Khalifan Fatimah

‘Yan Shi’a sun yi adawa da halifancin Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa , wadanda suke ganin su ne masu cin amana.Maimakon haka, sun yi imani da keɓancewar haƙƙin zuriyar Ali ta hanyar ɗiyar Muhammadu, Fatima, na jagorancin al'ummar Musulmi.Wannan ya bayyana kansa a cikin jerin limamai, zuriyar Ali ta hanyar al-Husain, waɗanda mabiyansu suke ɗauka a matsayin wakilan Allah na gaskiya a doron ƙasa.A lokaci guda kuma, akwai al'adar Almasihu da ya yaɗu a cikin Musulunci game da bayyanar mahdi ("Mai Shiryuwa") ko qaā'īm ("Wanda Ya Tashi"), wanda zai dawo da mulkin Musulunci na gaskiya da adalci kuma ya kawo karshensa. sau.An yi tsammanin wannan adadi—ba a cikin ‘yan Shi’a kawai ba—ya kasance zuriyar Ali.A cikin Shi’a kuwa, wannan aqida ya zama ginshiqin imaninsu.Yayin da Mahadi Muhammad bn Isma’il da ake jira ya kasance a 6oye, duk da haka, zai bukaci wakilai su wakilce shi, wadanda za su tattara muminai, su yada kalmar (da’wa, “gayyata, kira”), sannan su shirya dawowarsa.Shugaban wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta sirri ita ce rayayyen hujjar samuwar liman, ko “hatimi” (Hujja).ḥujja na farko da aka sani shi ne wani Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the datti"), hamshakin attajiri daga Khuzestan, wanda ya kafa kansa a ƙaramin garin Salamiya da ke yammacin hamadar Sham.Salamiya ta zama cibiyar da'awa ta Isma'il, inda dansa da jikansa suka gaje Abdallah al-Akbar a matsayin sirrin "babban mashawartan" harkar.A cikin ukun karshe na karni na 9, Isma'ili da'wa ya yadu sosai, yana samun riba daga rugujewar mulkin Abbasiyawa a cikin Mulkin Samarra da Tawayen Zanj da suka biyo baya.Mishaneri (dā'īs) irin su Hamdan Qarmat da Ibn Hawshab sun ba da haɗin gwiwar wakilai zuwa yankin Kufa a ƙarshen 870s, daga nan kuma zuwa Yemen (882) sannan Indiya (884), Bahrayn (899), Farisa, da Magrib (893).

Canjin shugabanci a Salamiyyah a shekara ta 899 ya haifar da rabuwar kai a harkar.’Yan tsirarun Isma’iliyya, wadanda shugabansu ya karbe iko da cibiyar Salamiyya, suka fara shelanta koyarwarsu – cewa Imam Muhammad ya rasu, kuma sabon shugaba a Salamiyyah hakika zuriyarsa ne ya fito daga boye.Qarmaṭ da surukinsa sun yi adawa da hakan kuma suka fito fili suka yi wa Salamiyyawa karya;lokacin da aka kashe Abdan, ya buya, daga baya ya tuba.Qarmaṭ ya zama mishan na sabon Imām, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (873–934), wanda ya kafa Halifancin Fatimid a Arewacin Afirka a cikin 909.

Saboda tsanantawa daga Abbasiyawa , al-Mahdi Billah an tilastawa ya gudu zuwa Sijilmasa (Moroco a yau) inda ya fara yada akidunsa na Isma'ila.Sai dai sarkin Aghlabid Yasah bn Midrar ya kama shi saboda aqidarsa ta Isma'ila, aka jefa shi cikin kurkuku a Sijilmasa.A farkon shekara ta 909 Al-Shi'i ya aike da wata babbar runduna domin ceto Al Mahdi, inda suka ci daular Ibadi ta Tahert a kan hanyarta ta zuwa can.Bayan samun ‘yancinsa, Al Mahdi ya zama shugaban kasa mai tasowa, ya kuma zama imami da halifa.Sannan Al Mahdi ya jagoranci Kutama Berbers wadanda suka kame garuruwan Qairawan da Raqqada.A watan Maris 909, an kifar da Daular Aghlabid kuma an maye gurbinsu da Fatimids.Sakamakon haka, an kawar da tungar karshe ta mabiya tafarkin Sunna a Arewacin Afirka daga yankin.

Qarmaṭians sun haifar da abin da wani malami ya kira "ƙarni na ta'addanci" a Kufa.Sun dauki aikin hajjin Makka a matsayin camfi, kuma da zarar sun mallaki kasar Bahrayni, sai suka kaddamar da hare-hare a kan hanyoyin da mahajjata ke bi ta yankin Larabawa.A shekara ta 906, sun yi wa ayarin alhazai kwanton bauna da suka dawo daga Makkah, suka kashe mahajjata 20,000.

Bayan nasarar da aka samu a jere, sarkin Aghlabid na karshe ya bar kasar, kuma sojojin Kutama na Da'i suka shiga fadar birnin Raqqada a ranar 25 ga Maris 909. Abu Abdallah ya kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Shi'a a madadinsa da ba ya nan. a halin yanzu ba a bayyana sunansa ba, maigida.Sannan ya jagoranci rundunarsa yamma zuwa Sijilmasa, inda ya jagoranci Abdallah cikin nasara zuwa Raqqada, wanda ya shiga a ranar 15 ga Janairu 910. A nan Abdallah ya bayyana kansa a matsayin halifa da sunan al-Mahdi a fili.

Shi'i ya yi fatan al-Mahdi ya zama shugaba na ruhi, kuma ya bar masa tafiyar da harkokin duniya, dan'uwansa al Hasan ya zuga shi ya kifar da Imam Al Mahdi Billah amma bai yi nasara ba.Bayan bayyana makircin da kwamandan Kutama Berber Ghazwiyya ya yi wa al-Mahdi, wanda kuma ya kashe Abu abdallah a watan Fabrairun 911.

