 660. Daga nan sai aka mayar da hankali ga Goguryeo, inda aka gaza kaiwa hari a shekara ta 661 da kuma sake kai hari a 667 bayan mutuwar Yeon Gaesomun da sakamakon rashin zaman lafiyar Goguryeo.Yakin dai ya kare ne da faduwar Pyongyang da kuma mamayar Goguryeo a shekara ta 668, wanda ya kai ga kafa daular Tang ta Janar mai kare kariya ga yankin gabas.Duk da haka, ƙalubalen dabaru da sauye-sauyen dabaru zuwa manufar samar da zaman lafiya ta Empress Wu, a cikin rashin lafiyar da sarki Gaozong ke fama da shi, daga ƙarshe ya kafa matakin tsayin daka da kuma rikicin da ke tafe tsakanin Silla da Tang.[58]
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667 - 926
Zamanin Jihohin Arewa & Kuduornament
Silla Haɗin Kai
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
668 Jan 1 - 935

Silla Haɗin Kai

Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, So
Unified Silla, wanda kuma aka sani da Late Silla, ya kasance daga 668 CE zuwa 935 CE, wanda ke nuna haɗewar yankin Koriya a ƙarƙashin masarautar Silla.Wannan zamanin ya fara ne bayan Silla ya kulla kawance da Daular Tang , wanda ya kai ga cin Baekje a yakin Baekje – Tang da kuma hade yankunan kudancin Goguryeo bayan yakin Goguryeo – Tang da Yakin Silla – Tang.Duk da wannan cin nasara, Unified Silla ya fuskanci rudanin siyasa da tawaye a yankunanta na arewa, ragowar Baekje da Goguryeo , wanda ya kai ga zamanin Sarautu uku a ƙarshen karni na 9.Babban birnin Unified Silla shi ne Gyeongju, kuma gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsarin "Kashi Clan Class" don ci gaba da mulki, tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu mulki a kan yawancin jama'a.Unified Silla ya kasance mai wadata a al'adu da tattalin arziki, wanda aka sani da fasaha, al'adu, da kuma bajintar ruwa.Masarautar ta mamaye tekun Gabashin Asiya da hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakaninChina , Koriya, daJapan a ƙarni na 8 da 9, galibi saboda tasirin mutane kamar Jang Bogo.Addinin Buddah da na Confucian sune manyan akidu, inda mabiya addinin Buddah na Koriya da dama suka yi suna a kasar Sin.Haka kuma gwamnati ta gudanar da kidayar jama’a da kuma rikodi, kuma an ba da muhimmanci sosai kan ilmin taurari da ci gaban fasaha, musamman a fannin noma.Duk da haka, masarautar ba ta rasa ƙalubalenta ba.Rikicin siyasa da makirci sun kasance al'amurra akai-akai, kuma dagewar da masu mulki suka yi na fuskantar barazana daga ciki da waje.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, Unified Silla ta ci gaba da yin cudanya da daular Tang, ta inganta musayar al'adu da koyo.Zamanin ya zo ƙarshe a cikin 935 AZ lokacin da Sarki Gyeongsun ya mika wuya ga Goryeo , wanda ke nuna ƙarshen daular Silla da farkon zamanin Goryeo.
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698 Jan 1 - 926

Balhae

Dunhua, Yanbian Korean Autonom
Balhae wata masarauta ce da ke da yawan kabilu da yawa wadda ƙasar ta ta kai har zuwa yau a Arewa maso Gabashin Sin, da yankin Koriya da kuma Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha.An kafa shi a cikin 698 ta Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) kuma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Jin (Zhen) har zuwa 713 lokacin da aka canza suna zuwa Balhae.Tarihin farko na Balhae ya ƙunshi dangantaka mai daɗi da daular Tang wadda ta ga rikicin soja da na siyasa, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 8 dangantakar ta kasance mai aminci da aminci.Daular Tang za ta amince da Balhae a matsayin "Ƙasar Gabas mai wadata".An yi musayar al'adu da siyasa da dama.Daular Liao karkashin jagorancin Khitan ta mamaye Balhae a shekara ta 926. Balhae ya rayu a matsayin rukunin jama'a na daban har tsawon ƙarni uku a daular Liao da Jin kafin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mongol .Tarihin kafuwar kasa, da kabilancinta, da asalin daular da ke mulki, da karatun sunayensu, da iyakokinta, su ne batun takaddamar tarihi tsakanin Koriya, Sin da Rasha.Majiyoyin tarihi daga China da Koriya sun bayyana wanda ya kafa Balhae, Dae Joyeong, yana da alaƙa da mutanen Mohe da Goguryeo.
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Matsar
Gwageo, jarrabawar kasa ta farko. ©HistoryMaps
788 Jan 1

Matsar

Korea
An fara gudanar da jarrabawar farko ta kasa a Masarautar Silla tun daga shekara ta 788, bayan da malamin Confucian Choe Chiwon ya mika wa Sarauniya Jinseong, mai mulkin Silla a lokacin.To sai dai kuma saboda tsarin martabar kashi na Silla, wanda ya sa a yi nade-naden mukamai a kan haihuwa, wannan jarrabawa ba ta yi tasiri ga gwamnati ba.
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Daga baya Masarautu Uku
Daga baya Masarautun Koriya Uku. ©HistoryMaps
889 Jan 1 - 935

Daga baya Masarautu Uku

Korean Peninsula
Zamanin masarautu uku na baya a Koriya (889-936 AZ) ya nuna wani zamani mai cike da tashin hankali lokacin da masarautar Silla da aka hade (668-935 CE) ta fuskanci koma baya saboda tsantsar tsarin kashinta da rashin yarda na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da hayewar shugabannin yakin yankin. da kuma yawaitar ‘yan fashi.Wannan gurbacewar wutar lantarki ya kafa hanyar bullar masarautu uku na baya, yayin da shugabanni masu fa'ida kamar Gyeon Hwon da Gung Ye suka zana jihohinsu daga ragowar Silla.Gyeon Hwon ya farfado da tsohuwar Baekje a kudu maso yamma a shekara ta 900 AZ, yayin da Gung Ye ya kafa Daga baya Goguryeo a arewa a shekara ta 901 AZ, yana nuna rarrabuwar kawuna da gwagwarmayar neman fifiko a yankin Koriya.Mulkin zalunci na Gung Ye da shelar kansa a matsayin Maitreya Buddha ya haifar da faɗuwar sa da kashe shi a shekara ta 918 AZ, wanda ya ba wa ministansa Wang Geon hanya ya karɓi mulki tare da kafa ƙasar Goryeo.A halin da ake ciki, Gyeon Hwon ya fuskanci rikici na cikin gida a cikin farfaɗowar Baekje, daga ƙarshe dansa ya hambarar da shi.A cikin hargitsin, Silla, mafi raunin hanyar haɗin gwiwa, ya nemi haɗin gwiwa tare da fuskantar mamayewa, musamman korar babban birninta, Gyeongju, a cikin 927 CE.Gyeongae na kashe kansa na Silla da aka yi da kuma yawan mai mulkin ɗan tsana ya ƙara zurfafa rikicin Silla.A karshe dai an cimma hadewar kasar Koriya a karkashin Wang Geon, wanda ya yi amfani da rudani a yankunan Baekje da Goguryeo.Bayan gagarumin nasarori na soji da mika wuya na Gyeongsun na karshe na Silla a shekara ta 935 AZ, Wang ya karfafa ikonsa.Nasarar da ya yi a kan yakin basasar Baekje a shekara ta 936 AZ ta kai ga kafa daular Goryeo , wadda za ta shugabanci Koriya fiye da ƙarni biyar, wanda ya kafa tushen al'ummar zamani da sunanta.
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918 - 1392
Goryeoornament
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918 Jan 2 - 1392

