Cyril da Methodius

An haifi Methodius Michael kuma an ba shi sunan Methodius bayan ya zama zuhudu a Mysian Olympus (Uludağ na yau), a arewa maso yammacin Turkiyya.Mahaifinsu Leo, drungarios na jigon Rumawa na Tasalonika, kuma mahaifiyarsu ita ce Maria.

’Yan’uwan biyu sun yi rashin mahaifinsu sa’ad da Cyril yake ɗan shekara goma sha huɗu, kuma minista mai ƙarfi Theoktistos, wanda shi ne Logothetes tou dromou, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ministocin Daular, ya zama mai kare su.Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin, tare da sarki Bardas, don ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi mai nisa a cikin Daular wanda ya ƙare a kafa Jami'ar Magnaura, inda Cyril zai koyarwa.

An nada Cyril a matsayin firist kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’i a cocin Hagia Sophia inda ya ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da Patriarch na Konstantinoful, bishop Photios.ƙwararren masanin nan da nan ya zama ma’aikacin laburare na bishop.Cyril ya zama malamin falsafa a jami'ar Magnaura a Konstantinoful inda ya sami lakabin "Constantine the Philosopher".

Sarkin Byzantine Michael III da kuma Shugaban Constantinople Photius ( farfesa na Cyril a Jami'ar da kuma hasken jagororinsa a shekarun baya), sun aika Cyril zuwa balaguron mishan zuwa Khazars waɗanda suka nemi a aika musu da wani masani wanda zai iya tattaunawa da duka biyun. Yahudawa da Sarakuna.Tafiyar, abin takaici, ta ƙare da gazawa idan an yi niyyar maida Khazars zuwa Kiristanci kamar yadda Rumawa suka yi baftisma kusan 200 daga cikinsu.Daga karshe dai kasar Khazaria ta karbi addinin Yahudanci a maimakon haka.Cyril ya dawo da abubuwan tunawa, ko da yake, an ce su ne kayan tarihi na ƙaura na ƙarni na 1 AZ Bishop na Roma, Saint Clement.

Yarima Rastislav na Babban Moravia ya roƙi Sarki Michael III da Uba Photius su aika masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje su yi wa talakawansa na Slav bishara.Dalilinsa na yin hakan tabbas ya fi na addini siyasa.Da sauri Sarkin sarakuna ya zaɓi ya aika Cyril, tare da ɗan'uwansa Methodius.Buƙatar ta ba da dama mai dacewa don faɗaɗa tasirin Byzantine.Aikinsu na farko da alama shi ne horar da mataimaka.

Cyril, don sauƙaƙe wa’azinsa ga Slavs, ya ƙirƙira, tare da wasu taimako daga Methodius, rubutun Glagolitic wanda ya yi amfani da wasu haruffa daga rubuce-rubucen Ibrananci da Hellenanci don kama sauti na musamman na harshen Slavic daidai.’Yan’uwan sun ƙirƙiro rubutun kafin su bar gida (harshen Slavic ba shi da rubutaccen siffa a baya) kuma sun yi amfani da shi wajen yin fassarar liturgy na John Chrysostomos (Bishop na Konstantinoful daga 398 zuwa 404 A.Z.), Zabura na Tsohon Alkawari. da kuma Linjila na Sabon Alkawari.Sun yi tafiya zuwa Great Moravia don inganta shi.Sun sami gagarumar nasara a wannan yunƙurin.Duk da haka, sun shiga rikici da limaman cocin Jamus waɗanda suka yi adawa da ƙoƙarinsu na ƙirƙirar liturgy na Slavic na musamman.

Ko da yake ya yi nasarar kafa sababbin majami’u da yawa, abin baƙin ciki ga Cyril, bishop-bishop na Faransa a Moravia waɗanda ke matsawa shari’ar kishiyantar rabin Ikklisiya ta yamma suna hamayya da aikinsa na mishan a kowane mataki.limaman cocin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma sun yi adawa da gudanar da ayyuka (ko ma yada adabin addini) a cikin kowane yare da ba yaren gargajiya uku na Latin, Hellenanci, da Ibrananci.