A lokacin Ifriqiya, babban tushe da kuma rumbun ajiye makaman sojojin ruwa na Fatimid shine tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mahdiya, wanda al-Mahdi Billah ya kafa a shekara ta 913.Baya ga Mahdiya, Tripoli kuma ta bayyana a matsayin wani muhimmin sansanin sojojin ruwa;yayin da a Sicily, babban birnin kasar Palermo shine tushe mafi mahimmanci.Daga baya masana tarihi irin su Ibn Khaldun da al-Maqrizi sun danganta al-Mahdi da magabatansa da gina manyan jiragen ruwa masu yawan gaske da yawansu ya kai 600 ko ma 900, amma wannan a fili karin gishiri ne kuma yana nuna karin ra'ayin da al'ummomin da suka biyo baya suke rike da karfin ruwa na Fatimid fiye da hakikanin gaskiya. gaskiya a lokacin karni na 10.A haƙiƙa, abin da kawai aka ambata a majiyoyin da ke kusa da su game da aikin jiragen ruwa a Mahdiya, sun shafi ƙarancin itace, wanda ya jinkirta ko ma dakatar da aikin, kuma ya tilasta shigo da katako ba kawai daga Sicily ba, har zuwa Indiya. .

A ranar 18 ga watan Mayun 913 ne suka ki amincewa da tsarin mulkin Fatimidiyya na Shi’a, suka tayar da Ibn Qurhub a matsayin gwamnan tsibirin.Ibn Qurhub da sauri ya ki amincewa da Fatimid suzerainty, kuma ya shelanta ma kishiyar Fatimidawa Ahlus-Sunnah, khalifan Abbasiyawa al-Muqtadir a Bagadaza.Wannan na baya ya gane Ibn Qurhub a matsayin sarkin Sicily, kuma bisa ga wannan ya aika masa da wata bakar tuta, da riguna na daraja, da kuma abin wuya na zinariya.A watan Yuli 914, rundunar Sicilian, wanda ɗan ƙaramin Ibn Qurhub Muhammad ya jagoranta, sun kai farmaki a gabar tekun Ifriqiya.A Leptis Minor, Sicilians sun kama tawagar sojojin ruwa na Fatimid da mamaki a ranar 18 ga Yuli: An kona jirgin Fatimid, kuma an yi fursunoni 600.Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe akwai tsohon gwamnan Sicily, Ibn Abi Khinzir, wanda aka kashe.Sicilians sun ci nasara kan rundunar Fatimid da aka aika don fatattakar su, suka wuce kudu, suka kori Sfax suka isa Tripoli a watan Agusta 914.Sojojin Fatimid karkashin Abu Sa'id Musa bn Ahmad al-Daif sun fatattake Sicily, wadanda suka yi wa Palermo kawanya har zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 917. Sojojin yankin sun yi nasarar kwance damarar yaki, aka nada wani sansanin Kutama masu biyayya ga Fatimid, karkashin Gwamna Salim bin Asad ibn. Abi Rashid.

Yakin Fatimid na farko aMasar ya faru ne a shekara ta 914-915, jim kadan bayan kafa Daular Fatimidiyya a Ifriqiya a shekara ta 909. Fatimidawa sun kaddamar da yakin gabas, a kan Khalifancin Abbasiyawa , karkashin Janar Habasa ibn Yusuf na Berber.Habasa ya yi nasarar fatattakar garuruwan da ke gabar tekun Libiya tsakanin Ifrikiya da Masar, ya kuma kwace birnin Iskandariya.Daga nan ne magajin Fatimi, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, ya isa ya karbi ragamar yakin.Dakarun Abbasiyawa da ke lardin sun yi nasara a kan yunkurin kwace birnin Fustat na Masar.Wani lamari mai hatsarin gaske tun da farko, zuwan dakarun Abbasiyawa daga Siriya da Iraki karkashin Mu'nis al-Muzaffar ya kawo karshen mamayewar, sannan al-Qa'im da ragowar sojojinsa suka yi watsi da Iskandariyya suka koma Ifriqiya a watan Mayu. 915. Rashin nasarar bai hana Fatimidawa sake yin wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na kama Masar bayan shekaru huɗu.Sai a shekara ta 969 Fatimidawa suka mamaye Masar suka mayar da ita cibiyar daularsu.

Al-Mahdi ya gina wa kansa wani sabon birni mai kagara a bakin tekun Bahar Rum, al-Mahdiyya, wanda aka kawar da shi daga sansanin 'yan Sunna na Kairouan.Fatimidawa sun gina babban masallacin Mahdia a kasar Tunisia.Fatimids sun sami sabon babban birni.An kafa wani sabon babban birnin kasar, al-Mahdia, mai suna al-Mahdi, a gabar tekun Tunisiya saboda muhimmancin soja da tattalin arziki.

Mamaya na biyu na Fatimid naMasar ya faru ne a cikin 919-921, bayan gazawar ƙoƙari na farko a 914-915.An sake ba da umarnin wannan balaguron ne daga hannun magajin Khalifan Fatimid, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah.Kamar a lokacin yunkurin da ya gabata, Fatimidawa sun kama Alexandria cikin sauki.Duk da haka, yayin da sansanin Abbasiyawa da ke Fustat ya kasance mai rauni da kuma tada kayar baya saboda rashin albashi, al-Qa'im bai yi amfani da shi ba don kai hari nan take a birnin, kamar wanda ya ci nasara a shekara ta 914. Maimakon haka, a cikin Maris 920. Rundunar Abbasiyawa karkashin Thamal al-Dulafi ta lalata sojojin ruwan Fatimid, sannan dakarun Abbasiyawa karkashin Mu'nis al-Muzaffar sun isa Fustat.Duk da haka, a lokacin rani na 920 al-Qa'im ya sami damar kame Fayyum Oasis, kuma a cikin bazara na shekara ta 921 ya mika ikonsa a kan mafi yawa na Gabar Masar ma, yayin da Mu'nis ya kaucewa fito na fito fili ya ci gaba da zama a Fustat.A lokacin, bangarorin biyu sun yi ta yakar diflomasiyya da farfaganda, inda musamman Fatimidawa suka yi kokarin murde al'ummar musulmi a bangarensu, ba tare da samun nasara ba.An yanke wa Fatimid balaguron rashin nasara a lokacin da rundunar Thamal ta kama Alexandria a watan Mayu/Yuni 921;lokacin da sojojin Abbasiyawa suka matsa kan Fayyum, al-Qa'im ya tilastawa ya bar ta ya gudu zuwa yamma ta hamada.