Masarautar Goryeo

Korean Peninsula
An kafa shi a cikin 918 a lokacin Mulkin Uku na ƙarshe, Goryeo ya haɗa yankin Koriya har zuwa 1392, abin da masana tarihi na Koriya suka yi a matsayin "haɗin kan ƙasa na gaskiya".Wannan haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci yayin da ya haɗu da asalin masarautu uku na farko da kuma haɗa abubuwa daga rukunin masu mulki na Balhae, magajin Goguryeo.Sunan "Korea" da kansa ya samo asali daga "Goryeo," shaida ga dawwamammen tasiri na daular kan asalin ƙasar Koriya.An yarda da Goryeo a matsayin halaltaccen magajin ga Goguryeo na baya da tsohuwar masarautar Goguryeo, ta haka ne ke tsara tsarin tarihi da al'adun Koriya.Zamanin Goryeo, yana tare da Unified Silla, an san shi da "Golden Age of Buddhism" a Koriya, tare da addinin jihar ya kai matsayin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.Ya zuwa karni na 11, babban birnin kasar ya yi alfahari da haikali 70, wanda ke nuna zurfin tasirin addinin Buddah a cikin masarautar.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya sami bunƙasa kasuwanci, tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci har zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma babban birnin Kaesong na zamani ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.Yanayin al'adu na Goryeo ya sami alamun nasarori masu mahimmanci a fasaha da al'adun Koriya, wanda ya wadatar da al'adun al'umma.A matsayin soja, Goryeo ya kasance mai karfin gaske, yana shiga rikici da daulolin arewa kamar Liao (Khitans) da Jin (Jurchens) da kuma kalubalantar daular Mongol-Yuan yayin da take raguwa.Waɗannan yunƙurin wani bangare ne na koyarwar Fadada Arewa ta Goryeo, da nufin kwato filaye na magabata na Goguryeo.Duk da gyare-gyaren al'adu, Goryeo ya sami damar tattara dakarun soji masu karfi don tsayayya da barazana kamar Red Turban Rebels da 'yan fashi na Japan.Duk da haka, wannan daular mai juriya ta gamu da ƙarshensa a lokacin da wani shiri na kai hari kan daular Ming ya haifar da juyin mulkin da Janar Yi Seong-gye ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1392, inda ya kammala babin Goryeo a tarihin Koriya.
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Gukjagam
Gukjagam ©HistoryMaps
992 Jan 1

Gukjagam

Kaesŏng, North Hwanghae, North
An kafa shi a shekara ta 992 karkashin Sarki Seongjong, Gukjagam ita ce kololuwar tsarin ilimi na daular Goryeo , wanda ke babban birnin kasar, Gaegyeong.An sake masa suna a tsawon tarihinta, da farko ana kiransa Gukhak daga baya kuma Seonggyungwan, yana nuna juyin halittarsa ​​a matsayin cibiyar ci gaban koyo a cikin litattafan Sinanci.Wannan cibiya ta kasance wani muhimmin bangare na sauye-sauyen Confucian na Seongjong, wanda ya hada da jarrabawar aikin farar hula na gwageo da kuma kafa makarantun larduna, da aka fi sani da hyanggyo.Wani Hyang, wani fitaccen masanin Neo-Confucian, ya karfafa muhimmancin Gukjagam a lokacin kokarinsa na gyarawa a shekarun baya na Goryeo.Tun farko an raba manhajar a Gukjagam zuwa kwasa-kwasai shida, tare da sadaukar da uku ga yaran manyan jami'ai - Gukjahak, Taehak, da Samunhak - wanda ya shafi litattafan Confucian sama da shekaru tara.Sauran sassan uku, Seohak, Sanhak, da Yulhak, suna buƙatar shekaru shida don kammalawa kuma suna samuwa ga yaran jami'ai daga ƙananan matsayi, suna haɗa horon fasaha tare da ilimin gargajiya.A cikin 1104, an gabatar da wani kwas na soja da ake kira Gangyejae, wanda ke nuna alamar ilimin soja na farko a tarihin Koriya, kodayake bai daɗe ba saboda tashin hankali na soja da aka cire a 1133.Tallafin kudi ga Gukjagam ya kasance mai yawa;Dokar Seongjong a cikin 992 ta ba da filaye da bayi don ci gaban cibiyar.Duk da haka, farashin kuɗin koyarwa ya yi yawa, gabaɗaya yana iyakance samun dama ga masu hannu da shuni har zuwa 1304, lokacin da An Hyang ya kafa haraji ga jami'ai don ba da tallafin karatun ɗalibai, wanda ya sa ilimi ya fi dacewa.Dangane da sunanta, an canza ta zuwa Gukhak a 1275, sannan zuwa Seonggyungam a 1298, sannan zuwa Seonggyungam a 1308. A takaice dai ta koma Gukjagam a zamanin Sarki Gongmin a shekarar 1358 kafin daga bisani ta zauna a kan Seonggyungam a 1362 har zuwa karshen mulkin Gornasty Gorna. .
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Goryeo-Khitan War
Jaruman kaciya ©HistoryMaps
993 Jan 1 - 1019

Goryeo-Khitan War

Korean Peninsula
Yakin Goryeo-Khitan, wanda aka gwabza tsakanin daular Goryeo ta Koriya da daular Liao takasar Sin da Khitan ke jagoranta, ya hada da rikice-rikice da dama a cikin karni na 10 da na 11 a kusa da kan iyakar China da Koriya ta Arewa a yau.Bakin wadannan yake-yake ya samo asali ne daga sauye-sauyen yankunan da aka yi a baya bayan faduwar Goguryeo a shekara ta 668, tare da sauye-sauyen da suka biyo baya yayin da daular Tang ta kori Göktürks, da hawan Uyghurs, da bayyanar mutanen Khitan da suka kafa. Daular Liao a shekara ta 916. Yayin da daular Tang ta fadi, Khitan ya kara karfi, kuma dangantaka tsakanin Goryeo da Khitan ta yi tsami, musamman bayan daular Khitan ta mamaye Balhae a shekara ta 926 da kuma manufofin fadada arewa na Goryeo a karkashin Sarki Taejo.Mu'amala ta farko tsakanin Goryeo da daular Liao ta kasance mai ɗan daɗi, tare da musayar kyaututtuka.Ko da yake, a shekara ta 993, tashin hankali ya ƙaru zuwa fili, lokacin da Liao ya mamaye Goryeo, yana da'awar dakaru 800,000.Rikicin soji ya kai ga yin shawarwari, aka samar da zaman lafiya, inda Goryeo ya yanke alaka da daular Song, ya ba da yabo ga Liao, ya kuma fadada yankinsa zuwa arewa zuwa kogin Yalu bayan ya kori kabilar Jurchen.Duk da haka, Goryeo ya ci gaba da sadarwa tare da daular Song kuma ya ƙarfafa yankunanta na arewa.Mamayewar da Liao ya yi a shekara ta 1010, karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Shengzong, ya haifar da korar babban birnin Goryeo da ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, duk da kasawar Liao ta ci gaba da kasancewa a yankunan Goryeo.Babban mamayewa na uku a shekarar 1018 ya kawo sauyi a lokacin da Janar Kang Kamch'an na Goryeo ya yi amfani da dabarar sakin madatsar ruwa don yi wa dakarun Liao kwanton bauna, inda ya kai ga gagarumin yakin Gwiju inda aka kusa halaka sojojin Liao.Rikicin da ya ci tura da kuma hasarar da Liao ya yi a lokacin wannan mamaya daga karshe ya sa kasashen biyu suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1022, tare da kawo karshen yakin Goryeo-Khitan tare da daidaita yankin na wani lokaci.
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Cheolli Jangseong
Cheolli Jangseong ©HistoryMaps
1033 Jan 1

Cheolli Jangseong

Hamhung, South Hamgyong, North

Cheolli Jangseong (lit. "Katangar Li Dubu") a tarihin Koriya yawanci tana nufin tsarin tsaro na arewa na ƙarni na 11 da aka gina a lokacin daular Goryeo a Koriya ta Arewa ta yau, kodayake kuma tana nufin cibiyar sadarwa na ƙarni na 7 na garrisons. China arewa maso gabas na yanzu, wanda Goguryeo, ɗaya daga cikin masarautun Koriya uku ya gina.