A shekara ta 867, Paparoma Nicholas I (858-867) ya gayyaci ’yan’uwa zuwa Roma.Wa’azinsu na bishara a Moravia ya zama abin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan takaddama da Archbishop Adalwin na Salzburg da Bishop Ermanrich na Passau, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin ikon ikilisiyoyi na yanki ɗaya kuma suna son ganin ta yi amfani da liturgy na Latin kaɗai.Tafiya tare da wasu almajirai, da wucewa ta Pannonia (Balaton Principality), inda Yarima Kocel ya karbe su da kyau.Bayan shekara guda sun isa Roma, inda aka tarbe su da kyau.Hakan ya kasance saboda kawo musu kayan tarihi na Saint Clement;hamayya da Konstantinoful game da ikon mallakar yankin Slavs zai sa Roma ta daraja ’yan’uwa da tasirinsu.

Sabon Paparoma Adrian II ya ba Methodius mukamin Archbishop na Sirmium (yanzu Sremska Mitrovica a Serbia) kuma ya mayar da shi zuwa Pannonia a shekara ta 869, yana da iko a kan dukan Moravia da Pannonia, da izinin yin amfani da Liturgy na Slavonic.Methodius yanzu ya ci gaba da aiki a tsakanin Slavs kadai.

Masu mulkin Faransa ta Gabas da bishop ɗinsu sun yanke shawarar cire Methodius.An yi la'akari da iƙirarin archiscopal na Methodius irin wannan rauni ga haƙƙin Salzburg da aka kama shi kuma aka tilasta shi ya ba da amsa ga bishops na Faransa na Gabas: Adalwin na Salzburg, Ermanrich na Passau, da Anno na Freising.Bayan wata zazzafar muhawara, sai suka ayyana aminta da wannan kutsen, tare da ba da umarnin tura shi Jamus, inda aka tsare shi a gidan kurkuku na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi.

Roma ta yi shela da gaske ga Methodius, kuma ta aika wani bishop, Bulus na Ancona, ya maido da shi kuma ya hukunta abokan gabansa, bayan haka an umurci bangarorin biyu su bayyana a Roma tare da wakilai.Sabon Paparoma John VIII ya tabbatar da sakin Methodius, amma ya umarce shi da ya daina amfani da Liturgy na Slavonic.An gayyaci Methodius zuwa Roma bisa zargin karkata da yin amfani da Slavonic.A wannan karon Paparoma John ya gamsu da gardamar da Methodius ya yi a cikin kāriyarsa kuma ya mayar da shi a wanke shi daga dukan tuhume-tuhume, da izinin yin amfani da Slavonic.Bishop na Carolingian wanda ya gaje shi, Witching, ya danne Liturgy na Slavonic kuma ya tilasta mabiya Methodius zuwa gudun hijira.Mutane da yawa sun sami mafaka a wurin Knyaz Boris na Bulgeriya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa suka sake tsara Cocin yaren Slavic.A halin yanzu, magajin Paparoma John sun ɗauki manufar Latin kaɗai wadda ta daɗe tsawon ƙarni.

Paparoma Stephen na Biyu ya kori almajiran ’yan’uwa biyu daga Great Moravia a shekara ta 885. Sun gudu zuwa Daular Bulgeriya ta Farko , inda aka karɓe su kuma aka ba su izinin kafa makarantun tauhidi.A can su da masanin Saint Clement na Ohrid suka tsara rubutun Cyrillic bisa Glagolitic.Cyrillic sannu a hankali ya maye gurbin Glagolitic a matsayin haruffa na Old Church Slavonic harshen, wanda ya zama hukuma harshen na Bulgarian Empire kuma daga baya yada zuwa Eastern Slav asashe na Kievan Rus .Daga ƙarshe Cyrillic ya bazu ko'ina cikin mafi yawan ƙasashen Slavic don ya zama daidaitattun haruffa a ƙasashen Slavic na Gabashin Orthodox.Saboda haka, ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen Cyril da Methodius ya ba da hanya don yaɗuwar Kiristanci a Gabashin Turai.