Qarmatiyawa sun kori Makka da Madina.A harin da suka kai wa wurare mafi tsarki na Musulunci, 'yan Qarmatiyawa sun wulakanta rijiyar Zamzam da gawarwakin alhazai tare da daukar Bakar Dutse daga Makka zuwa al-Hasa.Suna rike da Black Stone don fansa, sun tilastawa Abbasiyawa biyan kuɗi mai yawa don dawo da shi a shekara ta 952.Juyin juya hali da wulakanci sun girgiza al'ummar musulmi tare da wulakanta Abbasiyawa.Amma kadan za a iya yi;A tsawon karni na goma Qarmatiyawa sun kasance mafi karfi a cikin Tekun Fasha da Gabas ta Tsakiya, suna iko da gabar tekun Oman tare da karbar haraji daga halifa a Bagadaza da kuma daga wani limamin Isma'ili mai adawa a Alkahira, shugaban kungiyar Halifancin Fatimid, wanda ba su gane ikonsa ba.

A shekara ta 934 Al-Qa'im ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin halifa, bayan haka bai sake barin gidan sarauta a Mahdia ba.Duk da haka, daular Fatimid ta zama muhimmiyar iko a cikin Bahar Rum.

Daular Fatimid Caliphate ta gudanar da wani gagarumin farmaki a gabar tekun Ligurian a shekara ta 934-35, inda ta kai ga korar babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Genoa a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 935. Mai yiwuwa an kai hari ga gabar tekun Spain da kudancin Faransa da tsibirin Corsica da kuma tsibirin Corsica. Sardinia tabbas sun kasance.Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da sojojin ruwa na Fatimid suka yi.A lokacin Fatimidawa sun kasance a Arewacin Afirka, babban birninsu a Mahdia.Harin na 934–35 shine babban abin da suka mamaye Tekun Bahar Rum.Ba su sake kai farmaki a can nesa da nasara ba.Genoa ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa ne a cikin Masarautar Italiya.Ba a san yadda Genoa ta kasance mai arziki a lokacin ba, amma a wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar buhun a matsayin shaidar wani ƙarfin tattalin arziki.Lalacewar, duk da haka, ya sa birnin ya koma baya.

Tun daga shekara ta 937 Abu Yazid ya fara wa'azin yaki mai tsarki a fili a kan Fatimidu.Abu Yazid ya ci birnin Kairouan na wani lokaci, amma daga karshe halifa Fatimid al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah ya kore shi ya ci shi.Kashin da Abu Yazid ya yi ya zama ruwan dare ga daular Fatimid.Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Michael Brett ya ce, "A rayuwa, Abu Yazid ya kawo daular Fatimid cikin rugujewa; a mutu shi Ubangiji ne", domin ya baiwa daular damar sake bullowa da kanta bayan gazawar mulkin al-Qa'im. .

A lokacin da Al-Mansur ya hau mulki, Halifancin Fatimid ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman lokutanta: gagarumin tawaye a karkashin mai wa'azin Khawarijat Berber Abu Yazid ya mamaye Ifriqiya yana barazana ga babban birnin Al-Mahdiya.Ya yi nasarar dakushe tada kayar bayan da kuma dawo da kwanciyar hankalin gwamnatin Fatimidi.

A cikin 909, Fatimids sun mamaye lardin Aglabid na Ifriqiya, tare da shi Sicily.Fatimids sun ci gaba da al'adar jihadi, duka a kan sauran wuraren kiristoci a arewa maso gabashin Sicily da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, a kan mallakar Rumawa a kudancin Italiya, wanda aka yi ta hanyar sulhu na wucin gadi.An gwabza yakin mashigin ruwa a farkon shekara ta 965 tsakanin rundunar sojojin daular Rumawa da kuma Halifancin Fatimid a mashigin Messina.Ya haifar da babbar nasara ta Fatimid, da rugujewar ƙarshe na ƙoƙarin Sarkin sarakuna Nikephoros II Phokas na dawo da Sicily daga Fatimids.Wannan shan kashi ya sa Rumawa suka sake neman sasantawa a cikin 966/7, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta barin Sicily a hannun Fatimid, da sabunta wajabcin biyan haraji na Byzantine don musanya dakatar da hare-hare a Calabria.

A karkashin Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatimids sun ci Ikhshidid Wilayah, sun kafa sabon babban birni a al-Qāhira (Alkahira) a shekara ta 969. Sunan al-Qāhirah, ma'ana "Vanquisher" ko "Mai nasara" duniyar Mars, "The Subduer", yana tashi a sararin sama a lokacin da aka fara ginin birnin.Alkahira ta kasance a matsayin shingen sarauta ga khalifa Fatimid da sojojinsa - ainihin manyan biranen mulki da tattalin arziki naMasar sune garuruwa kamar Fustat har zuwa 1169.;

Yakin Fatimid na Masar ya faru ne a shekara ta 969, a yayin da sojojin Daular Fatimid karkashin Janar Jawhar suka kwace kasar Masar, sannan kuma daular Ikhshidid mai cin gashin kanta ta mulki da sunan Khalifancin Abbasiyawa .Fatimidawa sun sake kai hare-hare a Masar jim kadan bayan hawan mulki a Ifriqiya (Tunisiya ta zamani) a shekara ta 921, amma sun gaza a kan khalifancin Abbasiyawa da har yanzu suke da karfi.Amma a cikin 960s, yayin da Fatimidawa suka karfafa mulkinsu kuma suka kara karfi, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa sun rushe, kuma gwamnatin Ikhshidid tana fuskantar rikici mai tsawo: hare-haren kasashen waje da yunwa mai tsanani sun hada da mutuwar 968 mai karfi Abu al. -Misk Kafur.Rashin ikon da ya haifar ya haifar da barkewar fada tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a Fustat, babban birnin Masar.Jawhar ne ya jagoranta, balaguron ya taso daga Raqqada a Ifriqiya a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 969, kuma ya shiga kogin Nilu bayan watanni biyu.