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Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi. ©HistoryMaps
1145 Jan 1

Samguk Sagi

Korean Peninsula
Samguk Sagi rikodin tarihi ne na masarautun Koriya uku: Goguryeo, Baekje da Silla.Samguk Sagi an rubuta shi ne da harshen Sinanci na gargajiya, rubutaccen yaren mutanen Koriya ta dā, kuma Sarkin Goryeo Injong na Goryeo (r. 1122-1146) ne ya ba da umarnin haɗa shi kuma jami'in gwamnati da masanin tarihi Kim Busik ne suka gudanar da shi. kananan malamai.An kammala shi a cikin 1145, sananne ne a Koriya a matsayin tarihin tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa.Cibiyar Tarihin Koriya ta Ƙasa ta ƙirƙira daftarin aiki kuma ana samun ta akan layi tare da fassarar Koriya ta zamani a cikin Hangul da rubutu na asali a cikin Sinanci na gargajiya.
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1170 Jan 1 - 1270

Mulkin Soja na Goryeo

Korean Peninsula
Gwamnatin soja ta Goryeo ta fara juyin mulki ne a shekara ta 1170, karkashin jagorancin Janar Jeong Jung-bu da mukarrabansa, wanda ya kawo karshen mamayar da jami'an farar hula suka yi a gwamnatin tsakiya ta daular Goryeo .Wannan lamari bai faru ba a keɓe;rigingimun cikin gida da barazanar waje da suka shafe shekaru suna yi wa masarautar haraji ta yi tasiri a kai.Sojoji sun kara karfin iko saboda yake-yaken da ake yi, musamman rikicin da ake yi da kabilar Jurchen a arewa da kuma daular Liao karkashin jagorancin Khitan.Kwace mulkin Choe Chung-heon a shekarar 1197 ya kara tabbatar da mulkin soja.Mulkin soja ya wanzu ne a kan mamaya da yawa daga Daular Mongol , wanda ya fara a farkon karni na 13.Tsawancin mamayewar Mongol, wanda ya fara a cikin 1231, ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na waje wanda duka biyun suka tabbatar da ikon sojojin kuma suka kalubalanci ikonsu.Duk da tsayin daka da farko, daular Goryeo ta zama wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta ta daular Mongol Yuan, inda shugabannin sojojin suka kulla alaka mai sarkakiya da Mongols don ci gaba da rike madafun iko.A tsawon lokacin mulkin soja, kotun Goryeo ta kasance wurin yin makirci da sauye-sauye na kawance, tare da dangin Choe sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar siyasa da auratayya mai ma'ana har sai da kwamandan sojoji Kim Jun ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 1258. Tasirin gwamnatin soja ya ragu zuwa ga. A karshen karni na 13 da gwagwarmayar neman madafun iko a cikin gida, sun kafa wani mataki na hawan Janar Yi Seong-gye, wanda daga baya zai kafa daular Joseon a shekara ta 1392. An kuma nuna wannan sauyi da tasirin daular Mongol Yuan akasar Sin ta yi. da hawan daular Ming , wanda ya canza yanayin yanayin siyasa na gabashin Asiya.Faduwar mulkin soja ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin da sojoji sukan mamaye ikon farar hula, kuma hakan ya buɗe hanya ga tsarin mulkin daular Joseon na tushen Confucian.
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1231 Jan 1 - 1270

Mamayewar Mongol na Koriya

Korean Peninsula
A tsakanin shekara ta 1231 zuwa 1270, daular Mongol ta gudanar da jerin manyan yakin neman zabe guda bakwai kan daular Goryeo a kasar Koriya.Wadannan kamfen din sun yi mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar fararen hula kuma sun haifar da Goryeo ya zama jihar daular Yuan kusan shekaru 80.Da farko Mongols sun mamaye a cikin 1231 karkashin umarnin Ögedei Khan, wanda ya kai ga mika wuya ga babban birnin Goryeo, Gaesong, tare da neman gagarumin haraji da albarkatu, ciki har da fatun otter, dawakai, siliki, tufafi, har ma da yara da masu sana'a a matsayin bayi.An tilastawa Goryeo yin karar neman zaman lafiya, kuma Mongols sun janye amma sun kafa jami'ai a arewa maso yammacin Goryeo don aiwatar da wa'adinsu.Mamaye na biyu a cikin 1232 ya ga Goryeo ya ƙaura babban birninsa zuwa Ganghwado kuma ya gina ƙaƙƙarfan tsaro, yana amfani da tsoron Mongoliya na teku.Duk da cewa Mongols sun mamaye wasu sassa na Koriya ta Arewa, amma sun kasa kama tsibirin Ganghwa kuma an fatattake su a Gwangju.Mamaya na uku, wanda ya kasance daga 1235 zuwa 1239, ya shafi yakin Mongol wanda ya lalata sassan Gyeongsang da Jeolla.Goryeo ya yi tsayin daka, amma Mongols sun koma kona filayen noma don kashe jama'a.Daga ƙarshe, Goryeo ya sake kai ƙarar neman zaman lafiya, inda ya aika da yin garkuwa da shi kuma ya amince da sharuɗɗan Mongols.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya biyo baya, amma mamayewa na tara a 1257 ya zama farkon tattaunawa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Bayan haka, yawancin Goryeo sun lalace, tare da lalata al'adu da hasara mai yawa.Goryeo ya kasance jihar vassal kuma aboki na tilas nadaular Yuan kusan shekaru 80, tare da ci gaba da gwagwarmayar cikin gida a cikin gidan sarauta.Mallakar Mongol ta sauƙaƙe musayar al'adu, gami da watsa ra'ayoyi da fasaha na Koriya.A hankali Goryeo ya sake dawo da wasu yankunan arewa a cikin shekarun 1350 yayin da daular Yuan ta raunana saboda tawaye a kasar Sin.
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Ƙirƙirar Buga Nau&#39;in Ƙarfe Mai Motsi
©HistoryMaps
1234 Jan 1

Ƙirƙirar Buga Nau'in Ƙarfe Mai Motsi

Korea
A cikin 1234 an buga littattafan farko da aka sani da an buga su cikin nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe a daular Goryeo Korea.Sun kafa saitin littattafan al'ada, Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun, wanda Choe Yun-ui ya haɗa.Duk da yake waɗannan littattafan ba su tsira ba, littafin da ya fi dadewa a duniya da aka buga da nau'ikan ƙarfe masu motsi shine Jikji, wanda aka buga a Koriya a shekara ta 1377. Dakin Karatun Asiya na Laburare na Majalisa a Washington, DC ya nuna misalan irin wannan ƙarfe.Da yake tsokaci kan kirkiro nau'ikan karfe da 'yan Koriya suka yi, wani masani dan kasar Faransa Henri-Jean Martin ya bayyana hakan a matsayin "mai kama da na Gutenberg".Koyaya, nau'in nau'in ƙarfe mai motsi na Koriya ya bambanta da bugu na Turai a cikin kayan da ake amfani da su don nau'in, naushi, matrix, mold da kuma hanyar yin tasiri.Har ila yau, "haramcin Confucian kan sayar da bugu" ya kuma hana yaduwar nau'in nau'in motsi, tare da hana rarraba littattafan da aka samar ta hanyar amfani da sabuwar hanyar ga gwamnati.An hana wannan dabarar amfani da fasahar don buga littattafan gwamnati kawai, inda aka mayar da hankali kan sake buga littattafan gargajiya na kasar Sin da aka yi hasarar a shekara ta 1126 lokacin da dakunan karatu da fadojin Koriya suka lalace a rikici tsakanin dauloli.
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Goryeo karkashin Mulkin Mongol
Goryeo karkashin Mulkin Mongol ©HistoryMaps
1270 Jan 1 - 1356

Goryeo karkashin Mulkin Mongol

Korean Peninsula
A lokacin Goryeo karkashin mulkin Mongol, wanda ya kasance daga kimanin shekara ta 1270 zuwa 1356, yankin Koriya ya kasance karkashin ikon daular Mongol da kuma daular Yuan karkashin jagorancin Mongol.Wannan zamanin ya fara da mamayewar Mongol na Koriya , wanda ya haɗa da manyan yaƙin neman zaɓe guda shida tsakanin 1231 da 1259. Waɗannan mamayewa sun haifar da mamaye yankunan Koriya ta Arewa ta Mongols, waɗanda suka kafa yankin Ssangseong da yankin Dongnyeong.Bayan mamayar, Goryeo ya zama wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta mai cin gashin kanta kuma abokiyar kawance ta tilas gadaular Yuan .Mambobin gidan sarautar Goryeo sun auri ma'aurata daga kabilar Yuan, wanda ya tabbatar da matsayinsu na surukin sarki.An ƙyale sarakunan Goryeo su yi mulki a matsayin ƙwararru, kuma Yuan ta kafa sakatariyar reshen yaƙin neman zaɓe na gabas a Koriya don kula da sa ido na Mongol da ikon siyasa a yankin.A tsawon wannan lokaci, an karfafa auratayya tsakanin Koriya da Mongols, wanda ya haifar da dangantaka ta kud da kud a tsakanin daulolin biyu.Matan Koriya sun shiga daular Mongol a matsayin ganima na yaki, kuma an auri ’yan Koriya ta sarakunan Mongol.Sarakunan Goryeo suna da matsayi na musamman a cikin masarautun Masarautar Mongol, daidai da sauran mahimman iyalai na jihohin da aka ci yaƙi ko abokan ciniki.Sakatariyar Reshe na Kamfen Gabas ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da Goryeo da kiyaye ikon Mongol.Yayin da Goryeo ya ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai wajen gudanar da nata gwamnatin, Sakatariyar Reshe ta tabbatar da tasirin Mongol a fannoni daban-daban na mulkin Koriya, gami da jarrabawar masarauta.Bayan lokaci, dangantakar Goryeo da daular Yuan ta samo asali.Sarki Gongmin na Goryeo ya fara ja da baya a kan sojojin Mongol a shekarun 1350, wanda ya yi daidai da faduwar daular Yuan a kasar Sin.Daga ƙarshe, Goryeo ya yanke alakarsa da Mongols a cikin 1392, wanda ya kai ga kafa daular Joseon .A karkashin mulkin Mongol, tsaron arewacin Goryeo ya raunana, kuma an kawar da sojojin da ke tsaye.An gabatar da tsarin sojan Mongol, wanda aka fi sani da tumen, ga Goryeo, tare da sojoji da jami'an Goryeo da ke jagorantar waɗannan sassan.Har ila yau, al'adun Koriya sun sami gagarumin tasiri daga al'adun Mongol, ciki har da tufafi, salon gyara gashi, abinci, da harshe.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, kuɗin Yuan takarda ya shiga kasuwannin Goryeo, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.Hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haɗa Goryeo zuwa babban birnin Yuan, Khanbaliq, don sauƙaƙe musayar kayayyaki da kuma kudaden waje.
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1392 - 1897
Mulkin Joseonornament
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1392 Jan 1 - 1897

Daular Joseon

Korean Peninsula
Yi Seong-gye ne ya kafa Joseon a watan Yuli na shekara ta 1392, bayan hambarar da daular Goryeo , kuma ya dade har zuwa lokacin da daular Koriya ta maye gurbinta a watan Oktoban 1897. Da farko an kafa shi a yau Kaesong, nan da nan masarautar ta mai da babban birninta zuwa zamani. - ranar Seoul.Joseon ya faɗaɗa yankinsa ya haɗa da yankunan arewaci har zuwa kogin Amnok (Yalu) da Tumen ta hanyar mamaye yankin Jurchens, yana ƙarfafa ikonsa a kan tsibirin Koriya.A cikin ƙarni biyar ɗinsa, Joseon ya kasance yana haɓaka ta hanyar haɓaka Confucianism a matsayin akidar jiha, wacce ta tsara al'ummar Koriya sosai.Wannan lokacin ya nuna raguwa ga addinin Buddha , wanda ya ga zalunci na lokaci-lokaci.Duk da kalubalen cikin gida da barazanar kasashen waje, gami da mummunan mamayar Japanawa a cikin shekarun 1590 da mamayewar daular Jin da ta Qing daga baya a 1627 da 1636-1637, Joseon lokaci ne na bunkasuwar al'adu, wanda aka sami ci gaba a fannin adabi, kasuwanci, da kimiyya.Gadon daular Joseon yana da zurfi sosai a cikin al'adun Koriya ta zamani, yana tasiri komai daga harshe da yaruka zuwa ƙa'idodin al'umma da tsarin mulki.Koyaya, a ƙarshen karni na 19, rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida, gwagwarmayar iko, da matsin lamba na waje sun haifar da raguwa cikin sauri, wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen daular da bullowar daular Koriya.
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Hangul
Hangul wanda Sarki Sejong mai girma ya kirkira. ©HistoryMaps
1443 Jan 1