Abu Ali al-Hasan al-A'sam bn Ahmad bn Bahram al-Jannabi shugaban Qarmatiya ne, wanda aka fi sani da kwamandan soja na mamayewar Qarmatiya a Siriya a 968-977.Tuni a cikin 968, ya jagoranci hare-hare a kan Ikhshidid, ya kame Damascus da Ramla tare da fitar da alkawuran haraji.Bayan fatattakar Fatimidawa aMasar da kuma kifar da Ikhshidid, a shekara ta 971-974 al-A'sam ya jagoranci kai hare-hare a kan Halifancin Fatimid, wanda ya fara yaduwa zuwa Siriya.Qarmatiyawa sun sha korar Fatimidawa daga Sham, suka mamaye Masar da kanta sau biyu, a shekara ta 971 da 974, kafin a ci su a kofar Alkahira aka kora su da baya.Al-A’sam ya ci gaba da yakar Fatimidawa, a yanzu tare da Janar Alptakin na Turkiyya, har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Maris na shekara ta 977. A shekara ta gaba Fatimidawa sun yi nasarar cin galaba a kan ‘yan kawayen, tare da kulla yarjejeniya da ‘yan Qarmatiyawa da ke nuni da kawo karshen mamayewar da suka yi a Siriya.

Yakin Alexandretta shi ne karo na farko da aka gwabza tsakanin dakarun Daular Rumawa da Khalifan Fatimid a kasar Siriya.An yi yaƙin ne a farkon shekara ta 971 a kusa da Alexandretta, yayin da babban sojojin Fatimid ke kewaye Antakiya, wanda Rumawa suka kama shekaru biyu a baya.Rumawa, karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin fadawan gidan Sarkin sarakuna John I Tzimiskes, sun ja ragamar rundunar Fatimid mai dakaru 4,000 don kai hari a sansaninsu da babu kowa, sannan suka far musu daga kowane bangare, suka ruguza sojojin Fatimid.Kashin da aka yi a Alexandretta, tare da mamayewar Qarmatian na kudancin Siriya, ya tilasta Fatimids ɗaga kewaye da kuma tabbatar da ikon Byzantine a Antakiya da arewacin Siriya.Ta haka ne karon farko da aka gwabza tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu na gabacin tekun Mediterrenean ya kawo karshe da nasarar da Rumawa ta samu, wanda a gefe guda kuma ya karfafa matsayin Rumawa a arewacin Siriya, sannan a daya bangaren kuma ya raunana Fatimidawa, a cikin hasarar rayuka da kuma mutunci da mutunci.

A cikin 980s, Fatimids sun mamaye mafi yawan Siriya.Ga Fatimidiyawa, Aleppo wata kofa ce ta hare-haren soji a kan Abbasiyawa a gabas da Rumawa a arewa.Dakarun Khalifancin Fatimid karkashin Manjutakin sun mamaye birnin Hamdanid babban birnin Aleppo tun daga lokacin bazara na shekara ta 994 zuwa Afrilu 995. Manjutakin ya kewaye birnin a lokacin damuna, yayin da al'ummar Aleppo ke fama da yunwa tare da fama da cututtuka. .A cikin bazara na 995, Sarkin Aleppo ya nemi taimako daga Basil II Sarkin Rumawa.Zuwan sojojin agaji na Rumawa karkashin sarki a watan Afrilun 995 ya tilastawa sojojin Fatimid yin watsi da kewayen suka koma kudu.

An gwabza yakin Orontes ne a ranar 15 ga Satumbar 994 tsakanin Rumawa da abokansu Hamdanid karkashin Micheal Bourtzes da dakarun Fatimid wazikin Damascus, Janar Manjutakin na Turkiyya.Yakin Fatimi ne nasara.Ba da dadewa ba bayan yakin, Daular Fatimidiyya ta karbe iko da kasar Sham, inda ta kawar da Hamdaniyawan daga kan karagar mulkin da suke rike da su tun shekara ta 890. Manjutakin ya ci gaba da kame Azaz, ya ci gaba da mamaye birnin Aleppo.

Tawayen Taya tawaye ne na kin Fatimid da mutanen birnin Taya suka yi, a Lebanon ta zamani.An fara ne a shekara ta 996, lokacin da jama'a karkashin jagorancin wani jirgin ruwa na kasa mai suna 'Allaqa, suka tayar da gwamnatin Fatimid.Khalifan Fatimi al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya aika da sojojinsa da na ruwa domin su kwato garin karkashin Abu Abdallah al-Husayn bn Nasirul Dawla da kuma Yaqut mai 'yantacce.Dakarun Fatimid da ke da sansani a garuruwan Tripoli da Sidon da ke kusa da shi, sojojin Fatimid sun killace Taya ta kasa da kuma ta ruwa tsawon shekaru biyu, a yayin da yunkurin da dakarun Rumawa suka yi na karfafa masu tsaron bayan sojojin ruwan Fatimid sun fatattaki su da hasarar rayuka.A ƙarshe, Taya ta faɗi a cikin Mayu 998 kuma an washe ta kuma an kashe masu kare ta ko dai an yi musu kisan kiyashi ko kuma aka kai su bauta zuwaMasar , inda aka yi wa Allaqa fala a raye aka gicciye shi, yayin da aka kashe da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa, da kuma fursunoni 200 na Rumawa.