Hangul

Korean Peninsula
Kafin ƙirƙirar Hangul, Koreans sun yi amfani da harshen Sinanci na gargajiya da kuma rubutun sauti na asali daban-daban kamar Idu, Hyangchal, Gugyeol, da Gakpil, [59] wanda ya sa ilimin karatu ya zama ƙalubale ga ƙananan azuzuwan da ba su da ilimi saboda sarƙaƙƙiyar harsuna da adadi mai yawa. haruffan Sinanci.Don magance wannan batu, Sarki Sejong mai girma na daular Joseon ya ƙirƙira Hangul a ƙarni na 15 don haɓaka ilimin karatu a tsakanin dukkan Koreans, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin zamantakewa ba.An gabatar da wannan sabon rubutun a shekara ta 1446 a cikin wata takarda mai suna "Hunminjeongeum" (The Proper Sauti don Ilimin Jama'a), wanda ya kafa harsashin amfani da rubutun.[60]Duk da yadda aka tsara shi, Hangul ya fuskanci adawa daga manyan adabi waɗanda ke da tushe a cikin al'adun Confucius, kuma suna ganin amfani da haruffan Sinanci a matsayin hanyar rubutu ɗaya tilo da ta dace.Wannan juriya ta haifar da lokutan da aka danne haruffa, musamman a cikin 1504 ta Sarki Yeonsangun da kuma a cikin 1506 ta Sarki Jungjong, wanda ya hana haɓakawa da daidaita su.Sai dai kuma, a karshen karni na 16, Hangul ya sake farfadowa, musamman a cikin shahararrun adabi irin su gasa da wakokin sijo, da kuma a karni na 17 da bullowar litattafan haruffan Koriya, duk da rashin daidaiton tsarin rubutu.[61]Farfadowa da adana Hangul ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 18 da 19, wanda ya jawo hankalin masana na ƙasashen waje irin su Isaac Titsingh ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ya gabatar da littafin Koriya ga yammacin duniya.Haɗin Hangul cikin takaddun hukuma ya samo asali ne tun 1894, kishin ƙasa na Koriya, ƙungiyoyin gyare-gyare, da ƴan mishan na Yamma suka rinjayi, wanda ke nuna alamar kafuwarta a cikin karatun koriya na zamani da ilimi, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta shigar da rubutun farko daga 1895 da kuma a cikin jaridar Tongnip Sinmun mai harsuna biyu a cikin 1896.
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1592 May 23 - 1598 Dec 16

Yunkurin Japanawa na Koriya

Korean Peninsula
Yaƙin Imjin , wanda ya gudana daga 1592 zuwa 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi na Japan ne ya ƙaddamar da shi wanda ke da nufin mamaye yankin Koriya da kumaChina , wanda daular Joseon da Ming suka yi, bi da bi.Mamaya na farko a cikin 1592 ya ga sojojin Japan sun mamaye yankuna da yawa na Koriya cikin sauri amma sun fuskanci turjiya daga ƙarfafawar Ming [62] da hare-haren da sojojin ruwa na Joseon suka yi a kan jiragen ruwansu, [63] wanda ya tilasta janyewar Japan daga lardunan arewa.Yakin Guerrilla na mayakan sa-kai na Joseon [64] da kuma batun samar da kayayyaki ya haifar da rashin jituwa da kawo karshen kashi na farko na rikici a 1596, tare da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ba a yi nasara ba.Rikicin ya sake komawa tare da mamayewa na biyu na Japan a cikin 1597, wanda ya kwaikwayi tsarin samun nasarar yanki cikin sauri wanda ya biyo baya.Duk da kame garuruwa da sansanoni da dama, sojojin Ming da Joseon sun mayar da Japan din zuwa gabar tekun kudancin Koriya, wadanda a lokacin ba su samu nasarar fatattakar Jafan din ba, lamarin da ya kai tsawon wata goma.[65] .Yakin ya ƙare bayan mutuwar Toyotomi Hideyoshi a shekara ta 1598, wanda tare da iyakacin ribar yanki da ci gaba da rushe layukan samar da kayayyaki na Japan da sojojin ruwan Koriya suka yi, ya sa Japan ta janye zuwa Japan kamar yadda majalisar dattawa biyar ta umarta.Tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe, wacce ta ɗauki shekaru da yawa, a ƙarshe ta haifar da daidaita dangantaka tsakanin bangarorin da abin ya shafa.[66] Ma'aunin mamayar Jafananci, wanda ya ƙunshi sama da maza 300,000, ya sanya su a matsayin mafi girman mamayewar teku har zuwa lokacin saukar Normandy a 1944.
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Daga baya Jin mamayewa na Joseon
Wani zanen Koriya wanda ke nuna mayaƙan Jurchen biyu da dawakansu ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1627 Jan 1 - Mar 1

Daga baya Jin mamayewa na Joseon

Korean Peninsula
A farkon 1627, Jin daga baya, karkashin Yarima Amin, ya kaddamar da mamaye Joseon , wanda ya ƙare bayan watanni uku tare da Later Jin ya sanya dangantakar da ke tsakanin Joseon.Duk da haka, Joseon ya ci gaba da yin hulɗa tare da daular Ming kuma ya nuna juriya ga Later Jin.Tashin bayan mamayewa ya hada da goyon bayan soja na Joseon ga Ming a kan Later Jin a 1619, da kuma rikicin siyasa a cikin Joseon inda aka maye gurbin Sarki Gwanghaegun da Injo a 1623, ya biyo bayan tawayen Yi Gwal da bai yi nasara ba a 1624. Bangaren 'Westerners'. Ɗaukar ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayin Ming da na adawa da Jurchen, ya rinjayi Injo ya yanke dangantaka da Later Jin, yayin da Ming Janar Mao Wenlong ya ba da goyon bayan ayyukan soja a kan Jurchens.[67]Mamaya na Jin daga baya ya fara ne da runduna 30,000 mai karfi karkashin jagorancin Amin, inda suka fuskanci tirjiya ta farko amma da sauri ta mamaye tsaron Joseon tare da kame wurare da dama, ciki har da Pyongyang, a karshen watan Janairun 1627. Sarki Injo ya amsa ta hanyar tserewa daga Seoul tare da bude shawarwarin zaman lafiya.Yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya ta buƙaci Joseon ya yi watsi da sunan zamanin Ming, ya ba da garkuwa, da mutunta ikon mallakar yanki na juna.Sai dai duk da janyewar sojojin Jin zuwa Mukden, Joseon ya ci gaba da hulda da Ming din, kuma bai cika cika sharuddan yarjejeniyar ba, lamarin da ya janyo koke-koke daga Hong Taiji.[68]Zaman bayan mamayewa ya ga Daga baya Jin yana fitar da rangwamen tattalin arziki daga Joseon don rage wahalhalunsu.Dangantaka mara dadi tsakanin su biyu ta kara tsananta lokacin da Manchus ya bukaci a canza salon diflomasiyya a shekara ta 1636, wanda Joseon ya ki amincewa da shi, wanda ya haifar da rikici.Shigar Ming a cikin rikicin ya ragu bayan tsige Janar Yuan Chonghuan, da kuma hukuncin kisa kan Mao Wenlong a shekara ta 1629 saboda ayyukan da ya yi ba tare da izini ba, ya kara dagula dangantaka, inda Yuan ya ba da hujjar aiwatar da hukuncin a matsayin wata hanya ta karfafa ikon daular.[69]
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1636 Dec 9 - 1637 Jan 30

Maƙarƙashiyar Qing ta Joseon

Korean Peninsula
Mamaya na biyu na Manchu na Koriya a shekara ta 1636 ya nuna wani muhimmin matsayi a tarihin gabashin Asiya, yayin da daular Qing ke neman maye gurbin tasirin daular Ming a yankin, wanda ya haifar da arangama kai tsaye da Koriya ta Ming mai alaka da Joseon .An kai harin ne ta hanyar hadaddun cudanya da tashin hankali da rashin fahimta.Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da zazzafan fadace-fadace da kewaye, musamman ma gagarumin kewaye sansanin sansanin Namhan, wanda ya ƙare a wulakanci mika wuya na Sarki Injo da kuma shigar da matsananciyar buƙatu a kan Joseon, kamar ɗaukar garkuwar sarki.Sakamakon mamayewar yana da tasiri sosai ga Joseon, wanda ya shafi manufofin cikin gida da na waje.An samu kulla alaka a fili tare da Qing, tare da nuna bacin rai a boye da kuma kudurin kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na daular Ming.Wannan hadadden ra'ayi ya haifar da manufa guda biyu na mika wuya a hukumance da kuma bijirewa na sirri.Tashin hankalin da wannan mamayar ya yi ya yi tasiri sosai kan yunkurin soja da diflomasiyya na Joseon, ciki har da burin sarki Hyojong amma ba a aiwatar da shi ba na kaddamar da balaguron arewa kan Qing, wanda ke nuna sha'awar samun 'yancin kai da cin gashin kai.Abubuwan da suka faru na mamaye Qing sun yi nisa fiye da iyakokin Koriya.Nasarar da Qing ta samu a kan Joseon ya nuna alamar hawan daular ta zama mafi rinjaye a gabashin Asiya, wanda ya rage karfin daular Ming a yankin.Wannan sauye-sauyen ya haifar da sakamako mai dorewa, wanda ya sake fasalin yanayin siyasar Gabashin Asiya, da kuma kafa fagen karfin ikon yankin da zai ci gaba da wanzuwa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan tafiyar da tarihin Koriya da kuma tsarin da yake da shi a yankin.
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Tawayen Donghak
Tawayen Donghak wata tawaye ce da ke dauke da makamai a Koriya karkashin jagorancin manoma da mabiya addinin Donghak. ©HistoryMaps
1894 Jan 11 - 1895 Dec 25

Tawayen Donghak

Korean Peninsula
Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Donghak a Koriya, wanda ya haifar da manufofin zalunci na alkali Jo Byeong-gap a cikin 1892, ya barke a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1894, ya ci gaba har zuwa 25 ga Disamba, 1895. An fara boren manoma, karkashin jagorancin mabiya kungiyar Donghak, a Gobu-gun kuma tun farko shugabanni Jeon Bong-jun da Kim Gae-nam ne suka jagorance su.Duk da koma baya da aka samu tun farko, kamar murkushe tawaye da Yi Yong-tae da Jeon Bong-jun ya yi na wucin gadi, 'yan tawayen sun sake haduwa a kan tsaunin Paektu.Sun kwato Gobu a watan Afrilu, sun sami nasarori a yakin Hwangtojae da yakin kogin Hwangryong, kuma sun kama Jeonju Fortress.An sami zaman lafiya mai dorewa biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Jeonju a watan Mayu, kodayake zaman lafiyar yankin ya kasance cikin hadari a duk lokacin bazara.Gwamnatin Joseon , tana jin barazanar tashin hankalin, ta nemi taimako daga daular Qing, wanda ya kai ga tura sojoji 2,700 na Qing.Wannan shisshigi, wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Tientsin kuma ba a bayyana shi zuwa Japan ba, ya haifar dayakin Sino-Japan na farko .Wannan rikici ya rage tasirin Sinawa sosai a Koriya tare da durkusar da yunkurin karfafa kai na kasar Sin.Kasancewar da kuma tasirinJapan a Koriya bayan yakin ya kara damun 'yan tawayen Donghak.A martanin da shugabannin ‘yan tawayen suka yi a Samrye daga watan Satumba zuwa Oktoba, inda daga karshe suka tara dakaru 25,000 zuwa 200,000 don kai wa Gongju hari.Tawayen dai ya fuskanci babban koma baya ne a lokacin da 'yan tawayen suka sha kashi a yakin Ugeumchi, sannan kuma aka sake samun nasara a yakin Taein.Wannan hasarar ta kasance farkon ƙarshen juyin juya halin, wanda ya ga an kama shugabanninsa kuma aka kashe su ta hanyar ratayewa a cikin Maris 1895, yayin da rikici ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar.Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Donghak, tare da tsayin daka na adawa da mulkin zalunci na cikin gida da shiga tsakani na waje, a ƙarshe ya sake fasalin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasar Koriya a ƙarshen karni na 19.
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1897 - 1910
Tarihin Zamaniornament
Daular Koriya
Gojong na Daular Koriya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1897 Jan 1 - 1910

Daular Koriya

Korean Peninsula
Daular Koriya, wadda Sarki Gojong ya yi shela a watan Oktoban 1897, ta nuna alamar canjin daular Joseon zuwa yanayin zamani.A wannan zamani ne aka samu sauye-sauyen Gwangmu, wanda ke da nufin zamanantar da harkokin soja, tattalin arziki, tsarin filaye, ilimi, da masana'antu, da kuma mayar da kasar yammaci.Daular ta wanzu har zuwa lokacin daJapan ta mamaye Koriya a watan Agustan 1910. Samuwar daular ta kasance martani ne ga dangantakar Koriya daChina da kuma tasirin ra'ayoyin kasashen yamma.Dawowar Gojong daga gudun hijira na Rasha ya haifar da shelar daular, tare da shekarar Gwangmu a matsayin farkon sabon zamani a 1897. Duk da shakku na farko na kasashen waje, sanarwar ta sami karbuwa a duniya a fakaice.A cikin ɗan gajeren wanzuwarta, daular Koriya ta yi gyare-gyare sosai.Gyaran Gwangmu karkashin jagorancin jami’an ‘yan mazan jiya da masu son ci gaba, ya sake farfado da kananan haraji don samar da wadannan sauye-sauye, wanda ya kara wa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka arziki da kuma ba da damar sake yin garambawul.An sabunta sojojin tare da taimakon Rasha har zuwa 1897, kuma an yi ƙoƙari don kafa sojojin ruwa na zamani da inganta masana'antu.An fara yin gyare-gyaren filaye da nufin inganta ma'anar ikon mallakar don biyan haraji amma sun fuskanci turjiya na ciki.Daular Koriya ta fuskanci kalubalen diflomasiyya, musamman daga Japan.A cikin 1904, a cikin haɓakar tasirin Jafananci, Koriya ta ayyana matsayinta na tsaka-tsaki, wanda manyan ƙasashe suka gane.Duk da haka, Taft–Katsura Memorandum na 1905 ya nuna alamar yarda da Amurka na jagorancin Jafananci akan Koriya.Wannan ya rigaya 1905 Yarjejeniyar Portsmouth, wadda ta kawo karshen yakin Russo da Japan kuma ya tabbatar da tasirin Japan a Koriya.Sarkin sarakuna Gojong ya yi yunƙurin yin yunƙurin diflomasiyya a asirce don kiyaye ƴancin kai amma ya fuskanci karuwar ikon Japan da tashe tashen hankula a cikin gida, wanda ya kai ga yin murabus a shekara ta 1907. [70]Hawan sarki Sunjong ya ga yadda Japan ta fi karfin Koriya tare da yarjejeniyar 1907, yana kara yawan kasancewar Japan a cikin ayyukan gwamnati.Wannan ya haifar da kwance damara da wargaza sojojin Koriya ta Kudu tare da haifar da juriya da makami daga rundunonin adalci, wanda daga karshe sojojin Japan suka murkushe su.A shekara ta 1908, wani muhimmin kaso na mulkin Koriya ya kasance Jafananci, inda ya kori jami'an Koriya tare da kafa mataki don mamaye Koriya ta Japan a 1910.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen siyasa, daular Koriya ta gudanar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.GDP na kowane mutum a cikin 1900 yana da girma sosai, kuma zamanin ya ga farkon kasuwancin Koriya ta zamani, wasu daga cikinsu suna wanzuwa har yau.Duk da haka, tattalin arzikin ya fuskanci barazana sakamakon kwararar kayayyakin Japan da kuma tsarin banki da ba a bunkasa ba.Musamman ma, alkaluma na kusa da Sarkin sarakuna sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa kamfanoni a wannan lokacin.[71]
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Koriya a karkashin mulkin Japan
Jiragen ruwan Japan sun sauka daga Unyo a tsibirin Yeongjong da ke kusa da Ganghwa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1910 Jan 1 - 1945