An yi yakin Apamea a ranar 19 ga Yuli 998 tsakanin sojojin Daular Rumawa da Khalifan Fatimid.Yakin dai na daga cikin jerin gwabza fadan soji da aka gwabza tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu kan iko da arewacin Siriya da kuma masarautar Hamdanid na Aleppo.Kwamandan yankin Rumawa, Damian Dalassenos, ya kasance yana kawanya Apamea, har zuwa lokacin da sojojin agaji na Fatimid suka iso daga Damascus, karkashin Jaysh ibn Samsama.A yakin da ya biyo baya, da farko Rumawa sun yi nasara, amma wani mahayin Kurdawa shi kadai ya yi nasarar kashe Dalassenos, inda ya jefa sojojin Rumawa cikin firgici.Daga nan sai sojojin Fatimid suka bi su da gudu, tare da asarar rayuka da dama.Wannan shan kaye ya tilasta wa Sarkin Rumawa Basil II yin kamfen da kansa a yankin a shekara mai zuwa, kuma a shekara ta 1001 aka kammala zaman sulhu na shekaru goma tsakanin jihohin biyu.

Baghdad Manifesto wata kasida ce da aka fitar a shekara ta 1011 a madadin khalifan Abbasiyawa al-Qadir a kan kishiyantar khalifancin Isma'ili Fatimid.Majalisar ta fitar da wata takarda inda ta yi Allah-wadai da ikirarin Fatimidiyya na zuriyar Ali da Ahlul-baiti (iyalan Muhammad) da cewa karya ce, don haka ta kalubalanci kafuwar daular Fatimid na shugabanci a duniyar Musulunci.Dangane da aikin da masu adawa da Fatimidu suka yi a baya Ibn Rizam da Akhu Muhsin, a maimakon haka, takardar ta fitar da wani sabon tarihin zuriya daga wani Daysan ibn Sa’id.An ba da umarnin karanta takardar a masallatai a duk fadin yankin Abbasiyawa, kuma al-Qadir ya umurci malaman tauhidi da dama da su tsara wasu taswirar yaki da fatima.

Lokacin da Ziridawa suka bar Musuluncin Shi'a, suka kuma amince da Khalifancin Abbasiyawa a shekara ta 1048, Fatimidawa sun aika da kabilar Larabawa ta Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym zuwa Ifrikiya.Ziridawa sun yi yunkurin tsayar da yunkurinsu na zuwa Ifriqiya, sai suka aika dawakin Sanhaja dubu 30,000 domin su gana da sojojin Larabawa na Banu Hilal 3,000 a yakin Haydaran na 14 ga Afrilu 1052. Amma duk da haka sai aka yi wa Ziridi rauni, aka tilasta musu ja da baya, suka bude hanya. zuwa Kairouan don sojojin doki na Larabawa Hilalian.An ci Zirids, kuma ƙasar Badawiyya ta cinye ƙasar.Rikicin da ya haifar ya lalata aikin noma da ke bunƙasa a baya, kuma garuruwan da ke bakin teku sun ɗauki wani sabon mahimmanci a matsayin hanyoyin kasuwanci na teku da sansanonin fashin teku a kan jigilar kiristoci, da kuma kasancewa na ƙarshe na Zirids.

Yunkurin Hilaliya na Ifriqiya yana nufin ƙauran ƙabilar Larabawa na Banu Hilal zuwa Ifriqiya.Fatimiyyawa ne suka shirya shi da nufin hukunta Ziridin da suka yanke alaka da su da yin mubaya’a ga Khalifofin Abbasiyawa.Bayan sun lalata Cyrenica a cikin 1050, Banu Hilal sun ci gaba zuwa yamma zuwa Zirids.Hilaliya suka ci gaba da fatattakar Ifriqiya, suka yi galaba a kan Ziridiyya a yakin Haydaran ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1052. Daga nan sai Hilalawa suka kori Zenata daga kudancin Ifrikiya, suka tilasta wa Hammadida yin harajin shekara-shekara, inda suka sanya Hammadid a karkashin hadimin Hilal. .Banu Hilal sun wawashe garin Kairouan a shekara ta 1057 bayan Zirid suka yi watsi da shi.Sakamakon mamayewar, an kori Ziridu da Hammadid zuwa yankunan Ifriqiya da ke gabar teku, inda aka tilastawa Ziridawa mayar da babban birninsu daga Kairouan zuwa Mahdia, kuma mulkinsu ya takaita ne a bakin gabar teku da ke kewayen Mahdia, a halin da ake ciki kuma mulkin Hammadid ya kasance. iyaka zuwa wani yanki na bakin teku tsakanin Ténès da El Kala a matsayin ƴan Banu Hilal kuma daga ƙarshe an tilasta musu ƙaura babban birninsu daga Beni Hammad zuwa Béjaïa a 1090 sakamakon ƙara matsa lamba daga Banu Hilal.

Matsakaicin daidaito tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a cikin sojojin Fatimid ya ruguje yayin daMasar ta fuskanci tsawan lokaci na fari da yunwa.Rage albarkatun kasa ya kara tsananta matsalolin da ke tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na kabilanci, kuma an fara yakin basasa kai tsaye, musamman tsakanin Turkawa karkashin Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan da sojojin Bakar fata na Afirka, yayin da Berbers suka koma kawance tsakanin bangarorin biyu.Sojojin Turkiyya na sojojin Fatimid sun kwace mafi yawan Alkahira tare da rike birnin da Halifa a matsayin kudin fansa, yayin da sojojin Berber da sauran sojojin Sudan suka yi ta yawo a sauran sassan Masar.