Koriya a karkashin mulkin Japan

Korean Peninsula
A lokacinmulkin Jafananci a Koriya, tun daga yerjejeniyar haɗawa da Japan da Koriya a 1910, an yi adawa da ikon mallakar Koriya.Japan ta yi ikirarin cewa yarjejeniyar ta halalta, amma Koriya ta yi sabani kan ingancinta, tana mai cewa an rattaba hannu a kan tilas ne kuma ba tare da amincewar Sarkin Koriya ba.[72 <>] Juriya ta Koriya ta yi wa mulkin Jafananci ta kasance ne ta hanyar samar da Sojoji masu adalci.Duk da yunƙurin da Japan ta yi na murkushe al'adun Koriya da cin gajiyar tattalin arziki daga mulkin mallaka, yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka gina daga baya sun lalace a yakin Koriya .[73]Mutuwar Sarkin sarakuna Gojong a cikin Janairu 1919 ya haifar da Harkar 1 ga Maris, jerin zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin Japan.Ƙa'idodin yanke shawara na Woodrow Wilson ya ƙarfafa shi, an ƙiyasta 'yan Koriya miliyan 2 sun shiga, kodayake bayanan Jafananci sun nuna kaɗan.Zanga-zangar ta fuskanci mugunyar murkushe masu zanga-zangar da Japanawa suka yi, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Koriya ta Kudu kusan 7,000.[74] Wannan bore ya kai ga kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Koriya a birnin Shanghai, wadda aka amince da ita a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin halatacciyar gwamnatinta daga 1919 zuwa 1948. [75]An ware manufofin ilimi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jafananci da harshe, wanda ya shafi ɗaliban Jafanawa da na Koriya.Tsarin karatun a Koriya ya sami sauye-sauye na gaske, tare da ƙuntatawa akan koyar da harshen Koriya da tarihin.Ya zuwa 1945, duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yawan karatun karatu a Koriya ya kai kashi 22%.[76] Bugu da ƙari, manufofin Jafananci sun tilasta haɗakar da al'adu, kamar sunayen Jafananci na wajibi ga Koreans da kuma haramcin jaridun yaren Koriya.An kuma yi awon gaba da kayayyakin al'adu, inda aka kai kayayyaki 75,311 zuwa kasar Japan.[77]Dakarun 'yantar da Koriya ta Kudu (KLA) sun zama wata alama ce ta tsayin daka na Koriya, wanda ya kunshi 'yan Koriya da ke gudun hijira a China da sauran wurare.Sun yi yakin sa-in-sa da sojojin Japan da ke kan iyakar Sin da Koriya, kuma suna cikin ayyukan kawancen kasashen Sin da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.KLA ta samu goyon bayan dubun-dubatar Koreans wadanda kuma suka shiga cikin sauran sojojin gwagwarmaya kamar Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'a da Sojojin Juyin Juya Hali na Kasa.Bayan mika kai da Japan ta yi a shekara ta 1945, Koriya ta fuskanci babban rashi a fannin gudanarwa da fasaha.An kori ƴan ƙasar Jafan, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin kaso na yawan jama'a amma suna da iko sosai a cikin birane da filayen sana'a.Wannan ya bar al'ummar Koriya mafi yawansu masu noman noma don sake ginawa da kuma sauye-sauye daga mamayar shekaru da dama da suka yi.[78]
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Yaƙin Koriya
Wani ginshiƙi na rundunar sojan ruwa ta Amurka ta farko ta bi ta layukan Sinawa a lokacin da suka fice daga tafkin Chosin. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1950 Jun 25 - 1953 Jul 27

Yaƙin Koriya

Korean Peninsula
Yakin Koriya , wani gagarumin rikici a lokacin yakin cacar baka , ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 1950 lokacin da Koriya ta Arewa tare da goyon bayan China da Tarayyar Soviet suka kaddamar da farmaki a Koriya ta Kudu , tare da goyon bayan Amurka da kawayenta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga rarrabuwar kawuna na Koriya ta hanyar mamaye sojojin Amurka da na Soviet a daidai lokacin da aka yi daidai da na 38 bayan mika wuyanJapan a ranar 15 ga Agustan 1945, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin shekaru 35 akan Koriya.A shekara ta 1948, wannan yanki ya karkata zuwa kasashe biyu masu adawa - Koriya ta Arewa mai ra'ayin gurguzu karkashin Kim Il Sung da Koriya ta Kudu 'yar jari hujja a karkashin Syngman Rhee.Dukkanin gwamnatocin biyu sun ki amincewa da iyakar a matsayin dindindin kuma sun yi iƙirarin ikon mallakar yankin gaba ɗaya.[79]Rikicin da aka yi a karo na 38 da kuma tada kayar baya a Kudancin kasar, da ke samun goyon bayan Arewa, ya kafa matakin mamaye Koriya ta Arewa da ya haddasa yakin.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba ta da adawa daga Tarayyar Soviet, wadda ke kauracewa kwamitin sulhu, ta mayar da martani ta hanyar hada runduna daga kasashe 21, galibin sojojin Amurka, domin tallafawa Koriya ta Kudu.Wannan yunƙurin na ƙasa da ƙasa ya zama babban matakin soja na farko a ƙarƙashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[80]Farkon ci gaban Koriya ta Arewa ya tura sojojin Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka cikin wani karamin yanki na tsaro, mashigin Pusan.Wani mummunan harin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kai a Incheon a watan Satumba na shekarar 1950 ya juya baya, tare da yankewa sojojin Koriya ta Arewa baya.Sai dai launin yakin ya sauya lokacin da sojojin kasar Sin suka shiga cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1950, lamarin da ya tilastawa sojojin MDD ja da baya daga Koriya ta Arewa.Bayan jerin hare-haren wuce gona da iri, layin gaba sun daidaita kusa da na asali a layi na 38.[81]Duk da gwabzawar fada, daga karshe dai gaba ya daidaita kusa da asalin layin rabon, wanda ya haifar da takun saka.A ranar 27 ga Yulin 1953, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da DMZ don raba Koriya biyu, kodayake ba a kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta yau da kullun ba.Tun daga shekara ta 2018, duka Koriya ta Kudu sun nuna sha'awar kawo karshen yakin a hukumance, suna nuna yadda rikicin ke gudana.[82]Yakin Koriya ya kasance daya daga cikin tashe-tashen hankula mafi muni a karni na 20, tare da kashe fararen hula fiye da na yakin duniya na biyu da na Vietnam , da manyan laifukan da bangarorin biyu suka aikata, da kuma barna a Koriya.Kimanin mutane miliyan 3 ne suka mutu a rikicin, kuma tashin bama-baman ya yi barna sosai a Koriya ta Arewa.Har ila yau yakin ya haifar da tashin 'yan Koriya ta Arewa miliyan 1.5, wanda ya kara dagula matsalar 'yan gudun hijira a tarihin yakin.[83]
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Sashen Koriya
Moon da Kim suna girgiza hannu kan layin da aka shata ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1953 Jan 1 - 2022