Halifa Fatimid Abu Tamīm Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah ya tuno da Janar Badr al-Jamali, wanda a lokacin shi ne gwamnan Acre.Badar al-Jamali ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa cikinMasar kuma ya sami nasarar murkushe kungiyoyi daban-daban na sojojin tawaye, wanda galibi ya tsarkake Turkawa a cikin wannan tsari.Ko da yake an kubutar da Halifanci daga halaka nan da nan, amma tsawon shekaru goma da aka yi tawaye ya lalata Masar kuma ba ta taɓa samun iko mai yawa ba.A sakamakon haka, Badar al-Jamali shi ma an nada shi a matsayin wazirin halifan Fatimid, inda ya zama daya daga cikin wazirin soja na farko da za su mamaye siyasar Fatimid ta marigayi.

Tutush dan uwa ne ga Sarkin Seljuk Malik-Shah I. A shekara ta 1077 Malik-Shah ya nada shi don ya karbi ragamar mulkin kasar Sham.A shekara ta 1078/9 Malik-Shah ya aika shi zuwa Dimashƙu don ya taimaki Atsiz bn Uvaq wanda dakarun Fatimid suka yi wa kawanya.Bayan da aka kawo karshen harin, Tutush ya sa Atziz ya kashe shi kuma ya kafa kansa a Damascus.

A karni na 11, ikon kudancin Italiya yana daukar hayar Norman , waɗanda zuriyar Kiristoci ne na Vikings.Normans ne, karkashin Roger de Hauteville, wanda ya zama Roger I na Sicily, suka kwace Sicily daga hannun Musulmai.Ya kasance yana iko da duka tsibirin ta 1091.

Tun farkon mulkinsa, Khalifan Fatimid-Imam Al-Mustansir Billah ya fito fili ya nada babban dansa Nizar a matsayin magajinsa wanda zai zama halifa-Imam na gaba.Bayan da Al-Mustansir ya rasu a shekara ta 1094, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, mai cikakken iko na Armeniya Vizier kuma kwamandan Sojoji, ya so ya tabbatar da mulkin kama-karya kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya gabace shi a kan Fatimid.Al-Afdal ya yi juyin mulki a fada, inda ya dora surukinsa, Al-Musta'li wanda ya fi karami kuma wanda ke dogaro da shi a kan karagar Fatimid.A farkon shekara ta 1095, Nizar ya gudu zuwa Alexandria, inda ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, inda aka karbe shi a matsayin Khalifan Fatimid-Imam na gaba bayan Al-Mustansir.A ƙarshen 1095, Al-Afdal ya ci nasara da sojojin Nizar na Alexandria kuma ya kai Nizar fursuna zuwa Alkahira inda ya kashe Nizar.Bayan kashe Nizar ne sai Nizari Ismailiyyah da Musta'li Ismailiyya suka rabu ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.A karshe dai sabanin ya wargaza ragowar daular Fatimid, sannan Isma'ilawa da suka rabu a yanzu suka rabu zuwa Musta'li (yankinMasar , Yemen, da yammacinIndiya ) da wadanda suka yi mubaya'a ga dan Nizar Al-Hadi ibn Nizar (mai rai). a yankunan Iran da Siriya).Isma'il na ƙarshe ya zama sananne da Nizari Ismailism.Imam Al-Hadi, yana matashi a lokacin, an fitar da shi ne daga birnin Iskandariyya, aka kai shi sansanin Nizari na katangar Alamut da ke tsaunukan Elburz na arewacin Iran, kudu da tekun Kaspian, kuma a karkashin mulkin Dai Hasan bin Sabbah.A cikin shekaru da dama da suka biyo baya, Nizariyawa sun kasance daga cikin makiya masu daci ga sarakunan Musta'li na Masar.Hassan-i Sabbah ya kafa Order of Assassins, wanda ke da alhakin kisan al-Afdal a 1121, da kuma dan al-Musta'li kuma magajin al-Amir (wanda kuma shi ne yayan al-Afdal kuma surukin al-Afdal). a cikin Oktoba 1130.

Crusade na farko shi ne farkon jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na addini, ko Crusades, wanda aka ƙaddamar, da tallafi kuma a wasu lokuta Cocin Latin ya jagoranta a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.Manufar ita ce kwato kasa mai tsarki daga mulkin Musulunci.Yayin da birnin Kudus ke karkashin mulkin musulmi na tsawon daruruwan shekaru, a karni na 11, mamayar da Seljuk ta yi a yankin ya yi barazana ga al'ummar Kiristocin yankin, da balaguro daga kasashen yamma, da kuma daular Rumawa kanta.Shirin farko na yakin Crusade na farko ya fara ne a shekara ta 1095 lokacin da sarkin Rumawa Alexios I Komnenos ya bukaci goyon bayan soji daga majalisar Piacenza a rikicin daular da Turkawa Seljuk.Majalisar Clermont ta biyo bayan hakan a cikin shekara, inda Paparoma Urban na II ya goyi bayan roƙon Rumawa na taimakon soja kuma ya aririci Kiristoci masu aminci su yi aikin hajji da makamai zuwa Urushalima.

Yayin da ' yan Seljuks ke shagaltuwa da 'yan Salibiyya, Khalifan Fatimid na Masar ya aika da sojoji zuwa birnin Taya da ke bakin teku, wanda ke da nisan mil 145 daga arewacin Kudus.Fatimids sun mamaye birnin Kudus a watan Fabrairun 1098, watanni uku kafin 'yan Salibiyya su sami nasara a Antakiya.Fatimidawa, wadanda ‘yan Shi’a ne, sun bai wa ‘yan Salibiyya hadin kai a kan tsohon makiyansu Seljuk, wadanda ‘yan Sunna ne.Sun bai wa 'Yan Salibiyya damar mallakar Siriya tare da Kudus don su kasance nasu.Tayin bai yi aiki ba.’Yan Salibiyya ba za su hana su ƙwace Urushalima ba.