Sashen Koriya

Korean Peninsula
Rarraba Koriyar gida biyu ya samo asali ne daga karshen yakin duniya na biyu lokacin daJapan ta mika wuya a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 1945 ya jagoranci kasashen kawancen yin la'akari da makomar mulkin Koriya.Da farko dai, Koriya ta Kudu za ta sami 'yantar da ita daga mamayar Japan da kuma sanya ta a karkashin amintattun kasashen duniya kamar yadda kasashen kawance suka amince.Ƙasar a layi daya ta 38 ita ce Amurka ta gabatar da ita kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta amince da ita , wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi har sai an tsara tsarin amincewa.Sai dai fara yakin cacar-baka da gazawar tattaunawar sun warware duk wata yarjejeniya kan amincewa da juna, lamarin da ya bar Koriya cikin rudani.A shekara ta 1948, an kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban: Jamhuriyar Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 15 ga Agusta da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Koriya ta Arewa a ranar 9 ga Satumba, kowannensu yana samun goyon bayan Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet.Tashin hankali tsakanin Koriya biyu ya kai ga mamayewar Arewa ta Kudu a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1950, wanda ya fara yakin Koriya wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1953. Duk da babbar hasara da halaka, rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rashin daidaituwa, wanda ya kai ga kafa yankin Koriya ta Koriya ta Arewa (wani yanki mai karewa). DMZ), wanda tun daga lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu.Ƙoƙarin yin sulhu da haɗin kai ya ci gaba da kasancewa na ɗan lokaci, tare da samun gagarumar nasara yayin taron koli tsakanin Koriya ta 2018.A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2018, shugabannin Koriya ta Kudu sun rattaba hannu kan sanarwar Panmunjom, inda suka amince kan matakan samar da zaman lafiya da sake haduwa.Ci gaban da aka samu ya hada da tarwatsa wuraren gadi da kuma samar da wuraren da aka tanada domin rage tashin hankalin sojoji.A wani yunkuri mai cike da tarihi da aka yi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban 2018, sojoji daga bangarorin biyu sun tsallaka layin soja a karon farko a matsayin wata alama ta zaman lafiya da hadin gwiwa.[84]
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

THE HISTORY OF KOREAN BBQ


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APPENDIX 2

The Origins of Kimchi and Soju with Michael D. Shin


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APPENDIX 3

HANBOK, Traditional Korean Clothes


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APPENDIX 4

Science in Hanok (The Korean traditional house)


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Characters



Geunchogo of Baekje

Geunchogo of Baekje

13th King of Baekje

Dae Gwang-hyeon

Dae Gwang-hyeon

Last Crown Prince of Balhae

Choe Museon

Choe Museon

Goryeo Military Commander

Gang Gam-chan

Gang Gam-chan

Goryeo Military Commander

Muyeol of Silla

Muyeol of Silla

Unifier of the Korea's Three Kingdoms

Jeongjo of Joseon

Jeongjo of Joseon

22nd monarch of the Joseon dynasty

Empress Myeongseong

Empress Myeongseong

Empress of Korea

Hyeokgeose of Silla

Hyeokgeose of Silla

Founder of Silla

Gwanggaeto the Great

Gwanggaeto the Great

Nineteenth Monarch of Goguryeo

Taejong of Joseon

Taejong of Joseon

Third Ruler of the Joseon Dynasty

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un

Supreme Leader of North Korea

Yeon Gaesomun

Yeon Gaesomun

Goguryeo Dictator

Seon of Balhae

Seon of Balhae

10th King of Balhae

Syngman Rhee

Syngman Rhee

First President of South Korea

Taejodae of Goguryeo

Taejodae of Goguryeo

Sixth Monarch of Goguryeo

Taejo of Goryeo

Taejo of Goryeo

Founder of the Goryeo Dynasty

Gojong of Korea

Gojong of Korea

First Emperor of Korea

Go of Balhae

Go of Balhae

Founder of Balhae

Gongmin of Goryeo

Gongmin of Goryeo

31st Ruler of Goryeo

Kim Jong-il

Kim Jong-il

Supreme Leader of North Korea

Yi Sun-sin

Yi Sun-sin

Korean Admiral

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung

Founder of North Korea

Jizi

Jizi

Semi-legendary Chinese Sage

Choe Je-u

Choe Je-u

Founder of Donghak

Yeongjo of Joseon

Yeongjo of Joseon

21st monarch of the Joseon Dynasty

Gyeongsun of Silla

Gyeongsun of Silla

Final Ruler of Silla

Park Chung-hee

Park Chung-hee

Dictator of South Korea

Onjo of Baekje

Onjo of Baekje

Founder of Baekje

Mun of Balhae

Mun of Balhae

Third Ruler of Balhae

Taejo of Joseon

Taejo of Joseon

Founder of Joseon Dynasty

Sejong the Great

Sejong the Great

Fourth Ruler of the Joseon Dynasty

Empress Gi

Empress Gi

Empress of Toghon Temür

Gim Yu-sin

Gim Yu-sin

Korean Military General

Jang Bogo

Jang Bogo

Sillan Maritime Figure

Footnotes



  1. Eckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-Baik (1990). Korea, old and new: a history. Korea Institute Series. Published for the Korea Institute, Harvard University by Ilchokak. ISBN 978-0-9627713-0-9, p. 2.
  2. Eckert & Lee 1990, p. 9.
  3. 金両基監修『韓国の歴史』河出書房新社 2002, p.2.
  4. Sin, Hyong-sik (2005). A Brief History of Korea. The Spirit of Korean Cultural Roots. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 978-89-7300-619-9, p. 19.
  5. Pratt, Keith (2007). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-86189-335-2, p. 63-64.
  6. Seth, Michael J. (2011). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6715-3. OCLC 644646716, p. 112.
  7. Kim Jongseo, Jeong Inji, et al. "Goryeosa (The History of Goryeo)", 1451, Article for July 934, 17th year in the Reign of Taejo.
  8. Bale, Martin T. 2001. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21(5):77-84. Choe, C.P. and Martin T. Bale 2002. Current Perspectives on Settlement, Subsistence, and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea. Arctic Anthropology 39(1-2):95-121. Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee 2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87-95. Lee, June-Jeong 2001. From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison. Proquest, Ann Arbor. Lee, June-Jeong 2006. From Fisher-Hunter to Farmer: Changing Socioeconomy during the Chulmun Period in Southeastern Korea, In Beyond "Affluent Foragers": The Development of Fisher-Hunter Societies in Temperate Regions, eds. by Grier, Kim, and Uchiyama, Oxbow Books, Oxford.
  9. Lee 2001, 2006.
  10. Choe and Bale 2002.
  11. Im, Hyo-jae 2000. Hanguk Sinseokgi Munhwa [Neolithic Culture in Korea]. Jibmundang, Seoul.
  12. Lee 2001.
  13. Choe and Bale 2002, p.110.
  14. Crawford and Lee 2003, p. 89.
  15. Lee 2001, p.323.
  16. Ahn, Jae-ho (2000). "Hanguk Nonggyeongsahoe-eui Seongnib (The Formation of Agricultural Society in Korea)". Hanguk Kogo-Hakbo (in Korean). 43: 41–66.
  17. Lee, June-Jeong (2001). From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Press.
  18. Bale, Martin T. (2001). "Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 21 (5): 77–84.
  19. Rhee, S. N.; Choi, M. L. (1992). "Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea". Journal of World Prehistory. 6: 51–95. doi:10.1007/BF00997585. S2CID 145722584.
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  25. Records of the Three Kingdoms,Han dynasty(韓),"有三種 一曰馬韓 二曰辰韓 三曰弁韓 辰韓者古之辰國也".
  26. Book of the Later Han,Han(韓),"韓有三種 一曰馬韓 二曰辰韓 三曰弁辰 … 凡七十八國 … 皆古之辰國也".
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