Bayan yakin Fatimidawa na farko ya kwace Kudus daga hannun Fatimids, wazirin al-Afdal Shahanshah ya kai jerin hare-hare "kusan kowace shekara" daga 1099 zuwa 1107 kan sabuwar masarautar Kudus.SojojinMasar sun yi manyan fadace-fadace guda uku a Ramla a shekarar 1101, 1102 da 1105, amma daga karshe ba su yi nasara ba.Bayan haka, wazirin ya gamsu da kai hare-hare akai-akai kan yankin Faransa daga sansaninsa na bakin teku na Ascalon.Yakin farko na Ramla (ko Ramleh) ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga Satumbar 1101 tsakanin Daular Salibiyya ta Kudus da Fatimiyan Masar.Garin Ramla na kwance akan titin Kudus zuwa Ascalon, wanda na karshen shi ne sansanin Fatimid mafi girma a Falasdinu.

Nasarar da 'yan Salibiyya suka samu a yakin farko na Ramla a shekarar da ta gabata, ba da jimawa ba al-Afdal ya shirya sake kai farmaki kan 'yan Salibiyya kuma ya aike da dakaru kusan 20,000 karkashin jagorancin dansa Sharaf al-Ma'ali.Saboda kuskuren bincike Baldwin I na Kudus ya raina girman sojojinMasar sosai, yana mai imani da cewa ba su wuce ƙananan sojojin ba, kuma ya hau ya fuskanci runduna dubu da dama da mayaka ɗari biyu kacal kuma babu wani sojan ƙasa.Ganin kuskuren nasa ya makara, kuma tuni aka yanke shi daga tserewa, sai sojojin Masar suka tuhumi Baldwin da sojojinsa, da sauri aka yi wa da yawa kisan gilla, duk da cewa Baldwin da wasu ’yan tsiraru sun yi nasarar shinge kansu a hasumiyar Ramla.Ba a bar Baldwin ba tare da wani zaɓi da ya wuce ya gudu ya tsere daga hasumiya a ƙarƙashin murfin dare tare da magatakarda kawai da kuma jarumi guda ɗaya, Hugh na Brulis, wanda ba a taɓa ambata a cikin wata tushe ba bayan haka.Baldwin ya shafe kwanaki biyu masu zuwa yana gujewa guraren neman Fatimid har sai da ya iso a gajiye, ga yunwa, kuma ya bushe a cikin amintacciyar mafakar Arsuf a ranar 19 ga Mayu.

Yakin Ramla na uku (ko Ramleh) ya gudana ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1105 tsakanin Daular Salibiyya ta Kudus da Fatimiyan Masar.Garin Ramla na kwance akan titin Kudus zuwa Ascalon, wanda na karshen shi ne sansanin Fatimid mafi girma a Falasdinu.Daga Ascalon the Fatimid vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, ya kaddamar da hare-hare kusan shekara-shekara a cikin sabuwar daular Crusadar da aka kafa tun daga 1099 zuwa 1107. A cikin yakin ukun da ‘yan Salibiyya suka yi a Ramla a farkon karni na goma sha biyu, na uku shi ne ya fi zubar da jini.Da alama Franks sun yi nasarar cin nasarar su ga ayyukan Baldwin.Ya ci nasara da Turkawa a lokacin da suka zama babbar barazana ga bayansa, kuma ya koma babban yaƙi don jagorantar ƙaƙƙarfan hukunci wanda ya ciMasarawa .” Duk da nasarar Masarawa sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kowace shekara zuwa cikin Mulkin Urushalima tare da kai wasu. ganuwar Urushalima kanta kafin a koma baya.

Bayan yakin Fatimidawa na farko ya kwace Kudus daga hannun Fatimids, wazirin al-Afdal Shahanshah ya kai jerin hare-hare "kusan kowace shekara" daga 1099 zuwa 1107 kan sabuwar masarautar Kudus .A yakin Yibneh (Yibna) a shekara ta 1123, rundunar 'yan Salibiyya karkashin jagorancin Eustace Grenier sun murkushe sojojin Fatimid dagaMasar wanda Vizier Al-Ma'mun ya aika tsakanin Ascalon da Jaffa.

Ascalon shine Fatimid mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin sansanin kan iyakana Masar .Fatimids sun sami damar kaddamar da hare-hare a cikin masarautar kowace shekara daga wannan kagara, kuma iyakar kudancin daular 'yan Salibiyya ta kasance ba ta da tabbas.Idan wannan kagara ya faɗi, to, ƙofar Masar za ta kasance a buɗe.Saboda haka, sansanin Fatimid a Ascalon ya kasance mai ƙarfi da girma.A 1152 Baldwin a ƙarshe ya bukaci cikakken ikon mulkin;bayan wani dan gajeren fada ya samu nasarar cimma wannan buri.Daga baya a waccan shekarar Baldwin kuma ta doke dan kasar Seljuk Turkmamayewar Masarautar.Ƙarfafawar waɗannan nasarorin, Baldwin ya yanke shawarar kai hari kan Ascalon a cikin 1153 wanda ya haifar da kama wannan kagara na Masar daga Masarautar Urushalima .

Yaƙin Salibiyya naMasar (1163-1169) jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe ne da Masarautar Kudus ta yi don ƙarfafa matsayinta a cikin Levant ta hanyar cin gajiyar raunin Fatimid Masar.Yakin dai ya faro ne a wani bangare na rikicin daular Fatimid da ta fara rugujewa a karkashin matsin lamba na musulmin Siriya da daular Zengid da kuma kasashen 'yan Salibiyya na Kirista suka mulki.Yayin da daya bangaren ya bukaci taimakon Sarkin Syria, Nur ad-Din Zangi, yayin da daya bangaren ya bukaci taimakon ‘yan Salibiyya.Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, sai ya zama yakin cin nasara.An dakatar da yaƙin da Siriyawa da dama suka yi zuwa Masar ba tare da samun nasara ba ta hanyar kamfen na Amalric I na Urushalima.Duk da haka, 'yan Salibiyya gabaɗaya suna magana ba su da abubuwan tafiya yadda suke, duk da korar da aka yi.Hadaddiyar daular Byzantine-Crusader na Damietta ta kasa a 1169, a wannan shekarar da Saladin ya karbi mulki a Masar a matsayin mai mulki.A shekara ta 1171, Saladin ya zama sarkin Masar, kuma 'yan Salibiyya daga baya sun mayar da hankalinsu ga kare mulkinsu.

Amalric I shine sarkin Urushalima, kuma ya rike mulki daga shekara ta 1163 zuwa 1174. Amalric ya kasance abokin tarayya kuma mai karewa ga gwamnatin Fatimid.A cikin 1167, Amalric ya so ya lalata sojojin Zengid da Nur al-Din ya aiko daga Siriya.Domin Amalric kawaye ne kuma mai kare gwamnatin Fatimidi, yakin da aka yi a yakin al-Babein shi ne maslaha.Shirkuh ya kusan shirya ya kafa nasa yanki a Masar lokacin da Amalric I ta mamaye.Wani babban dan takara a yakin al-Babein shine Saladin .Da farko Salahaddin ya hakura ya tafi tare da kawunsa, Shirkuh, domin ya mallakiMasar .Saladin dai ya yarda da hakan ne kawai saboda Shirkuh danginsa ne.Ya kwashi dubban sojoji, da masu tsaronsa, da zinariya guda 200,000 zuwa Masar, don su mallaki ƙasar.Yakin al-Babein ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1167, a lokacin farmaki na uku na ‘yan Salibiyya a Masar.Sarki Amalric I na Kudus, da sojojin Zengid karkashin Shirkuh, dukansu sun yi fatan karbe ikon Masar daga hannun Halifancin Fatimid.Saladin ya kasance babban hafsa na Shirkuh a yakin.Sakamakon ya kasance an yi kunnen doki tsakanin dakarun, duk da haka 'yan Salibiyya sun kasa samun damar shiga Masar.

Bayan rugujewar tsarin siyasar Fatimid a shekarun 1160, mai mulkin Zengid Nūr ad-Dīn ya sa Janar nasa, Shirkuh, ya kwaceMasar daga hannun wazirin Shawar a shekara ta 1169. .Wannan ya fara da Ayyubid Sultanate na Masar da Sham.

Yakin Bakaken fata ko Yakin Bayi wani rikici ne da aka yi a birnin Alkahira, tsakanin ranakun 21-23 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1169, tsakanin rundunonin Bakar fata na Afirka na sojojin Fatimid da sauran masu goyon bayan Fatimidi, da kuma sojojin Sunni na Syria masu biyayya ga Fatimid wazir, Saladin. .Yunkurin da Salahuddin ya yi ya zama ‘yan banga, da kuma bayana da Khalifan Fatimid, al-Adid, ya yi ta adawa da sarakunan Fatimid na gargajiya, da suka hada da rundunonin soji, yayin da Salahuddin ya dogara ne kan dakarun Kurdawa da na Turkiyya da suka taho da shi daga Syria.A cewar majiyoyin tsakiyar zamanai masu ra’ayin Saladin, wannan rikici ya kai ga yunkurin da fadar Majordomo, Mu’utamin al-Khilafa, ya yi na kulla yarjejeniya da ‘yan Salibiyya tare da kai wa dakarun Salahuddin hari tare da kai wa ga halaka shi. .Salahaddin ya samu labarin wannan makirci, kuma ya sa aka kashe Mu'utamin a ranar 20 ga Agusta.Masana tarihi na wannan zamani sun nuna shakku kan sahihancin wannan rahoto, suna zargin cewa watakila an kirkiro shi ne domin tabbatar da matakin da Salahuddin ya dauka a kan dakarun Fatimid.Wannan al'amari ya tada boren sojojin bakar fata na Afirka na sojojin Fatimid, wadanda adadinsu ya kai 50,000, wadanda suka hada da sojojin Armeniya da al'ummar Alkahira a washegari.An kwashe kwanaki biyu ana gwabza fadan, yayin da dakarun Fatimid suka far ma fadar Vizier, amma aka mayar da su babban filin da ke tsakanin manyan Fatimidi.A can ne sojojin bakar fata na Afirka da kawayensu ke samun galaba, har sai da al-Adid ya fito fili yana yakar su, sannan Salahaddin ya ba da umarnin a kona matsugunan su da ke kudancin birnin Alkahira a wajen katangar birnin, inda iyalan bakar fata 'yan Afirka suke. an barshi a baya.Daga nan sai bakar fata ‘yan Afirka suka watse suka koma cikin rudani zuwa kudu, har aka kewaye su kusa da kofar Bab Zuwayla, inda suka mika wuya aka ba su izinin tsallaka kogin Nilu zuwa Giza.Duk da alkawuran da aka yi na samun tsaro, amma Turan-Shah dan uwan ​​Saladin ya kai musu hari kuma ya kusa halaka su.

A karkashin Fatimids,Masar ta zama cibiyar daular da ta hada da mafi girman sassan Arewacin Afirka, Sicily, Levant (ciki har da Transjordan), Tekun Bahar Maliya na Afirka, Tihamah, Hejaz, Yemen, tare da mafi girman yankin da ya isa. Multan (a Pakistan ta zamani).Masar ta bunƙasa, kuma Fatimids sun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa mai yawa a cikin Bahar Rum da Tekun Indiya.Dangantakar cinikayya da diflomasiyya, ta kai har zuwa kasar Sin a karkashin daular Song (r. 960-1279), daga karshe ta tsara tsarin tattalin arzikin Masar a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.Fatimid ya mayar da hankali kan noma ya kara arzuta su da kuma baiwa daular da Masarawa damar bunkasa karkashin mulkin Fatimid.Yin amfani da amfanin gona na tsabar kuɗi da kuma yaduwar cinikin flax ya ba Fatimids damar shigo da wasu kayayyaki daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.